None These are the terms that are improted for FOVT to describe vertebrate traits. FuTRES Ontology of Vertebrate Traits 2023-05-31 has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note editor note editor note term editor Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> term editor term editor definition source Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source term replaced by Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology term replaced by term replaced by If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL is a defining property chain axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R. is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive oba http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor true http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description uberon dc-description true dc-description description http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title uberon dc-title true dc-title title http://purl.org/dc/terms/contributor uberon dc-contributor true dc-contributor contributor http://purl.org/dc/terms/license uberon dcterms-license true dcterms-license license An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 has broad synonym has_broad_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/18 database_cross_reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 has exact synonym has_exact_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 has related synonym has_related_synonym https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/21 label label http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depicted_by uberon depicted_by true depicted_by depicted by is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of BFO:0000050 external quality spatial uberon part_of part_of part of part of part_of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:0000111 spatial right_of right_of right of Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:cjm x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:0015014 spatial uberon immediately_superficial_to immediately_superficial_to immediately superficial to x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:curators x dorsalmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more dorsal than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the dorsal boundary of y BSPO:0030003 spatial dorsalmost_part_of dorsalmost_part_of dorsalmost part of x dorsalmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more dorsal than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the dorsal boundary of y https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 x anteriormost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more anterior than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the anterior boundary of y BSPO:0030004 spatial anteriormost_part_of anteriormost_part_of anteriormost part of x anteriormost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more anterior than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the anterior boundary of y https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 x lateralmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more lateral than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the lateral boundary of y BSPO:0030005 spatial lateralmost_part_of lateralmost_part_of lateralmost part of x lateralmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more lateral than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the lateral boundary of y https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 X medial side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two medial and lateral portions, X is part of the medial portion. BSPO:0030006 spatial in_medial_side_of in_medial_side_of in medial side of X medial side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two medial and lateral portions, X is part of the medial portion. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 x medialmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more medial than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the medial boundary of y BSPO:0030007 spatial medialmost_part_of medialmost_part_of medialmost part of x medialmost_part_of y iff x part_of y and there is no z which is part_of y and is more medial than x but not part_of x; x is adjacent to the medial boundary of y https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of is_specified_input_of is_specified_output_of is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of RO:0000079 function_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of RO:0000080 quality_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of RO:0000081 role_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function RO:0000085 has_function has function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence RO:0000091 has_disposition has disposition inverse of has disposition RO:0000092 disposition_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of contained in Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition): Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant) contained_in RO:0001018 contained_in contained in contains RO:0001019 uberon contains contains contains contains This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of surface of RO:0002000 2D_boundary_of 2D boundary of A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:30:46Z RO:0002013 external has_regulatory_component_activity has_regulatory_component_activity has regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:01Z RO:0002014 external has_negative_regulatory_component_activity has_negative_regulatory_component_activity By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'. has negative regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:17Z RO:0002015 has_positive_regulatory_component_activity By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'. has positive regulatory component activity dos 2017-05-24T09:44:33Z RO:0002017 has_component_activity A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B. has component activity w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. dos 2017-05-24T09:49:21Z RO:0002018 has_component_process has component process A relationship between a process and a barrier, where the process occurs in a region spanning the barrier. For cellular processes the barrier is typically a membrane. Examples include transport across a membrane and membrane depolarization. dos 2017-07-20T17:19:37Z RO:0002021 occurs_across occurs across dos 2017-09-17T13:52:24Z RO:0002022 directly_regulated_by Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:38Z RO:0002023 directly_negatively_regulated_by directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:47Z RO:0002024 directly_positively_regulated_by directly positively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. GOC:dos A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. dos 2017-09-22T14:14:36Z RO:0002025 has_effector_activity This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations. has effector activity A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. GOC:dos David Osumi-Sutherland <= RO:0002081 before_or_simultaneous_with Primitive instance level timing relation between events before or simultaneous with David Osumi-Sutherland RO:0002086 ends_after X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets RO:0002090 external immediately_precedes immediately_precedes X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes immediately precedes true d derived_by_descent_from a if d is specified by some genetic program that is sequence-inherited-from a genetic program that specifies a. ancestral_stucture_of evolutionarily_descended_from RO:0002156 derived_by_descent_from derived by descent from inverse of derived by descent from RO:0002157 has_derived_by_descendant has derived by descendant two individual entities d1 and d2 stand in a shares_ancestor_with relation if and only if there exists some a such that d1 derived_by_descent_from a and d2 derived_by_descent_from a. Consider obsoleting and merging with child relation, 'in homology relationship with' RO:0002158 uberon homologous_to homologous_to shares_ancestor_with VBO calls this homologous_to shares ancestor with A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom. Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002163 spatially_disjoint_from spatially disjoint from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern true w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity. For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit. RO:0002180 external uberon has_component has_component has component has component x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y RO:0002202 uberon develops_from develops_from This is the transitive form of the develops from relation develops from develops from inverse of directly develops from developmental precursor of RO:0002210 directly_develops_into directly develops into true Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 RO:0002222 temporally_related_to A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to inverse of has developmental contribution from RO:0002255 developmentally_contributes_to developmentally contributes to Inverse of developmentally induced by RO:0002257 developmentally_induces developmentally induces Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p false In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one RO:0002258 developmentally_preceded_by This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally preceded by A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision. c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. RO:0002263 acts_upstream_of acts upstream of A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway. c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. RO:0002264 affects acts_upstream_of_or_within acts upstream of or within Inverse of developmentally preceded by RO:0002286 developmentally_succeeded_by developmentally succeeded by 'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue RO:0002287 part_of_developmental_precursor_of part of developmental precursor of p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q. cjm RO:0002304 external causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, positive effect p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q. cjm RO:0002305 external causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, negative effect true A relationship that holds via some environmental process Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution. RO:0002320 evolutionarily_related_to evolutionarily related to A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297) Awaiting class for domain/range constraint, see: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/Experimental-OBO-Core/issues/6 Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions RO:0002321 ecologically_related_to ecologically related to A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships RO:0002323 mereotopologically_related_to mereotopologically related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development RO:0002324 developmentally_related_to developmentally related to a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p. Chris Mungall catalyzes executes has is catalyzing is executing This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized. This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time. RO:0002327 enables enables this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. false RO:0002329 part_of_structure_that_is_capable_of part of structure that is capable of true c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p actively involved in enables part of RO:0002331 involved_in involved in inverse of enables Chris Mungall RO:0002333 enabled_by enabled by inverse of regulates Chris Mungall regulated by (processual) RO:0002334 external regulated_by regulated_by regulated by regulated by inverse of negatively regulates Chris Mungall RO:0002335 external negatively_regulated_by negatively_regulated_by negatively regulated by negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates Chris Mungall RO:0002336 external positively_regulated_by positively_regulated_by positively regulated by positively regulated by A relationship that holds via some process of localization Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation. RO:0002337 related_via_localization_to related via localization to An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO RO:0002350 member_of member of inverse of has input Chris Mungall RO:0002352 uberon input_of input_of input of input of RO:0002354 formed_as_result_of formed as result of We need to import uberon muscle to create a stricter domain constraint We need to import uberon muscle into RO to use as a stricter domain constraint A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network. Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves) RO:0002375 in_branching_relationship_with in branching relationship with https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/170 A lump of clay and a statue x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios RO:0002379 spatially_coextensive_with spatially coextensive with x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). RO:0002384 has_developmental_potential_involving has developmental potential involving x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y RO:0002386 has_potential_to_developmentally_induce has potential to developmentally induce inverse of upstream of Chris Mungall RO:0002404 external causally_downstream_of causally_downstream_of causally downstream of causally downstream of Chris Mungall RO:0002405 external immediately_causally_downstream_of immediately_causally_downstream_of immediately causally downstream of immediately causally downstream of p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q. indirectly activates RO:0002407 indirectly_positively_regulates indirectly positively regulates p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q. indirectly inhibits RO:0002409 indirectly_negatively_regulates indirectly negatively regulates This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. RO:0002410 causally_related_to causally related to relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q. Chris Mungall RO:0002411 external causally_upstream_of causally_upstream_of causally upstream of causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q. p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q. Chris Mungall RO:0002412 external immediately_causally_upstream_of immediately_causally_upstream_of immediately causally upstream of immediately causally upstream of p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 Chris Mungall influences (processual) RO:0002418 external affects causally_upstream_of_or_within causally_upstream_of_or_within causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within Chris Mungall RO:0002427 external causally_downstream_of_or_within causally_downstream_of_or_within causally downstream of or within c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p Chris Mungall RO:0002428 involved_in_regulation_of involved in regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p Chris Mungall RO:0002429 involved_in_positive_regulation_of involved in positive regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p Chris Mungall RO:0002430 involved_in_negative_regulation_of involved in negative regulation of c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union Chris Mungall involved in or reguates RO:0002431 involved_in_or_involved_in_regulation_of involved in or involved in regulation of A protein that enables activity in a cytosol. c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. executes activity in RO:0002432 enables activity in is_active_in is active in true c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. GOC:cjm GOC:dos A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. Considering relabeling as 'pairwise interacts with' This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact. Chris Mungall Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules. RO:0002434 in pairwise interaction with interacts_with interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/InteractionRelations An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other. Chris Mungall binds molecularly binds with RO:0002436 molecularly_interacts_with molecularly interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0915 Axiomatization to GO to be added later Chris Mungall An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y. RO:0002447 phosphorylates phosphorylates The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré RO:0002448 molecularly controls directly_regulates_activity_of directly regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B. directly inhibits RO:0002449 molecularly decreases activity of directly_negatively_regulates_activity_of directly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B. directly activates RO:0002450 molecularly increases activity of directly_positively_regulates_activity_of directly positively regulates activity of Chris Mungall This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning. RO:0002464 helper_property_(not_for_use_in_curation) helper property (not for use in curation) p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. RO:0002479 has_part_that_occurs_in has part that occurs in true Chris Mungall RO:0002481 is_kinase_activity is kinase activity See notes for inverse relation RO:0002485 receives_input_from receives input from This is an exploratory relation. The label is taken from the FMA. It needs aligned with the neuron-specific relations such as has postsynaptic terminal in. RO:0002486 sends_output_to sends output to Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage. RO:0002487 relation_between_physical_entity_and_a_process_or_stage relation between physical entity and a process or stage x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y)) RO:0002490 existence_overlaps The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence overlaps A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process RO:0002500 causal_agent_in_process causal agent in process p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. RO:0002501 causal_relation_between_processes causal relation between processes RO:0002502 depends_on depends on The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. RO:0002506 causal_relation_between_entities causal relation between entities This should be to a more restricted class, but not the Uberon class may be too restricted since it is a composition-based definition of skeleton rather than functional. Chris Mungall causally influenced by (entity-centric) RO:0002559 causally_influenced_by causally influenced by Chris Mungall RO:0002563 interaction_relation_helper_property interaction relation helper property http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/InteractionRelations Chris Mungall RO:0002564 molecular_interaction_relation_helper_property molecular interaction relation helper property The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré causally influences (entity-centric) RO:0002566 causally_influences causally influences A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs. Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes. RO:0002567 biomechanically_related_to biomechanically related to inverse of branching part of RO:0002569 uberon has_branching_part has_branching_part has branching part Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q. Chris Mungall directly regulates (processual) RO:0002578 external directly_regulates directly_regulates directly regulates gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell' s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p RO:0002584 has_part_structure_that_is_capable_of has part structure that is capable of p results in breakdown of c if and only if the execution of p leads to c no longer being present at the end of p RO:0002586 results_in_breakdown_of results in breakdown of A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall RO:0002595 causal_relation_between_material_entity_and_a_process causal relation between material entity and a process pyrethroid -> growth Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. RO:0002596 capable_of_regulating capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. RO:0002597 capable_of_negatively_regulating capable of negatively regulating renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. RO:0002598 capable_of_positively_regulating capable of positively regulating p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q. directly positively regulates (process to process) RO:0002629 external directly_positively_regulates directly_positively_regulates directly positively regulates p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q. directly negatively regulates (process to process) RO:0002630 external directly_negatively_regulates directly_negatively_regulates directly negatively regulates Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P. 2018-01-25T23:20:13Z RO:0004031 enables_subfunction enables subfunction cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:30Z RO:0004032 acts_upstream_of_or_within,_positive_effect acts upstream of or within, positive effect cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:51Z RO:0004033 acts_upstream_of_or_within,_negative_effect acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:14Z RO:0004034 acts_upstream_of,_positive_effect acts upstream of, positive effect c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:22Z RO:0004035 acts_upstream_of,_negative_effect acts upstream of, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:05Z RO:0004046 causally_upstream_of_or_within,_negative_effect causally upstream of or within, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:19Z RO:0004047 causally_upstream_of_or_within,_positive_effect causally upstream of or within, positive effect The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. Vasundra Touré RO:0011002 regulates_activity_of regulates activity of p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q. pg 2022-09-26T06:07:17Z RO:0012011 indirectly_causally_upstream_of indirectly causally upstream of p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q. pg 2022-09-26T06:08:01Z RO:0012012 indirectly_regulates indirectly regulates q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015006 different_in_magnitude_relative_to different in magnitude relative to q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen. X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y. A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input. See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497 2021-11-08T12:00:00Z utilizes RO:0017001 device_utilizes_material device utilizes material A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019000 gene_ontology regulates_characteristic regulates_characteristic regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019001 gene_ontology positively_regulates_characteristic positively_regulates_characteristic positively regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019002 gene_ontology negatively_regulates_characteristic negatively_regulates_characteristic negatively regulates characteristic p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity 2018-09-26T01:08:58Z RO:0040036 external results_in_changes_to_anatomical_or_cellular_structure results_in_changes_to_anatomical_or_cellular_structure results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure uberon layer_part_of layer part of . uberon transitively_anteriorly_connected_to transitively anteriorly connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern . uberon transitively_distally_connected_to transitively distally connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern . uberon transitively_proximally_connected_to transitively proximally connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern BCO:0000003 sighting A trip camera capture of an image of a jaguar is an observation, because it is "selected" by the camera as worthy of obsevation simply by virtue of moving in front of the camera. Observing and recording the presence or absence of butterflies during a transect walk. Seeing three pelicans flying overhead on Christmas day and report them as part of the Christmas Bird Count. A process in which a person or machine sees or detects a material entity and selects it as worthy of observation, and which has as output an information content entity about the selected material entity. This class replaces class bco_0000003, which was made obsolete because of identifier format. We are having conversation with OBI developers about how this term relates to OBI:assay (). Is it equivalent, broader, narrower? What does it mean to be the input to an observation. Biocode Commons Ontology Hackathon An observing process is distinguished from a specimen collecting process in by having an information content entity as an output rather than a specimen. The information artifact may be written or recorded or just be stored in someone's head (specifically depenedent upon that person). In the context of a taxonomic inventory, an observing process may be called a sighting, which is an ad hoc reporting of, typically, a single taxon occurrence, usually motivated by rarity, individual interest in the taxon, or atypicality of circumstances. observing process BCO:0000046 the role borne by a bird during a Christmas Bird Count A role that is borne by some material entity and is realized by the material entity being the input of an observing process. This term replaced bco_0000046, which was made obsolete because of incorrect identifier format. Biocode Commons Ontology Hackathon material target of observation role BFO:0000001 entity Entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) BFO:0000002 continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] BFO:0000003 occurrent Occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. per discussion with Barry Smith Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] BFO:0000004 ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] BFO:0000006 s-region SpatialRegion BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] BFO:0000015 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] BFO:0000016 disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] BFO:0000017 realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8815-0078 To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] BFO:0000019 quality Quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] BFO:0000020 sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] BFO:0000023 role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] BFO:0000031 gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] BFO:0000034 function Function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] BFO:0000040 material MaterialEntity material entity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] BFO:0000141 immaterial ImmaterialEntity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. left spatial BSPO:0000000 left side BSPO:0000000 The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant. FMA:24137 surface spatial BSPO:0000005 to be merged into CARO anatomical surface BSPO:0000005 A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant. BSPO:cjm The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. right spatial BSPO:0000007 right side BSPO:0000007 The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm BSPO:wd Sagittal plane that divides bilateral body into equal left and right parts. FMA:74563 median sagittal plane midline plane midsagittal section spatial median plane BSPO:0000009 only in bilaterally symmetrical organisms midsagittal plane BSPO:0000009 Sagittal plane that divides bilateral body into equal left and right parts. BSPO:mah median sagittal plane FMA:74563 A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG spatial BSPO:0000010 Axis directions are defined in terms of axes. anatomical axis BSPO:0000010 A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. BSPO:cjm An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. A-P axis AP axis anteroposterior axis cephalocaudal axis craniocaudal axis rostral/caudal rostrocaudal axis spatial longitudinal axis BSPO:0000013 In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM] anterior-posterior axis BSPO:0000013 An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm cephalocaudal axis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location craniocaudal axis rostral/caudal rostrocaudal axis An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). proximal/distal proximodistal spatial BSPO:0000015 In some communities, proximal and distal are used when specifying the position of parts of elements that are contained within the body, such as gill arches or vertebral spines. In these cases, use of the classes medial-lateral axis or medial-external axis are more appropriate. proximal-distal axis BSPO:0000015 An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). BSPO:curators http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. D-V axis DV axis dorsoventral axis anterior-posterior axis spatial BSPO:0000016 dorsal-ventral axis BSPO:0000016 An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. BSPO:curators anterior-posterior axis An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. L-R axis LR axis R-L axis RL axis dextro-sinister axis left to right axis right to left axis right-left axis spatial BSPO:0000017 left-right axis BSPO:0000017 An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts. FMA:12247 axial plane axial section transverse section spatial cross-section BSPO:0000018 transverse plane BSPO:0000018 Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts. BSPO:mah Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts. FMA:52810 frontal plane horizontal anatomical plane horizontal section spatial coronal section frontal section BSPO:0000019 horizontal plane BSPO:0000019 Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts. BSPO:mah horizontal anatomical plane FMA:52810 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:04:59Z anteroventral region spatial BSPO:0000027 antero-ventral region BSPO:0000027 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:06:01Z posterolateral region spatial BSPO:0000028 postero-lateral region BSPO:0000028 Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:07:18Z anterolateral region spatial BSPO:0000029 antero-lateral region BSPO:0000029 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:08:38Z posteroventral region spatial BSPO:0000035 postero-ventral region BSPO:0000035 Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:55:32Z anteromedial region spatial BSPO:0000050 antero-medial region BSPO:0000050 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. FBql:00005841 spatial BSPO:0000054 anatomical side BSPO:0000054 An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. BSPO:cjm An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. FBcv:0000053 FBql:00005848 anterior rostral spatial BSPO:0000055 anterior side BSPO:0000055 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:RW An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. FBcv:0000065 FBql:00005849 posterior caudal spatial BSPO:0000056 posterior side BSPO:0000056 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:RW BSPO:wd caudal FBcv:0000066 FBql:00005852 proximal spatial BSPO:0000061 proximal side BSPO:0000061 Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure. FBcv:0000058 FBql:00005853 distal spatial BSPO:0000062 distal side BSPO:0000062 Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:56:39Z posteromedial region spatial BSPO:0000064 postero-medial region BSPO:0000064 Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd FBcv:0000063 FBql:00005844 lateral spatial BSPO:0000066 lateral side BSPO:0000066 FBcv:0000064 FBql:00005847 medial spatial BSPO:0000067 a point in the centre of the organism (where the left-right axis intersects the midsagittal plane) medial side BSPO:0000067 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. FBcv:0000070 FBql:00005843 ventral spatial BSPO:0000068 ventral side BSPO:0000068 An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. BSPO:RW BSPO:wd A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm. FBql:00005841 spatial BSPO:0000070 to be merged into CARO anatomical region BSPO:0000070 A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm. BSPO:cjm Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. FBql:00005848 spatial BSPO:0000071 anterior region BSPO:0000071 Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. FBql:00005849 spatial BSPO:0000072 posterior region BSPO:0000072 Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005852 spatial BSPO:0000077 proximal region BSPO:0000077 Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005853 spatial BSPO:0000078 distal region BSPO:0000078 Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005844 spatial BSPO:0000082 lateral region BSPO:0000082 Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. FBql:00005847 spatial BSPO:0000083 medial region BSPO:0000083 Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005843 spatial BSPO:0000084 ventral region BSPO:0000084 Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. FBql:00005846 ventrolateral region spatial BSPO:0000085 This is an example of a composition of two axis positions. ventro-lateral region BSPO:0000085 Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:57:54Z medioventral region ventromedial region spatial BSPO:0000112 ventro-medial region BSPO:0000112 The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline. BSPO:wd An anatomical axis that extends from the center of the body outwards or externally. wasila.dahdul 2013-07-02T11:21:42Z spatial proximal-distal axis BSPO:0000196 The medial-external axis could apply to a sphere-shaped body. medial-external axis BSPO:0000196 An anatomical axis that extends from the center of the body outwards or externally. BSPO:curators Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part. FBql:00005848 spatial BSPO:0000371 anterior surface BSPO:0000371 Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. FBql:00005849 spatial BSPO:0000372 posterior surface BSPO:0000372 Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part. FBql:00005852 spatial BSPO:0000377 proximal surface BSPO:0000377 Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. FBql:00005853 spatial BSPO:0000378 distal surface BSPO:0000378 Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part. FBql:00005844 spatial BSPO:0000382 lateral surface BSPO:0000382 Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part. FBql:00005847 spatial BSPO:0000383 medial surface BSPO:0000383 Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. FBql:00005843 spatial BSPO:0000384 ventral surface BSPO:0000384 Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions. FMA:242982 anatomical cross-section anatomical section plane section spatial cross-section BSPO:0000400 These anatomical sections are applicable to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, but bipedal animals such as humans have more complex usage of these terms. For example, in post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical. anatomical plane BSPO:0000400 A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions. BSPO:cjm Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size. FMA:11361 left/right plane median plane sagittal section spatial BSPO:0000417 sagittal plane BSPO:0000417 Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size. BSPO:DOS BSPO:cjm BSPO:mah An axis that extends from the center of organism to one or other side. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG M-L axis ML axis medio-lateral axis mediolateral axis spatial proximal-distal axis BSPO:0001001 Properly, the ML axis is a half axis; practically, its usage is less clumsy and less linguistically biased than "left-right". The terms may still be used relatively to describe locations along the LR axis. The gills are medial to the operculum, but lateral to the heart. medial-lateral axis BSPO:0001001 An axis that extends from the center of organism to one or other side. BSPO:cjm A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. spatial CARO:0000000 Following BFO, material anatomical entities may have immaterial parts (the lumen of your stomach is part of your stomach). The granularity limit follows the limits set by the Gene Ontology on the granularity limit for GO:cellular_component. Note that substances produced by an organism (sweat, feaces, urine) do not need to be part of an organism to qualify as an anatomical structure. anatomical entity CARO:0000000 A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. CAROC:Brownsville2014 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:MAH Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. spatial CARO:0000003 Note that the definition does not say 'generated exclusively by the co-ordinated expression of the organism's own genome', so this is still valid for cases where normal morphogenesis requires the actions of a facultative symbiont, or some looser dependency such as the a requirement for the presence of gut flora for normal gut development. anatomical structure connected anatomical structure CARO:0000003 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CC:DOS An anatomical entity that has mass. spatial CARO:0000006 material anatomical entity CARO:0000006 An anatomical entity that has mass. CC:DOS An anatomical entity that has no mass. Anatomical entity that has no mass. spatial CARO:0000007 immaterial anatomical entity CARO:0000007 An anatomical entity that has no mass. CC:DOS A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity. spatial CARO:0000008 anatomical line CARO:0000008 A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity. CC:DOS A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. spatial CARO:0000010 anatomical boundary CARO:0000010 A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. CC:DOS A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 neuron projection bundle CARO:0001001 CARO:0001010 Material anatomical entity that is a member of an individual species or is a viral or viroid particle. Melissa Haendel organism or virus or viroid An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. djs93 CARO:0010000 multicellular anatomical structure CARO:0010000 Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV. -1 0.000548579903 0.0 KEGG:C05359 PMID:21614077 Wikipedia:Electron electron chebi_ontology Elektron beta beta(-) beta-particle e e(-) e- negatron CHEBI:10545 electron CHEBI:10545 PMID:21614077 Europe PMC electron ChEBI electron IUPAC electron KEGG_COMPOUND Elektron ChEBI beta IUPAC beta(-) ChEBI beta-particle IUPAC e IUPAC e(-) UniProt e- KEGG_COMPOUND negatron IUPAC A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens. chebi_ontology dicarboxylic acids and derivatives CHEBI:131927 dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives CHEBI:131927 dicarboxylic acids and derivatives ChEBI A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3. -1 (C14H20NO11)n.H2O chebi_ontology hyaluronan hyaluronate polyanion CHEBI:132153 hyaluronate CHEBI:132153 hyaluronan UniProt hyaluronate polyanion ChEBI Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5. chebi_ontology 5beta steroids 5beta-steroid 5beta-steroids CHEBI:136889 5beta steroid CHEBI:136889 5beta steroids ChEBI 5beta-steroid ChEBI 5beta-steroids ChEBI A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water. Wikipedia:Mineral_acid chebi_ontology inorganic acids mineral acid mineral acids CHEBI:138103 inorganic acid CHEBI:138103 inorganic acids ChEBI mineral acid ChEBI mineral acids ChEBI Any member of a group of hydroxy steroids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration, while in lower vertebrates, some bile acids, known as allo-bile acids, have 5alpha-configuration. chebi_ontology CHEBI:138366 bile acids CHEBI:138366 Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa). Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas chebi_ontology gas molecular entities gaseous molecular entities gaseous molecular entity CHEBI:138675 gas molecular entity CHEBI:138675 gas molecular entities ChEBI gaseous molecular entities ChEBI gaseous molecular entity ChEBI -1 CH2NO2 InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c2-1(3)4/h2H2,(H,3,4)/p-1 KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 60.03212 60.00910 NC([O-])=O Beilstein:3903503 CAS:302-11-4 Gmelin:239604 carbamate chebi_ontology Carbamat Karbamat carbamate ion carbamic acid, ion(1-) CHEBI:13941 carbamate CHEBI:13941 Beilstein:3903503 Beilstein CAS:302-11-4 ChemIDplus Gmelin:239604 Gmelin carbamate IUPAC carbamate UniProt Carbamat ChEBI Karbamat ChEBI carbamate ion ChemIDplus carbamic acid, ion(1-) ChemIDplus An antigenic epitope recognized by an anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody designated 24G7. A substructure of bilirubin IXalpha, it is the region containing the oxo group at C-1, the methyl group at C-2, C-(4, 5, 6, 9), and N-21 and -22. 0 C7H6N2O 134.136 134.04801 C(=CC(NC(=*)*)=*)(NC(C(C)=*)=O)* chebi_ontology CHEBI:142163 24G7 epitope CHEBI:142163 A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity. CHEBI:13699 CHEBI:2377 KEGG:C00028 KEGG:C16722 Acceptor chebi_ontology A Akzeptor Hydrogen-acceptor Oxidized donor accepteur CHEBI:15339 acceptor CHEBI:15339 Acceptor KEGG_COMPOUND A KEGG_COMPOUND Akzeptor ChEBI Hydrogen-acceptor KEGG_COMPOUND Oxidized donor KEGG_COMPOUND accepteur ChEBI Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter. +1 C7H16NO2 InChI=1S/C7H16NO2/c1-7(9)10-6-5-8(2,3)4/h5-6H2,1-4H3/q+1 OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 146.20748 146.11756 CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C CHEBI:12686 CHEBI:13715 CHEBI:22197 CHEBI:2416 CHEBI:40559 Beilstein:1764436 CAS:51-84-3 DrugBank:DB03128 Drug_Central:65 Gmelin:326108 KEGG:C01996 LINCS:LSM-5888 PDBeChem:ACH PMID:14764638 PMID:15014918 PMID:15231705 PMID:15361288 PMID:18050502 PMID:18407448 PMID:19255787 PMID:20963497 PMID:21130809 PMID:21246223 PMID:21545631 PMID:21601579 Wikipedia:Acetylcholine 2-acetyloxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium ACETYLCHOLINE Acetylcholine acetylcholine chebi_ontology ACh Azetylcholin O-Acetylcholine choline acetate CHEBI:15355 acetylcholine CHEBI:15355 Beilstein:1764436 ChemIDplus CAS:51-84-3 ChemIDplus CAS:51-84-3 KEGG COMPOUND Drug_Central:65 DrugCentral Gmelin:326108 Gmelin PMID:14764638 Europe PMC PMID:15014918 Europe PMC PMID:15231705 Europe PMC PMID:15361288 Europe PMC PMID:18050502 Europe PMC PMID:18407448 Europe PMC PMID:19255787 Europe PMC PMID:20963497 Europe PMC PMID:21130809 Europe PMC PMID:21246223 Europe PMC PMID:21545631 Europe PMC PMID:21601579 Europe PMC 2-acetyloxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium IUPAC ACETYLCHOLINE PDBeChem Acetylcholine KEGG_COMPOUND acetylcholine UniProt ACh ChemIDplus Azetylcholin ChEBI O-Acetylcholine KEGG_COMPOUND choline acetate ChemIDplus A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. 0 C2H4O2 InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4) QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 60.05200 60.02113 CC(O)=O CHEBI:22169 CHEBI:2387 CHEBI:40486 Beilstein:506007 CAS:64-19-7 Drug_Central:4211 Gmelin:1380 HMDB:HMDB0000042 KEGG:C00033 KEGG:D00010 KNApSAcK:C00001176 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMFA01010002 MetaCyc:ACET PDBeChem:ACT PDBeChem:ACY PMID:12005138 PMID:15107950 PMID:16630552 PMID:16774200 PMID:17190852 PMID:19416101 PMID:19469536 PMID:22153255 PMID:22173419 PPDB:1333 Reaxys:506007 Wikipedia:Acetic_acid ACETIC ACID Acetic acid acetic acid chebi_ontology AcOH CH3-COOH CH3CO2H E 260 E-260 E260 Essigsaeure Ethanoic acid Ethylic acid HOAc INS No. 260 MeCO2H MeCOOH Methanecarboxylic acid acide acetique ethoic acid CHEBI:15366 acetic acid CHEBI:15366 Beilstein:506007 Beilstein CAS:64-19-7 ChemIDplus CAS:64-19-7 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:64-19-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4211 DrugCentral Gmelin:1380 Gmelin LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMFA01010002 LIPID MAPS PMID:12005138 Europe PMC PMID:15107950 Europe PMC PMID:16630552 Europe PMC PMID:16774200 Europe PMC PMID:17190852 Europe PMC PMID:19416101 Europe PMC PMID:19469536 Europe PMC PMID:22153255 Europe PMC PMID:22173419 Europe PMC Reaxys:506007 Reaxys ACETIC ACID PDBeChem Acetic acid KEGG_COMPOUND acetic acid IUPAC AcOH ChEBI CH3-COOH IUPAC CH3CO2H ChEBI E 260 ChEBI E-260 ChEBI E260 ChEBI Essigsaeure ChEBI Ethanoic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Ethylic acid ChemIDplus HOAc ChEBI INS No. 260 ChEBI MeCO2H ChEBI MeCOOH ChEBI Methanecarboxylic acid ChemIDplus acide acetique ChemIDplus ethoic acid ChEBI 0 O2 InChI=1S/O2/c1-2 MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 31.998 31.98983 O=O CHEBI:10745 CHEBI:13416 CHEBI:23833 CHEBI:25366 CHEBI:30491 CHEBI:44742 CHEBI:7860 CAS:7782-44-7 Gmelin:485 HMDB:HMDB0001377 KEGG:C00007 KEGG:D00003 MetaCyc:OXYGEN-MOLECULE MolBase:750 PDBeChem:OXY PMID:10906528 PMID:16977326 PMID:18210929 PMID:18638417 PMID:19840863 PMID:7710549 PMID:9463773 Wikipedia:Oxygen dioxygen chebi_ontology Disauerstoff E 948 E-948 E948 O2 OXYGEN MOLECULE Oxygen [OO] dioxygene molecular oxygen CHEBI:15379 dioxygen CHEBI:15379 CAS:7782-44-7 ChemIDplus CAS:7782-44-7 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7782-44-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:485 Gmelin PMID:10906528 Europe PMC PMID:16977326 Europe PMC PMID:18210929 Europe PMC PMID:18638417 Europe PMC PMID:19840863 Europe PMC PMID:7710549 Europe PMC PMID:9463773 Europe PMC dioxygen IUPAC Disauerstoff ChEBI E 948 ChEBI E-948 ChEBI E948 ChEBI O2 IUPAC O2 KEGG_COMPOUND O2 UniProt OXYGEN MOLECULE PDBeChem Oxygen KEGG_COMPOUND [OO] MolBase dioxygene ChEBI molecular oxygen ChEBI Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. 0 C2H4O2(CH2O)n CHEBI:13755 CHEBI:22305 CHEBI:2561 KEGG:C01370 Wikipedia:Aldose Aldose chebi_ontology aldoses an aldose CHEBI:15693 aldose CHEBI:15693 Aldose KEGG_COMPOUND aldoses ChEBI an aldose UniProt A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. C4H6N2O3R2(C2H2NOR)n CHEBI:14860 CHEBI:8314 KEGG:C00403 Polypeptide polypeptides chebi_ontology Polypeptid polipeptido CHEBI:15841 polypeptide CHEBI:15841 Polypeptide KEGG_COMPOUND polypeptides IUPAC Polypeptid ChEBI polipeptido ChEBI A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues. 0 (C5H8O6PR)n.C10H17O10PR2 CHEBI:13672 CHEBI:14859 CHEBI:8312 KEGG:C00419 Polynucleotide chebi_ontology polynucleotides CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide CHEBI:15986 Polynucleotide KEGG_COMPOUND polynucleotides ChEBI An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. 0 H3N InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 17.03056 17.02655 [H]N([H])[H] CHEBI:13405 CHEBI:13406 CHEBI:13407 CHEBI:13771 CHEBI:22533 CHEBI:44269 CHEBI:44284 CHEBI:44404 CHEBI:7434 Beilstein:3587154 CAS:7664-41-7 Drug_Central:4625 Gmelin:79 HMDB:HMDB0000051 KEGG:C00014 KEGG:D02916 KNApSAcK:C00007267 MetaCyc:AMMONIA MolBase:930 PDBeChem:NH3 PMID:110589 PMID:11139349 PMID:11540049 PMID:11746427 PMID:11783653 PMID:13753780 PMID:14663195 PMID:15092448 PMID:15094021 PMID:15554424 PMID:15969015 PMID:16008360 PMID:16050680 PMID:16348008 PMID:16349403 PMID:16614889 PMID:16664306 PMID:16842901 PMID:17025297 PMID:17439666 PMID:17569513 PMID:17737668 PMID:18670398 PMID:22002069 PMID:22081570 PMID:22088435 PMID:22100291 PMID:22130175 PMID:22150211 PMID:22240068 PMID:22290316 PMID:22342082 PMID:22385337 PMID:22443779 PMID:22560242 Reaxys:3587154 Wikipedia:Ammonia AMMONIA Ammonia ammonia azane chebi_ontology Ammoniak NH3 R-717 [NH3] ammoniac amoniaco spirit of hartshorn CHEBI:16134 ammonia CHEBI:16134 Beilstein:3587154 Beilstein CAS:7664-41-7 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-41-7 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-41-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4625 DrugCentral Gmelin:79 Gmelin PMID:110589 Europe PMC PMID:11139349 Europe PMC PMID:11540049 Europe PMC PMID:11746427 Europe PMC PMID:11783653 Europe PMC PMID:13753780 Europe PMC PMID:14663195 Europe PMC PMID:15092448 Europe PMC PMID:15094021 Europe PMC PMID:15554424 Europe PMC PMID:15969015 Europe PMC PMID:16008360 Europe PMC PMID:16050680 Europe PMC PMID:16348008 Europe PMC PMID:16349403 Europe PMC PMID:16614889 Europe PMC PMID:16664306 Europe PMC PMID:16842901 Europe PMC PMID:17025297 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17569513 Europe PMC PMID:17737668 Europe PMC PMID:18670398 Europe PMC PMID:22002069 Europe PMC PMID:22081570 Europe PMC PMID:22088435 Europe PMC PMID:22100291 Europe PMC PMID:22130175 Europe PMC PMID:22150211 Europe PMC PMID:22240068 Europe PMC PMID:22290316 Europe PMC PMID:22342082 Europe PMC PMID:22385337 Europe PMC PMID:22443779 Europe PMC PMID:22560242 Europe PMC Reaxys:3587154 Reaxys AMMONIA PDBeChem Ammonia KEGG_COMPOUND ammonia IUPAC azane IUPAC Ammoniak ChemIDplus NH3 IUPAC NH3 KEGG_COMPOUND NH3 UniProt R-717 ChEBI [NH3] MolBase ammoniac ChEBI amoniaco ChEBI spirit of hartshorn ChemIDplus A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid. -2 O4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-2 QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 96.06360 95.95283 [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O CHEBI:15135 CHEBI:45687 CHEBI:9335 Beilstein:3648446 CAS:14808-79-8 Gmelin:2120 HMDB:HMDB0001448 KEGG:C00059 KEGG:D05963 MetaCyc:SULFATE PDBeChem:SO4 PMID:11200094 PMID:11452993 PMID:11581495 PMID:11798107 PMID:12166931 PMID:12668033 PMID:14597181 PMID:15093386 PMID:15984785 PMID:16186560 PMID:16345535 PMID:16347366 PMID:16348007 PMID:16483812 PMID:16534979 PMID:16656509 PMID:16742508 PMID:16742518 PMID:17120760 PMID:17420092 PMID:17439666 PMID:17709180 PMID:18398178 PMID:18815700 PMID:18846414 PMID:19047345 PMID:19244483 PMID:19544990 PMID:19628332 PMID:19812358 PMID:30398859 Reaxys:3648446 Wikipedia:Sulfate Sulfate sulfate tetraoxidosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(VI) chebi_ontology SO4(2-) SULFATE ION Sulfate anion(2-) Sulfate dianion Sulfate(2-) Sulfuric acid ion(2-) [SO4](2-) sulphate sulphate ion CHEBI:16189 sulfate CHEBI:16189 Beilstein:3648446 Beilstein CAS:14808-79-8 ChemIDplus CAS:14808-79-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:2120 Gmelin PMID:11200094 Europe PMC PMID:11452993 Europe PMC PMID:11581495 Europe PMC PMID:11798107 Europe PMC PMID:12166931 Europe PMC PMID:12668033 Europe PMC PMID:14597181 Europe PMC PMID:15093386 Europe PMC PMID:15984785 Europe PMC PMID:16186560 Europe PMC PMID:16345535 Europe PMC PMID:16347366 Europe PMC PMID:16348007 Europe PMC PMID:16483812 Europe PMC PMID:16534979 Europe PMC PMID:16656509 Europe PMC PMID:16742508 Europe PMC PMID:16742518 Europe PMC PMID:17120760 Europe PMC PMID:17420092 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17709180 Europe PMC PMID:18398178 Europe PMC PMID:18815700 Europe PMC PMID:18846414 Europe PMC PMID:19047345 Europe PMC PMID:19244483 Europe PMC PMID:19544990 Europe PMC PMID:19628332 Europe PMC PMID:19812358 Europe PMC PMID:30398859 Europe PMC Reaxys:3648446 Reaxys Sulfate KEGG_COMPOUND sulfate IUPAC sulfate UniProt tetraoxidosulfate(2-) IUPAC tetraoxosulfate(2-) IUPAC tetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC SO4(2-) IUPAC SULFATE ION PDBeChem Sulfate anion(2-) HMDB Sulfate dianion HMDB Sulfate(2-) HMDB Sulfuric acid ion(2-) HMDB [SO4](2-) IUPAC sulphate ChEBI sulphate ion ChEBI A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells. 0 (C14H21NO12)n CHEBI:14412 CHEBI:24622 CHEBI:24623 CHEBI:5772 Beilstein:8538277 CAS:9004-61-9 HMDB:HMDB0010366 KEGG:C00518 KEGG:D08043 KEGG:G10505 PMID:11122186 PMID:18056362 PMID:18290544 Reaxys:8187837 Wikipedia:Hyaluronan Hyaluronic acid chebi_ontology Hyaluronsaeure [beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]n [beta-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)]n acide hyaluronique acido hialuronico hyaluronan CHEBI:16336 hyaluronic acid CHEBI:16336 Beilstein:8538277 Beilstein CAS:9004-61-9 ChemIDplus CAS:9004-61-9 KEGG COMPOUND PMID:11122186 Europe PMC PMID:18056362 Europe PMC PMID:18290544 Europe PMC Reaxys:8187837 Reaxys Hyaluronic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Hyaluronsaeure ChEBI [beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]n ChEBI [beta-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)]n KEGG_COMPOUND acide hyaluronique ChEBI acido hialuronico ChEBI hyaluronan ChEBI A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:8526 KEGG:C00017 chebi_ontology Protein a protein polypeptide chain protein polypeptide chains CHEBI:16541 protein polypeptide chain CHEBI:16541 Protein KEGG_COMPOUND a protein UniProt polypeptide chain ChEBI protein polypeptide chains ChEBI Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:23008 CHEBI:9318 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate carbohydrate carbohydrates chebi_ontology Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate a carbohydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate IUPAC carbohydrates IUPAC Kohlenhydrat ChEBI Kohlenhydrate ChEBI a carbohydrate UniProt carbohidrato IUPAC carbohidratos IUPAC glucide ChEBI glucides ChEBI glucido ChEBI glucidos ChEBI hydrates de carbone ChEBI saccharide IUPAC saccharides IUPAC saccharidum ChEBI Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. 0 (C2H2NOR)nC2H3NOR CHEBI:14753 CHEBI:25906 CHEBI:7990 KEGG:C00012 Peptide peptides chebi_ontology Peptid peptido peptidos CHEBI:16670 peptide CHEBI:16670 Peptide KEGG_COMPOUND peptides IUPAC Peptid ChEBI peptido ChEBI peptidos ChEBI +1 C8H12NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/p+1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 170.187 170.08117 C1=CC(=CC(=C1O)O)C(C[NH3+])O chebi_ontology noradrenaline CHEBI:166902 noradrenaline(1+) CHEBI:166902 noradrenaline UniProt Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001. chebi_ontology glycans CHEBI:167559 glycan CHEBI:167559 glycans ChEBI An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. 0 C10H12N2 InChI=1S/C10H12N2/c11-6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6,11H2 APJYDQYYACXCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 160.21570 160.10005 NCCc1c[nH]c2ccccc12 CHEBI:15274 CHEBI:27161 CHEBI:46157 CHEBI:9767 Beilstein:125513 CAS:61-54-1 DrugBank:DB08653 Gmelin:603448 HMDB:HMDB0000303 KEGG:C00398 KNApSAcK:C00001434 MetaCyc:TRYPTAMINE PDBeChem:TSS PMID:16126914 PMID:22770225 PMID:24345948 PMID:24558969 Reaxys:125513 Wikipedia:Tryptamine 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine Tryptamine chebi_ontology 1H-indole-3-ethanamine 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole CHEBI:16765 tryptamine CHEBI:16765 Beilstein:125513 Beilstein CAS:61-54-1 ChemIDplus CAS:61-54-1 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:61-54-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:603448 Gmelin PMID:16126914 Europe PMC PMID:22770225 Europe PMC PMID:24345948 Europe PMC PMID:24558969 Europe PMC Reaxys:125513 Reaxys 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine IUPAC Tryptamine KEGG_COMPOUND 1H-indole-3-ethanamine NIST_Chemistry_WebBook 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE PDBeChem 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine ChemIDplus 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole KEGG_COMPOUND A member of the class of biladienes that is a linear tetrapyrrole with the dipyrrole units being of both exovinyl and endovinyl type. A product of heme degradation, it is produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the reduction of biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. 0 C33H36N4O6 InChI=1S/C33H36N4O6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7-8,13-14,34-35H,1-2,9-12,15H2,3-6H3,(H,36,43)(H,37,42)(H,38,39)(H,40,41)/b26-13-,27-14- BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N 584.673 584.26348 CC1=C(C=C)\C(NC1=O)=C\C1=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC2=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C)=C(N2)\C=C2/NC(=O)C(C=C)=C2C)N1 CHEBI:13898 CHEBI:22870 CHEBI:3099 Beilstein:74376 CAS:635-65-4 Gmelin:411033 HMDB:HMDB0000054 KEGG:C00486 KNApSAcK:C00029828 MetaCyc:BILIRUBIN PDBeChem:BLR PMID:12799017 PMID:18442622 PMID:23763371 PMID:23768684 PMID:30224965 PMID:8605219 PMID:9587403 Reaxys:74376 Wikipedia:Bilirubin 3,18-diethenyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid bilirubin chebi_ontology 1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinylbiline-8,12-dipropionic acid 2,17-diethenyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-3,18-divinylbiladiene-ac-1,19(21H,24H)-dione Bilirubin bilirubin(Z,Z) bilirubin-IXalpha CHEBI:16990 bilirubin IXalpha CHEBI:16990 Beilstein:74376 Beilstein CAS:635-65-4 ChemIDplus CAS:635-65-4 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:411033 Gmelin PMID:12799017 Europe PMC PMID:18442622 Europe PMC PMID:23763371 Europe PMC PMID:23768684 Europe PMC PMID:30224965 Europe PMC PMID:8605219 Europe PMC PMID:9587403 Europe PMC Reaxys:74376 Reaxys 3,18-diethenyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid IUPAC bilirubin IUPAC 1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinylbiline-8,12-dipropionic acid ChemIDplus 2,17-diethenyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid ChemIDplus 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid IUPAC 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-3,18-divinylbiladiene-ac-1,19(21H,24H)-dione JCBN Bilirubin KEGG_COMPOUND bilirubin(Z,Z) ChEBI bilirubin-IXalpha ChEBI High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. CHEBI:13302 CHEBI:21123 CHEBI:33698 CHEBI:4291 CAS:9007-49-2 KEGG:C00039 Deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acids chebi_ontology (Deoxyribonucleotide)m (Deoxyribonucleotide)n (Deoxyribonucleotide)n+m DNA DNAn DNAn+1 DNS Desoxyribonukleinsaeure deoxyribonucleic acids desoxyribose nucleic acid thymus nucleic acid CHEBI:16991 deoxyribonucleic acid CHEBI:16991 CAS:9007-49-2 ChemIDplus CAS:9007-49-2 KEGG COMPOUND Deoxyribonucleic acid KEGG_COMPOUND deoxyribonucleic acids IUPAC (Deoxyribonucleotide)m KEGG_COMPOUND (Deoxyribonucleotide)n KEGG_COMPOUND (Deoxyribonucleotide)n+m KEGG_COMPOUND DNA IUPAC DNA KEGG_COMPOUND DNA UniProt DNAn KEGG_COMPOUND DNAn+1 KEGG_COMPOUND DNS ChEBI Desoxyribonukleinsaeure ChEBI deoxyribonucleic acids ChEBI desoxyribose nucleic acid ChemIDplus thymus nucleic acid ChEBI A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). 0 COR2 28.010 27.99491 [*]C([*])=O CHEBI:13427 CHEBI:13646 CHEBI:24974 CHEBI:6127 CHEBI:8742 KEGG:C01450 Wikipedia:Ketone Ketone ketones chebi_ontology Keton R-CO-R' a ketone cetone ketones CHEBI:17087 ketone CHEBI:17087 Ketone KEGG_COMPOUND ketones IUPAC Keton ChEBI R-CO-R' KEGG_COMPOUND a ketone UniProt cetone ChEBI ketones ChEBI A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component. CHEBI:14349 CHEBI:5481 CHEBI:5493 KEGG:C00326 Glycoprotein glycoproteins chebi_ontology Glykoprotein Glykoproteine a glycoprotein glicoproteina glicoproteinas glycoproteine glycoproteines CHEBI:17089 glycoprotein CHEBI:17089 glycoproteine ChEBI glycoproteines ChEBI Glycoprotein KEGG_COMPOUND glycoproteins IUPAC Glykoprotein ChEBI Glykoproteine ChEBI a glycoprotein UniProt glicoproteina ChEBI glicoproteinas ChEBI An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. 0 C6H12O6 180.15588 180.06339 CHEBI:14313 CHEBI:24277 CHEBI:33929 CHEBI:5418 CAS:50-99-7 KEGG:C00293 Wikipedia:Glucose Glucose gluco-hexose glucose chebi_ontology DL-glucose Glc Glukose CHEBI:17234 glucose CHEBI:17234 CAS:50-99-7 KEGG COMPOUND Glucose KEGG_COMPOUND gluco-hexose IUPAC glucose IUPAC DL-glucose ChEBI Glc JCBN Glukose ChEBI The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. -1 CHO3 InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-1 BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 61.01684 60.99312 OC([O-])=O CHEBI:13363 CHEBI:22863 CHEBI:40961 CHEBI:5589 Beilstein:3903504 CAS:71-52-3 Gmelin:49249 HMDB:HMDB0000595 KEGG:C00288 MetaCyc:HCO3 PDBeChem:BCT PMID:17215880 PMID:17505962 PMID:18439416 PMID:28732801 PMID:29150416 PMID:29460248 PMID:29466234 PMID:4208463 Wikipedia:Bicarbonate Hydrogencarbonate hydrogen(trioxidocarbonate)(1-) hydrogencarbonate hydrogencarbonate(1-) hydrogentrioxocarbonate(1-) hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV) hydroxidodioxidocarbonate(1-) chebi_ontology Acid carbonate BICARBONATE ION Bicarbonate HCO3(-) HCO3- [CO2(OH)](-) hydrogen carbonate CHEBI:17544 hydrogencarbonate CHEBI:17544 Beilstein:3903504 Beilstein CAS:71-52-3 ChemIDplus Gmelin:49249 Gmelin PMID:17215880 Europe PMC PMID:17505962 Europe PMC PMID:18439416 Europe PMC PMID:28732801 Europe PMC PMID:29150416 Europe PMC PMID:29460248 Europe PMC PMID:29466234 Europe PMC PMID:4208463 Europe PMC Hydrogencarbonate KEGG_COMPOUND hydrogen(trioxidocarbonate)(1-) IUPAC hydrogencarbonate IUPAC hydrogencarbonate UniProt hydrogencarbonate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentrioxocarbonate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV) IUPAC hydroxidodioxidocarbonate(1-) IUPAC Acid carbonate KEGG_COMPOUND BICARBONATE ION PDBeChem Bicarbonate KEGG_COMPOUND HCO3(-) IUPAC HCO3- KEGG_COMPOUND [CO2(OH)](-) IUPAC hydrogen carbonate PDBeChem A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity. CHEBI:14202 CHEBI:4697 KEGG:C01351 Donor chebi_ontology Donator donneur CHEBI:17891 donor CHEBI:17891 Donor KEGG_COMPOUND Donator ChEBI donneur ChEBI 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. CHEBI:14517 CHEBI:25054 CHEBI:6486 KEGG:C01356 Lipid lipids chebi_ontology CHEBI:18059 lipid CHEBI:18059 Lipid KEGG_COMPOUND lipids IUPAC Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14361 CHEBI:24398 CHEBI:5495 KEGG:C02545 Wikipedia:Glycosaminoglycan Glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycan chebi_ontology Glykosaminoglykan glicosaminoglicano glycosaminoglycane glycosaminoglycans CHEBI:18085 glycosaminoglycan CHEBI:18085 Glycosaminoglycan KEGG_COMPOUND glycosaminoglycan IUPAC Glykosaminoglykan ChEBI glicosaminoglicano IUPAC glycosaminoglycane IUPAC glycosaminoglycans ChEBI Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose). CHEBI:14399 CHEBI:24590 CHEBI:5709 GlyGen:G70994MS GlyTouCan:G70994MS KEGG:C00738 Hexose chebi_ontology WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[axxxxh-1x_1-5_2*NCC/3=O]/1/ hexoses CHEBI:18133 hexose CHEBI:18133 Hexose KEGG_COMPOUND WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[axxxxh-1x_1-5_2*NCC/3=O]/1/ GlyTouCan hexoses ChEBI A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14864 CHEBI:26205 CHEBI:8322 KEGG:C00420 Polysaccharide polysaccharides chebi_ontology Glycan Glycane Glykan Glykane glycans polisacarido polisacaridos CHEBI:18154 polysaccharide CHEBI:18154 Polysaccharide KEGG_COMPOUND polysaccharides IUPAC Glycan KEGG_COMPOUND Glycane ChEBI Glykan ChEBI Glykane ChEBI glycans IUPAC polisacarido ChEBI polisacaridos IUPAC That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing. CHEBI:13873 CHEBI:25598 CHEBI:2995 KEGG:C00701 Wikipedia:Nucleobase chebi_ontology Base nucleobases CHEBI:18282 nucleobase CHEBI:18282 Base KEGG_COMPOUND nucleobases ChEBI The R-enantiomer of noradrenaline. 0 C8H11NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/t8-/m0/s1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-N 169.17780 169.07389 NC[C@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 CHEBI:1 CHEBI:14668 CHEBI:25592 CHEBI:258884 CHEBI:43725 Beilstein:2804840 Beilstein:4231961 CAS:51-41-2 DrugBank:DB00368 Drug_Central:1960 HMDB:HMDB0000216 KEGG:C00547 KEGG:D00076 KNApSAcK:C00001424 PDBeChem:LNR Reaxys:2804840 Wikipedia:Norepinephrine 4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol chebi_ontology (-)-arterenol (-)-noradrenaline (-)-norepinephrine (R)-(-)-norepinephrine (R)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol (R)-norepinephrine 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol Arterenol L-NOREPINEPHRINE L-Noradrenaline Noradrenaline Norepinephrine norepinefrina norepinephrine norepinephrinum CHEBI:18357 (R)-noradrenaline CHEBI:18357 Beilstein:2804840 Beilstein Beilstein:4231961 ChemIDplus CAS:51-41-2 ChemIDplus CAS:51-41-2 KEGG COMPOUND Drug_Central:1960 DrugCentral Reaxys:2804840 Reaxys 4-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol IUPAC (-)-arterenol ChemIDplus (-)-noradrenaline IUPHAR (-)-norepinephrine ChemIDplus (R)-(-)-norepinephrine ChemIDplus (R)-4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol ChemIDplus (R)-norepinephrine ChemIDplus 4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol KEGG_COMPOUND Arterenol KEGG_COMPOUND L-NOREPINEPHRINE PDBeChem L-Noradrenaline KEGG_COMPOUND Noradrenaline KEGG_COMPOUND Norepinephrine KEGG_COMPOUND norepinefrina ChEBI norepinephrine ChemIDplus norepinephrine WHO_MedNet norepinephrinum ChEBI A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate. -3 O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 94.97136 94.95507 [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CHEBI:14791 CHEBI:45024 CHEBI:7793 Beilstein:3903772 CAS:14265-44-2 Gmelin:1997 KEGG:C00009 PDBeChem:PO4 Reaxys:3903772 phosphate tetraoxidophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(V) chebi_ontology Orthophosphate PHOSPHATE ION PO4(3-) Phosphate [PO4](3-) CHEBI:18367 phosphate(3-) CHEBI:18367 Beilstein:3903772 Beilstein CAS:14265-44-2 ChemIDplus CAS:14265-44-2 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:1997 Gmelin PDBeChem:PO4 ChEBI Reaxys:3903772 Reaxys phosphate IUPAC tetraoxidophosphate(3-) IUPAC tetraoxophosphate(3-) IUPAC tetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC Orthophosphate KEGG_COMPOUND PHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem PO4(3-) IUPAC Phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND [PO4](3-) IUPAC 0 C24H42 InChI=1S/C24H42/c1-5-8-17(2)20-12-13-21-19-11-10-18-9-6-7-15-23(18,3)22(19)14-16-24(20,21)4/h17-22H,5-16H2,1-4H3/t17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,22+,23+,24-/m1/s1 QSHQKIURKJITMZ-OBUPQJQESA-N 330.59028 330.32865 [H][C@@]12CCCC[C@]1(C)[C@@]1([H])CC[C@]3(C)[C@]([H])(CC[C@@]3([H])[C@]1([H])CC2)[C@H](C)CCC Beilstein:2048472 5beta-cholane chebi_ontology CHEBI:20664 5beta-cholane CHEBI:20664 Beilstein:2048472 Beilstein 5beta-cholane IUPAC An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids. acyl group alkanoyl chebi_ontology acyl groups alkanoyl group groupe acyle CHEBI:22221 acyl group CHEBI:22221 acyl group IUPAC alkanoyl IUPAC acyl groups ChEBI alkanoyl group ChEBI groupe acyle IUPAC alkali metals chebi_ontology Alkalimetall Alkalimetalle alkali metal metal alcalin metal alcalino metales alcalinos metaux alcalins CHEBI:22314 alkali metal atom CHEBI:22314 alkali metals IUPAC Alkalimetall ChEBI Alkalimetalle ChEBI alkali metal ChEBI metal alcalin ChEBI metal alcalino ChEBI metales alcalinos ChEBI metaux alcalins ChEBI Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. Wikipedia:Alkaloid Alkaloid alkaloids chebi_ontology Alkaloide alcaloide alcaloides CHEBI:22315 alkaloid CHEBI:22315 Alkaloid ChEBI alkaloids IUPAC Alkaloide ChEBI alcaloide ChEBI alcaloides ChEBI chebi_ontology aminoglycans CHEBI:22506 aminoglycan CHEBI:22506 aminoglycans ChEBI A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. Anion anion chebi_ontology Anionen aniones anions CHEBI:22563 anion CHEBI:22563 Anion ChEBI anion ChEBI anion IUPAC Anionen ChEBI aniones ChEBI anions IUPAC A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. chebi_ontology antioxidants antioxydant antoxidant CHEBI:22586 antioxidant CHEBI:22586 antioxidants ChEBI antioxydant ChEBI antoxidant ChEBI A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base). KEGG:C00701 Base base chebi_ontology Base1 Base2 Basen Nucleobase bases CHEBI:22695 base CHEBI:22695 Base ChEBI base ChEBI base IUPAC Base1 KEGG_COMPOUND Base2 KEGG_COMPOUND Basen ChEBI Nucleobase KEGG_COMPOUND bases ChEBI chebi_ontology benzopyrroles CHEBI:22728 benzopyrrole CHEBI:22728 benzopyrroles ChEBI A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine. KEGG:C01558 chebi_ontology Bile acid bile salts CHEBI:22868 bile salt CHEBI:22868 Bile acid KEGG_COMPOUND bile salts ChEBI The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid. 0 CH2NO 44.03272 44.01364 *C(N)=O PMID:24168430 carbamoyl chebi_ontology -C(O)NH2 -CONH2 aminocarbonyl carbamyl carbamyl group carboxamide CHEBI:23004 carbamoyl group CHEBI:23004 PMID:24168430 Europe PMC carbamoyl IUPAC -C(O)NH2 ChEBI -CONH2 IUPAC aminocarbonyl IUPAC carbamyl ChEBI carbamyl group ChEBI carboxamide IUPAC 0 CO 28.01010 27.99491 O=C(*)* carbonyl carbonyl group chebi_ontology >C=O CHEBI:23019 carbonyl group CHEBI:23019 carbonyl IUPAC carbonyl group ChEBI carbonyl group UniProt >C=O IUPAC An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group). Wikipedia:Cofactor_(biochemistry) cofactor cofactors chebi_ontology CHEBI:23357 cofactor CHEBI:23357 cofactor IUPAC cofactors IUPAC Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity chebi_ontology entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molekulare Entitaet CHEBI:23367 molecular entity CHEBI:23367 molecular entity IUPAC entidad molecular IUPAC entidades moleculares IUPAC entite moleculaire IUPAC molecular entities IUPAC molekulare Entitaet ChEBI chebi_ontology Cyclopeptid Zyklopeptid cyclic peptides peptide cyclique peptido ciclico CHEBI:23449 cyclic peptide CHEBI:23449 Cyclopeptid ChEBI Zyklopeptid ChEBI cyclic peptides ChEBI peptide cyclique IUPAC peptido ciclico IUPAC Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. chebi_ontology drugs medicine CHEBI:23888 drug CHEBI:23888 drugs ChEBI medicine ChEBI chebi_ontology monoatomic cations CHEBI:23906 monoatomic cation CHEBI:23906 monoatomic cations ChEBI A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor chebi_ontology enzyme inhibitors inhibidor enzimatico inhibidores enzimaticos inhibiteur enzymatique inhibiteurs enzymatiques CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor IUPAC enzyme inhibitors ChEBI inhibidor enzimatico ChEBI inhibidores enzimaticos ChEBI inhibiteur enzymatique ChEBI inhibiteurs enzymatiques ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:24384 glycogens CHEBI:24384 A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity chebi_ontology CHEBI:24431 chemical entity CHEBI:24431 chemical entity UniProt A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. chebi_ontology biological function CHEBI:24432 biological role CHEBI:24432 biological function ChEBI A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group chebi_ontology Gruppe Rest groupe grupo grupos CHEBI:24433 group CHEBI:24433 group IUPAC Gruppe ChEBI Rest ChEBI groupe IUPAC grupo IUPAC grupos IUPAC A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. chebi_ontology organic heterocycle organic heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:24532 organic heterocyclic compound CHEBI:24532 organic heterocycle ChEBI organic heterocyclic compounds ChEBI A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond. heterodetic cyclic peptide chebi_ontology heterodetic cyclic peptides peptide cyclique heterodetique peptido ciclico heterodetico CHEBI:24533 heterodetic cyclic peptide CHEBI:24533 heterodetic cyclic peptide IUPAC heterodetic cyclic peptides ChEBI peptide cyclique heterodetique IUPAC peptido ciclico heterodetico IUPAC Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. chebi_ontology endocrine hormones CHEBI:24621 hormone CHEBI:24621 endocrine ChEBI hormones ChEBI Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). chebi_ontology CHEBI:24651 hydroxides CHEBI:24651 Any member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids carrying at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position. chebi_ontology hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids CHEBI:24663 hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid CHEBI:24663 hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids ChEBI Any compound containing an indole skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24828 indoles CHEBI:24828 A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid oxoacids chebi_ontology oxacids oxiacids oxo acid oxy-acids oxyacids CHEBI:24833 oxoacid CHEBI:24833 oxoacid IUPAC oxoacids IUPAC oxacids ChEBI oxiacids ChEBI oxo acid ChEBI oxy-acids ChEBI oxyacids ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic anions CHEBI:24834 inorganic anion CHEBI:24834 inorganic anions ChEBI A molecular entity that contains no carbon. chebi_ontology anorganische Verbindungen inorganic compounds inorganic entity inorganic molecular entities inorganics CHEBI:24835 inorganic molecular entity CHEBI:24835 anorganische Verbindungen ChEBI inorganic compounds ChEBI inorganic entity ChEBI inorganic molecular entities ChEBI inorganics ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic oxides CHEBI:24836 inorganic oxide CHEBI:24836 inorganic oxides ChEBI A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. salt chebi_ontology Salz Salze ionic compound ionic compounds sal sales salts sel sels CHEBI:24866 salt CHEBI:24866 salt IUPAC Salz ChEBI Salze ChEBI ionic compound ChEBI ionic compounds ChEBI sal ChEBI sales ChEBI salts ChEBI sel ChEBI sels ChEBI chebi_ontology monoatomic ions CHEBI:24867 monoatomic ion CHEBI:24867 monoatomic ions ChEBI chebi_ontology organic salts organisches Salz CHEBI:24868 organic salt CHEBI:24868 organic salts ChEBI organisches Salz ChEBI A molecular entity having a net electric charge. Ion ion chebi_ontology Ionen iones ions CHEBI:24870 ion CHEBI:24870 Ion ChEBI ion ChEBI ion IUPAC Ionen ChEBI iones ChEBI ions ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:25046 linear tetrapyrrole CHEBI:25046 Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. CHEBI:26619 CHEBI:35220 metabolite chebi_ontology metabolites primary metabolites secondary metabolites CHEBI:25212 metabolite CHEBI:25212 metabolite IUPAC metabolites ChEBI primary metabolites ChEBI secondary metabolites ChEBI chebi_ontology a metal cation metal cations CHEBI:25213 metal cation CHEBI:25213 a metal cation UniProt metal cations ChEBI A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number. chebi_ontology homoatomic molecule homoatomic molecules CHEBI:25362 elemental molecule CHEBI:25362 homoatomic molecule ChEBI homoatomic molecules ChEBI Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule chebi_ontology Molekuel molecula molecules neutral molecular compounds CHEBI:25367 molecule CHEBI:25367 molecule IUPAC Molekuel ChEBI molecula IUPAC molecules IUPAC neutral molecular compounds IUPAC A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. chebi_ontology monamines monoamines CHEBI:25375 monoamine molecular messenger CHEBI:25375 monamines ChEBI monoamines ChEBI An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. chebi_ontology monocarboxylic acids CHEBI:25384 monocarboxylic acid CHEBI:25384 monocarboxylic acids ChEBI +1 0.00000 [*+] chebi_ontology monoatomic monocations monovalent inorganic cations CHEBI:25414 monoatomic monocation CHEBI:25414 monoatomic monocations ChEBI monovalent inorganic cations ChEBI An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell. Wikipedia:Neurotransmitter chebi_ontology neurotransmitters CHEBI:25512 neurotransmitter CHEBI:25512 neurotransmitters ChEBI 0 N 14.007 14.00307 WebElements:N nitrogen chebi_ontology 7N N Stickstoff azote nitrogen nitrogeno CHEBI:25555 nitrogen atom CHEBI:25555 nitrogen IUPAC 7N IUPAC N IUPAC Stickstoff ChEBI azote IUPAC nitrogen ChEBI nitrogeno ChEBI nonmetal chebi_ontology Nichtmetall Nichtmetalle no metal no metales non-metal non-metaux nonmetal nonmetals CHEBI:25585 nonmetal atom CHEBI:25585 nonmetal IUPAC Nichtmetall ChEBI Nichtmetalle ChEBI no metal ChEBI no metales ChEBI non-metal ChEBI non-metaux ChEBI nonmetal ChEBI nonmetals ChEBI Any organic ion with a net negative charge. chebi_ontology organic anions CHEBI:25696 organic anion CHEBI:25696 organic anions ChEBI Any organic ion with a net positive charge. chebi_ontology organic cations CHEBI:25697 organic cation CHEBI:25697 organic cations ChEBI chebi_ontology organic ions CHEBI:25699 organic ion CHEBI:25699 organic ions ChEBI Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group chebi_ontology organic sulfates CHEBI:25704 organic sulfate CHEBI:25704 organic sulfates ChEBI An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide chebi_ontology oxides CHEBI:25741 oxide CHEBI:25741 oxide ChEBI oxides ChEBI 0 O InChI=1S/O QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 15.99940 15.99491 [O] KEGG:C00007 WebElements:O oxygen chebi_ontology 8O O Sauerstoff oxigeno oxygen oxygene CHEBI:25805 oxygen atom CHEBI:25805 oxygen IUPAC 8O IUPAC O IUPAC Sauerstoff ChEBI oxigeno ChEBI oxygen ChEBI oxygene ChEBI oxygen molecular entity chebi_ontology oxygen molecular entities CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity ChEBI oxygen molecular entities ChEBI Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine. chebi_ontology peptide hormones polypeptide hormone CHEBI:25905 peptide hormone CHEBI:25905 peptide hormones ChEBI polypeptide hormone ChEBI Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphates chebi_ontology phosphates CHEBI:26020 phosphate CHEBI:26020 phosphates IUPAC phosphates ChEBI A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. 0 H3O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4) NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 97.99520 97.97690 [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[H] Beilstein:1921286 CAS:7664-38-2 Drug_Central:4478 Gmelin:2000 HMDB:HMDB0002142 KEGG:C00009 KEGG:D05467 KNApSAcK:C00007408 PMID:11455380 PMID:15630224 PMID:17439666 PMID:17518491 PMID:22282755 PMID:22333268 PMID:22381614 PMID:22401268 Reaxys:1921286 Wikipedia:Phosphoric_Acid Phosphoric acid phosphoric acid tetraoxophosphoric acid trihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(3-) trihydroxidooxidophosphorus chebi_ontology H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid Phosphate Phosphorsaeure Phosphorsaeureloesungen [PO(OH)3] acide phosphorique acidum phosphoricum orthophosphoric acid CHEBI:26078 phosphoric acid CHEBI:26078 Beilstein:1921286 Beilstein CAS:7664-38-2 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-38-2 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-38-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4478 DrugCentral Gmelin:2000 Gmelin PMID:11455380 Europe PMC PMID:15630224 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17518491 Europe PMC PMID:22282755 Europe PMC PMID:22333268 Europe PMC PMID:22381614 Europe PMC PMID:22401268 Europe PMC Reaxys:1921286 Reaxys Phosphoric acid KEGG_COMPOUND phosphoric acid IUPAC tetraoxophosphoric acid IUPAC trihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(3-) IUPAC trihydroxidooxidophosphorus IUPAC H3PO4 IUPAC Orthophosphoric acid KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphorsaeure ChEBI Phosphorsaeureloesungen ChEBI [PO(OH)3] IUPAC acide phosphorique ChEBI acidum phosphoricum ChEBI orthophosphoric acid NIST_Chemistry_WebBook chebi_ontology CHEBI:26079 phosphoric acid derivative CHEBI:26079 chebi_ontology phosphorus molecular entities CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entity CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entities ChEBI 0 Na InChI=1S/Na KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 22.98977 22.98977 [Na] CAS:7440-23-5 Gmelin:16221 KEGG:C01330 WebElements:Na sodium chebi_ontology 11Na Na Natrium natrium sodio sodium CHEBI:26708 sodium atom CHEBI:26708 CAS:7440-23-5 ChemIDplus Gmelin:16221 Gmelin sodium IUPAC 11Na IUPAC Na IUPAC Natrium ChemIDplus natrium IUPAC sodio ChemIDplus sodium ChEBI chebi_ontology sodium compounds sodium molecular entities CHEBI:26712 sodium molecular entity CHEBI:26712 sodium compounds ChEBI sodium molecular entities ChEBI Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. chebi_ontology Natriumsalz Natriumsalze sodium salts CHEBI:26714 sodium salt CHEBI:26714 Natriumsalz ChEBI Natriumsalze ChEBI sodium salts ChEBI Any steroid that acts as hormone. chebi_ontology Steroidhormon Steroidhormone hormona esteroide hormonas esteroideas hormone steroide hormones steroides steroid hormones CHEBI:26764 steroid hormone CHEBI:26764 Steroidhormon ChEBI Steroidhormone ChEBI hormona esteroide ChEBI hormonas esteroideas ChEBI hormone steroide ChEBI hormones steroides ChEBI steroid hormones ChEBI An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid. 0 O4SR2 96.06300 95.95173 [*]OS(=O)(=O)O[*] chebi_ontology sulfate ester sulfuric acid ester sulfuric acid esters CHEBI:26819 sulfuric ester CHEBI:26819 sulfate ester ChEBI sulfuric acid ester ChEBI sulfuric acid esters ChEBI Salts and esters of sulfuric acid sulfates chebi_ontology sulfuric acid derivative sulphates CHEBI:26820 sulfates CHEBI:26820 sulfates ChEBI sulfuric acid derivative ChEBI sulphates ChEBI 0 S InChI=1S/S NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 32.06600 31.97207 [S] CAS:7704-34-9 KEGG:C00087 KEGG:D06527 PPDB:605 WebElements:S sulfur chebi_ontology 16S Elemental sulfur S Schwefel azufre soufre sulfur sulphur theion CHEBI:26833 sulfur atom CHEBI:26833 CAS:7704-34-9 ChemIDplus CAS:7704-34-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook sulfur IUPAC 16S IUPAC Elemental sulfur KEGG_COMPOUND S IUPAC S KEGG_COMPOUND Schwefel ChEBI azufre ChEBI soufre ChEBI sulfur ChEBI sulfur UniProt sulphur ChEBI theion IUPAC sulfur molecular entity chebi_ontology sulfur molecular entities CHEBI:26835 sulfur molecular entity CHEBI:26835 sulfur molecular entity ChEBI sulfur molecular entities ChEBI A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. 0 H2O4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4) QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 98.07948 97.96738 [H]OS(=O)(=O)O[H] CAS:7664-93-9 Gmelin:2122 KEGG:C00059 KEGG:D05963 KNApSAcK:C00007530 MolBase:4 PMID:13568755 PMID:16122922 PMID:19397353 PMID:22047659 PMID:22136045 PMID:22204399 PMID:22267186 PMID:22296037 PMID:22364556 PMID:22435616 PPDB:606 Reaxys:2037554 Wikipedia:Sulfuric_acid Sulfuric acid dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate dihydroxidodioxidosulfur hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(2-) hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(VI) sulfuric acid tetraoxosulfuric acid chebi_ontology Acide sulfurique Acido sulfurico Acidum sulfuricum H2SO4 Schwefelsaeureloesungen [S(OH)2O2] [SO2(OH)2] sulphuric acid CHEBI:26836 sulfuric acid CHEBI:26836 CAS:7664-93-9 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-93-9 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-93-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:2122 Gmelin PMID:13568755 Europe PMC PMID:16122922 Europe PMC PMID:19397353 Europe PMC PMID:22047659 Europe PMC PMID:22136045 Europe PMC PMID:22204399 Europe PMC PMID:22267186 Europe PMC PMID:22296037 Europe PMC PMID:22364556 Europe PMC PMID:22435616 Europe PMC Reaxys:2037554 Reaxys Sulfuric acid KEGG_COMPOUND dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate IUPAC dihydroxidodioxidosulfur IUPAC hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(2-) IUPAC hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC sulfuric acid ChEBI sulfuric acid IUPAC tetraoxosulfuric acid IUPAC Acide sulfurique ChemIDplus Acido sulfurico ChemIDplus Acidum sulfuricum ChemIDplus H2SO4 IUPAC Schwefelsaeureloesungen ChemIDplus [S(OH)2O2] MolBase [SO2(OH)2] IUPAC sulphuric acid MolBase A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole tetrapyrroles chebi_ontology a tetrapyrrole CHEBI:26932 tetrapyrrole CHEBI:26932 tetrapyrrole IUPAC tetrapyrroles IUPAC a tetrapyrrole UniProt Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Wikipedia:Micronutrient chebi_ontology micronutrients trace elements CHEBI:27027 micronutrient CHEBI:27027 micronutrients ChEBI trace elements ChEBI Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:27162 tryptamines CHEBI:27162 chebi_ontology heterobicyclic compounds organic heterobicyclic compounds CHEBI:27171 organic heterobicyclic compound CHEBI:27171 heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI organic heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. chebi_ontology univalent acyl group univalent carboacyl groups univalent carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:27207 univalent carboacyl group CHEBI:27207 univalent acyl group ChEBI univalent carboacyl groups ChEBI univalent carboxylic acyl groups ChEBI A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). zwitterion zwitterions chebi_ontology compose zwitterionique compuestos zwitterionicos zwitteriones zwitterionic compounds CHEBI:27369 zwitterion CHEBI:27369 zwitterion IUPAC zwitterions IUPAC compose zwitterionique IUPAC compuestos zwitterionicos IUPAC zwitteriones IUPAC zwitterionic compounds IUPAC 0 C InChI=1S/C OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12.01070 12.00000 [C] CHEBI:23009 CHEBI:3399 CAS:7440-44-0 KEGG:C06265 WebElements:C carbon chebi_ontology 6C C Carbon Kohlenstoff carbon carbone carbonium carbono CHEBI:27594 carbon atom CHEBI:27594 CAS:7440-44-0 ChemIDplus CAS:7440-44-0 KEGG COMPOUND carbon IUPAC 6C IUPAC C IUPAC C KEGG_COMPOUND Carbon KEGG_COMPOUND Kohlenstoff ChEBI carbon ChEBI carbone ChEBI carbonium ChEBI carbono ChEBI A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues. CHEBI:24379 CHEBI:5466 CAS:9005-79-2 GlyGen:G99991IU GlyTouCan:G99991IU HMDB:HMDB0000757 KEGG:C00182 MetaCyc:CPD0-971 Wikipedia:Glycogen Glycogen chebi_ontology WURCS=2.0/1,4,3/[a2122h-1a_1-5]/1-1-1-1/a4-b1_b4-c1_b6-d1 animal starch liver starch CHEBI:28087 glycogen CHEBI:28087 CAS:9005-79-2 ChemIDplus CAS:9005-79-2 KEGG COMPOUND Glycogen KEGG_COMPOUND WURCS=2.0/1,4,3/[a2122h-1a_1-5]/1-1-1-1/a4-b1_b4-c1_b6-d1 GlyTouCan animal starch ChemIDplus liver starch ChemIDplus A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised. 0 CH3NO2 InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c2-1(3)4/h2H2,(H,3,4) KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 61.04006 61.01638 NC(O)=O CHEBI:22504 CHEBI:23002 CHEBI:3386 CHEBI:44573 Beilstein:1734754 CAS:463-77-4 DrugBank:DB04261 Gmelin:130345 KEGG:C01563 PDBeChem:OUT Wikipedia:Carbamic_acid CARBAMIC ACID Carbamic acid carbamic acid chebi_ontology Aminoameisensaeure Aminoformic acid Carbamate Carbamidsaeure CHEBI:28616 carbamic acid CHEBI:28616 Beilstein:1734754 Beilstein CAS:463-77-4 ChemIDplus CAS:463-77-4 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:130345 Gmelin CARBAMIC ACID PDBeChem Carbamic acid KEGG_COMPOUND carbamic acid IUPAC Aminoameisensaeure ChEBI Aminoformic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Carbamate KEGG_COMPOUND Carbamidsaeure ChEBI 0 P InChI=1S/P OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 30.97376 30.97376 [P] CHEBI:26080 CHEBI:8168 CAS:7723-14-0 Gmelin:16235 KEGG:C06262 WebElements:P phosphorus chebi_ontology 15P P Phosphor Phosphorus fosforo phosphore phosphorus CHEBI:28659 phosphorus atom CHEBI:28659 CAS:7723-14-0 ChemIDplus CAS:7723-14-0 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:16235 Gmelin phosphorus IUPAC 15P IUPAC P IUPAC P KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphor ChEBI Phosphorus KEGG_COMPOUND fosforo ChEBI phosphore ChEBI phosphorus ChEBI A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. 0 C10H12N2O InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 176.215 176.09496 C1=CC(=CC=2C(=CNC12)CCN)O CHEBI:1420 CHEBI:26652 CHEBI:49894 Beilstein:143524 CAS:50-67-9 Gmelin:1861995 HMDB:HMDB0000259 KEGG:C00780 KNApSAcK:C00001429 LINCS:LSM-6589 MetaCyc:SEROTONIN PDBeChem:SRO PMID:18593914 PMID:22770225 PMID:24136337 Reaxys:143524 Wikipedia:Serotonin 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol SEROTONIN Serotonin chebi_ontology 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine Enteramine serotonine thrombocytin thrombotonin CHEBI:28790 serotonin CHEBI:28790 Beilstein:143524 Beilstein CAS:50-67-9 ChemIDplus CAS:50-67-9 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:1861995 Gmelin PMID:18593914 Europe PMC PMID:22770225 Europe PMC PMID:24136337 Europe PMC Reaxys:143524 Reaxys 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol IUPAC SEROTONIN PDBeChem Serotonin KEGG_COMPOUND 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol KEGG_COMPOUND 5-HT IUPHAR 5-Hydroxytryptamine KEGG_COMPOUND Enteramine KEGG_COMPOUND serotonine ChEBI thrombocytin ChemIDplus thrombotonin ChemIDplus An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia. +1 H4N InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3/p+1 QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 18.03850 18.03383 [H][N+]([H])([H])[H] CHEBI:22534 CHEBI:49783 CHEBI:7435 CAS:14798-03-9 Gmelin:84 KEGG:C01342 MetaCyc:AMMONIUM MolBase:929 PDBeChem:NH4 PMID:11319011 PMID:11341317 PMID:12096804 PMID:14512268 PMID:14879753 PMID:16345391 PMID:16903292 PMID:17392693 PMID:18515490 PMID:19199063 PMID:19596600 PMID:19682559 PMID:19716251 PMID:21993530 PMID:22265469 PMID:22524020 PMID:22562341 PMID:22631217 Reaxys:16093784 Wikipedia:Ammonium ammonium azanium chebi_ontology Ammonium(1+) NH4(+) NH4+ [NH4](+) ammonium cation ammonium ion CHEBI:28938 ammonium CHEBI:28938 CAS:14798-03-9 ChemIDplus CAS:14798-03-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:84 Gmelin PMID:11319011 Europe PMC PMID:11341317 Europe PMC PMID:12096804 Europe PMC PMID:14512268 Europe PMC PMID:14879753 Europe PMC PMID:16345391 Europe PMC PMID:16903292 Europe PMC PMID:17392693 Europe PMC PMID:18515490 Europe PMC PMID:19199063 Europe PMC PMID:19596600 Europe PMC PMID:19682559 Europe PMC PMID:19716251 Europe PMC PMID:21993530 Europe PMC PMID:22265469 Europe PMC PMID:22524020 Europe PMC PMID:22562341 Europe PMC PMID:22631217 Europe PMC Reaxys:16093784 Reaxys ammonium ChEBI ammonium IUPAC azanium IUPAC Ammonium(1+) ChemIDplus NH4(+) IUPAC NH4(+) UniProt NH4+ KEGG_COMPOUND [NH4](+) MolBase ammonium cation ChemIDplus ammonium ion PDBeChem A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid. -2 C2O4R 88.019 87.97966 [O-]C(=O)[*]C([O-])=O CHEBI:13632 CHEBI:23688 CHEBI:23689 CHEBI:38711 dicarboxylic acid dianion chebi_ontology a dicarboxylate dicarboxylate dicarboxylates dicarboxylic acid dianions CHEBI:28965 dicarboxylic acid dianion CHEBI:28965 dicarboxylic acid dianion ChEBI a dicarboxylate UniProt dicarboxylate ChEBI dicarboxylates ChEBI dicarboxylic acid dianions ChEBI 0 CH2O3 InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4) BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 62.02478 62.00039 OC(O)=O CHEBI:13351 CHEBI:23017 CHEBI:23744 CHEBI:3401 CAS:463-79-6 Gmelin:25554 KEGG:C01353 PDBeChem:CO3 Carbonic acid carbonic acid dihydroxidooxidocarbon chebi_ontology Dihydrogen carbonate H2CO3 Koehlensaeure [CO(OH)2] CHEBI:28976 carbonic acid CHEBI:28976 CAS:463-79-6 ChemIDplus CAS:463-79-6 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:25554 Gmelin Carbonic acid KEGG_COMPOUND carbonic acid IUPAC dihydroxidooxidocarbon IUPAC Dihydrogen carbonate KEGG_COMPOUND H2CO3 IUPAC H2CO3 KEGG_COMPOUND Koehlensaeure ChEBI [CO(OH)2] IUPAC The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. -1 CO2R 44.00950 43.98983 [O-]C([*])=O CHEBI:13626 CHEBI:13945 CHEBI:23026 CHEBI:58657 chebi_ontology a carboxylate carboxylic acid anions carboxylic anions CHEBI:29067 carboxylic acid anion CHEBI:29067 a carboxylate UniProt carboxylic acid anions ChEBI carboxylic anions ChEBI A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium. +1 Na InChI=1S/Na/q+1 FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 22.98977 22.98922 [Na+] CHEBI:26717 CHEBI:49766 CHEBI:9175 CAS:17341-25-2 Gmelin:15196 KEGG:C01330 PDBeChem:NA sodium cation sodium(1+) sodium(1+) ion sodium(I) cation chebi_ontology Na(+) Na+ SODIUM ION CHEBI:29101 sodium(1+) CHEBI:29101 CAS:17341-25-2 ChemIDplus CAS:17341-25-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:15196 Gmelin sodium cation IUPAC sodium(1+) IUPAC sodium(1+) ion IUPAC sodium(I) cation IUPAC Na(+) IUPAC Na(+) UniProt Na+ KEGG_COMPOUND SODIUM ION PDBeChem -1 H2N InChI=1S/H2N/h1H2/q-1 HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16.02262 16.01927 [H][N-][H] amide azanide dihydridonitrate(1-) chebi_ontology NH2(-) CHEBI:29337 azanide CHEBI:29337 amide IUPAC azanide IUPAC dihydridonitrate(1-) IUPAC NH2(-) IUPAC A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia. -2 HN InChI=1S/HN/h1H/q-2 DZQYTNGKSBCIOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 15.01468 15.01200 [N--][H] azanediide hydridonitrate(2-) chebi_ontology NH(2-) imide CHEBI:29340 hydridonitrate(2-) CHEBI:29340 azanediide IUPAC hydridonitrate(2-) IUPAC NH(2-) IUPAC imide IUPAC +1 HO2 InChI=1S/O2/c1-2/p+1 MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-O 33.00674 32.99711 [H][O+]=O Gmelin:508 dioxidenium hydridodioxygen(1+) chebi_ontology HO2(+) HOO(+) [HO2](+) CHEBI:29793 hydridodioxygen(1+) CHEBI:29793 Gmelin:508 Gmelin dioxidenium IUPAC hydridodioxygen(1+) IUPAC HO2(+) IUPAC HOO(+) ChEBI [HO2](+) ChEBI A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid. -1 C2H3O2 InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4)/p-1 QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 59.04402 59.01385 CC([O-])=O CHEBI:13704 CHEBI:22165 CHEBI:40480 Beilstein:1901470 CAS:71-50-1 DrugBank:DB03166 Gmelin:1379 KEGG:C00033 MetaCyc:ACET PDBeChem:ACT PMID:17190852 PMID:22211106 PMID:22371380 Reaxys:1901470 UM-BBD_compID:c0050 Wikipedia:Acetate acetate chebi_ontology ACETATE ION Azetat CH3-COO(-) Ethanoat MeCO2 anion acetic acid, ion(1-) ethanoate CHEBI:30089 acetate CHEBI:30089 Beilstein:1901470 Beilstein CAS:71-50-1 ChemIDplus CAS:71-50-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:1379 Gmelin PMID:17190852 Europe PMC PMID:22211106 Europe PMC PMID:22371380 Europe PMC Reaxys:1901470 Reaxys UM-BBD_compID:c0050 UM-BBD acetate IUPAC acetate UniProt ACETATE ION PDBeChem Azetat ChEBI CH3-COO(-) IUPAC Ethanoat ChEBI MeCO2 anion NIST_Chemistry_WebBook acetic acid, ion(1-) ChemIDplus ethanoate ChEBI Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force. 0 0.0 0.0 * CHEBI:10581 CHEBI:14383 KEGG:C00205 photon chebi_ontology Lichtquant Light foton gamma hnu light quantum CHEBI:30212 photon CHEBI:30212 photon IUPAC Lichtquant ChEBI Light KEGG_COMPOUND foton ChEBI gamma IUPAC hnu IUPAC hnu UniProt light quantum ChEBI Any member of a group of hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration. KEGG:C01558 Bile acid chebi_ontology 5beta-bile acid 5beta-bile acids Bile salt Gallensaeure Gallensaeuren bile acids CHEBI:3098 bile acid CHEBI:3098 Bile acid KEGG_COMPOUND 5beta-bile acid ChEBI 5beta-bile acids ChEBI Bile salt KEGG_COMPOUND Gallensaeure ChEBI Gallensaeuren ChEBI bile acids ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. CHEBI:13814 CHEBI:22474 CHEBI:2641 KEGG:C00706 Amine amines chebi_ontology Amin Substituted amine CHEBI:32952 amine CHEBI:32952 Amine KEGG_COMPOUND amines IUPAC Amin ChEBI Substituted amine KEGG_COMPOUND An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. CHEBI:22473 CHEBI:2633 KEGG:C00241 Amide amides chebi_ontology CHEBI:32988 amide CHEBI:32988 Amide KEGG_COMPOUND amides IUPAC Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33232 application CHEBI:33232 A particle not known to have substructure. elementary particle chebi_ontology elementary particles CHEBI:33233 fundamental particle CHEBI:33233 elementary particle IUPAC elementary particles ChEBI A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom. chebi_ontology atomic entity monoatomic entities CHEBI:33238 monoatomic entity CHEBI:33238 atomic entity ChEBI monoatomic entities ChEBI chebi_ontology oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33241 oxoacid derivative CHEBI:33241 oxoacid derivatives ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic hydrides CHEBI:33242 inorganic hydride CHEBI:33242 inorganic hydrides ChEBI An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. chebi_ontology organic fundamental parents organic parent hydrides CHEBI:33245 organic fundamental parent CHEBI:33245 organic fundamental parents ChEBI organic parent hydrides ChEBI Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. chebi_ontology inorganic groups CHEBI:33246 inorganic group CHEBI:33246 inorganic groups ChEBI Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon. chebi_ontology organic groups CHEBI:33247 organic group CHEBI:33247 organic groups ChEBI Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom. organyl group organyl groups chebi_ontology groupe organyle grupo organilo grupos organilo CHEBI:33249 organyl group CHEBI:33249 organyl group IUPAC organyl groups IUPAC groupe organyle IUPAC grupo organilo IUPAC grupos organilo IUPAC A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. CHEBI:22671 CHEBI:23907 atom chebi_ontology atome atomo atoms atomus element elements CHEBI:33250 atom CHEBI:33250 atom IUPAC atome IUPAC atomo IUPAC atoms ChEBI atomus ChEBI element ChEBI elements ChEBI A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons. nucleus chebi_ontology Atomkern Kern noyau noyau atomique nuclei nucleo nucleo atomico nucleus atomi CHEBI:33252 atomic nucleus CHEBI:33252 nucleus IUPAC Atomkern ChEBI Kern ChEBI noyau IUPAC noyau atomique ChEBI nuclei ChEBI nucleo IUPAC nucleo atomico ChEBI nucleus atomi ChEBI Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron. nucleon chebi_ontology Nukleon Nukleonen nucleons CHEBI:33253 nucleon CHEBI:33253 nucleon IUPAC nucleon IUPAC Nukleon ChEBI Nukleonen ChEBI nucleons ChEBI A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide primary amides chebi_ontology CHEBI:33256 primary amide CHEBI:33256 primary amide IUPAC primary amides IUPAC A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. chebi_ontology homoatomic entity homoatomic molecular entities homoatomic molecular entity CHEBI:33259 elemental molecular entity CHEBI:33259 homoatomic entity ChEBI homoatomic molecular entities ChEBI homoatomic molecular entity ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:33262 elemental oxygen CHEBI:33262 0 O2 31.999 31.98983 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33263 diatomic oxygen CHEBI:33263 An anion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic anions CHEBI:33273 polyatomic anion CHEBI:33273 polyatomic anions ChEBI chebi_ontology chemical messenger CHEBI:33280 molecular messenger CHEBI:33280 chemical messenger ChEBI A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. CHEBI:22582 PMID:12964249 PMID:22117953 PMID:22439833 PMID:22849268 PMID:22849276 PMID:22958833 chebi_ontology Antibiotika Antibiotikum antibiotic antibiotics antibiotique antimicrobial antimicrobial agents antimicrobials microbicide microbicides CHEBI:33281 antimicrobial agent CHEBI:33281 PMID:12964249 Europe PMC PMID:22117953 Europe PMC PMID:22439833 Europe PMC PMID:22849268 Europe PMC PMID:22849276 Europe PMC PMID:22958833 Europe PMC Antibiotika ChEBI Antibiotikum ChEBI antibiotic ChEBI antibiotics ChEBI antibiotique IUPAC antimicrobial ChEBI antimicrobial agents ChEBI antimicrobials ChEBI microbicide ChEBI microbicides ChEBI A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. chebi_ontology nutrients CHEBI:33284 nutrient CHEBI:33284 nutrients ChEBI A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. chebi_ontology heteroorganic entities organoelement compounds CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entity CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entities ChEBI organoelement compounds ChEBI An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture. Wikipedia:Agrochemical chebi_ontology agrichemical agrichemicals agricultural chemicals agrochemicals CHEBI:33286 agrochemical CHEBI:33286 agrichemical ChEBI agrichemicals ChEBI agricultural chemicals ChEBI agrochemicals ChEBI A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants. chebi_ontology fertiliser fertilizers CHEBI:33287 fertilizer CHEBI:33287 fertiliser ChEBI fertilizers ChEBI A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. chebi_ontology alkali metal molecular entities CHEBI:33296 alkali metal molecular entity CHEBI:33296 alkali metal molecular entities ChEBI Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. pnictogens chebi_ontology group 15 elements group V elements nitrogenoideos nitrogenoides pnictogene pnictogenes CHEBI:33300 pnictogen CHEBI:33300 pnictogens IUPAC group 15 elements ChEBI group V elements ChEBI nitrogenoideos ChEBI nitrogenoides ChEBI pnictogene ChEBI pnictogenes ChEBI A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity chebi_ontology pnictogen molecular entities CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity ChEBI pnictogen molecular entities ChEBI Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. PMID:17084588 chalcogen chalcogens chebi_ontology Chalkogen Chalkogene anfigeno anfigenos calcogeno calcogenos chalcogene chalcogenes group 16 elements group VI elements CHEBI:33303 chalcogen CHEBI:33303 PMID:17084588 Europe PMC chalcogen IUPAC chalcogens IUPAC Chalkogen ChEBI Chalkogene ChEBI anfigeno ChEBI anfigenos ChEBI calcogeno ChEBI calcogenos ChEBI chalcogene ChEBI chalcogenes ChEBI group 16 elements ChEBI group VI elements ChEBI Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity chebi_ontology chalcogen compounds chalcogen molecular entities CHEBI:33304 chalcogen molecular entity CHEBI:33304 chalcogen molecular entity ChEBI chalcogen compounds ChEBI chalcogen molecular entities ChEBI group 14 elements chebi_ontology carbon group element carbon group elements carbonoides cristallogene cristallogenes group IV elements CHEBI:33306 carbon group element atom CHEBI:33306 group 14 elements IUPAC carbon group element ChEBI carbon group elements ChEBI carbonoides ChEBI cristallogene ChEBI cristallogenes ChEBI group IV elements ChEBI An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl. 0 CO2R2 44.010 43.98983 [*]C(=O)O[*] CHEBI:13204 CHEBI:23028 CHEBI:3408 KEGG:C02391 Wikipedia:Ester Carboxylic ester carboxylic esters chebi_ontology a carboxylic ester carboxylic acid esters CHEBI:33308 carboxylic ester CHEBI:33308 Carboxylic ester KEGG_COMPOUND carboxylic esters IUPAC a carboxylic ester UniProt carboxylic acid esters ChEBI An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table. main group elements chebi_ontology Hauptgruppenelement Hauptgruppenelemente main group element CHEBI:33318 main group element atom CHEBI:33318 main group elements IUPAC Hauptgruppenelement ChEBI Hauptgruppenelemente ChEBI main group element ChEBI chebi_ontology oxoacids of sulfur sulfur oxoacids CHEBI:33402 sulfur oxoacid CHEBI:33402 oxoacids of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxoacids ChEBI chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoacids CHEBI:33408 pnictogen oxoacid CHEBI:33408 pnictogen oxoacids ChEBI sulfur oxoacid derivative chebi_ontology sulfur oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33424 sulfur oxoacid derivative CHEBI:33424 sulfur oxoacid derivative ChEBI sulfur oxoacid derivatives ChEBI A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. phosphorus oxoacid chebi_ontology Oxosaeure des Phosphors oxoacids of phosphorus phosphorus oxoacids CHEBI:33457 phosphorus oxoacid CHEBI:33457 phosphorus oxoacid ChEBI Oxosaeure des Phosphors ChEBI oxoacids of phosphorus ChEBI phosphorus oxoacids ChEBI pnictogen oxoanion chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoanions CHEBI:33459 pnictogen oxoanion CHEBI:33459 pnictogen oxoanion ChEBI pnictogen oxoanions ChEBI phosphorus oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoanions of phosphorus phosphorus oxoanions CHEBI:33461 phosphorus oxoanion CHEBI:33461 phosphorus oxoanion ChEBI oxoanions of phosphorus ChEBI phosphorus oxoanions ChEBI sulfur oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoanions of sulfur sulfur oxoanions CHEBI:33482 sulfur oxoanion CHEBI:33482 sulfur oxoanion ChEBI oxoanions of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxoanions ChEBI chalcogen oxoacid chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoacids CHEBI:33484 chalcogen oxoacid CHEBI:33484 chalcogen oxoacid ChEBI chalcogen oxoacids ChEBI chalcogen oxoanion chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoanions CHEBI:33485 chalcogen oxoanion CHEBI:33485 chalcogen oxoanion ChEBI chalcogen oxoanions ChEBI chebi_ontology alkali metal cations CHEBI:33504 alkali metal cation CHEBI:33504 alkali metal cations ChEBI An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity. CHEBI:25217 CHEBI:6788 KEGG:C00050 PMID:21784043 Wikipedia:Metal chebi_ontology elemental metal elemental metals metal element metal elements metals CHEBI:33521 metal atom CHEBI:33521 PMID:21784043 Europe PMC elemental metal ChEBI elemental metals ChEBI metal element ChEBI metal elements ChEBI metals ChEBI An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid. alpha-amino-acid anion chebi_ontology alpha-amino acid anions alpha-amino-acid anions CHEBI:33558 alpha-amino-acid anion CHEBI:33558 alpha-amino-acid anion ChEBI alpha-amino acid anions ChEBI alpha-amino-acid anions ChEBI chebi_ontology s-block element s-block elements CHEBI:33559 s-block element atom CHEBI:33559 s-block element ChEBI s-block elements ChEBI Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table. chebi_ontology p-block element p-block elements CHEBI:33560 p-block element atom CHEBI:33560 p-block element ChEBI p-block elements ChEBI Any compound containing an o-diphenol component. 0 C6H2O2R4 106.079 106.00548 OC1=C(O)C(*)=C(*)C(*)=C1* CHEBI:134187 CHEBI:13628 CHEBI:18862 KEGG:C15571 chebi_ontology 1,2-benzenediols a catechol benzene-1,2-diols CHEBI:33566 catechols CHEBI:33566 1,2-benzenediols ChEBI a catechol UniProt benzene-1,2-diols ChEBI 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. 0 C8H9NO2R2 151.163 151.06333 CHEBI:23056 CHEBI:3468 KEGG:C02012 Catecholamine catecholamines chebi_ontology catecholamines CHEBI:33567 catecholamine CHEBI:33567 Catecholamine KEGG_COMPOUND catecholamines IUPAC catecholamines ChEBI A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted. 0 C8H11NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 169.17788 169.07389 NCC(O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 Beilstein:2210994 CAS:138-65-8 Gmelin:863925 LINCS:LSM-5181 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol chebi_ontology noradrenalina norepinephrine CHEBI:33569 noradrenaline CHEBI:33569 Beilstein:2210994 Beilstein CAS:138-65-8 ChemIDplus CAS:138-65-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:863925 Gmelin 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol IUPAC noradrenalina ChEBI norepinephrine ChEBI CHEBI:22705 CHEBI:22711 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33570 benzenediols CHEBI:33570 The S-enantiomer of noradrenaline. 0 C8H11NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/t8-/m1/s1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-MRVPVSSYSA-N 169.17788 169.07389 NC[C@@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 Beilstein:2937999 LINCS:LSM-37072 Reaxys:2937999 4-[(1S)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol chebi_ontology CHEBI:33571 (S)-noradrenaline CHEBI:33571 Beilstein:2937999 Beilstein Reaxys:2937999 Reaxys 4-[(1S)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,2-diol IUPAC A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. 0 CHO2R 45.01740 44.99765 OC([*])=O CHEBI:13428 CHEBI:13627 CHEBI:23027 PMID:17147560 PMID:18433345 Wikipedia:Carboxylic_acid carboxylic acid carboxylic acids chebi_ontology Carbonsaeure Carbonsaeuren Karbonsaeure RC(=O)OH acide carboxylique acides carboxyliques acido carboxilico acidos carboxilicos CHEBI:33575 carboxylic acid CHEBI:33575 PMID:17147560 Europe PMC PMID:18433345 Europe PMC carboxylic acid IUPAC carboxylic acids IUPAC Carbonsaeure ChEBI Carbonsaeuren ChEBI Karbonsaeure ChEBI RC(=O)OH IUPAC acide carboxylique IUPAC acides carboxyliques IUPAC acido carboxilico IUPAC acidos carboxilicos IUPAC A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. chebi_ontology main group compounds main group molecular entities CHEBI:33579 main group molecular entity CHEBI:33579 main group compounds ChEBI main group molecular entities ChEBI carbon group molecular entity chebi_ontology carbon group molecular entities CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity ChEBI carbon group molecular entities ChEBI Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. Wikipedia:Cyclic_compound chebi_ontology cyclic compounds CHEBI:33595 cyclic compound CHEBI:33595 cyclic compounds ChEBI chebi_ontology hydrogen compounds hydrogen molecular entities CHEBI:33608 hydrogen molecular entity CHEBI:33608 hydrogen compounds ChEBI hydrogen molecular entities ChEBI chebi_ontology polycyclic compounds CHEBI:33635 polycyclic compound CHEBI:33635 polycyclic compounds ChEBI A molecule that features two fused rings. chebi_ontology bicyclic compounds CHEBI:33636 bicyclic compound CHEBI:33636 bicyclic compounds ChEBI A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compounds aromatic molecular entity chebi_ontology aromatics aromatische Verbindungen CHEBI:33655 aromatic compound CHEBI:33655 aromatic compounds IUPAC aromatic molecular entity IUPAC aromatics ChEBI aromatische Verbindungen ChEBI chebi_ontology organic aromatic compounds CHEBI:33659 organic aromatic compound CHEBI:33659 organic aromatic compounds ChEBI A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom. heteropolycyclic compounds chebi_ontology polyheterocyclic compounds CHEBI:33671 heteropolycyclic compound CHEBI:33671 heteropolycyclic compounds IUPAC polyheterocyclic compounds ChEBI A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compounds chebi_ontology CHEBI:33672 heterobicyclic compound CHEBI:33672 heterobicyclic compounds IUPAC An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity chebi_ontology s-block compounds s-block molecular entities CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity ChEBI s-block compounds ChEBI s-block molecular entities ChEBI A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. chebi_ontology p-block compounds p-block molecular entities p-block molecular entitiy CHEBI:33675 p-block molecular entity CHEBI:33675 p-block compounds ChEBI p-block molecular entities ChEBI p-block molecular entitiy ChEBI Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33692 hydrides CHEBI:33692 oxygen hydride chebi_ontology hydrides of oxygen oxygen hydrides CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride ChEBI hydrides of oxygen ChEBI oxygen hydrides ChEBI A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biopolymer chebi_ontology Biopolymere biomacromolecules biopolymers CHEBI:33694 biomacromolecule CHEBI:33694 biopolymer IUPAC Biopolymere ChEBI biomacromolecules ChEBI biopolymers ChEBI chebi_ontology genetically encoded biomacromolecules genetically encoded biopolymers information biomacromolecules information biopolymers information macromolecule information macromolecules CHEBI:33695 information biomacromolecule CHEBI:33695 genetically encoded biomacromolecules ChEBI genetically encoded biopolymers ChEBI information biomacromolecules ChEBI information biopolymers ChEBI information macromolecule ChEBI information macromolecules ChEBI A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acids chebi_ontology NA Nukleinsaeure Nukleinsaeuren acide nucleique acides nucleiques acido nucleico acidos nucleicos CHEBI:33696 nucleic acid CHEBI:33696 nucleic acids IUPAC NA ChEBI Nukleinsaeure ChEBI Nukleinsaeuren ChEBI acide nucleique ChEBI acides nucleiques ChEBI acido nucleico ChEBI acidos nucleicos ChEBI High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. CAS:63231-63-0 ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acids chebi_ontology RNA RNS Ribonukleinsaeure pentosenucleic acids ribonucleic acids ribose nucleic acid yeast nucleic acid CHEBI:33697 ribonucleic acid CHEBI:33697 CAS:63231-63-0 ChemIDplus ribonucleic acid IUPAC ribonucleic acids IUPAC RNA IUPAC RNA UniProt RNS ChEBI Ribonukleinsaeure ChEBI pentosenucleic acids ChemIDplus ribonucleic acids ChEBI ribose nucleic acid ChEBI yeast nucleic acid ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical amino-acid residue canonical amino-acid residues common amino acid residues proteinogenic amino-acid residues standard amino acid residues standard amino-acid residues CHEBI:33700 proteinogenic amino-acid residue CHEBI:33700 canonical amino-acid residue ChEBI canonical amino-acid residues ChEBI common amino acid residues ChEBI proteinogenic amino-acid residues ChEBI standard amino acid residues ChEBI standard amino-acid residues ChEBI A cation consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic cations CHEBI:33702 polyatomic cation CHEBI:33702 polyatomic cations ChEBI An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group. 0 C2H4NO2R 74.05870 74.02420 NC([*])C(O)=O CHEBI:10208 CHEBI:13779 CHEBI:22442 CHEBI:2642 KEGG:C00045 KEGG:C05167 alpha-amino acid chebi_ontology Amino acid Amino acids alpha-amino acids alpha-amino carboxylic acids CHEBI:33704 alpha-amino acid CHEBI:33704 alpha-amino acid IUPAC Amino acid KEGG_COMPOUND Amino acids KEGG_COMPOUND alpha-amino acids ChEBI alpha-amino acids JCBN alpha-amino carboxylic acids IUPAC When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue. amino-acid residue chebi_ontology amino acid residue amino-acid residues CHEBI:33708 amino-acid residue CHEBI:33708 amino-acid residue IUPAC amino acid residue ChEBI amino-acid residues JCBN A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. CHEBI:13815 CHEBI:22477 Wikipedia:Amino_acid chebi_ontology Aminocarbonsaeure Aminokarbonsaeure Aminosaeure amino acids CHEBI:33709 amino acid CHEBI:33709 Aminocarbonsaeure ChEBI Aminokarbonsaeure ChEBI Aminosaeure ChEBI amino acids ChEBI chebi_ontology alpha-amino-acid residues CHEBI:33710 alpha-amino-acid residue CHEBI:33710 alpha-amino-acid residues ChEBI carbohydrate acid chebi_ontology carbohydrate acids CHEBI:33720 carbohydrate acid CHEBI:33720 carbohydrate acid ChEBI carbohydrate acids ChEBI carbohydrate acid anion chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid anions CHEBI:33721 carbohydrate acid anion CHEBI:33721 carbohydrate acid anion ChEBI carbohydrate acid anions ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical nucleoside residues common nucleoside residues nucleoside residue standard nucleoside residues CHEBI:33791 canonical nucleoside residue CHEBI:33791 canonical nucleoside residues ChEBI common nucleoside residues CBN nucleoside residue CBN standard nucleoside residues ChEBI chebi_ontology N Nuc canonical ribonucleoside residues common ribonucleoside residue common ribonucleoside residues standard ribonucleoside residues CHEBI:33792 canonical ribonucleoside residue CHEBI:33792 N CBN Nuc CBN canonical ribonucleoside residues ChEBI common ribonucleoside residue CBN common ribonucleoside residues CBN standard ribonucleoside residues ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical deoxyribonucleoside residues common 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residue common 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residues dN dNuc standard deoxyribonucleoside residues CHEBI:33793 canonical deoxyribonucleoside residue CHEBI:33793 canonical deoxyribonucleoside residues ChEBI common 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residue CBN common 2'-deoxyribonucleoside residues CBN dN CBN dNuc CBN standard deoxyribonucleoside residues ChEBI An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. CHEBI:64710 hydroxy compounds chebi_ontology organic alcohol organic hydroxy compounds CHEBI:33822 organic hydroxy compound CHEBI:33822 hydroxy compounds IUPAC organic alcohol ChEBI organic hydroxy compounds ChEBI Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. chebi_ontology organic cyclic compounds CHEBI:33832 organic cyclic compound CHEBI:33832 organic cyclic compounds ChEBI A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). heteroarenes chebi_ontology hetarenes CHEBI:33833 heteroarene CHEBI:33833 heteroarenes IUPAC hetarenes IUPAC Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion. COMe:PRX000001 conjugated proteins chebi_ontology complex protein CHEBI:33837 conjugated protein CHEBI:33837 conjugated proteins IUPAC complex protein COMe A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. Wikipedia:Macromolecule macromolecule chebi_ontology macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers CHEBI:33839 macromolecule CHEBI:33839 macromolecule IUPAC macromolecules ChEBI polymer ChEBI polymer molecule IUPAC polymers ChEBI Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. 0 C6HOR5 89.072 89.00274 C1(=C(C(=C(C(=C1*)*)*)*)*)O CHEBI:13664 CHEBI:13825 CHEBI:25969 CHEBI:2857 KEGG:C15584 MetaCyc:Phenols Wikipedia:Phenols phenols chebi_ontology Aryl alcohol a phenol arenols CHEBI:33853 phenols CHEBI:33853 phenols IUPAC Aryl alcohol KEGG_COMPOUND a phenol UniProt arenols IUPAC A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances. reagent chebi_ontology reactif reactivo reagents CHEBI:33893 reagent CHEBI:33893 reagent IUPAC reactif IUPAC reactivo IUPAC reagents ChEBI A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. CHEBI:2558 aldohexose chebi_ontology aldohexoses CHEBI:33917 aldohexose CHEBI:33917 aldohexose ChEBI aldohexoses ChEBI Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals. chebi_ontology macronutrients CHEBI:33937 macronutrient CHEBI:33937 macronutrients ChEBI An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3. +1 C10H13N2O InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2/p+1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 177.22250 177.10224 [NH3+]CCc1c[nH]c2ccc(O)cc12 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium chebi_ontology serotonin serotonin cation CHEBI:350546 serotonin(1+) CHEBI:350546 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium IUPAC serotonin UniProt serotonin cation ChEBI chebi_ontology nitrogen hydrides CHEBI:35106 nitrogen hydride CHEBI:35106 nitrogen hydrides ChEBI Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. chebi_ontology azanes CHEBI:35107 azane CHEBI:35107 azanes ChEBI A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. inhibitor chebi_ontology inhibidor inhibiteur inhibitors CHEBI:35222 inhibitor CHEBI:35222 inhibitor IUPAC inhibidor ChEBI inhibiteur ChEBI inhibitors ChEBI A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction. catalyst chebi_ontology Katalysator catalizador catalyseur CHEBI:35223 catalyst CHEBI:35223 catalyst IUPAC Katalysator ChEBI catalizador ChEBI catalyseur ChEBI The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group. amino acid zwitterion chebi_ontology CHEBI:35238 amino acid zwitterion CHEBI:35238 amino acid zwitterion ChEBI A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups. +1 NR4 14.00670 14.00307 [*][N+]([*])([*])[*] CHEBI:26470 CHEBI:8693 KEGG:C06703 quaternary ammonium ion chebi_ontology Quaternary amine a quaternary ammonium quaternary ammonium ions CHEBI:35267 quaternary ammonium ion CHEBI:35267 quaternary ammonium ion IUPAC Quaternary amine KEGG_COMPOUND a quaternary ammonium UniProt quaternary ammonium ions ChEBI A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc). chebi_ontology ammonium ion derivatives azanium ion derivative azanium ion derivatives CHEBI:35274 ammonium ion derivative CHEBI:35274 ammonium ion derivatives ChEBI azanium ion derivative ChEBI azanium ion derivatives ChEBI A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid. +1 C6H13NO2R 131.17290 131.09463 C[N+](C)(C)CCOC([*])=O CHEBI:13245 CHEBI:22227 CHEBI:2463 KEGG:C01777 chebi_ontology acylcholines an acylcholine CHEBI:35287 acylcholine CHEBI:35287 acylcholines ChEBI an acylcholine UniProt Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene. 0 C19H31R 259.450 259.24258 C12C(C3C(C(CC3)*)(C)CC1)CCC4C2(CCCC4)C CHEBI:13687 CHEBI:26768 CHEBI:9263 KEGG:C00377 MetaCyc:Steroids Steroid steroids chebi_ontology a steroid CHEBI:35341 steroid CHEBI:35341 Steroid KEGG_COMPOUND steroids IUPAC a steroid UniProt CHEBI:24748 CHEBI:5814 KEGG:C02159 chebi_ontology Hydroxysteroid hydroxy steroids hydroxysteroids CHEBI:35350 hydroxy steroid CHEBI:35350 Hydroxysteroid KEGG_COMPOUND hydroxy steroids ChEBI hydroxysteroids ChEBI Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compounds chebi_ontology organonitrogens CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compound CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compounds IUPAC organonitrogens ChEBI Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. CHEBI:25407 CHEBI:6984 KEGG:C06698 Monosaccharide monosaccharides chebi_ontology Monosaccharid Monosacharid monosacarido monosacaridos CHEBI:35381 monosaccharide CHEBI:35381 Monosaccharide KEGG_COMPOUND monosaccharides IUPAC Monosaccharid ChEBI Monosacharid ChEBI monosacarido ChEBI monosacaridos IUPAC An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. CHEBI:33274 CHEBI:33436 oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoacid anions oxoanions CHEBI:35406 oxoanion CHEBI:35406 oxoanion ChEBI oxoacid anions ChEBI oxoanions ChEBI A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation. chebi_ontology anti-inflammatory drugs antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory drug antiinflammatory drugs CHEBI:35472 anti-inflammatory drug CHEBI:35472 anti-inflammatory drugs ChEBI antiinflammatory agent ChEBI antiinflammatory drug ChEBI antiinflammatory drugs ChEBI chebi_ontology alkali metal salts CHEBI:35479 alkali metal salt CHEBI:35479 alkali metal salts ChEBI natural product fundamental parents chebi_ontology CHEBI:35507 natural product fundamental parent CHEBI:35507 natural product fundamental parents IUPAC chebi_ontology steroid fundamental parents CHEBI:35508 steroid fundamental parent CHEBI:35508 steroid fundamental parents ChEBI 0 C24H42 InChI=1S/C24H42/c1-5-8-17(2)20-12-13-21-19-11-10-18-9-6-7-15-23(18,3)22(19)14-16-24(20,21)4/h17-22H,5-16H2,1-4H3/t17-,18?,19+,20-,21+,22+,23+,24-/m1/s1 QSHQKIURKJITMZ-BRPMRXRMSA-N 330.59028 330.32865 [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CCC4CCCC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC cholane chebi_ontology CHEBI:35519 cholane CHEBI:35519 cholane IUPAC A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. chebi_ontology sympathomimetic sympathomimetics CHEBI:35524 sympathomimetic agent CHEBI:35524 sympathomimetic ChEBI sympathomimetics ChEBI A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume. chebi_ontology cardiovascular agent cardiovascular drugs CHEBI:35554 cardiovascular drug CHEBI:35554 cardiovascular agent ChEBI cardiovascular drugs ChEBI An agent that selectively binds to and activates alpha-adrenergic receptors. chebi_ontology alpha-adrenergic agonists alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist alpha-adrenoceptor agonists CHEBI:35569 alpha-adrenergic agonist CHEBI:35569 alpha-adrenergic agonists ChEBI alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist ChEBI alpha-adrenoceptor agonists IUPHAR A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n. carbon oxoanion chebi_ontology carbon oxoanions oxocarbon anion oxocarbon anions CHEBI:35604 carbon oxoanion CHEBI:35604 carbon oxoanion ChEBI carbon oxoanions ChEBI oxocarbon anion ChEBI oxocarbon anions ChEBI chebi_ontology carbon oxoacids oxoacids of carbon CHEBI:35605 carbon oxoacid CHEBI:35605 carbon oxoacids ChEBI oxoacids of carbon ChEBI A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. chebi_ontology vasodilator vasodilator agents CHEBI:35620 vasodilator agent CHEBI:35620 vasodilator ChEBI vasodilator agents ChEBI Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. CHEBI:23692 CHEBI:36172 CHEBI:4501 KEGG:C02028 Dicarboxylic acid chebi_ontology dicarboxylic acids CHEBI:35692 dicarboxylic acid CHEBI:35692 Dicarboxylic acid KEGG_COMPOUND dicarboxylic acids ChEBI dicarboxylic acid anion chebi_ontology dicarboxylic acid anions CHEBI:35693 dicarboxylic acid anion CHEBI:35693 dicarboxylic acid anion ChEBI dicarboxylic acid anions ChEBI A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. CHEBI:23960 CHEBI:4859 KEGG:C00287 Wikipedia:Ester Ester chebi_ontology esters CHEBI:35701 ester CHEBI:35701 Ester KEGG_COMPOUND esters ChEBI chebi_ontology glycosaminoglycan sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfates sulfated glycosaminoglycans CHEBI:35722 sulfated glycosaminoglycan CHEBI:35722 glycosaminoglycan sulfate ChEBI glycosaminoglycan sulfates ChEBI sulfated glycosaminoglycans ChEBI chebi_ontology carbohydrate sulfates carbohydrate sulphates CHEBI:35724 carbohydrate sulfate CHEBI:35724 carbohydrate sulfates ChEBI carbohydrate sulphates ChEBI A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated. -1 CO2R 44.01000 43.98983 [O-]C([*])=O CHEBI:13657 CHEBI:25382 CHEBI:3407 KEGG:C00060 chebi_ontology Carboxylate Monocarboxylate a monocarboxylate monocarboxylates monocarboxylic acid anions CHEBI:35757 monocarboxylic acid anion CHEBI:35757 Carboxylate KEGG_COMPOUND Monocarboxylate KEGG_COMPOUND a monocarboxylate UniProt monocarboxylates ChEBI monocarboxylic acid anions ChEBI A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid. chebi_ontology Pi phosphate phosphate ions CHEBI:35780 phosphate ion CHEBI:35780 Pi ChEBI phosphate ChEBI phosphate ions ChEBI pnictogen hydride chebi_ontology pnictogen hydrides CHEBI:35881 pnictogen hydride CHEBI:35881 pnictogen hydride ChEBI pnictogen hydrides ChEBI A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. chebi_ontology neurotransmitter agents CHEBI:35942 neurotransmitter agent CHEBI:35942 neurotransmitter agents ChEBI CHEBI:22867 CHEBI:50419 LIPID_MAPS_class:LMST04 chebi_ontology bile acids and derivatives cholanoids CHEBI:36078 cholanoid CHEBI:36078 LIPID_MAPS_class:LMST04 LIPID MAPS bile acids and derivatives LIPID_MAPS cholanoids ChEBI A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:13677 CHEBI:14911 proteins chebi_ontology CHEBI:36080 protein CHEBI:36080 proteins IUPAC chebi_ontology bile acid anions CHEBI:36235 bile acid anion CHEBI:36235 bile acid anions ChEBI A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24. 0 C24H40O2 InChI=1S/C24H40O2/c1-16(7-12-22(25)26)19-10-11-20-18-9-8-17-6-4-5-14-23(17,2)21(18)13-15-24(19,20)3/h16-21H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,25,26)/t16-,17?,18+,19-,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1 RPKLZQLYODPWTM-KBMWBBLPSA-N 360.57320 360.30283 [H][C@@]1(CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])CCC4CCCC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])CC[C@]12C)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O CAS:25312-65-6 Patent:JP2008069152 Reaxys:13246008 cholan-24-oic acid chebi_ontology CHEBI:36237 cholanic acid CHEBI:36237 CAS:25312-65-6 ChemIDplus Reaxys:13246008 Reaxys cholan-24-oic acid IUPAC 0 C24H40O2 InChI=1S/C24H40O2/c1-16(7-12-22(25)26)19-10-11-20-18-9-8-17-6-4-5-14-23(17,2)21(18)13-15-24(19,20)3/h16-21H,4-15H2,1-3H3,(H,25,26)/t16-,17+,18+,19-,20+,21+,23+,24-/m1/s1 RPKLZQLYODPWTM-LVVAJZGHSA-N 360.57320 360.30283 [H][C@@]12CCCC[C@]1(C)[C@@]1([H])CC[C@]3(C)[C@]([H])(CC[C@@]3([H])[C@]1([H])CC2)[C@H](C)CCC(O)=O Beilstein:3214794 CAS:546-18-9 LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST04010441 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid 5beta-cholanic acid chebi_ontology (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid (5beta,17beta)-gamma-methylandrostane-17-butanoic acid 5beta-cholanoic acid ursocholanic acid CHEBI:36238 5beta-cholanic acid CHEBI:36238 Beilstein:3214794 Beilstein CAS:546-18-9 ChemIDplus LIPID_MAPS_instance:LMST04010441 LIPID MAPS 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid IUPAC 5beta-cholanic acid ChemIDplus (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid ChemIDplus (5beta,17beta)-gamma-methylandrostane-17-butanoic acid ChemIDplus 5beta-cholanoic acid ChemIDplus ursocholanic acid ChemIDplus Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:36248 5beta-cholanic acids CHEBI:36248 A salt of a bile acid. chebi_ontology bile acid salts CHEBI:36277 bile acid salt CHEBI:36277 bile acid salts ChEBI CHEBI:23166 CHEBI:23211 chebi_ontology CHEBI:36278 cholanic acids CHEBI:36278 Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin). chebi_ontology leptons CHEBI:36338 lepton CHEBI:36338 leptons ChEBI Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy). chebi_ontology baryons CHEBI:36339 baryon CHEBI:36339 baryons ChEBI Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi. fermion chebi_ontology fermions CHEBI:36340 fermion CHEBI:36340 fermion IUPAC fermions ChEBI Particle of integer spin quantum number following Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons are named after Satyendra Nath Bose. boson chebi_ontology bosons CHEBI:36341 boson CHEBI:36341 boson IUPAC bosons ChEBI A particle smaller than an atom. Wikipedia:Subatomic_particle chebi_ontology subatomic particles CHEBI:36342 subatomic particle CHEBI:36342 subatomic particles ChEBI A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles). chebi_ontology composite particles CHEBI:36343 composite particle CHEBI:36343 composite particles ChEBI Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force. chebi_ontology hadrons CHEBI:36344 hadron CHEBI:36344 hadrons ChEBI A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states. nuclear particle chebi_ontology CHEBI:36347 nuclear particle CHEBI:36347 nuclear particle IUPAC Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic entities CHEBI:36357 polyatomic entity CHEBI:36357 polyatomic entities ChEBI An ion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic ions CHEBI:36358 polyatomic ion CHEBI:36358 polyatomic ions ChEBI phosphorus oxoacid derivative chebi_ontology CHEBI:36359 phosphorus oxoacid derivative CHEBI:36359 phosphorus oxoacid derivative ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:36360 phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives CHEBI:36360 Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compounds chebi_ontology CHEBI:36586 carbonyl compound CHEBI:36586 carbonyl compounds IUPAC Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. oxo compounds chebi_ontology organic oxo compounds CHEBI:36587 organic oxo compound CHEBI:36587 oxo compounds IUPAC organic oxo compounds ChEBI Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:36735 biladienes CHEBI:36735 chalcogen hydride chebi_ontology chalcogen hydrides CHEBI:36902 chalcogen hydride CHEBI:36902 chalcogen hydride ChEBI chalcogen hydrides ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic ions CHEBI:36914 inorganic ion CHEBI:36914 inorganic ions ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic cations CHEBI:36915 inorganic cation CHEBI:36915 inorganic cations ChEBI A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. CHEBI:23058 CHEBI:3473 KEGG:C01373 Cation cation chebi_ontology Kation Kationen cationes cations CHEBI:36916 cation CHEBI:36916 Cation KEGG_COMPOUND cation ChEBI cation IUPAC Kation ChEBI Kationen ChEBI cationes ChEBI cations ChEBI chalcocarbonic acid chalcocarbonic acids chebi_ontology chalcocarbonic acids CHEBI:36961 chalcocarbonic acid CHEBI:36961 chalcocarbonic acid ChEBI chalcocarbonic acids IUPAC chalcocarbonic acids ChEBI An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound chebi_ontology organochalcogen compounds CHEBI:36962 organochalcogen compound CHEBI:36962 organochalcogen compound ChEBI organochalcogen compounds ChEBI An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. PMID:17586126 organooxygen compound chebi_ontology organooxygen compounds CHEBI:36963 organooxygen compound CHEBI:36963 PMID:17586126 Europe PMC organooxygen compound ChEBI organooxygen compounds ChEBI amino-acid anion chebi_ontology amino acid anions amino-acid anions CHEBI:37022 amino-acid anion CHEBI:37022 amino-acid anion ChEBI amino acid anions ChEBI amino-acid anions ChEBI A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues. C12H22O11(C6H10O5)n CHEBI:24255 CHEBI:5392 CAS:9037-91-6 KEGG:C01379 Glucan glucan chebi_ontology glucans CHEBI:37163 glucan CHEBI:37163 CAS:9037-91-6 ChemIDplus Glucan KEGG_COMPOUND glucan IUPAC glucans ChEBI Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. homopolysaccharide chebi_ontology homoglycan homopolysaccharides CHEBI:37164 homopolysaccharide CHEBI:37164 homopolysaccharide IUPAC homoglycan IUPAC homopolysaccharides ChEBI chebi_ontology organic hydrides CHEBI:37175 organic hydride CHEBI:37175 organic hydrides ChEBI mononuclear parent hydrides chebi_ontology mononuclear hydride mononuclear hydrides CHEBI:37176 mononuclear parent hydride CHEBI:37176 mononuclear parent hydrides IUPAC mononuclear hydride ChEBI mononuclear hydrides IUPAC chebi_ontology CHEBI:37246 elemental sodium CHEBI:37246 Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid. CHEBI:25425 CHEBI:7011 KEGG:C05114 Mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharides chebi_ontology Mucopolysaccharid Mukopolysaccharid mucopolisacarido mucopolisacaridos CHEBI:37395 mucopolysaccharide CHEBI:37395 Mucopolysaccharide KEGG_COMPOUND mucopolysaccharides IUPAC Mucopolysaccharid ChEBI Mukopolysaccharid ChEBI mucopolisacarido ChEBI mucopolisacaridos IUPAC An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid). CHEBI:13800 CHEBI:13801 CHEBI:22209 CHEBI:2426 KEGG:C00174 Acid acid chebi_ontology Saeure Saeuren acide acido acids CHEBI:37527 acid CHEBI:37527 Acid KEGG_COMPOUND acid IUPAC Saeure ChEBI Saeuren ChEBI acide IUPAC acido ChEBI acids ChEBI A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. chebi_ontology chemical compound heteroatomic molecular entities CHEBI:37577 heteroatomic molecular entity CHEBI:37577 chemical compound ChEBI heteroatomic molecular entities ChEBI An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. 0 CNOR3 42.01680 41.99799 [*]C(=O)N([*])[*] CHEBI:35354 CHEBI:35355 carboxamides chebi_ontology carboxamides primary carboxamide CHEBI:37622 carboxamide CHEBI:37622 carboxamides IUPAC carboxamides ChEBI primary carboxamide ChEBI sulfuric acid derivative chebi_ontology sulfuric acid derivatives CHEBI:37826 sulfuric acid derivative CHEBI:37826 sulfuric acid derivative ChEBI sulfuric acid derivatives ChEBI A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. carboacyl groups carboxylic acyl group chebi_ontology carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:37838 carboacyl group CHEBI:37838 carboacyl groups IUPAC carboxylic acyl group IUPAC carboxylic acyl groups IUPAC An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors. chebi_ontology adrenergic agonists adrenergic receptor agonist adrenoceptor agonists adrenomimetic adrenomimetics CHEBI:37886 adrenergic agonist CHEBI:37886 adrenergic agonists ChEBI adrenergic receptor agonist ChEBI adrenoceptor agonists IUPHAR adrenomimetic ChEBI adrenomimetics ChEBI Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter. chebi_ontology adrenergic agents adrenergic drug adrenergic drugs adrenergic neuron agents adrenergics CHEBI:37962 adrenergic agent CHEBI:37962 adrenergic agents ChEBI adrenergic drug ChEBI adrenergic drugs ChEBI adrenergic neuron agents ChEBI adrenergics ChEBI A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. Beilstein:8538310 chebi_ontology PPys poly(pyrrole)s polypyrroles CHEBI:38077 polypyrrole CHEBI:38077 Beilstein:8538310 Beilstein PPys ChEBI poly(pyrrole)s ChEBI polypyrroles ChEBI Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. chebi_ontology heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:38101 organonitrogen heterocyclic compound CHEBI:38101 heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds ChEBI organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds ChEBI CHEBI:25429 CHEBI:38075 chebi_ontology organic heteropolycyclic compounds CHEBI:38166 organic heteropolycyclic compound CHEBI:38166 organic heteropolycyclic compounds ChEBI chebi_ontology polycyclic heteroarenes CHEBI:38180 polycyclic heteroarene CHEBI:38180 polycyclic heteroarenes ChEBI Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. chebi_ontology cholinergic agent cholinergic drugs cholinomimetic CHEBI:38323 cholinergic drug CHEBI:38323 cholinergic agent ChEBI cholinergic drugs ChEBI cholinomimetic ChEBI Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors. chebi_ontology acetylcholine agonist acetylcholine agonists acetylcholine receptor agonist cholinergic agonists cholinomimetic cholinomimetics CHEBI:38324 cholinergic agonist CHEBI:38324 acetylcholine agonist ChEBI acetylcholine agonists ChEBI acetylcholine receptor agonist IUPHAR cholinergic agonists ChEBI cholinomimetic ChEBI cholinomimetics ChEBI Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor. chebi_ontology muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist muscarinic agonists muscarinic cholinergic agonist muscarinic cholinergic agonists CHEBI:38325 muscarinic agonist CHEBI:38325 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist ChEBI muscarinic agonists ChEBI muscarinic cholinergic agonist ChEBI muscarinic cholinergic agonists ChEBI CHEBI:22503 CHEBI:24792 chebi_ontology aminoalkylindoles CHEBI:38631 aminoalkylindole CHEBI:38631 aminoalkylindoles ChEBI organic sodium salt chebi_ontology organic sodium salts CHEBI:38700 organic sodium salt CHEBI:38700 organic sodium salt ChEBI organic sodium salts ChEBI Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group. carboxylic acid dianion chebi_ontology carboxylic acid dianions CHEBI:38716 carboxylic acid dianion CHEBI:38716 carboxylic acid dianion ChEBI carboxylic acid dianions ChEBI An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. CHEBI:24795 CHEBI:5901 KEGG:C06073 Wikipedia:Indole_alkaloid Indole alkaloid chebi_ontology indole alkaloids CHEBI:38958 indole alkaloid CHEBI:38958 Indole alkaloid KEGG_COMPOUND indole alkaloids ChEBI A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base). Bronsted acid chebi_ontology Bronsted-Saeure acide de Bronsted donneur d'hydron hydron donor CHEBI:39141 Bronsted acid CHEBI:39141 Bronsted acid IUPAC Bronsted-Saeure ChEBI acide de Bronsted IUPAC donneur d'hydron IUPAC hydron donor IUPAC A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid). Bronsted base chebi_ontology Bronsted-Base accepteur d'hydron base de Bronsted hydron acceptor CHEBI:39142 Bronsted base CHEBI:39142 Bronsted base IUPAC Bronsted-Base ChEBI accepteur d'hydron IUPAC base de Bronsted IUPAC hydron acceptor IUPAC A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct. Lewis base chebi_ontology Lewis-Base base de Lewis donneur d'une paire d'electrons electron donor CHEBI:39144 Lewis base CHEBI:39144 Lewis base IUPAC Lewis-Base ChEBI base de Lewis IUPAC donneur d'une paire d'electrons ChEBI electron donor ChEBI A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated. -1 H2O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-1 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 96.98724 96.96962 [H]OP([O-])(=O)O[H] CHEBI:29137 CHEBI:39739 DrugBank:DB02831 Gmelin:1999 PDBeChem:2HP dihydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(1-) dihydrogenphosphate dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(1-) dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(1-) chebi_ontology DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION H2PO4(-) [PO2(OH)2](-) CHEBI:39745 dihydrogenphosphate CHEBI:39745 Gmelin:1999 Gmelin dihydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(1-) IUPAC dihydrogenphosphate IUPAC dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(1-) IUPAC dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(1-) IUPAC DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem H2PO4(-) IUPAC [PO2(OH)2](-) IUPAC -2 CO3 InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-2 BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 60.00890 59.98584 [O-]C([O-])=O CHEBI:29201 CHEBI:41605 Beilstein:3600898 CAS:3812-32-6 Gmelin:1559 PDBeChem:CO3 carbonate trioxidocarbonate(2-) chebi_ontology CARBONATE ION CO3(2-) Karbonat [CO3](2-) CHEBI:41609 carbonate CHEBI:41609 Beilstein:3600898 Beilstein CAS:3812-32-6 ChemIDplus Gmelin:1559 Gmelin carbonate IUPAC trioxidocarbonate(2-) IUPAC CARBONATE ION PDBeChem CO3(2-) ChEBI Karbonat ChEBI [CO3](2-) IUPAC 0 HO 17.00734 17.00274 *O[H] CHEBI:24706 CHEBI:43171 PDBeChem:OH HYDROXY GROUP hydroxy hydroxy group chebi_ontology -OH hydroxyl hydroxyl group CHEBI:43176 hydroxy group CHEBI:43176 HYDROXY GROUP PDBeChem hydroxy IUPAC hydroxy group UniProt -OH IUPAC hydroxyl ChEBI hydroxyl group ChEBI A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate. -2 HO4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-2 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 95.97930 95.96234 OP([O-])([O-])=O CHEBI:29139 CHEBI:43470 Gmelin:1998 MolBase:1628 PDBeChem:PI PDBeChem:PO4 hydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(2-) hydrogenphosphate hydrogentetraoxophosphate(2-) hydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) hydroxidotrioxidophosphate(2-) chebi_ontology HPO4(2-) HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP [P(OH)O3](2-) [PO3(OH)](2-) hydrogen phosphate phosphate CHEBI:43474 hydrogenphosphate CHEBI:43474 Gmelin:1998 Gmelin hydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(2-) IUPAC hydrogenphosphate IUPAC hydrogentetraoxophosphate(2-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC hydroxidotrioxidophosphate(2-) IUPAC HPO4(2-) IUPAC HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP PDBeChem [P(OH)O3](2-) MolBase [PO3(OH)](2-) IUPAC hydrogen phosphate ChEBI phosphate UniProt -1 HO4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-1 QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 97.07154 96.96010 [H]OS([O-])(=O)=O CHEBI:29199 CHEBI:45693 Gmelin:2121 hydrogen(tetraoxidosulfate)(1-) hydrogensulfate hydrogensulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(VI) hydroxidotrioxidosulfate(1-) chebi_ontology HSO4(-) HYDROGEN SULFATE [SO3(OH)](-) CHEBI:45696 hydrogensulfate CHEBI:45696 Gmelin:2121 Gmelin hydrogen(tetraoxidosulfate)(1-) IUPAC hydrogensulfate IUPAC hydrogensulfate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxosulfate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC hydroxidotrioxidosulfate(1-) IUPAC HSO4(-) IUPAC HYDROGEN SULFATE PDBeChem [SO3(OH)](-) IUPAC 0 O 15.99940 15.99491 O=* CHEBI:29353 CHEBI:44607 PDBeChem:O OXO GROUP oxo chebi_ontology =O CHEBI:46629 oxo group CHEBI:46629 OXO GROUP PDBeChem oxo IUPAC =O IUPAC In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals'). Wikipedia:Mineral mineral chebi_ontology Minerale minerales minerals mineraux CHEBI:46662 mineral CHEBI:46662 mineral ChEBI Minerale ChEBI minerales ChEBI minerals ChEBI mineraux ChEBI chebi_ontology phosphate minerals CHEBI:46723 phosphate mineral CHEBI:46723 phosphate minerals ChEBI A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. Wikipedia:Solvent chebi_ontology Loesungsmittel solvant solvents CHEBI:46787 solvent CHEBI:46787 Loesungsmittel ChEBI solvant ChEBI solvents ChEBI 0 CHO2 45.01744 44.99765 *C(=O)O CHEBI:23025 CHEBI:41420 PDBeChem:FMT CARBOXY GROUP carboxy chebi_ontology -C(O)OH -CO2H -COOH carboxyl group CHEBI:46883 carboxy group CHEBI:46883 CARBOXY GROUP PDBeChem carboxy IUPAC -C(O)OH IUPAC -CO2H ChEBI -COOH IUPAC carboxyl group ChEBI Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. 0 C2H3O2R 59.04400 59.01330 CC(=O)O[*] CHEBI:13244 CHEBI:13799 CHEBI:22189 CHEBI:2406 KEGG:C01883 Wikipedia:Acetate#Esters chebi_ontology Acetic ester Acetyl ester acetate acetate esters acetates acetyl esters an acetyl ester CHEBI:47622 acetate ester CHEBI:47622 Acetic ester KEGG_COMPOUND Acetyl ester KEGG_COMPOUND acetate ChEBI acetate esters ChEBI acetates ChEBI acetyl esters ChEBI an acetyl ester UniProt Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group. chebi_ontology steroid acids CHEBI:47891 steroid acid CHEBI:47891 steroid acids ChEBI chebi_ontology Schwefeloxide oxides of sulfur sulfur oxides CHEBI:48154 sulfur oxide CHEBI:48154 Schwefeloxide ChEBI oxides of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxides ChEBI A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds. polar solvent chebi_ontology polar solvents CHEBI:48354 polar solvent CHEBI:48354 polar solvent IUPAC polar solvents ChEBI A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor. protogenic solvent chebi_ontology CHEBI:48356 protic solvent CHEBI:48356 protogenic solvent IUPAC Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor. chebi_ontology alpha-adrenergic drugs CHEBI:48539 alpha-adrenergic drug CHEBI:48539 alpha-adrenergic drugs ChEBI Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. agonist chebi_ontology agonista agoniste agonists CHEBI:48705 agonist CHEBI:48705 agonist IUPAC agonista ChEBI agoniste ChEBI agonists ChEBI 0 H InChI=1S/H YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1.00794 1.00783 [H] CHEBI:24634 CHEBI:49636 WebElements:H hydrogen chebi_ontology 1H H Wasserstoff hidrogeno hydrogen hydrogene CHEBI:49637 hydrogen atom CHEBI:49637 hydrogen IUPAC 1H IUPAC H IUPAC Wasserstoff ChEBI hidrogeno ChEBI hydrogen ChEBI hydrogene ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. chebi_ontology organic amino compounds CHEBI:50047 organic amino compound CHEBI:50047 organic amino compounds ChEBI Any anion formed by loss of a proton from a steroid acid. chebi_ontology steroid acid anions CHEBI:50160 steroid acid anion CHEBI:50160 steroid acid anions ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical nucleotide residues CHEBI:50297 canonical nucleotide residue CHEBI:50297 canonical nucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical deoxyribonucleotide residues CHEBI:50298 canonical deoxyribonucleotide residue CHEBI:50298 canonical deoxyribonucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical ribonucleotide residues CHEBI:50299 canonical ribonucleotide residue CHEBI:50299 canonical ribonucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:50312 onium compound CHEBI:50312 Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families. onium cations chebi_ontology onium cations onium ion onium ions CHEBI:50313 onium cation CHEBI:50313 onium cations IUPAC onium cations ChEBI onium ion ChEBI onium ions ChEBI chebi_ontology nucleotide residues CHEBI:50319 nucleotide residue CHEBI:50319 nucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology nucleoside residues CHEBI:50320 nucleoside residue CHEBI:50320 nucleoside residues ChEBI Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50514 vasoconstrictor agent CHEBI:50514 Any molecular entity that contains carbon. CHEBI:25700 CHEBI:33244 chebi_ontology organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entities CHEBI:50860 organic molecular entity CHEBI:50860 organic compounds ChEBI organic entity ChEBI organic molecular entities ChEBI A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50906 role CHEBI:50906 A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system. CHEBI:50911 Wikipedia:Neurotoxin chebi_ontology agente neurotoxico nerve poison nerve poisons neurotoxic agent neurotoxic agents neurotoxicant neurotoxins CHEBI:50910 neurotoxin CHEBI:50910 agente neurotoxico ChEBI nerve poison ChEBI nerve poisons ChEBI neurotoxic agent ChEBI neurotoxic agents ChEBI neurotoxicant ChEBI neurotoxins ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group. chebi_ontology primary amino compounds CHEBI:50994 primary amino compound CHEBI:50994 primary amino compounds ChEBI A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:51086 chemical role CHEBI:51086 CHEBI:25556 CHEBI:7594 KEGG:C06061 chebi_ontology Nitrogenous compounds nitrogen compounds nitrogen molecular entities CHEBI:51143 nitrogen molecular entity CHEBI:51143 Nitrogenous compounds KEGG_COMPOUND nitrogen compounds ChEBI nitrogen molecular entities ChEBI An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case. chebi_ontology dipolar compounds CHEBI:51151 dipolar compound CHEBI:51151 dipolar compounds ChEBI Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s). chebi_ontology organodiyl groups CHEBI:51422 organodiyl group CHEBI:51422 organodiyl groups ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:51446 organic divalent group CHEBI:51446 chebi_ontology CHEBI:51447 organic univalent group CHEBI:51447 chebi_ontology organic polycyclic compounds CHEBI:51958 organic polycyclic compound CHEBI:51958 organic polycyclic compounds ChEBI A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52206 biochemical role CHEBI:52206 A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. chebi_ontology etiopathogenetic agent etiopathogenetic role CHEBI:52209 aetiopathogenetic role CHEBI:52209 etiopathogenetic agent ChEBI etiopathogenetic role ChEBI A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52210 pharmacological role CHEBI:52210 chebi_ontology CHEBI:52211 physiological role CHEBI:52211 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. CHEBI:33293 CHEBI:33294 chebi_ontology farmaco medicament pharmaceuticals CHEBI:52217 pharmaceutical CHEBI:52217 farmaco ChEBI medicament ChEBI pharmaceuticals ChEBI A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. HMDB:HMDB0033610 chebi_ontology hydroxyapatite CHEBI:52254 apatite CHEBI:52254 hydroxyapatite ChEBI A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). 0 Ca5HO13P3 502.312 501.67595 chebi_ontology CHEBI:52255 hydroxylapatite CHEBI:52255 An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton. chebi_ontology cyclic organic groups CHEBI:52845 cyclic organic group CHEBI:52845 cyclic organic groups ChEBI The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds. chebi_ontology antigenic determinant epitope function epitope role CHEBI:53000 epitope CHEBI:53000 antigenic determinant ChEBI epitope function ChEBI epitope role ChEBI A polymer carrying multiple negative charges. chebi_ontology polyanion polyanions CHEBI:53309 polyanionic macromolecule CHEBI:53309 polyanion ChEBI polyanions SUBMITTER A macromolecule containing ionic groups. chebi_ontology ionic polymer polyionic macromolecule CHEBI:53368 ionic macromolecule CHEBI:53368 ionic polymer ChEBI polyionic macromolecule ChEBI A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. 0 C153H225N43O49S InChI=1S/C153H225N43O49S/c1-72(2)52-97(133(226)176-96(47-51-246-11)132(225)184-104(60-115(159)209)143(236)196-123(78(10)203)151(244)245)179-137(230)103(58-83-64-167-89-29-19-18-28-87(83)89)183-131(224)95(43-46-114(158)208)177-148(241)120(74(5)6)194-141(234)101(54-79-24-14-12-15-25-79)182-138(231)105(61-117(211)212)185-130(223)94(42-45-113(157)207)171-124(217)75(7)170-127(220)91(31-22-49-165-152(160)161)172-128(221)92(32-23-50-166-153(162)163)174-146(239)110(69-199)191-140(233)107(63-119(215)216)186-134(227)98(53-73(3)4)178-135(228)99(56-81-33-37-85(204)38-34-81)180-129(222)90(30-20-21-48-154)173-145(238)109(68-198)190-136(229)100(57-82-35-39-86(205)40-36-82)181-139(232)106(62-118(213)214)187-147(240)111(70-200)192-150(243)122(77(9)202)195-142(235)102(55-80-26-16-13-17-27-80)188-149(242)121(76(8)201)193-116(210)66-168-126(219)93(41-44-112(156)206)175-144(237)108(67-197)189-125(218)88(155)59-84-65-164-71-169-84/h12-19,24-29,33-40,64-65,71-78,88,90-111,120-123,167,197-205H,20-23,30-32,41-63,66-70,154-155H2,1-11H3,(H2,156,206)(H2,157,207)(H2,158,208)(H2,159,209)(H,164,169)(H,168,219)(H,170,220)(H,171,217)(H,172,221)(H,173,238)(H,174,239)(H,175,237)(H,176,226)(H,177,241)(H,178,228)(H,179,230)(H,180,222)(H,181,232)(H,182,231)(H,183,224)(H,184,225)(H,185,223)(H,186,227)(H,187,240)(H,188,242)(H,189,218)(H,190,229)(H,191,233)(H,192,243)(H,193,210)(H,194,234)(H,195,235)(H,196,236)(H,211,212)(H,213,214)(H,215,216)(H,244,245)(H4,160,161,165)(H4,162,163,166)/t75-,76+,77+,78+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,120-,121-,122-,123-/m0/s1 MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N 3482.74700 3480.61570 CSCC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)Cc1cnc[nH]1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O CAS:16941-32-5 CAS:9007-92-5 DrugBank:DB00040 Drug_Central:2994 KEGG:C01501 KEGG:D00116 PMID:21940356 PMID:22014161 PMID:22154917 PMID:22166985 PMID:22167521 PMID:22214853 PMID:22227186 PMID:22286080 PMID:22294753 PMID:22318544 PMID:22334714 PMID:22399501 PMID:22438981 PMID:22454291 Reaxys:13191924 Wikipedia:Glucagon Glucagon L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonine chebi_ontology Glucagone HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr His-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(NH2)-asp-phe-val-glu(NH2)-trp-leu-met-asp(NH2)-thr glucagon glucagonum CHEBI:5391 glucagon CHEBI:5391 CAS:16941-32-5 ChemIDplus CAS:9007-92-5 ChemIDplus CAS:9007-92-5 KEGG COMPOUND Drug_Central:2994 DrugCentral PMID:21940356 Europe PMC PMID:22014161 Europe PMC PMID:22154917 Europe PMC PMID:22166985 Europe PMC PMID:22167521 Europe PMC PMID:22214853 Europe PMC PMID:22227186 Europe PMC PMID:22286080 Europe PMC PMID:22294753 Europe PMC PMID:22318544 Europe PMC PMID:22334714 Europe PMC PMID:22399501 Europe PMC PMID:22438981 Europe PMC PMID:22454291 Europe PMC Reaxys:13191924 Reaxys Glucagon KEGG_COMPOUND L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonine IUPAC Glucagone ChemIDplus HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT ChEBI His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr ChEBI His-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(NH2)-asp-phe-val-glu(NH2)-trp-leu-met-asp(NH2)-thr ChemIDplus glucagon ChemIDplus glucagonum ChemIDplus A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. Heterocyclic compound chebi_ontology compuesto heterociclico compuestos heterociclicos heterocycle heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:5686 heterocyclic compound CHEBI:5686 Heterocyclic compound KEGG_COMPOUND compuesto heterociclico IUPAC compuestos heterociclicos IUPAC heterocycle ChEBI heterocyclic compounds ChEBI An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. +1 C10H13N2 InChI=1S/C10H12N2/c11-6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6,11H2/p+1 APJYDQYYACXCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-O 161.22310 161.10732 [NH3+]CCc1c[nH]c2ccccc12 Gmelin:533978 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium chebi_ontology tryptamine tryptaminium cation tryptaminium(1+) CHEBI:57887 tryptaminium CHEBI:57887 Gmelin:533978 Gmelin 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium IUPAC tryptamine UniProt tryptaminium cation ChEBI tryptaminium(1+) ChEBI A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the two carboxy groups of bilirubin; major species at pH 7.3. -2 C33H34N4O6 InChI=1S/C33H36N4O6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7-8,13-14,34-35H,1-2,9-12,15H2,3-6H3,(H,36,43)(H,37,42)(H,38,39)(H,40,41)/p-2/b26-13-,27-14- BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-L 582.64630 582.24893 CC1=C(C=C)\C(NC1=O)=C\c1[nH]c(Cc2[nH]c(\C=C3NC(=O)C(C=C)=C/3C)c(C)c2CCC([O-])=O)c(CCC([O-])=O)c1C Beilstein:4083310 chebi_ontology 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoate bilirubin IXalpha bilirubin dianion CHEBI:57977 bilirubin(2-) CHEBI:57977 Beilstein:4083310 Beilstein 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoate ChEBI bilirubin IXalpha UniProt bilirubin dianion ChEBI An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group. -1 O4SR 96.06300 95.95173 [O-]S(=O)(=O)O[*] chebi_ontology organosulfate oxoanions CHEBI:58958 organosulfate oxoanion CHEBI:58958 organosulfate oxoanions ChEBI An organic anion arising from deprotonation of a acyclic tetrapyrrole compound. chebi_ontology acyclic tetrapyrrole anion acyclic tetrapyrrole anions linear tetrapyrrole anions CHEBI:59252 linear tetrapyrrole anion CHEBI:59252 acyclic tetrapyrrole anion ChEBI acyclic tetrapyrrole anions ChEBI linear tetrapyrrole anions ChEBI Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. chebi_ontology CHEBI:59698 phosphoric acids CHEBI:59698 A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. chebi_ontology nucleophile nucleophiles nucleophilic reagents CHEBI:59740 nucleophilic reagent CHEBI:59740 nucleophile ChEBI nucleophiles ChEBI nucleophilic reagents ChEBI A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chebi_ontology Chemische Substanz CHEBI:59999 chemical substance CHEBI:59999 Chemische Substanz ChEBI A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. chebi_ontology Mischung CHEBI:60004 mixture CHEBI:60004 Mischung ChEBI A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. Wikipedia:Polymer Polymer chebi_ontology Kunststoff CHEBI:60027 polymer CHEBI:60027 Polymer ChEBI Kunststoff ChEBI An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules. chebi_ontology polyionic polymer CHEBI:60164 ionic polymer CHEBI:60164 polyionic polymer ChEBI An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one. chebi_ontology a monovalent cation CHEBI:60242 monovalent inorganic cation CHEBI:60242 a monovalent cation UniProt Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged. 0 C2H4NO2R(C2H2NOR)n chebi_ontology a peptide peptide zwitterions CHEBI:60466 peptide zwitterion CHEBI:60466 a peptide UniProt peptide zwitterions ChEBI Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. chebi_ontology nucleobase-containing compound nucleobase-containing compounds nucleobase-containing molecular entities CHEBI:61120 nucleobase-containing molecular entity CHEBI:61120 nucleobase-containing compound SUBMITTER nucleobase-containing compounds ChEBI nucleobase-containing molecular entities ChEBI A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules. chebi_ontology polyanion polyanions CHEBI:61469 polyanionic polymer CHEBI:61469 polyanion ChEBI polyanions ChEBI A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction. chebi_ontology oxidant oxidants oxidiser oxidisers oxidising agents oxidizer oxidizers oxidizing agent oxidizing agents CHEBI:63248 oxidising agent CHEBI:63248 oxidant ChEBI oxidants ChEBI oxidiser ChEBI oxidisers ChEBI oxidising agents ChEBI oxidizer ChEBI oxidizers ChEBI oxidizing agent ChEBI oxidizing agents ChEBI Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. chebi_ontology carbohydrate derivatives derivatised carbohydrate derivatised carbohydrates derivatized carbohydrate derivatized carbohydrates CHEBI:63299 carbohydrate derivative CHEBI:63299 carbohydrate derivatives ChEBI derivatised carbohydrate ChEBI derivatised carbohydrates ChEBI derivatized carbohydrate ChEBI derivatized carbohydrates ChEBI A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid. chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid derivatives CHEBI:63436 carbohydrate acid derivative CHEBI:63436 carbohydrate acid derivatives ChEBI An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. PMID:21822758 PMID:21993877 PMID:22005599 PMID:22082101 PMID:22153577 PMID:22213370 PMID:22218931 PMID:22342987 PMID:22371656 chebi_ontology monoamines naturally occurring monoamine naturally occurring monoamines CHEBI:63534 monoamine CHEBI:63534 PMID:21822758 Europe PMC PMID:21993877 Europe PMC PMID:22005599 Europe PMC PMID:22082101 Europe PMC PMID:22153577 Europe PMC PMID:22213370 Europe PMC PMID:22218931 Europe PMC PMID:22342987 Europe PMC PMID:22371656 Europe PMC monoamines ChEBI naturally occurring monoamine ChEBI naturally occurring monoamines ChEBI A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative. chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid anion derivative carbohydrate acid anion derivatives carbohydrate acid derivative anions CHEBI:63551 carbohydrate acid derivative anion CHEBI:63551 carbohydrate acid anion derivative ChEBI carbohydrate acid anion derivatives ChEBI carbohydrate acid derivative anions ChEBI Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance. Wikipedia:Food_additive chebi_ontology food additives CHEBI:64047 food additive CHEBI:64047 food additives ChEBI A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents. Wikipedia:Acidity_regulator chebi_ontology acidity regulator acidity regulators food acidity regulators pH control agent pH control agents CHEBI:64049 food acidity regulator CHEBI:64049 acidity regulator ChEBI acidity regulators ChEBI food acidity regulators ChEBI pH control agent ChEBI pH control agents ChEBI An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene. chebi_ontology aralkylamino compounds CHEBI:64365 aralkylamino compound CHEBI:64365 aralkylamino compounds ChEBI A fourteen-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 3 and 14. 0 C76H104N18O19S2 InChI=1S/C76H104N18O19S2/c1-41(79)64(100)82-37-61(99)83-58-39-114-115-40-59(76(112)113)92-72(108)57(38-95)91-75(111)63(43(3)97)94-71(107)54(33-46-23-11-6-12-24-46)90-74(110)62(42(2)96)93-66(102)51(28-16-18-30-78)84-69(105)55(34-47-36-81-49-26-14-13-25-48(47)49)88-68(104)53(32-45-21-9-5-10-22-45)86-67(103)52(31-44-19-7-4-8-20-44)87-70(106)56(35-60(80)98)89-65(101)50(85-73(58)109)27-15-17-29-77/h4-14,19-26,36,41-43,50-59,62-63,81,95-97H,15-18,27-35,37-40,77-79H2,1-3H3,(H2,80,98)(H,82,100)(H,83,99)(H,84,105)(H,85,109)(H,86,103)(H,87,106)(H,88,104)(H,89,101)(H,90,110)(H,91,111)(H,92,108)(H,93,102)(H,94,107)(H,112,113)/t41-,42+,43+,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,62-,63-/m0/s1 NHXLMOGPVYXJNR-ATOGVRKGSA-N 1637.87800 1636.71666 C[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2c[nH]c3ccccc23)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC1=O)[C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)N CAS:38916-34-6 Drug_Central:2997 HMDB:HMDB0013072 KEGG:C16022 KEGG:D07431 LINCS:LSM-5326 PMID:21922516 PMID:22129035 PMID:22147011 PMID:22251942 PMID:22483686 PMID:22509294 Reaxys:10148626 Wikipedia:Somatostatin L-alanyl-N-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28S,31S,34S,37R)-19,34-bis(4-aminobutyl)-31-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-4-carboxy-10,16-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecaazacyclooctatriacontan-37-yl]glycinamide chebi_ontology Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys] L-alanylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-cysteine cyclic (3-14) disulfide Somatostatin-1 Somatostatin-14 Synthetic growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone somatostatin somatostatina somatostatine somatostatinum CHEBI:64628 somatostatin CHEBI:64628 CAS:38916-34-6 ChemIDplus CAS:38916-34-6 KEGG DRUG Drug_Central:2997 DrugCentral PMID:21922516 Europe PMC PMID:22129035 Europe PMC PMID:22147011 Europe PMC PMID:22251942 Europe PMC PMID:22483686 Europe PMC PMID:22509294 Europe PMC Reaxys:10148626 Reaxys L-alanyl-N-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28S,31S,34S,37R)-19,34-bis(4-aminobutyl)-31-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-4-carboxy-10,16-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecaazacyclooctatriacontan-37-yl]glycinamide IUPAC Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys] ChEBI L-alanylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-cysteine cyclic (3-14) disulfide ChemIDplus Somatostatin-1 KEGG_COMPOUND Somatostatin-14 KEGG_COMPOUND Synthetic growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone ChemIDplus somatostatin KEGG_DRUG somatostatina ChemIDplus somatostatine ChemIDplus somatostatinum ChemIDplus An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1). chebi_ontology one-carbon compounds CHEBI:64708 one-carbon compound CHEBI:64708 one-carbon compounds ChEBI Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. chebi_ontology organic acids CHEBI:64709 organic acid CHEBI:64709 organic acids ChEBI Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. Wikipedia:Poison chebi_ontology poisonous agent poisonous agents poisonous substance poisonous substances poisons toxic agent toxic agents toxic substance toxic substances CHEBI:64909 poison CHEBI:64909 poisonous agent ChEBI poisonous agents ChEBI poisonous substance ChEBI poisonous substances ChEBI poisons ChEBI toxic agent ChEBI toxic agents ChEBI toxic substance ChEBI toxic substances ChEBI A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. chebi_ontology polysaccharide derivatives CHEBI:65212 polysaccharide derivative CHEBI:65212 polysaccharide derivatives ChEBI Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. chebi_ontology food preservatives CHEBI:65255 food preservative CHEBI:65255 food preservatives ChEBI A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299). chebi_ontology antimicrobial food preservatives antimicrobial preservative antimicrobial preservatives CHEBI:65256 antimicrobial food preservative CHEBI:65256 antimicrobial food preservatives ChEBI antimicrobial preservative ChEBI antimicrobial preservatives ChEBI An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3. +1 H3NR 17.031 17.02655 [NH3+][*] chebi_ontology a primary amine substituted ammonium CHEBI:65296 primary ammonium ion CHEBI:65296 a primary amine UniProt substituted ammonium ChEBI Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects. chebi_ontology anti-inflammatory agents antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory agents CHEBI:67079 anti-inflammatory agent CHEBI:67079 anti-inflammatory agents ChEBI antiinflammatory agent ChEBI antiinflammatory agents ChEBI An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of (R)-noradrenaline, obtained by protonation of the priamry amino group; major species at pH 7.3. +1 C8H12NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/p+1/t8-/m0/s1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-QMMMGPOBSA-O 170.187 170.08117 C=1(C=CC(=CC1O)[C@H](C[NH3+])O)O PDBeChem:E5E (2R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethanaminium chebi_ontology (R)-noradrenaline (R)-noradrenaline cation (R)-noradrenalinium cation (R)-noradrenalinium(1+) CHEBI:72587 (R)-noradrenaline(1+) CHEBI:72587 (2R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethanaminium IUPAC (R)-noradrenaline UniProt (R)-noradrenaline cation ChEBI (R)-noradrenalinium cation ChEBI (R)-noradrenalinium(1+) ChEBI Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. chebi_ontology organic compound organic compounds organic molecules CHEBI:72695 organic molecule CHEBI:72695 organic compound ChEBI organic compounds ChEBI organic molecules ChEBI A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. MetaCyc:Exopolysaccharides PMID:11160795 PMID:11785425 PMID:1444258 PMID:15738217 PMID:16075348 PMID:17440912 PMID:18097339 PMID:19453747 PMID:20172021 PMID:20631870 PMID:20718297 PMID:2688547 PMID:6354590 Wikipedia:Exopolysaccharide Wikipedia:Extracellular_polymeric_substance chebi_ontology exopolysaccharides extracellular polymeric substance extracellular polymeric substances CHEBI:72813 exopolysaccharide CHEBI:72813 PMID:11160795 Europe PMC PMID:11785425 Europe PMC PMID:1444258 Europe PMC PMID:15738217 Europe PMC PMID:16075348 Europe PMC PMID:17440912 Europe PMC PMID:18097339 Europe PMC PMID:19453747 Europe PMC PMID:20172021 Europe PMC PMID:20631870 Europe PMC PMID:20718297 Europe PMC PMID:2688547 Europe PMC PMID:6354590 Europe PMC exopolysaccharides ChEBI extracellular polymeric substance ChEBI extracellular polymeric substances ChEBI A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. 0 C8N 110.09230 110.00307 C1(=C(C(=C2C(=C1*)N(C(=C2*)*)*)*)*)* chebi_ontology CHEBI:73398 indole skeleton CHEBI:73398 A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms. chebi_ontology organic heterobicyclic rings CHEBI:73541 organic heterobicyclic ring CHEBI:73541 organic heterobicyclic rings ChEBI Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. chebi_ontology eukaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75763 eukaryotic metabolite CHEBI:75763 eukaryotic metabolites ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals. CHEBI:77721 CHEBI:77743 chebi_ontology animal metabolites CHEBI:75767 animal metabolite CHEBI:75767 animal metabolites ChEBI Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals. CHEBI:77464 CHEBI:77744 chebi_ontology mammalian metabolites CHEBI:75768 mammalian metabolite CHEBI:75768 mammalian metabolites ChEBI Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus). chebi_ontology Mus musculus metabolite Mus musculus metabolites mouse metabolites CHEBI:75771 mouse metabolite CHEBI:75771 Mus musculus metabolite ChEBI Mus musculus metabolites ChEBI mouse metabolites ChEBI Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). CHEBI:76949 CHEBI:76951 chebi_ontology S. cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolites S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites baker's yeast metabolite baker's yeast metabolites baker's yeast secondary metabolite baker's yeast secondary metabolites CHEBI:75772 Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite CHEBI:75772 S. cerevisiae metabolite ChEBI S. cerevisiae metabolites ChEBI S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite ChEBI S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites ChEBI Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites ChEBI Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites ChEBI baker's yeast metabolite ChEBI baker's yeast metabolites ChEBI baker's yeast secondary metabolite ChEBI baker's yeast secondary metabolites ChEBI Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea. chebi_ontology prokaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75787 prokaryotic metabolite CHEBI:75787 prokaryotic metabolites ChEBI Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound. chebi_ontology xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76206 xenobiotic metabolite CHEBI:76206 xenobiotic metabolites ChEBI Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). Wikipedia:Hydrolase chebi_ontology EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.* inhibitor EC 3.* inhibitors EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors hydrolase inhibitor hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76759 EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor CHEBI:76759 EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.* inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors ChEBI hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor ChEBI hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors ChEBI hydrolase inhibitor ChEBI hydrolase inhibitors ChEBI Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* inhibitor EC 3.5.* inhibitors CHEBI:76764 EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor CHEBI:76764 EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* inhibitors ChEBI An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76807 EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor CHEBI:76807 EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors ChEBI non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor ChEBI non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. CHEBI:75766 CHEBI:76925 chebi_ontology plant metabolites plant secondary metabolites CHEBI:76924 plant metabolite CHEBI:76924 plant metabolites ChEBI plant secondary metabolites ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds. CHEBI:75765 CHEBI:76947 chebi_ontology fungal metabolites CHEBI:76946 fungal metabolite CHEBI:76946 fungal metabolites ChEBI Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans. chebi_ontology human xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76967 human xenobiotic metabolite CHEBI:76967 human xenobiotic metabolites ChEBI Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria. CHEBI:75760 CHEBI:76970 chebi_ontology CHEBI:76969 bacterial metabolite CHEBI:76969 Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli. chebi_ontology E.coli metabolite E.coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolites CHEBI:76971 Escherichia coli metabolite CHEBI:76971 E.coli metabolite ChEBI E.coli metabolites ChEBI Escherichia coli metabolites ChEBI Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens). CHEBI:75770 CHEBI:77123 chebi_ontology H. sapiens metabolite H. sapiens metabolites Homo sapiens metabolite Homo sapiens metabolites CHEBI:77746 human metabolite CHEBI:77746 H. sapiens metabolite ChEBI H. sapiens metabolites ChEBI Homo sapiens metabolite ChEBI Homo sapiens metabolites ChEBI An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4). Wikipedia:Amidase chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors acylamidase inhibitor acylamidase inhibitors acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors amidase inhibitor amidase inhibitors amidohydrolase inhibitor amidohydrolase inhibitors deaminase inhibitor deaminase inhibitors fatty acylamidase inhibitor fatty acylamidase inhibitors CHEBI:77941 EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor CHEBI:77941 EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors ChEBI N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI acylamidase inhibitor ChEBI acylamidase inhibitors ChEBI acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor ChEBI amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors ChEBI amidase inhibitor ChEBI amidase inhibitors ChEBI amidohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI amidohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI deaminase inhibitor ChEBI deaminase inhibitors ChEBI fatty acylamidase inhibitor ChEBI fatty acylamidase inhibitors ChEBI A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container. Wikipedia:Packaging_gas chebi_ontology food packaging gases CHEBI:77974 food packaging gas CHEBI:77974 food packaging gases ChEBI A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. chebi_ontology dietary component dietary components food components CHEBI:78295 food component CHEBI:78295 dietary component ChEBI dietary components ChEBI food components ChEBI A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure. Wikipedia:Refrigerant chebi_ontology refrigerants CHEBI:78433 refrigerant CHEBI:78433 refrigerants ChEBI An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3. 0 C2H4NO2R 74.059 74.02420 [NH3+]C([*])C([O-])=O CHEBI:83409 MetaCyc:Alpha-Amino-Acids chebi_ontology an alpha-amino acid CHEBI:78608 alpha-amino acid zwitterion CHEBI:78608 MetaCyc:Alpha-Amino-Acids SUBMITTER an alpha-amino acid UniProt Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. chebi_ontology carbohydrates and derivatives carbohydrates and their derivatives CHEBI:78616 carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives CHEBI:78616 carbohydrates and derivatives ChEBI carbohydrates and their derivatives ChEBI Any metabolite produced by all living cells. chebi_ontology essential metabolite essential metabolites fundamental metabolites CHEBI:78675 fundamental metabolite CHEBI:78675 essential metabolite ChEBI essential metabolites ChEBI fundamental metabolites ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of three. chebi_ontology trivalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79387 trivalent inorganic anion CHEBI:79387 trivalent inorganic anions ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of two. chebi_ontology divalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79388 divalent inorganic anion CHEBI:79388 divalent inorganic anions ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of one. chebi_ontology monovalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79389 monovalent inorganic anion CHEBI:79389 monovalent inorganic anions ChEBI An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill. chebi_ontology crustacean metabolites CHEBI:83039 crustacean metabolite CHEBI:83039 crustacean metabolites ChEBI A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna. chebi_ontology Daphnia magna metabolites CHEBI:83056 Daphnia magna metabolite CHEBI:83056 Daphnia magna metabolites ChEBI A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia Wikipedia:Daphnia chebi_ontology Daphnia metabolites CHEBI:83057 Daphnia metabolite CHEBI:83057 Daphnia metabolites ChEBI Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:84729 hydroxyindoles CHEBI:84729 Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae. chebi_ontology algal metabolites CHEBI:84735 algal metabolite CHEBI:84735 algal metabolites ChEBI CL:0000000 A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CALOHA:TS-2035 FBbt:00007002 FMA:68646 GO:0005623 KUPO:0000002 MESH:D002477 VHOG:0001533 WBbt:0004017 XAO:0003012 The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one). cell A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:mah CL:0000003 A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment). CARO:0000013 cell in vivo To accommodate unicellular organisms better, 'cell in vivo' has been re-labeled 'native cell' to better represent its intended meaning - that is, that it is a cell in the context of a multicellular organism or in a natural environment. 'Native' is intended to contrast with 'in vitro', which refers to cells or other biological entities that have been intentionally placed in a controlled, non-natural setting for the purpose of study or manipulation. (MAH 1.12.12). native cell A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment). CARO:mah CL:0000005 Any fibroblast that is deriived from the neural crest. fibroblast neural crest derived Any fibroblast that is deriived from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000006 neuronal receptor cell (sensu Animalia) neuronal receptor cell CL:0000007 A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. early embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. GOC:tfm CL:0000008 Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. migratory cranial neural crest cell Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. ZFA:0007091 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000011 Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. migratory trunk neural crest cell Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. ZFA:0007095 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000014 A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes. FBbt:00004861 germline stem cell germ line stem cell true true A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.016 CL:0000015 A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis. FMA:72290 MA:0002765 VHOG:0001531 ncithesaurus:Spermatogenic_Cell male germ cell https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/574 true A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis. PMID:29462262 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000017 A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids. BTO:0001275 CALOHA:TS-0951 EMAPA:31484 FBbt:00004936 FMA:84049 WBbt:0006799 spermatocyte true A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids. GOC:tfm MESH:D013090 CL:0000018 A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa. BTO:0001274 CALOHA:TS-0950 EMAPA:31486 FBbt:00004942 FMA:72294 WBbt:0006800 nematoblast spermatid true A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa. MESH:D013087 CL:0000019 A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. BTO:0001277 BTO:0002046 CALOHA:TS-0949 FBbt:00004954 FMA:67338 WBbt:0006798 sperm cell spermatozoid spermatozoon sperm true A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. GOC:tfm MESH:D013094 CL:0000020 An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. BTO:0000958 CALOHA:TS-2193 EMAPA:31482 FBbt:00004934 FBbt:00004935 FMA:72291 spermatogonial cell spermatogonium An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. MESH:D013093 CL:0000021 Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. MA:0000388 VHOG:0001530 ncithesaurus:Egg female germ cell true Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. GOC:tfm PMID:11023867 PMID:20454446 CL:0000022 A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes. FBbt:00004873 female germ line stem cell true true A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.016 CL:0000023 A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. BTO:0000964 CALOHA:TS-0711 FBbt:00004886 FMA:18644 MESH:D009865 WBbt:0006797 oogonium oocyte true A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000024 An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. FMA:83673 oogonial cell true An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000025 A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. BTO:0000369 BTO:0003801 CALOHA:TS-2191 FBbt:00057012 FMA:67343 MA:0000388 MESH:D010063 mature oocyte ovum egg cell true A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000027 A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest. smooth muscle cell neural crest derived true A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000029 neuron neural crest derived neural crest derived neuron true CL:0000030 glioblast CL:0000031 A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase. BTO:0000930 FMA:70563 neuroblast neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase. GOC:NV http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblast CL:0000034 A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CALOHA:TS-2086 FMA:63368 animal stem cell This term applies to metazoan. For plant stem cells, consider using PO:0004011 ‘initial cell’ or its parent PO:0004010 ‘meristematic cell’. stem cell A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:tfm MESH:D013234 CL:0000035 A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. FMA:70569 unipotent stem cell unipotential stem cell single fate stem cell A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. GOC:tfm CL:0000037 A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. BTO:0000725 CALOHA:TS-0448 FMA:70337 FMA:86475 MESH:D006412 VHOG:0001485 HSC blood forming stem cell hemopoietic stem cell colony forming unit hematopoietic Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative. hematopoietic stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell CL:0000038 A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. BTO:0004911 BFU-E CFU-E blast forming unit erythroid burst forming unit erythroid colony forming unit erythroid erythroid stem cell erythroid progenitor cell true A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 CL:0000039 A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children. germ line cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000048 A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. FMA:84789 multi-fate stem cell multifate stem cell multipotent cell multipotent stem cell multi fate stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. GOC:add CL:0000049 A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. BTO:0004730 CMP common myeloid precursor CFU-GEMM CFU-S colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte multipotential myeloid stem cell myeloid stem cell pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059). common myeloid progenitor true A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. GOC:add ISBN:0878932437 MESH:D023461 CMP ISBN:0878932437 CFU-GEMM ISBN:0878932437 CFU-S ISBN:0878932437 colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte ISBN:0878932437 multipotential myeloid stem cell ISBN:0878932437 myeloid stem cell ISBN:0878932437 pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) ISBN:0878932437 CL:0000050 A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. CFU-EM CFU-MegE MEP Meg/E progenitor colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor cell MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2. megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell true A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm MESH:D055015 PMID:16647566 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte-erythroid_progenitor_cell CL:0000051 A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. CLP common lymphocyte precursor common lymphocyte progenitor common lymphoid precursor ELP committed lymphopoietic stem cell early lymphocyte progenitor lymphoid stem cell lymphopoietic stem cell CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative. common lymphoid progenitor true A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:10407577 PMID:16551251 CL:0000052 A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. FMA:84790 MESH:D039901 totipotential stem cell totipotent stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. GOC:add GOC:tfm CL:0000055 A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. BTO:0000125 FMA:84782 blast cell define using PATO mulit-potent or oligopotent? non-terminally differentiated cell A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. SANBI:mhl CL:0000056 A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. BTO:0000222 CALOHA:TS-0650 FBbt:00005083 FMA:70335 VHOG:0001529 myoblast A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. GOC:tfm MESH:D032446 PMID:21849021 CL:0000057 A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. BTO:0000452 CALOHA:TS-0362 FMA:63877 VHOG:0001482 These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative. fibroblast A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. ISBN:0517223651 MESH:D005347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast CL:0000058 Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell. BTO:0003607 FMA:66783 chrondoplast chondroblast Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000034 ISBN:0618947256 CL:0000059 Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell. BTO:0001663 FMA:70576 amelocyte enamel secreting cell non-encoded relationship from VSAO produces VSAO:0000066 ameloblast Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000034 MESH:D000565 CL:0000060 Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell. BTO:0001769 CALOHA:TS-0696 FMA:62999 MESH:D009804 legacy def: One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin. odontoblast Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell. GO_REF:0000034 ISBN:0618947256 CL:0000064 A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. VHOG:0001532 XAO:0000031 ciliated cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. GOC:tfm CL:0000066 A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. BTO:0000414 CALOHA:TS-2026 CARO:0000077 FBbt:00000124 FMA:66768 WBbt:0003672 epitheliocyte epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. FB:ma GOC:tfm MESH:D004847 CL:0000067 An epithelial cell that has a cilia. FMA:70605 ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell that has a cilia. GOC:tfm CL:0000068 An epithelial cell that is part of a duct. duct epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of a duct. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000069 branched duct epithelial cell CL:0000071 An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. cuboidal endothelial cell of vascular tree blood vessel endothelial cell true An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. GOC:tfm CL:0000072 non-branched duct epithelial cell CL:0000075 A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GO:0002065 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000076 CALOHA:TS-1249 squamous epithelial cell CL:0000077 A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. FMA:66773 mesotheliocyte mesothelial cell A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000080 A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. circulating cell A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. GOC:add CL:0000081 A cell found predominately in the blood. FMA:62844 MESH:D001773 blood cell true A cell found predominately in the blood. GOC:add GOC:tfm CL:0000082 An epithelial cell of the lung. BTO:0004299 lung epithelial cell epithelial cell of lung An epithelial cell of the lung. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0000083 An epithelial cell of the pancreas. BTO:0000028 pancreas epithelial cell pancreatic epithelial cell epithelial cell of pancreas true An epithelial cell of the pancreas. GOC:tfm CL:0000084 A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. BTO:0000782 CALOHA:TS-1001 FMA:62870 MESH:D013601 VHOG:0001479 T lymphocyte T-cell T-lymphocyte immature T cell mature T cell T cell true A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:0781735149 CL:0000095 neuron associated cell CL:0000098 A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. neuroepithelial cell BTO:0004301 The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710). sensory epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000099 Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. BTO:0003811 FBbt:00005125 FMA:67313 WBbt:0005113 interneuron Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. GOC:tfm MESH:D007395 CL:0000100 An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement. BTO:0000312 FBbt:00005123 FMA:83617 WBbt:0005409 motoneuron motor neuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement. MESH:D009046 PMID:16875686 CL:0000101 Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. BTO:0001037 FBbt:00005124 FMA:84649 MESH:D011984 WBbt:0005759 sensory neuron Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000107 A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. FMA:80121 autonomic neuron A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. GOC:tfm CL:0000108 A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter. BTO:0004902 FBbt:00007173 FMA:84796 MESH:D059329 WBbt:0006840 cholinergic neuron A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter. GOC:tfm CL:0000115 An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. BTO:0001176 CALOHA:TS-0278 FMA:66772 endotheliocyte From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard]. endothelial cell An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. GOC:tfm MESH:D042783 PMID:21275341 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3364936&group_id=36855 CL:0000117 CNS neuron (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000123 neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata) CL:0000125 A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. BTO:0002606 CALOHA:TS-0415 FBbt:00005144 FMA:54536 neuroglial cell neuroglia Not all glial cells develop from glioblasts, with microglia developing from the mesoderm instead. See https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1571 glial cell A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. MESH:D009457 CL:0000126 A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together. BTO:0000771 CALOHA:TS-2027 FMA:54538 macrogliocyte macroglial cell A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000128 A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. BTO:0000962 CALOHA:TS-0709 FMA:54540 OLs oligodendroglia Oligodendrocytes are reportedly MDP-positive and CD4-negative. oligodendrocyte true A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. MESH:D009836 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte OLs PMID:8734446 CL:0000133 Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. neurectoderm cell neurectodermal cell Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X CL:0000134 A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. BTO:0002625 BTO:0003298 FMA:70546 BMSC bone marrow stromal cells colony-forming unit-fibroblast marrow stromal cells CFU-F MSC mesenchymal precursor cell mesenchymal progenitor cells mesenchymal stem cell mesenchymal stromal cell mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells, mesenchymal Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2. mesenchymal stem cell https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/474 true A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. FB:ma GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC2613570 PMID:10102814 PMID:16923606 PMID:17986482 PMID:19960544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells marrow stromal cells PMID:11378515 MSC PMID:11378515 mesenchymal progenitor cells MESH:D044982 mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells, mesenchymal MESH:D044982 CL:0000136 A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. BTO:0000443 CALOHA:TS-0012 FMA:63880 adipocyte adipose cell fat cell A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. MESH:D017667 CL:0000138 Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell. BTO:0000249 CALOHA:TS-0138 FMA:66782 cartilage cell chondrocyte Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell. GO_REF:0000034 MESH:D019902 CL:0000145 A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response. APC Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constitutively express MHC Class II as well as costimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells. professional antigen presenting cell A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 CL:0000146 simple columnar epithelial cell CL:0000147 A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. VHOG:0001678 chromatocyte chromatophore pigment cell A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. GOC:tfm CL:0000149 pigment cell visual pigment cell CL:0000150 A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. CALOHA:TS-2085 FMA:86494 glandular epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. GOC:tfm CL:0000151 A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. BTO:0003659 FMA:86916 secretory cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000152 A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. FMA:16014 exocrine cell A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. ISBN:0198547684 CL:0000153 A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. GAG secreting cell hyaluronic acid secreting cell glycosaminoglycan secreting cell A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. GOC:tfm CL:0000154 protein secreting cell CL:0000157 A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung. surfactant secreting cell true A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000158 A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium. Epithelial progenitor cell of the lung. Club cells are dome-shaped with short microvilli but no cilia. They function to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Club cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium. BTO:0004811 FMA:14119 Clara cell bronchiolar non-ciliated cell club cell of bronchiole club cell true A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00146609 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2762 GOC:tfm PMID:28128362 PMID:29874100 PMID:7905712 Epithelial progenitor cell of the lung. Club cells are dome-shaped with short microvilli but no cilia. They function to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Club cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00146609 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2762 GOC:tfm PMID:28128362 PMID:7905712 CL:0000159 seromucus secreting cell CL:0000161 acid secreting cell true CL:0000163 A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. FMA:83809 endocrinocyte endocrine cell A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. MESH:D055098 CL:0000164 An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. BTO:0003865 FMA:62930 MESH:D019858 enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl CL:0000165 A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals. BTO:0002691 FBbt:00005130 FMA:83810 neurosecretory cell neurosecretory neuron The neurosecretory cell is neither an ordinary neuron nor an endocrine cell, but a combination of both. Its neuronal features resemble those of ordinary neurons concerning both structure and function. The production of a visible secretory material marks the neurosecretory neuron as a gland cell, and the fact that extractable cellular products act in the manner of hormones places it in the realm of endocrine elements. The modern definition of neurosecretion has evolved to include the release of any neuronal secretory product from a neuron. neuroendocrine cell A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals. MESH:D055099 The neurosecretory cell is neither an ordinary neuron nor an endocrine cell, but a combination of both. Its neuronal features resemble those of ordinary neurons concerning both structure and function. The production of a visible secretory material marks the neurosecretory neuron as a gland cell, and the fact that extractable cellular products act in the manner of hormones places it in the realm of endocrine elements. The modern definition of neurosecretion has evolved to include the release of any neuronal secretory product from a neuron. PMID:5342440 https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323555968000073 CL:0000167 peptide hormone secreting cell CL:0000168 BTO:0000783 insulin secreting cell CL:0000169 A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans. beta cell BTO:0000783 EV:0200009 FMA:70586 MA:0002419 ncithesaurus:Beta_Cell B-cell of pancreatic islet beta cell of pancreatic islet insulin-secreting cell pancreatic B cell pancreatic B-cell pancreatic beta cell pancreatic islet core type B enteroendocrine cell beta cell islet Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression. type B pancreatic cell true A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_b_cell beta cell ZFA:0009102 B-cell of pancreatic islet FMA:70586 beta cell of pancreatic islet FMA:70586 insulin-secreting cell FMA:70586 pancreatic B-cell FMA:70586 pancreatic beta cell FMA:70586 pancreatic islet core MA:0002419 type B enteroendocrine cell FMA:70586 beta cell islet MA:0002419 CL:0000170 A cell that secretes glucagon. FMA:84045 glucagon-secreting cell glucagon secreting cell A cell that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm CL:0000171 A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon. BTO:0000990 FMA:70585 MESH:D050416 alpha cell of islet of Langerhans pancreatic alpha cell pancreatic A cell A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000172 somatostatin secreting cell CL:0000173 A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin. BTO:0000803 FMA:70587 D-cell of pancreatic islet delta cell of islet delta cell of pancreatic islet pancreatic D-cell pancreatic delta cell somatostatin-secreting pancreatic cell pancreatic D cell A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin. FMA:0517223651 GOC:tfm CL:0000174 steroid hormone secreting cell CL:0000182 The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated. BTO:0000575 CALOHA:TS-0454 FMA:14515 Hepatocytes are reportedly MHC Class I-positive and MHC Class II-positive. hepatocyte The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 MESH:D022781 PMID:19717280 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte CL:0000183 A cell whose primary function is to shorten. contractile cell A cell whose primary function is to shorten. FB:ma CL:0000187 A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. BTO:0000888 BTO:0000902 CALOHA:TS-2032 FBbt:00005074 FMA:67328 WBbt:0003675 muscle fiber myocyte muscle cell A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. MESH:D032342 CL:0000188 A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. BTO:0004392 CALOHA:TS-2158 FMA:9727 skeletal muscle cell cell of skeletal muscle A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. GOC:tfm CL:0000192 A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). non-striated muscle cell BTO:0004576 CALOHA:TS-2159 FMA:14072 SMCs myocytes, smooth muscle smooth muscle fiber smooth muscle cell A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). MESH:D032389 PMID:9315361 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cell SMCs PMID:9315361 myocytes, smooth muscle MESH:D032389 CL:0000197 A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception. MESH:D011984 receptor cell sensory receptor cell CL:0000199 A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. mechanoreceptor mechanoreceptor cell A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. MESH:D008465 mechanoreceptor MP:0000972 CL:0000200 touch receptor cell CL:0000206 A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. chemoreceptor cell A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. MESH:D002628 CL:0000207 BTO:0004185 FMA:67860 MESH:D018034 Wikipedia:Olfactory_receptor_neuron Schultze's cell odorant receptor cell olfactory receptor neuron olfactory sensory neuron olfactory receptor cell CL:0000209 A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception. FMA:67910 taste bud cell taste receptor cell A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0000210 A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. BTO:0001060 CALOHA:TS-0868 FMA:86740 photoreceptor cell true A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. MESH:D010786 CL:0000211 A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. electrically active cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. FB:ma CL:0000213 A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. boundary cell lining cell A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. JB:jb CL:0000214 A cell located in the synovial joint. CALOHA:TS-0995 synoviocyte synovial cell true CL:0000215 A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. barrier cell A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. JB:jb CL:0000216 A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier. BTO:0001238 CALOHA:TS-0922 FMA:72298 VHOG:0001348 Sertoli cell true A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier. MESH:D012708 CL:0000217 insulating cell CL:0000218 A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. Schwann cell peripheral neuroglial cell CALOHA:TS-0898 FMA:62121 neurilemmal cell myelinating Schwann cell A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm MESH:D012583 CL:0000219 A cell that moves by its own activities. motile cell A cell that moves by its own activities. FB:ma CL:0000221 A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. FMA:72549 ectoderm cell ectodermal cell A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:D004475 CL:0000222 A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. FMA:72554 mesoblast mesoderm cell mesodermal cell A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. MESH:D008648 CL:0000223 A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. FMA:72555 endoderm cell endodermal cell A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:D004707 CL:0000225 A cell that lacks a nucleus. FMA:68647 non-nucleated cell anucleate cell A cell that lacks a nucleus. FB:ma CL:0000226 A cell with a single nucleus. single nucleate cell A cell with a single nucleus. FB:ma GOC:tfm CL:0000227 binucleate cell CL:0000228 A cell with more than one nucleus. AEO:0000203 WBbt:0008074 syncitium syncytial cell syncytium multinucleate cell A cell with more than one nucleus. FB:ma CL:0000232 A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. BTO:0000424 CALOHA:TS-0290 FMA:81100 RBC red blood cell erythrocyte true A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. GOC:tfm MESH:D004912 CL:0000255 MESH:D005057 eukaryotic cell CL:0000257 Eumycetozoan cell CL:0000287 eye photoreceptor cell CL:0000293 A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. structural cell A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. TAIR:sr CL:0000300 A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. CALOHA:TS-0395 FBbt:00005412 FMA:18649 haploid nucleated cell haploid germ cell gamete true A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000306 lens cell crystallin accumulating cell CL:0000307 An epithelial cell found in the trachea. FBbt:00005038 FMA:74793 tracheocyte This class is for the vertebrate tracheal structure. For the analagous insect cell type, see 'respiratory tube epithelial cell' tracheal epithelial cell true An epithelial cell found in the trachea. GOC:tfm CL:0000313 Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. BTO:0003687 FMA:62511 serous cell serous secreting cell Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000319 BTO:0003689 mucous cell mucus secreting cell CL:0000325 A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). stuff accumulating cell A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). FB:ma CL:0000327 extracellular matrix secreting cell CL:0000329 oxygen accumulating cell CL:0000333 A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body. FMA:86667 migratory neural crest cell A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body. MESH:A16.254.600 CL:0000335 A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. mesenchyme condensation cell A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. GOC:tfm PMID:5025404 CL:0000339 An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube. FMA:70564 spongioblast glioblast (sensu Vertebrata) An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0000347 A cell of the sclera of the eye. scleral cell A cell of the sclera of the eye. GOC:add CL:0000348 A cell of the choroid of the eye. A structural cell that is part of optic choroid. choroidal cell of the eye A cell of the choroid of the eye. GOC:add A structural cell that is part of optic choroid. GOC:add CL:0000349 extraembryonic cell CL:0000351 A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. FMA:83028 trophoblastic cell trophoblast cell true A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. GOC:tfm MESH:D014327 CL:0000352 A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. epiblast cell A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0000353 An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). BTO:0001473 FMA:72551 blastomere blastoderm cell An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). MESH:D001756 CL:0000354 ncithesaurus:Blastemal_Cell blastema cell blastemal cell CL:0000355 A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. FMA:86767 Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo. multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell true A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. PMID:18282570 CL:0000358 A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. sphincter associated smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. GOC:cjm CL:0000359 A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature. VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell vascular associated smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm CL:0000362 An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). BTO:0001470 CALOHA:TS-0283 FMA:62411 MESH:D000078404 cell of epidermis epithelial cell of skin epidermal cell An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). Flybase:dsj MA:ma cell of epidermis FMA:62411 epithelial cell of skin FMA:62411 CL:0000365 Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. zygote BTO:0000854 EHDAA2:0004546 FMA:72395 animal zygote Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. ISBN:0471245208 CL:0000377 tracheoblast CL:0000393 A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. electrically responsive cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. FB:ma CL:0000397 ganglion interneuron true CL:0000402 An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system. Interneurons are commonly described as being only found in the central nervous system. However, in CL we define 'interneuron' more broadly as any neuron that is neither a motor neuron nor a sensory neuron, regardless of its location, so we need this term to refer strictly to interneurons of the central nervous system. CNS interneuron true An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-817424-1.00001-X CL:0000404 A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. electrically signaling cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. FB:ma CL:0000408 BTO:0001277 CALOHA:TS-0949 male gamete true true CL:0000412 A cell whose nucleus, or nuclei, each contain more than two haploid genomes. polyploid cell A cell whose nucleus, or nuclei, each contain more than two haploid genomes. FB:ma CL:0000413 A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. haploid cell A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. FB:ma GOC:tfm CL:0000417 endopolyploid cell CL:0000447 carbohydrate secreting cell CL:0000451 A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative). BTO:0002042 CALOHA:TS-0194 FMA:83036 MESH:D003713 interdigitating cell veiled cell dendritic cell A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative). GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 CL:0000457 biogenic amine secreting cell CL:0000458 A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). 5-HT secreting cell 5-Hydroxytryptamine secreting cell serotonin secreting cell A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). GOC:tfm PMID:19630576 CL:0000459 A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. noradrenaline secreting cell norepinephrin secreting cell norepinephrine secreting cell noradrenergic cell A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X CL:0000488 A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. visible light photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. GOC:tfm CL:0000499 A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. BTO:0002064 FMA:83624 stromal cell A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. GOC:tfm MESH:D017154 CL:0000502 A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin. FMA:62935 D cell type D enteroendocrine cell A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin. MESH:D019864 CL:0000506 An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin. enkephalin secreting cell An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin. GO:tfm CL:0000507 A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin. endorphin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin. GO:tfm CL:0000508 An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli. BTO:0004108 FMA:67609 G cell type G enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 MESH:D019863 CL:0000509 A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin. gastrin secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin. GO:tfm CL:0000511 A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein. androgen binding protein secreting cell A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein. GO:tfm CL:0000513 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. FMA:84797 cardiac muscle progenitor cell cardiomyocyte progenitor cell cardiac muscle myoblast A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. GOC:tfm MESH:D032386 CL:0000514 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. FMA:84798 myoblast, smooth muscle satellite cell smooth muscle myoblast true A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. GOC:tfm MESH:D032390 myoblast, smooth muscle MESH:D032390 CL:0000515 A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. FMA:84799 skeletal myoblast skeletal muscle myoblast true A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. SANBI:mhl CL:0000521 fungal cell CL:0000525 A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. FMA:83043 plasmidotrophoblast syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast syncytiotrophoblast cell A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 CL:0000526 A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. FMA:87653 input neuron afferent neuron A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. GOC:tfm MESH:D009475 CL:0000527 A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. output neuron efferent neuron A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. MESH:D009476 CL:0000530 primary neuron CL:0000531 primary sensory neuron CL:0000540 The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. BTO:0000938 CALOHA:TS-0683 FBbt:00005106 FMA:54527 VHOG:0001483 WBbt:0003679 nerve cell These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma. neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MESH:D009474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron CL:0000542 A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. BTO:0000775 CALOHA:TS-0583 FMA:62863 MESH:D008214 VHOG:0001535 Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161) lymphocyte A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. GOC:add ISBN:0683073696 ISBN:0781735149 CL:0000547 An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83518 rubriblast pronormoblast proerythroblast true An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:A11.118.290.350.200 PMID:1638021 rubriblast ISBN:0721601464 CL:0000548 A native cell that is part of some Metazoa. metazoan cell animal cell CL:0000549 A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83505 basophilic normoblast early erythroblast early normoblast prorubricyte basophilic erythroblast true A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 basophilic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 early erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 early normoblast ISBN:0721601464 prorubricyte ISBN:0721601464 CL:0000550 A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83506 intermediate erythroblast intermediate normoblast polychromatic erythroblast polychromatic normoblast polychromatophilic normoblast rubricyte polychromatophilic erythroblast true A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 intermediate erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 intermediate normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatophilic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 rubricyte ISBN:0721601464 CL:0000552 The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. FMA:84646 acidophilic erythroblast eosinophilic erythroblast late erythoblast orthochromatic normoblast pyknotic eto enrythroblast orthochromatic erythroblast true The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. ISBN:0721601464 acidophilic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 eosinophilic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 orthochromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 pyknotic eto enrythroblast ISBN:0721601464 CL:0000553 The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). BTO:0001164 CALOHA:TS-0610 FMA:84235 MESH:D055016 CFU-Meg Meg-CFC MkP colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte megacaryoblast megacaryocyte progenitor cell megakaryoblast megakaryocytic progenitor cell promegacaryocyte promegakaryocyte Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative. megakaryocyte progenitor cell true The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 CFU-Meg PMID:11722431 PMID:12482498 Meg-CFC PMCID:PMC1794060 MkP PMID:21116988 megakaryocytic progenitor cell PMID:12482498 CL:0000556 A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release. BTO:0000843 CALOHA:TS-0611 FMA:83555 megacaryocyte megalocaryocyte megalokaryocyte Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive. megakaryocyte true A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D008533 PMID:31043076 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte CL:0000558 An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. BTO:0001173 CALOHA:TS-0864 MESH:D012156 reticulocyte true An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:15946868 PMID:2037622 CL:0000562 An erythrocyte having a nucleus. RBC red blood cell nucleate erythrocyte true An erythrocyte having a nucleus. GOC:add GOc:tfm CL:0000566 A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. angioblast chondroplast These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive. angioblastic mesenchymal cell true A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 CL:0000569 A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field. cardiac mesenchymal cell A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field. PMID:18816864 CL:0000573 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. BTO:0001036 CALOHA:TS-0866 FMA:67748 retinal cone cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. MESH:D017949 CL:0000575 An epithelial cell of the cornea. BTO:0004298 CALOHA:TS-0173 FMA:70551 epithelial cell of cornea corneal epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the cornea. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cornea FMA:70551 CL:0000586 The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. BTO:0000535 VHOG:0001534 WBbt:0006796 germ cell true The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. MESH:D005854 CL:0000593 A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. androgen secreting cell A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. GOC:tfm CL:0000595 An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. RBC red blood cell enucleate erythrocyte true An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. GOC:add GOC:tfm CL:0000604 One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. BTO:0001024 CALOHA:TS-0870 FMA:67747 retinal rod cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. MESH:D017948 CL:0000622 A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). FMA:83625 MESH:D061354 acinic cell acinous cell acinar cell A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). GOC:tfm http://www.copewithcytokines.de CL:0000630 A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. BTO:0002315 supportive cell supporting cell A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. FB:ma GOC:tfm CL:0000656 A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes. BTO:0001115 CALOHA:TS-2194 FMA:72292 primary spermatocyte true A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000657 One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids. BTO:0000709 CALOHA:TS-2195 FBbt:00004941 FMA:72293 secondary spermatocyte true One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000667 An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. collagen secreting cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. GOC:tfm CL:0000670 A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. FMA:70567 gonocyte primitive germ cell primordial germ cell true true A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. GOC:tfm PMID:1381289 CL:0000675 A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. female gamete true A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. GOC:tfm CL:0000680 A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell. muscle precursor cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell. GOC:add CL:0000696 A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone. FMA:62938 FMA:83409 type F enteroendocrine cell PP cell A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone. GOC:tfm JB:jb PMID:15153415 CL:0000710 Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. neuroepithelial cell BTO:0004301 FMA:70557 The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098). neurecto-epithelial cell Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. GOC:tfm CL:0000723 A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. CALOHA:TS-2086 FMA:63368 MESH:D053687 somatic stem cell true A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GO:0048103 CL:0000737 Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. BTO:0002916 CALOHA:TS-2157 FMA:86936 striated muscle cell Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0000738 An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. BTO:0000751 CALOHA:TS-0549 FMA:62852 MESH:D007962 leucocyte white blood cell immune cell leukocyte true An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-323-05290-0 CL:0000740 The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. BTO:0001800 FMA:67765 MESH:D012165 RGC gangliocyte ganglion cell of retina retinal ganglion cell The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. GOC:dph CL:0000746 Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. FMA:83808 cardiocyte BTO:0001539 CALOHA:TS-0115 FMA:14067 MESH:D032383 cardiac muscle fiber cardiac myocyte cardiomyocyte heart muscle cell This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction. cardiac muscle cell Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. GOC:mtg_cardiacconduct_nov11 GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 PMID:22426062 PMID:4711263 cardiac muscle fiber GO:0048739 CL:0000763 A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. BTO:0001441 CALOHA:TS-0647 MESH:D022423 myeloid cell true A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. GOC:add CL:0000764 A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. CALOHA:TS-0290 FMA:62845 FMA:83516 erythropoietic cell Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes. erythroid lineage cell A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. GOC:add GOC:tfm CL:0000765 A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. BTO:0001571 CALOHA:TS-0289 FMA:83504 MESH:D004900 normoblast erythroblast true A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18174176 CL:0000766 A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. myeloid leukocyte true A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. GOC:add CL:0000827 A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage. pro-T lymphocyte progenitor T cell DN1 cell DN1 thymocyte TN1 cell pro-T cell true A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 CL:0000837 A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. BTO:0000725 CALOHA:TS-0448 MPP hemopoietic progenitor cell Markers differ between mouse and human. hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 CL:0000838 A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. lymphoid progenitor cell BTO:0004731 CALOHA:TS-2025 FMA:70338 Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type. lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell true A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm CL:0000839 A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. myeloid progenitor cell BTO:0004730 CALOHA:TS-2099 FMA:70339 Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type. myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell true A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 CL:0000842 A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. BTO:0000878 CALOHA:TS-0768 FMA:86713 mononuclear leukocyte peripheral blood mononuclear cell mononuclear cell true A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add CL:0000847 An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob. ciliated olfactory sensory neuron ciliated sensory neuron ciliated olfactory receptor neuron An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob. PMID:16841163 CL:0000850 A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter. FBbt:00005133 MESH:D059326 WBbt:0006837 5-HT neuron 5-hydroxytryptamine neuron serotinergic neuron serotonergic neuron A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter. SANBI:mhl CL:0000988 A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. BTO:0000574 CALOHA:TS-2017 FMA:70366 FMA:83598 haematopoietic cell haemopoietic cell hemopoietic cell hematopoietic cell A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 CL:0001035 A connective tissue cell found in bone. 2011-11-16T04:28:16Z bone cell true A connective tissue cell found in bone. GOC:add GO_REF:0000034 CL:0001060 A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. 2010-01-06T03:43:27Z hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 CL:0001066 A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). BTO:0004911 BFU-E CFU-E blast forming unit erythroid burst forming unit erythroid colony forming unit erythroid erythroid stem cell erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 CL:0002031 A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. 2010-01-06T03:43:20Z hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 CL:0002032 A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. 2010-01-06T03:43:27Z This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060). hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0002064 A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules. 2010-06-24T03:16:29Z BTO:0000028 CALOHA:TS-0737 FMA:63032 acinar cell of pancreas pancreatic acinar cell true A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 PMID:20395539 http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=pancreatic%20acinar%20cells CL:0002067 An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon. 2010-09-10T10:48:54Z FMA:62939 type A enteroendocrine cell An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 CL:0002068 Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. 2010-06-28T08:36:15Z BTO:0001032 FMA:14146 Purkinje cell fiber Purkinje muscle cell myocytus conducens cardiacus Purkinje myocyte Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm PMID:19939742 CL:0002072 A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. 2010-06-29T11:41:37Z pacemaker cell BTO:0004190 FMA:67101 P cell cardiac pacemaker cell myocytus nodalis nodal myocyte A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. FMA:67101 GOC:tfm cardiac pacemaker cell GOC:pr CL:0002073 Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. 2010-06-29T02:39:32Z FMA:67142 transitional myocyte Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. FMA:67142 GOC:tfm CL:0002074 The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). 2010-06-29T11:50:47Z FMA:67111 myocardial endocrine cell The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). FMA:67111 GOC:tfm CL:0002076 An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. 2010-06-29T03:38:14Z FMA:69075 endo-epithelial cell An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. FMA:69075 GOC:tfm CL:0002077 An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. 2010-06-29T03:38:22Z FMA:69074 ecto-epithelial cell An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. FMA:69074 GOC:tfm CL:0002078 Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. 2010-06-29T03:49:14Z FMA:69076 epithelial mesenchymal cell meso-epithelial cell Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. FMA:69076 GOC:tfm CL:0002079 Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH. 2010-06-30T08:49:43Z FMA:63099 pancreatic ductal cell Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH. FMA:63099 GOC:tfm PMID:14740223 CL:0002080 A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types. 2010-06-30T08:49:52Z FMA:62455 centroacinar cell of Langerhans pancreatic centroacinar cell pancreatic centro-acinar cell A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types. GOC:tfm PMID:12142741 PMID:20018761 PMID:8185160 CL:0002086 A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. 2010-07-21T01:33:38Z FMA:67968 specialized cardiac myocyte A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. FMA:67968 GOC:tfm CL:0002087 A leukocyte that lacks granules. 2010-07-22T11:30:33Z FMA:62855 agranular leukocyte nongranular leukocyte true A leukocyte that lacks granules. GOC:tfm CL:0002088 This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. 2010-07-22T03:26:00Z BTO:0003914 FMA:86573 ICC intestinal pacemaker cell Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin. interstitial cell of Cajal true This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. GOC:tfm PMID:16460275 PMID:19520112 intestinal pacemaker cell GOC:pr CL:0002092 A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. 2010-07-22T04:48:15Z BTO:0004850 FMA:83621 MESH:D001854 MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense. bone marrow cell true A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0002095 A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. 2010-08-23T11:18:18Z FMA:18710 hilar cell of ovary hilus cell of ovary A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X CL:0002132 A stomal cell of the ovary 2010-08-23T12:10:31Z FMA:72299 ovarian stromal cell stromal cell of ovary A stomal cell of the ovary GOC:tfm ovarian stromal cell GOC:cjm CL:0002139 An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. 2010-08-24T02:06:40Z BTO:0001854 CALOHA:TS-1106 FMA:67755 vascular endothelial cell cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive. endothelial cell of vascular tree An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 CL:0002144 An endothelial cell found in capillaries. 2010-08-24T10:15:00Z BTO:0004956 CALOHA:TS-0112 FMA:67756 capillary endothelial cell An endothelial cell found in capillaries. GOC:tfm CL:0002145 A ciliated columnar cell found in the trachea and bronchus. Vary from low to tall columnar; possesses up to 300 cilia at its surface, interspersed with long irregular microvilli with the cilia varying in length from about 6um in the trachea to about 4um in the terminal bronchioles; driving force of the ciliary current in the bronchial tree. 2010-08-24T03:38:29Z FMA:70542 ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree A ciliated columnar cell found in the trachea and bronchus. Vary from low to tall columnar; possesses up to 300 cilia at its surface, interspersed with long irregular microvilli with the cilia varying in length from about 6um in the trachea to about 4um in the terminal bronchioles; driving force of the ciliary current in the bronchial tree. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 CL:0002148 A cell found within the dental pulp. 2010-08-24T02:52:09Z CALOHA:TS-0195 FMA:87170 dental pulp cell A cell found within the dental pulp. GOC:tfm PMID:36267574 CL:0002149 An epithelial cell of the uterus. 2010-08-24T10:45:54Z FMA:256161 epithelial cell of uterus true An epithelial cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm CL:0002159 Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. 2010-08-26T08:31:08Z FMA:70556 general ecto-epithelial cell Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. GOC:tfm CL:0002166 An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth. 2010-08-26T08:51:27Z FMA:62987 epithelial cell rests of Malassez epithelial debris of Malassez epithelial cell of Malassez true An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0815129521 CL:0002167 A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell. 2010-08-26T01:47:13Z FMA:67870 olfactory epithelial cell A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell. GOC:tfm PMID:7143026 CL:0002178 An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. 2010-08-25T03:22:08Z FMA:62948 epithelial cell of stomach true An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. GOC:tfm CL:0002180 A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. 2010-08-25T03:38:51Z FMA:63464 mucous cell of stomach A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. GOC:tfm CL:0002183 A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. 2010-08-25T03:57:08Z FMA:62953 stem cell of gastric gland true A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 CL:0002195 A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes). 2010-08-30T02:00:42Z FMA:86577 HpSC hepatic stem cell https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/800 true A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes). GOC:tfm PMID:26798363 HpSC PMID:18442648 CL:0002202 An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree. 2010-09-02T02:09:14Z FMA:66816 epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree. GOC:tfm CL:0002209 An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells. 2010-09-02T02:53:59Z FMA:69060 undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree intermediate epitheliocyte An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 CL:0002222 A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. 2010-09-07T10:38:03Z FMA:70950 vertebrate lens cell A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0002224 A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. 2010-09-07T10:45:47Z FMA:67559 lens epithelial cell true A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28anatomy%29#Lens_epithelium CL:0002240 A fibroblast in the bone marrow. 2010-09-07T02:25:18Z FMA:84377 marrow fibroblast A fibroblast in the bone marrow. GOC:tfm CL:0002241 A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 2010-09-07T02:29:38Z FMA:84467 pulmonary myofibroblast pulmonary septal cell pulmonary interstitial fibroblast true A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. GOC:tfm CL:0002242 A cell containing at least one nucleus. 2010-09-07T03:32:33Z FMA:67513 nucleate cell A cell containing at least one nucleus. GOC:tfm CL:0002243 A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells. 2010-09-08T08:53:42Z FMA:70611 smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil smooth muscle fibre of sphincter of pupil smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil true A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 ISBN:0721694128 CL:0002246 A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). 2010-09-07T03:57:09Z BTO:0002669 FMA:86711 MESH:D000072916 PBSC peripheral blood stem cell true A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). GOC:tfm CL:0002251 An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. 2010-09-08T09:26:53Z epithelial cell of alimentary canal An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0002252 An epithelial cell of the esophagus. 2010-09-08T09:28:20Z FMA:63071 epithelial cell of esophagus true An epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm CL:0002253 An epithelial cell of the large intestine. 2010-09-08T09:28:22Z BTO:0004297 FMA:256157 epithelial cell of colon epithelial cell of large intestine true An epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002254 An epithelial cell of the small intestine. 2010-09-08T09:41:46Z FMA:256159 epithelial cell of small intestine true An epithelial cell of the small intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002255 A stromal cell of the endometrium that is fibroblastic in appearance. During decidualization this cell may differentiate into a decidual stromal cell. 2010-09-08T09:50:04Z CALOHA:TS-1266 FMA:86490 endometrial stromal cell endometrial stromal fibroblast stromal cell of endometrium true A stromal cell of the endometrium that is fibroblastic in appearance. During decidualization this cell may differentiate into a decidual stromal cell. PMID:11331626 PMID:30013421 PMID:30309298 Wiki:Decidualization&oldid=908981933#Endometrial_stromal_cells_(ESCs) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1040-z endometrial stromal fibroblast PMID:30309298 CL:0002262 An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. 2010-09-14T10:57:26Z FMA:63134 endothelial cell of sinusoid An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0002264 A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. 2010-09-10T10:54:42Z FMA:83411 type A cell of stomach A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm CL:0002265 A D cell located in the colon. 2010-09-10T11:37:35Z FMA:268744 colon D-cell colonic delta cell delta cell of colon type D cell of colon A D cell located in the colon. GOC:tfm CL:0002266 A type D cell of the small intestine. 2010-09-10T01:34:22Z FMA:268736 delta cell of small intestine small intestine D-cell small intestine delta cell type D cell of small intestine A type D cell of the small intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002267 A type D cell found in the stomach. 2010-09-10T01:36:03Z FMA:83410 delta cell of stomach stomach D-cell stomach delta cell type D cell of stomach A type D cell found in the stomach. GOC:tfm CL:0002275 A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas. 2010-09-10T03:30:31Z BTO:0000805 FMA:70588 MESH:D050418 PP cell of pancreatic islet PP-cell of pancreatic islet pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cell The term PP cell of pancreatic acinus was obsoleted due to a lack of evidence, making PP cell of pancreatic islets synonymous with pancreatic PP cell. pancreatic PP cell A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas. GOC:tfm CL:0002308 An epithelial cell of a skin gland. 2010-09-14T12:00:07Z FMA:70657 epithelial cell of gland of skin epithelial cell of skin gland An epithelial cell of a skin gland. GOC:tfm CL:0002319 A cell that is part of the nervous system. 2010-09-15T01:34:57Z CALOHA:TS-2040 FMA:70333 neural cell A cell that is part of the nervous system. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0002320 A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. 2010-09-15T03:01:54Z CALOHA:TS-2096 FMA:63875 MESH:D003239 connective tissue cell true A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 CL:0002321 A cell of the embryo. 2010-09-15T03:39:21Z CALOHA:TS-0263 FMA:82840 FMA:82841 WBbt:0007028 embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell of the embryo. FMA:0618947256 CL:0002328 An epithelial cell of the bronchus. 2010-09-20T02:00:00Z BTO:0002922 bronchial epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the bronchus. GOC:tfm CL:0002332 A ciliated cell of the bronchus. 2010-09-20T02:21:12Z ciliated cell of the bronchus A ciliated cell of the bronchus. GOC:tfm PMID:18757316 CL:0002333 A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. 2010-09-20T02:25:25Z neural crest derived fat cell A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17507398 CL:0002350 An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. 2010-09-21T04:33:05Z FMA:75621 endocardial endothelial cell endothelial cell of endocardium endocardial cell An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. GOC:tfm ISSN:0452-3458 endothelial cell of endocardium FMA:75621 CL:0002351 A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1. 2010-09-21T04:41:06Z pancreatic endocrine progenitor pancreatic islet progenitor cell progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1. GOC:tfm PMID:20025937 PMID:20217494 PMID:22728667 CL:0002352 A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. 2010-09-22T09:05:13Z gestational hematopoietic stem cell A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-60327-246-6 CL:0002359 A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. 2010-09-22T10:30:02Z placental hematopoietic stem cell A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-1-60327-346-6 CL:0002363 A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. 2010-09-22T01:57:40Z corneal fibroblast corneal keratocyte keratocyte A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-7020-2958-5 CL:0002368 An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. 2010-09-23T04:38:49Z BTO:0004533 airway epithelial cell respiratory epithelial cell true An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. GOC:tfm CL:0002371 A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). 2010-09-24T09:44:42Z BTO:0001268 FMA:72300 WBbt:0008378 somatic cell A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0002372 A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts. 2010-09-24T01:13:01Z FBbt:00005812 myotubule single cell sarcomere myotube A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts. GOC:dos GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 PMID:22274696 CL:0002375 A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The SCP is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. In rodents SCPs are the only cells in the Schwann cell linage that expresses Cdh19. 2010-09-24T02:06:10Z Schwann cell precursor cell Schwann cell precursor A giioblast cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The SCP is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has no basal lamina. In rodents SCPs are the only cells in the Schwann cell linage that expresses Cdh19. GOC:tfm CL:0002377 A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons. 2010-09-24T02:10:31Z Schwann cell ZFA:0001725 immature Schwann cell A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons. GOC:cvs GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 CL:0002421 A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. 2010-10-15T09:24:05Z nucleated reticulocyte true A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. GOC:tfm PMID:18182572 PMID:9011180 PMID:9046052 CL:0002422 A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. 2010-10-15T09:24:08Z CALOHA:TS-0864 FMA:66785 enucleated reticulocyte true A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0-12203-052-4 ISBN:0721601464 CL:0002453 A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons. 2010-11-10T02:51:34Z O-2A/OPC O2A/OPC oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell oligodendrocyte/type-2 astrocyte progenitor cell MESH:D000073637 This cell type can be purified from optic nerves and other regions of the embryonic, postnatal and adult rat CNS and can be differentiated in vitro to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes. Some references use the terms 'oligodendrocyte precursor cell' and 'oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor' to refer to the same entity (e.g., PMID:10704434), while others describe an oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell as the precurosr to oligodendrocyte- and type-2 astrocyte- progenitor cells (e.g, ISBN:9780702028991). oligodendrocyte precursor cell A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. This cell originates from multiple structures within the developing brain including the medial ganglion eminence and the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells migrate throughout the central nervous system and persist into adulthood where they play an important role in remyelination of injured neurons. GOC:tfm PMID:10704434 PMID:11756508 PMID:20142420 PMID:2182078 PMID:24133281 PMID:9826671 O-2A/OPC PMID:24133281 O2A/OPC PMID:11756508 oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell PMID:2253328 oligodendrocyte/type-2 astrocyte progenitor cell PMID:24133281 This cell type can be purified from optic nerves and other regions of the embryonic, postnatal and adult rat CNS and can be differentiated in vitro to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes. Some references use the terms 'oligodendrocyte precursor cell' and 'oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor' to refer to the same entity (e.g., PMID:10704434), while others describe an oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell as the precurosr to oligodendrocyte- and type-2 astrocyte- progenitor cells (e.g, ISBN:9780702028991). ISBN:9780702028991 PMID:10704434 PMID:2182078 CL:0002491 A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception. 2010-12-06T03:18:43Z auditory epithelial cell A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception. GOC:tfm CL:0002494 A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. 2010-12-07T09:37:22Z BTO:0001539 CALOHA:TS-0115 FMA:83808 FMA:84791 heart cell From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart. cardiocyte true A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. GOC:tfm CL:0002503 A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc 2010-12-07T04:03:56Z BTO:0002441 FMA:84639 adventitial cell A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc GOC:tfm CL:0002504 A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. 2011-01-17T03:39:38Z intestinal smooth muscle cell enteric smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002518 An epithelial cell of the kidney. 2011-02-08T10:46:34Z KUPO:0001019 kidney epithelial cell true An epithelial cell of the kidney. GOC:tfm KUPO:SJ CL:0002521 A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. 2011-02-21T02:51:22Z subcutaneous adipocyte subcutaneous fat cell true A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. GOC:tfm CL:0002538 An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes. 2011-02-28T01:20:20Z small bile duct cholangiocyte intrahepatic cholangiocyte true An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes. GOC:tfm PMID:23720296 small bile duct cholangiocyte PMID:23720296 CL:0002539 A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. 2011-02-28T01:42:12Z BTO:0004577 aortic smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. GOC:tfm CL:0002540 A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. 2011-02-28T01:47:47Z mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. GOC:tfm CL:0002541 A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. 2011-02-28T03:04:35Z chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. GOC:tfm CL:0002543 An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. 2011-02-28T03:48:11Z FMA:62104 KUPO:0001099 endothelial cell of vein venous endothelial cell vein endothelial cell true An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. GOC:tfm CL:0002546 An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. 2011-02-28T04:20:39Z See CL:0002619. embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. GOC:tfm CL:0002547 A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. 2011-02-28T04:43:41Z fibroblast of the aortic adventitia true A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. GOC:tfm CL:0002548 A fibroblast that is part of the heart. 2011-02-28T04:57:44Z cardiac fibroblast fibroblast of cardiac tissue true true A fibroblast that is part of the heart. GOC:tfm CL:0002551 2011-02-28T05:05:33Z fibroblast of dermis true CL:0002552 2011-02-28T05:09:12Z fibroblast of gingiva true CL:0002553 A fibroblast that is part of lung. 2011-02-28T05:11:03Z BTO:0000764 CALOHA:TS-0575 fibroblast of lung true A fibroblast that is part of lung. GOC:tfm CL:0002556 A fibroblast of the periodontium. 2011-02-28T05:19:48Z fibroblast of periodontium true A fibroblast of the periodontium. GOC:tfm CL:0002557 A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. 2011-02-28T05:22:27Z fibroblast of pulmonary artery true A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm CL:0002563 An epithelial cell of the intestine. 2011-03-01T05:18:31Z intestinal epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002569 A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord. 2011-03-01T09:55:12Z mesenchymal stem cell of umbilical cord A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord. GOC:tfm CL:0002570 A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. 2011-03-01T09:57:17Z mesenchymal stem cell of adipose mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. GOC:tfm CL:0002571 A mesenchymal stem cell of liver. 2011-03-01T09:58:51Z hepatic mesenchymal stem cell true A mesenchymal stem cell of liver. GOC:tfm CL:0002572 A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae. 2011-03-01T10:40:27Z vertebral mesenchymal stem cell true A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae. GOC:tfm CL:0002573 A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system. 2011-03-02T01:19:27Z BTO:0001220 CALOHA:TS-0898 MESH:D012583 A myelinating Schwann cell wraps around a single axon. Myelination occurs in larger diameter axons, while a process called ensheathment occurs on smaller diameter axons in which a single cell wraps around multiple small, unmyelinated axons separating them with a thin layer of cytoplasm. The structure formed is called a Remak bundle. Schwann cell A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:tfm PMID:16807057 A myelinating Schwann cell wraps around a single axon. Myelination occurs in larger diameter axons, while a process called ensheathment occurs on smaller diameter axons in which a single cell wraps around multiple small, unmyelinated axons separating them with a thin layer of cytoplasm. The structure formed is called a Remak bundle. PMID:16807057 CL:0002574 A stromal cell of the pancreas. 2011-03-02T02:40:41Z stromal cell of pancreas true A stromal cell of the pancreas. GOC:tfm CL:0002577 An epithelial cell of the placenta. 2011-03-02T03:21:30Z placental epithelial cell true An epithelial cell of the placenta. GOC:tfm CL:0002584 An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex. KUPO:0001016 renal cortical epithelial cell true true An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex. GOC:tfm CL:0002585 A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. 2011-03-06T03:28:27Z retinal blood vessel endothelial cell true A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. GOC:tfm CL:0002589 A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature. 2011-03-06T05:00:58Z smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature. GOC:tfm CL:0002590 A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. 2011-03-06T05:01:20Z smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature true A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. GOC:tfm CL:0002591 A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. 2011-03-06T05:01:28Z BTO:0003336 smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm CL:0002594 A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery. 2011-03-06T05:01:48Z smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery. GOC:tfm CL:0002595 A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery. 2011-03-06T05:01:52Z smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery. GOC:tfm CL:0002596 Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. 2011-03-06T05:01:56Z smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. GOC:tfm CL:0002597 A smooth muscle cell of the bladder. 2011-03-06T05:43:24Z KUPO:0001122 smooth muscle cell of bladder true A smooth muscle cell of the bladder. GC:tfm CL:0002598 2011-03-06T05:46:39Z BTO:0004402 bronchial smooth muscle cell CL:0002599 A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. 2011-03-06T05:48:17Z smooth muscle cell of the esophagus true A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm CL:0002600 A smooth muscle cell of the trachea. 2011-03-06T05:50:28Z smooth muscle cell of trachea A smooth muscle cell of the trachea. GOC:tfm CL:0002601 A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. 2011-03-06T05:53:28Z uterine smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm CL:0002610 A neuron of the raphe nuclei. 2011-03-06T07:42:06Z raphe nuclei neuron true A neuron of the raphe nuclei. GOC:tfm CL:0002612 A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. 2011-03-06T07:46:03Z neuron of the ventral spinal cord true A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. GOC:tfm CL:0002620 A fibroblast of skin. 2011-03-14T12:31:49Z BTO:0001255 CALOHA:TS-0935 skin fibroblast true A fibroblast of skin. GOC:tfm CL:0002621 2011-03-14T12:46:28Z gingival epithelial cell CL:0002625 A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. 2011-03-15T11:59:23Z seminiferous tubule epithelial cell true A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. GOC:tfm CL:0002631 2011-06-21T12:28:55Z epithelial cell of upper respiratory tract true CL:0002632 2011-06-21T12:29:31Z epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract true CL:0002656 A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. 2011-07-08T03:54:08Z FMA:86489 glandular cell of endometrium A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. GOC:tfm CL:0002657 A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus. 2011-07-08T03:55:57Z FMA:86548 glandular cell of esophagus true true A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm CL:0002658 A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. 2011-07-08T04:03:01Z FMA:87194 glandular cell of the large intestine true A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm CL:0002659 A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. 2011-07-11T01:20:35Z CALOHA:TS-1284 FMA:86554 glandular cell of stomach true A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. GOC:tfm CL:0002663 A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. 2011-07-11T02:45:39Z FMA:83389 myocardial endocrine cell of atrium true A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. GOC:tfm CL:0002664 A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. 2011-07-11T03:15:38Z CPC cardiovascular progenitor cell Discrepancy in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac muscle cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell. cardioblast A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. GOC:tfm PMID:19745164 CPC PMID:19745164 cardiovascular progenitor cell PMID:17519333 PMID:19745164 CL:0002672 A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. 2011-08-16T02:38:01Z retinal progenitor cell A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. GOC:tfm PMID:20959166 PMID:21148186 CL:0002673 A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue. 2011-08-16T03:10:02Z tongue muscle cell A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue. GOC:tfm PMID:18816858 CL:0002676 A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. 2011-08-22T09:24:15Z neural crest derived neuroblast A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17407019 CL:0002680 A PP cell found in intestine. 2011-09-27T11:59:01Z PP cell of intestine true A PP cell found in intestine. GOC:tfm PMID:2420136 PMID:728970 CL:0002681 2011-10-25T03:49:41Z kidney cortical cell true CL:0005000 A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240. spinal cord interneuron true A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. CL:CVS CL:0005009 A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system. renal principal cell A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system. CL:CVS CL:0005012 A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilia. MCC multi-ciliated cell multiciliated cell multiciliated epithelial cell multi-ciliated epithelial cell A ciliated epithelial cell with many cilia. CL:CVS CL:0005024 A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic. somatic motor neuron somatomotor neuron A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic. ZFIN:CVS CL:0005026 Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation. hepatoblast https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/800 Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation. GOC:CVS PMID:18356246 PMID:20483998 PMID:26798363 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-6740 CL:0007000 Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into an ameloblast. Located in the inner enamel epithelium, these cells elongate, their nuclei shift distally (away from the dental papilla), and their cytoplasm becomes filled with organelles needed for synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins. 2012-06-15T01:27:01Z unsure of neural crest contribution. In VSAO we have develops_from CL:0000008 preameloblast Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into an ameloblast. Located in the inner enamel epithelium, these cells elongate, their nuclei shift distally (away from the dental papilla), and their cytoplasm becomes filled with organelles needed for synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins. GO_REF:0000034 PMCID:PMC2737325 CL:0007001 Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized). 2012-06-15T02:51:27Z scleroblast Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts) skeletogenic cell Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized). GO_REF:0000034 scleroblast GO_REF:0000034 CL:0007002 Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a cementoblast. 2012-06-15T04:37:13Z precementoblast Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a cementoblast. GO_REF:0000034 CL:0007003 Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell. 2012-06-15T05:15:11Z preodontoblast Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell. GO_REF:0000034 CL:0007004 Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells. 2012-06-27T08:27:35Z premigratory neural crest cell Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells. UBERONREF:0000002 CL:0007009 Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells. 2012-06-27T10:44:01Z prechondroblast Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells. GO_REF:0000034 CL:0008000 Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres. non-striated muscle cell Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres. GOC:DOS CL:0008001 Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type. hematopoietic precursor cell Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type. GOC:dos CL:0008002 A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. MESH:D018485 skeletal muscle fiber A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 CL:0008007 A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle. FBbt:00005070 visceral muscle cell A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle. GOC:dos CL:0008008 A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods. striated visceral muscle cell A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods. GOC:dos CL:0008009 A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods. transversely striated visceral muscle cell A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods. GOC:dos CL:0008017 A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers. myogenic precursor cell The vast majority of these cells develop from skeletal muscle satellite cells, although there are some reports of other origins. adult skeletal muscle myoblast A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers. PMID:23303905 myogenic precursor cell PMID:23303905 CL:0008019 A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration. mesenchyme cell mesenchymal cell CL:0008022 A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves. endocardial cushion cell A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves. PMID:18816864 CL:0008024 An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas. pancreatic endocrine cell An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas. GOC:dos CL:0008025 A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter. noradrenergic neuron A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter. GOC:dos CL:0008028 2017-07-09T19:12:36Z visual system neuron CL:0008031 An interneuron that has its soma located in the cerebral cortex. cerebral cortex interneuron cortical interneuron CL:0008034 Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation. 2020-02-29T17:33:55Z mural cell Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation. Wiki:Mural_cell&oldid=930603194 CL:0008035 2020-02-29T17:37:00Z microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL:0009000 A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord. spinal sensory neuron sensory neuron of spinal nerve A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord. GOC:nv GOC:pr CL:0009001 Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. GOC:pr PMID:12021768 compound eye retinal cell CL:0009004 Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. PMID:10702418 retinal cell Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GOC:pr CL:0009006 An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine. small intestine enteroendocrine cell enteroendocrine cell of small intestine An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009018 A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the large intestine. lamina propria lymphocyte of large intestine This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you. lymphocyte of large intestine lamina propria A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the large intestine. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009019 A kidney cortical cell that is part of the nephrogenic zone. cortical nephrogenic niche cell cortical nephrogenic zone cell nephrogenic zone cell A kidney cortical cell that is part of the nephrogenic zone. PMID:29449449 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-0115 CL:0009021 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine. stromal cell of lamina propria of large intestine A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009022 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the small intestine. stromal cell of lamina propria of small intestine A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the small intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009024 A mesothelial cell that is part of the small intestine. mesothelial cell of small intestine A mesothelial cell that is part of the small intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009025 A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon. mesothelial cell of large intestine mesothelial cell of colon A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009040 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon. stromal cell of colon lamina propria stromal cell of lamina propria of colon A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009042 An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon. colon enteroendocrine cell enteroendocrine cell of colon An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009044 A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the effector compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Lymphocytes circulate through gut associated lymphoid tissues until recruitment by intestinal antigens. They are involved in the gut immune response. gastrointestinal tract small intestine (lamina propria) leukocyte small intestine lamina propria leukocyte small intestine lamina propria leukocyte (LPL) gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) lymphocyte of small intestine lamina propria lymphocyte of small intestine small intestine lamina propria lymphocyte This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you. lymphocyte of small intestine lamina propria A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the effector compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Lymphocytes circulate through gut associated lymphoid tissues until recruitment by intestinal antigens. They are involved in the gut immune response. PMID:26551552 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009051 A T cell that is located in the anorectum. This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you. T cell of anorectum A T cell that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009052 A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum. anorectum smooth muscle cell smooth muscle cell of anorectum A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009053 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum. stromal cell of anorectum lamina propria A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009063 An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum. anorectum enteroendocrine cell enteroendocrine cell of anorectum An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 CL:0009084 An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrial gland. 2021-11-30T16:13:30Z EFO:0010710 endometrial glandular epithelial cell epithelial cell of endometrial gland An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrial gland. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009092 An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. 2021-12-13T13:53:01Z EFO:0010708 placental endothelial cell endothelial cell of placenta An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009093 A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta. 2021-12-13T13:56:42Z EFO:0010709 placental smooth muscle cell smooth muscle cell of placenta A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009094 An endothelial cell that is part of a hepatic portal vein. 2021-12-13T14:01:05Z portal endothelial cell EFO:0010704 endothelial cell of hepatic portal vein An endothelial cell that is part of a hepatic portal vein. PMID:30348985 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009095 An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus. 2021-12-13T14:39:25Z EFO:0010711 uterine endothelial cell endothelial cell of uterus An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 CL:0009097 A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development. 2022-02-21T15:39:10Z embryonic skeletal muscle fiber A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development. PMID:32094117 PMID:7196501 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-601X CL:0009100 A fibroblast located in the portal triad. Hepatic portal fibroblast are a non-parenchymal cell population located adjacent to bile duct epithelia in liver and are distinct from stellate cells. They differentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts during chronic injury states producing high levels of collagen. 2022-03-17T12:00:44Z portal fibroblast hepatic portal fibroblast A fibroblast located in the portal triad. Hepatic portal fibroblast are a non-parenchymal cell population located adjacent to bile duct epithelia in liver and are distinct from stellate cells. They differentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts during chronic injury states producing high levels of collagen. PMID:20209607 PMID:24814904 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-4833 CL:0010001 A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow. bone marrow stromal cell stromal cell of bone marrow CL:0010002 An epithelial cell that is part_of a umbilical artery. umbilical artery epithelial cell epithelial cell of umbilical artery CL:0010004 A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow. bone marrow mononuclear cell mononuclear cell of bone marrow CL:0010006 cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell CL:0010007 His-Purkinje system cell CL:0010008 cardiac endothelial cell CL:0010009 camera type eye photoreceptor cell camera-type eye photoreceptor cell CL:0010012 A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex. BTO:0004102 FMA:84104 cortical neuron neuron of cerebral cortex cerebral cortex neuron https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1359 A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex. GOC:tfm CL:0010017 A zygote in a plant or an animal. MESH:D015053 zygote CL:0010020 cardiac glial cell CL:0010021 MESH:D032386 cardiac myoblast CL:0010022 A neuron that has its soma in the heart. This term is used in 3 GO terms that were created as part of the heart development focus project. cardiac neuron https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/pull/1488 A neuron that has its soma in the heart. PMID:12486170 PMID:29265764 CL:0011001 A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. spinal cord motor neuron true A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. GOC:nv CL:0011007 A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites. paraxial mesoderm cell somitic mesoderm cell presomitic mesoderm cell paraxial cell A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites. GOC:NV PMID:11687492 CL:0011012 A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells. neural crest cell A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-7880 CL:0011013 A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility). motile sperm cell A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility). PMID:30612620 CL:0011016 A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion. flagellated sperm cell A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion. PMID:30612620 https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/flagellum CL:0011019 A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium. mesothelial cell of epicardium CL:0011021 A fibroblast that is part of upper back skin. fibroblast of upper back skin CL:0011022 A fibroblast that is part of skin of back. fibroblast of skin of back CL:0011026 A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses. progenitor cell A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses. ISBN:978-1-62808-994-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409503-8.00002-0 CL:0011027 Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue. skeleton muscle fibroblast skeletal muscle fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue. PMID:28369879 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-0667 CL:0011030 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis. DMEC cell dermal microvascular endothelium cell dermal microvascular endothelial cell Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis. BTO:0004574 CL:patterns/cellPartOfAnatomicalEntity CL:0011101 Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. chorionic trophoblast cell Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. GOC:NV CL:0011108 Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium. colonic epithelial cell colon epithelial cell Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium. GOC:NV CL:0011115 A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell. precursor cell A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. GOC:dos CL:0012001 A CNS neuron of the forebrain. forebrain neuron neuron of the forebrain true CL:0017500 Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain. 2010-05-25T01:36:34Z neutrophillic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain. GOC:add CL:0017502 Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain. 2009-12-22T04:23:25Z eosinophilic acidophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain. GOC:add CL:0017503 Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. 2009-12-22T04:24:54Z basophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. GOC:tfm CL:0017504 Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. 2009-12-28T04:25:23Z polychromatophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. GOC:tfm CL:0017505 A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell. 2009-12-23T10:53:24Z increased nucleus size A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell. GOC:tfm CL:0019001 Any serous secreting cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium. 2020-05-07T16:03:27Z serous cell of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial serous cell CL:0019002 Any chondrocyte that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. 2020-05-07T17:29:51Z chondrocyte of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial chondrocyte CL:0019018 A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel. 2020-07-21T12:42:48Z smooth muscle cell of blood vessel blood vessel smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel. PMID:9108778 CL:0019019 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. 2020-07-21T12:50:22Z smooth muscle cell of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. PMID:10853867 CL:0019020 An epithelial cell of the extrahepatic bile ducts, including the left and right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. They are columnar in shape, and have a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to small/intrahepatic cholangiocytes. 2020-09-03T12:24:24Z large bile duct cholangiocyte extrahepatic cholangiocyte An epithelial cell of the extrahepatic bile ducts, including the left and right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. They are columnar in shape, and have a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to small/intrahepatic cholangiocytes. PMID:23720296 large bile duct cholangiocyte PMID:23720296 CL:0019021 An endothelial cell found in the periportal region hepatic sinusoid, near the portal triad. The fenestrae of these cells are larger but fewer in number compared with those of endothelial cells near the centrilobular region of the hepatic sinusoid. 2020-09-09T13:56:47Z EFO:0010705 periportal LSEC periportal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid An endothelial cell found in the periportal region hepatic sinusoid, near the portal triad. The fenestrae of these cells are larger but fewer in number compared with those of endothelial cells near the centrilobular region of the hepatic sinusoid. PMID:27423426 periportal LSEC PMID:28287163 periportal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell PMID:30348985 CL:0019022 An endothelial cell found in the centrilobular region hepatic sinusoid, near the central vein. The fenestrae of these cells are smaller but more numerous compared with those of endothelial cells near the periportal region of the hepatic sinusoid. 2020-09-10T12:38:29Z EFO:0010706 central venous hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell pericentral LSEC endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid An endothelial cell found in the centrilobular region hepatic sinusoid, near the central vein. The fenestrae of these cells are smaller but more numerous compared with those of endothelial cells near the periportal region of the hepatic sinusoid. PMID:27423426 central venous hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell PMID:30348985 pericentral LSEC PMID:28287163 CL:1000042 forebrain neuroblast CL:1000090 pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell CL:1000123 metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell CL:1000222 stomach neuroendocrine cell CL:1000223 lung neuroendocrine cell CL:1000271 lung ciliated cell CL:1000272 lung secretory cell CL:1000274 trophectoderm cell trophectodermal cell CL:1000275 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine. FMA:15050 non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine smooth muscle cell of small intestine true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine FMA:15050 CL:1000276 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum. FMA:15058 non-striated muscle fiber of duodenum smooth muscle fiber of duodenum true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of duodenum FMA:15058 CL:1000279 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. FMA:15653 non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine smooth muscle cell of large intestine true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine FMA:15653 CL:1000280 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. FMA:15663 non-striated muscle fiber of colon smooth muscle cell of colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of colon FMA:15663 CL:1000285 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. FMA:17521 non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon smooth muscle cell of sigmoid colon true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon FMA:17521 CL:1000286 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. FMA:17522 non-striated muscle fiber of rectum smooth muscle fiber of rectum smooth muscle cell of rectum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of rectum FMA:17522 CL:1000296 An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra. FMA:256165 epithelial cell of urethra true An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra. GOC:tfm CL:1000298 A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater. FMA:256516 squamous mesothelial cell of dura mater mesothelial cell of dura mater true A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater. GOC:tfm squamous mesothelial cell of dura mater FMA:256516 CL:1000303 A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. FMA:261279 fibroblast of areolar connective tissue true A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. GOC:tfm CL:1000306 A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. FMA:261285 fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery true A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. GOC:tfm CL:1000307 A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. FMA:261287 fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. GOC:tfm CL:1000309 A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. FMA:261293 adipocyte of epicardial fat epicardial fat cell epicardial adipocyte A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. GOC:tfm adipocyte of epicardial fat FMA:261293 epicardial fat cell FMA:261293 CL:1000310 A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. FMA:261297 epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle epicardial fat cell of right ventricle adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. GOC:tfm epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle FMA:261297 epicardial fat cell of right ventricle FMA:261297 CL:1000311 A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. FMA:261300 epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle epicardial fat cell of left ventricle adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. GOC:tfm epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle FMA:261300 epicardial fat cell of left ventricle FMA:261300 CL:1000330 A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. FMA:263078 serous cell of epithelium of trachea A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea. GOC:tfm CL:1000331 A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. FMA:263080 serous cell of epithelium of bronchus A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus. GOC:tfm CL:1000332 A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. FMA:263082 serous cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole. GOC:tfm CL:1000361 A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. FMA:263152 transitional myocyte of interatrial septum true A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. GOC:tfm CL:1000362 A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:263154 transitional myocyte of interventricular septum true A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm CL:1000376 A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:263182 Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum true A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm CL:1000398 An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. These cells possess flattened areas containing perforations about 0.1 micrometers in diameter, known as fenestrae. The fenestrae are arranged in groups known as sieve plates. BTO:000125 FMA:62911 LSEC endotheliocyte of hepatic sinusoid liver sinusoidal endothelial cell endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoid An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. These cells possess flattened areas containing perforations about 0.1 micrometers in diameter, known as fenestrae. The fenestrae are arranged in groups known as sieve plates. GOC:tfm PMID:3926620 LSEC PMID:30348985 endotheliocyte of hepatic sinusoid FMA:62911 liver sinusoidal endothelial cell PMID:30348985 CL:1000409 A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:67102 SA nodal myocyte SA node cardiac muscle cell myocyte of sinoatrial node sinoatrial node cell sinoatrial node myocyte sinuatrial node myocyte myocyte of sinoatrial node A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:67102 GOC:tfm SA nodal myocyte FMA:67102 SA node cardiac muscle cell GOC:pr myocyte of sinoatrial node FMA:67102 sinoatrial node cell GOC:pr sinuatrial node myocyte FMA:67102 CL:1000410 A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:67106 AV nodal myocyte AV node cardiac muscle cell AV node cell atrioventricular node cell atrioventricular node myocyte myocyte of atrioventricular node A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:67106 GOC:tfm AV nodal myocyte FMA:67106 AV node cardiac muscle cell GOC:pr AV node cell GOC:pr atrioventricular node cell GOC:pr atrioventricular node myocyte FMA:67106 CL:1000412 An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. FMA:67760 KUPO:0001097 endothelial cell of arteriole true An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. GOC:tfm CL:1000413 A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. BTO:0004758 FMA:67761 KUPO:0001095 arterial endothelial cell endothelial cell of artery A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. GOC:tfm CL:1000414 An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. FMA:67762 endothelial cell of venule true An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. GOC:tfm CL:1000415 An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder. FMA:67780 epithelial cell of gallbladder true An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder. GOC:tfm CL:1000428 A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. FMA:70541 epidermal stem cell stem cell of epidermis true A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. GOC:tfm epidermal stem cell FMA:70541 CL:1000434 An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus. FMA:70555 epithelial cell of external acoustic meatus true An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus. GOC:tfm CL:1000443 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. FMA:70610 smooth muscle cell of ciliary body ciliary muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of ciliary body FMA:70610 CL:1000444 A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. FMA:70615 mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye true A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. GOC:tfm CL:1000449 An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron. FMA:70965 epithelial cell of nephron An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron. GOC:tfm CL:1000454 An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule. FMA:70982 KUPO:0001059 epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule kidney collecting duct epithelial cell true true An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule FMA:70982 CL:1000456 A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. FMA:72142 mesothelial cell of parietal peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. GOC:tfm CL:1000457 A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. FMA:72143 mesothelial cell of visceral peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. GOC:tfm CL:1000478 A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:83384 transitinal myocyte of sinuatrial node transitional myocyte of sinoatrial node true A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node. GOC:tfm CL:1000479 A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:83386 Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node true A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. GOC:tfm CL:1000482 A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:83390 myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum true A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm CL:1000488 An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. FMA:86481 epithelial cell of bile duct cholangiocyte true An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. GOC:tfm PMID:16550043 PMID:18356246 CL:1000490 A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. FMA:86736 peritoneal mesothelial cell mesothelial cell of peritoneum true A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. GOC:tfm peritoneal mesothelial cell FMA:86736 CL:1000491 A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. FMA:86737 pleural mesothelial cell mesothelial cell of pleura true A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. GOC:tfm pleural mesothelial cell FMA:86737 CL:1000492 A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. FMA:86738 mesothelial cell of parietal pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. GOC:tfm CL:1000493 A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. FMA:86739 mesothelial cell of visceral pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. GOC:tfm CL:1000494 An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule. FMA:86785 KUPO:0001022 kidney tubule epithelial cell This needs to be further defined as a juxtamedullary nephron. Will request the juxtamedullary nephron tubule class from UBERON. nephron tubule epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule. GOC:tfm CL:1000497 KUPO:0001010 kidney cell CL:1000500 KUPO:0001013 kidney interstitial cell true CL:1000505 KUPO:0001018 kidney pelvis cell true CL:1000507 KUPO:0001020 kidney tubule cell true CL:1000549 KUPO:0001063 kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell CL:1000600 KUPO:0001115 lower urinary tract cell true CL:1000601 KUPO:0001116 ureteral cell true CL:1000606 KUPO:0001015 kidney nerve cell CL:1000681 KUPO:0001091 kidney cortex interstitial cell true CL:1000692 KUPO:0001102 kidney interstitial fibroblast CL:1000702 KUPO:0001113 kidney pelvis smooth muscle cell true true CL:1000708 KUPO:0001119 ureter adventitial cell true CL:1000714 KUPO:0001130 kidney cortex collecting duct principal cell true CL:1000979 KUPO:0001118 ureter smooth muscle cell true true CL:1001225 KUPO:0001012 Wikipedia:Kidney_collecting_duct_cell kidney collecting duct cell true CL:1001319 KUPO:0001120 bladder cell CL:1001320 KUPO:0001123 urethra cell CL:1001431 KUPO:0001128 kidney collecting duct principal cell true CL:1001433 An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas. FMA:70986 exocrine pancreas cell epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas. GOC:tfm CL:1001516 The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract. intestinal enteroendocrine cell The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract. MP:0010802 CL:1001567 endothelial cell of lung pulmonary vessel endothelial cell lung endothelial cell CL:1001568 BTO:0001141 PAEC cell pulmonary artery endothelial cell PAEC cell BTO:0001141 CL:1001572 A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-2397 colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colon endothelial cell A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels. NPX:PDR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 colon endothelial cells CALOHA:TS-2397 colonic endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-2397 CL:1001573 Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium. CALOHA:TS-2398 nasopharynx respiratory epithelial cells nasopharyngeal epithelial cell Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium. NPX:PDR nasopharynx respiratory epithelial cells CALOHA:TS-2398 CL:1001576 Squamous cell of oral epithelium. CALOHA:TS-1252 oral cavity mucosa squamous cell oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell oral mucosa squamous epithelial cell oral mucosa squamous epithelial cells oral mucosa squamous cell Squamous cell of oral epithelium. NPX:PDR oral cavity mucosa squamous cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral mucosa squamous epithelial cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral mucosa squamous epithelial cells CALOHA:TS-1252 CL:1001579 Glial cell of cerebral cortex. CALOHA:TS-1256 brain cortex glial cell cerebral cortex glial cells cerebrum cortex glial cell cerebral cortex glial cell Glial cell of cerebral cortex. NPX:PDR brain cortex glial cell CALOHA:TS-1256 cerebral cortex glial cells CALOHA:TS-1256 cerebrum cortex glial cell CALOHA:TS-1256 CL:1001588 Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. CALOHA:TS-1274 colon glandular cells colon glandular cell Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. NPX:PDR colon glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1274 CL:1001589 Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell. CALOHA:TS-1275 duodenum glandular cells duodenum glandular cell Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell. NPX:PDR duodenum glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1275 CL:1001590 Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium. CALOHA:TS-1276 epididymal glandular cell epididymis glandular cells epididymis glandular cell Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium. NPX:PDR epididymal glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1276 epididymis glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1276 CL:1001591 Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells. CALOHA:TS-1277 fallopian tube glandular cell fallopian tube glandular cells uterine tube glandular cell oviduct glandular cell Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells. HPA:HPA NPX:PDR fallopian tube glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1277 fallopian tube glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1277 uterine tube glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1277 CL:1001592 Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium. CALOHA:TS-1278 gall bladder glandular cell gall bladder glandular cells gallbladder glandular cells gallbladder glandular cell Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium. NPX:PDR gall bladder glandular cell FMA:7202 gall bladder glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1278 gallbladder glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1278 CL:1001595 Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. CALOHA:TS-1281 rectal glandular cell rectum glandular cells rectum glandular cell Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. NPX:PDR rectal glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1281 rectum glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1281 CL:1001597 Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium. CALOHA:TS-1283 seminal vesicle glandular cells seminal vesicle glandular cell Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium. NPX:PDR seminal vesicle glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1283 CL:1001598 A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) . CALOHA:TS-1286 FMA:86928 small bowel glandular cell small intestinal glandular cell small intestine glandular cells small intestine glandular cell A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) . NCI_Thesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Glandular_Cell NPX:PDR small bowel glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1286 small intestinal glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1286 small intestine glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1286 CL:1001599 Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts. BTO:0000028 CALOHA:TS-1242 exocrine pancreas glandular cell pancreas exocrine glandular cells pancreas exocrine glandular cell Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts. HPA:HPA NPX:PDR exocrine pancreas glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1242 pancreas exocrine glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1242 CL:1001602 Endothelial cells forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex. CALOHA:TS-2372 cerebral cortex endothelial cells endothelial cells of cerebral cortex cerebral cortex endothelial cell Endothelial cells forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex. NPX:PDR cerebral cortex endothelial cells CALOHA:TS-2372 endothelial cells of cerebral cortex CALOHA:TS-2372 CL:1001609 Fibroblast from muscle organ. CALOHA:TS-0643 muscle fibroblast Fibroblast from muscle organ. NPX:PDR CL:1001610 Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. CALOHA:TS-2109 bone marrow hematopoietic cells bone marrow poietic cells bone marrow hematopoietic cell Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. NPX:PDR bone marrow hematopoietic cells CALOHA:TS-2109 bone marrow poietic cells CALOHA:TS-2109 A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood. 2014-02-11T17:29:04Z CL:2000001 peripheral blood mononuclear cell CL:2000001 A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood. GOC:TermGenie A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization. 2014-02-20T23:06:41Z BTO:0002770 BTO:0005756 NCIT:C32429 decidua cell decidual stromal cell CL:2000002 decidual cell CL:2000002 A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization. BTO:0002770 NCIT:C32429 PMID:30013421 PMID:30429548 Wiki:Decidual_cells&oldid=937509751 Wiki:Decidualization&oldid=908981933 decidua cell BTO:0002770 NCIT:C32429 decidual stromal cell BTO:0005756 PMID:11719592 Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain. 2014-03-28T21:35:27Z CL:2000005 brain macroglial cell CL:2000005 Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain. GOC:TermGenie Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. 2014-06-04T15:07:42Z CL:2000008 microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000008 Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. GOC:TermGenie Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis. 2014-06-04T15:12:06Z CL:2000010 dermis blood vessel endothelial cell CL:2000010 Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis. GOC:TermGenie Any skin fibroblast that is part of a pedal digit skin. 2014-06-04T15:16:44Z CL:2000012 fibroblast of pedal digit skin CL:2000012 Any skin fibroblast that is part of a pedal digit skin. GOC:TermGenie Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen. 2014-06-04T15:18:16Z CL:2000013 fibroblast of skin of abdomen CL:2000013 Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen. GOC:TermGenie Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin. 2014-06-04T15:19:44Z CL:2000014 fibroblast of upper leg skin CL:2000014 Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin. GOC:TermGenie Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm. 2014-06-04T15:29:06Z CL:2000015 fibroblast of arm CL:2000015 Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm. GOC:TermGenie Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. 2014-06-04T16:00:56Z CL:2000016 lung microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000016 Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament. 2014-06-04T16:50:33Z CL:2000017 fibroblast of peridontal ligament CL:2000017 Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament. GOC:TermGenie Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye. 2014-06-24T23:16:45Z FBbt:00004211 CL:2000019 compound eye photoreceptor cell CL:2000019 Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye. GOC:TermGenie Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass. 2014-06-24T23:16:53Z CL:2000020 inner cell mass cell CL:2000020 Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass. GOC:TermGenie Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum. 2014-06-24T23:17:07Z CL:2000022 cardiac septum cell CL:2000022 Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum. GOC:TermGenie Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord. 2014-06-25T00:23:50Z CL:2000025 spinal cord oligodendrocyte CL:2000025 Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord. GOC:TermGenie Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system. 2014-06-25T01:17:43Z CL:2000029 central nervous system neuron CL:2000029 Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system. GOC:TermGenie A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. 2014-06-25T02:28:17Z FMA:84664 PNS neuron peripheral neuron CL:2000032 peripheral nervous system neuron CL:2000032 A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. GOC:TermGenie ISBN:0721662544 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder. 2014-07-09T00:04:47Z CL:2000040 bladder microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000040 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo. 2014-07-09T00:12:00Z CL:2000042 embryonic fibroblast CL:2000042 Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain. 2014-07-09T00:24:53Z CL:2000044 brain microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000044 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain. GOC:TermGenie Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle. 2014-08-12T20:50:28Z CL:2000046 ventricular cardiac muscle cell CL:2000046 Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle. GOC:TermGenie Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem. 2014-10-02T23:52:53Z CL:2000047 brainstem motor neuron CL:2000047 Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen. 2014-10-06T18:58:47Z CL:2000051 splenic fibroblast CL:2000051 Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen. GOC:TermGenie Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord. 2014-10-06T19:01:48Z CL:2000052 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=8010 umbilical artery endothelial cell CL:2000052 Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord. GOC:TermGenie Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen. 2014-10-06T19:06:04Z CL:2000053 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=5500 splenic endothelial cell CL:2000053 Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen. GOC:TermGenie Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver. 2014-10-06T19:16:11Z hepatic dendritic cell CL:2000055 http://www.jleukbio.org/content/66/2/322.abstract liver dendritic cell CL:2000055 Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver. GOC:TermGenie A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua. 2014-10-07T17:48:27Z BTO:0006119 BTO:0006208 vCTB villous cytotrophoblast CL:2000060 Same as synctial trophoblast? placental villous trophoblast http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7120 CL:2000060 A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua. PMID:31049600 vCTB PMID:31049600 Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta. 2014-10-07T17:51:11Z CL:2000061 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7140 placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell CL:2000061 Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta. GOC:TermGenie Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. 2014-10-07T17:55:56Z CL:2000062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53245/ placental villus capillary endothelial cell CL:2000062 Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad. 2014-10-07T17:57:42Z CL:2000063 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7330 ovarian fibroblast CL:2000063 Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad. GOC:TermGenie Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad. 2014-10-07T17:59:13Z CL:2000064 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7310 ovarian surface epithelial cell CL:2000064 Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra. 2014-10-07T18:18:01Z CL:2000065 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7300 ovarian microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000065 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle. 2014-10-07T18:35:38Z CL:2000066 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6310 cardiac ventricle fibroblast CL:2000066 Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium. 2014-10-07T18:36:54Z CL:2000067 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6320 cardiac atrium fibroblast CL:2000067 Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium. 2014-10-07T18:38:06Z CL:2000068 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6430 pericardium fibroblast CL:2000068 Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder. 2014-10-07T18:41:43Z CL:2000069 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=5430 gallbladder fibroblast CL:2000069 Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid. 2014-10-07T18:50:43Z CL:2000070 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6620 optic choroid fibroblast CL:2000070 Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue. 2014-10-07T22:13:45Z CL:2000072 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7200 adipose microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000072 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue. GOC:TermGenie Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest. 2014-11-05T01:18:43Z cardiac neural crest cell CL:2000073 migratory cardiac neural crest cell CL:2000073 Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest. GOC:TermGenie cardiac neural crest cell PMID:33060096 Any leukocyte that is part of a spleen. 2014-11-05T01:26:50Z CL:2000074 Splenocytes is a vague term that refers to any one of the different white blood cell types in the spleen. This name is seen many references as such and is not explained further, necessitating a need for this terminology. splenocyte CL:2000074 Any leukocyte that is part of a spleen. GOC:TermGenie Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod. 2014-12-02T18:40:47Z CL:2000076 hindlimb stylopod vein endothelial cell CL:2000076 Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod. GOC:TermGenie Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur. 2014-12-02T19:07:31Z CL:2000079 mesenchymal stem cell of femoral bone marrow CL:2000079 Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur. GOC:TermGenie Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen. 2014-12-02T19:10:34Z mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose CL:2000080 mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue CL:2000080 Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen. GOC:TermGenie Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord. 2014-12-02T20:14:16Z CL:2000085 mononuclear cell of umbilical cord CL:2000085 Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel. 2015-03-31T21:02:36Z CL:2000091 endometrial microvascular endothelial cell CL:2000091 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus. 2015-03-31T21:16:22Z CL:2000093 bronchus fibroblast of lung CL:2000093 Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus. GOC:TermGenie Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood. 2015-05-26T18:58:34Z CL:2000095 cord blood hematopoietic stem cell CL:2000095 Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood. GOC:TermGenie A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus. 2019-02-09T16:40:30Z CL:3000000 ciliated epithelial cell of esophagus CL:3000000 A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:CellBLAST PMID:29802404 Peripheral sensory neuron. 2019-02-25T19:34:33Z CL:3000004 peripheral sensory neuron CL:3000004 Peripheral sensory neuron. GOC:CellBLAST PMID:30096314 CL:4023072 A cell that is part of the brain vasculature. brain vascular cell A cell that is part of the brain vasculature. DOI:10.1101/2022.10.12.511898 CL:4023079 A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain. midbrain-derived inhibitory neuron A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain. DOI:10.1101/2022.10.12.511898 CL:4023154 A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes. myelinating glial cell A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes. DOI:10.1007/3-540-29623-9_3240 CL:4023168 A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli. somatosensory neuron A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli. PMID:22865660 CL:4028001 Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung. 2021-11-23T02:31:40Z lung capillary endothelial cell pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL:4030025 A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium. 2022-07-05T15:50:17Z kidney cortical fibroblast Renal cortical fibroblasts have key roles in mediating intercellular communication with neighboring/infiltrating cells and extracellular matrix and maintenance of renal tissue architecture. They additionally have an endocrine function in the production of epoetin. renal cortical fibroblast A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium. PMID:10559635 Renal cortical fibroblasts have key roles in mediating intercellular communication with neighboring/infiltrating cells and extracellular matrix and maintenance of renal tissue architecture. They additionally have an endocrine function in the production of epoetin. PMID:16230044 CL:4030029 A lymphocyte located in blood. 2022-11-04T14:40:00Z blood lymphocyte A lymphocyte located in blood. CL:4030031 Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes. 2022-11-30T14:35:08Z interstitial cell Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes. PMID:24987007 CL:4030034 A ciliated cell of the respiratory system. Ciliated cells are present in airway epithelium. 2023-01-25T11:06:01Z ciliated cell of the respiratory tract respiratory ciliated cell A ciliated cell of the respiratory system. Ciliated cells are present in airway epithelium. PMID:18757316 PMID:21364219 CL:4030035 A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation. 2023-01-10T14:02:02Z DPSC dental pulp stem cell A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation. DOI:10.1177/154405910208100806 DPSC CL:4030040 A ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. The cilia of this cell type help move mucus from glandular tissue of the endometrium. 2023-02-09T11:25:14Z ciliated cell of the uterus uterine ciliated cell ciliated cell of the endometrium endometrium ciliated epithelial cell In human samples, the expression of FOXJ1 protein, a regulator for motile cilia with epithelial lineage identity, has been noted. endometrial ciliated epithelial cell A ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. The cilia of this cell type help move mucus from glandular tissue of the endometrium. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1040-z https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/single+cell+type/Glandular+epithelial+cells#endometrialciliatedcells In human samples, the expression of FOXJ1 protein, a regulator for motile cilia with epithelial lineage identity, has been noted. ttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1040-z CL:4033005 A(n) serous secreting cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland. serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland A(n) serous secreting cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland. PMID:5487122 PMID:9651178 CL:4033008 A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system. vein endothelial cell of respiratory system A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system. PMID:34030460 CL:4033017 A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole. 2023-03-16T09:38:17Z bronchiolar smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole. ISBN:9781260462982 PMID:15347627 CL:4033018 A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue. 2023-03-16T11:31:23Z lung MKs lung megakaryocyte A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue. PMID:33351116 lung MKs PMID:33351116 CL:4033020 A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea. 2023-03-16T13:03:13Z tracheal submucosal gland mucous cell mucus secreting cell of trachea gland A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea. PMID:18931053 PMID:29656943 tracheal submucosal gland mucous cell PMID:18931053 CL:4033022 A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the bronchus. 2023-03-16T15:12:52Z bronchial gland mucous cell mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the bronchus. PMID:19965983 bronchial gland mucous cell PMID:5487122 CL:4033037 A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree. 2023-04-20T10:55:50Z mucus secreting cell of tracheobronchial tree submucosal gland A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree. PMID:30864819 CL:4033049 A taste receptor cell that is part of a taste bud of a tongue. 2023-05-03T07:59:58Z gustatory cell of tongue taste receptor cell of tongue A taste receptor cell that is part of a taste bud of a tongue. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01137.x PMID:10052456 PMID:28655883 http://www.nejohnston.org/Birds/documents/AvianTongues_Johnston.pdf gustatory cell of tongue DOI:10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80043-2 CL:4033050 A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter. 2023-05-18T12:07:45Z Frequently used when describing the developing nervous system in zebrafish. A catecholaminergic neuron expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PEMT), which are enzymes necessary for catecholamine synthesis. catecholaminergic neuron A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter. ISBN:0521442516 PMID:12094209 Frequently used when describing the developing nervous system in zebrafish. A catecholaminergic neuron expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PEMT), which are enzymes necessary for catecholamine synthesis. PMID:10191060 PMID:12128258 PMID:34880760 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2244-7917 ENVO:00000446 ENVO:01000254 FOVT:0000001 The length of a body that includes the tail. total length This is measured from the snout to the end of the tail along the anterior-posterior axis in four-legged vertebrates. body length with tail The length of a body that includes the tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000002 The length of a body that excludes a tail. head-body length snout-vent length This is measured from the snout to before the tail, usually ending at the anus in four-legged vertebrates. body length without tail The length of a body that excludes a tail. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000003 A length measurement of a hindfoot that includes the nail. The length of a hindfoot that includes the nail. hindfoot length length with nail hindfoot length pes length with nail A length measurement of a hindfoot that includes the nail. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The length of a hindfoot that includes the nail. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000004 The length of a hindfoot that excludes the nail. hindfoot length without nail hindfoot length pes length without nail The length of a hindfoot that excludes the nail. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000005 The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to an intertragus insicusure of an ear. ear length to notch The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to an intertragus insicusure of an ear. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000006 The length from a lateral condyle of femur to a greater trochanter of a femur. femur lateral length femur greatest length (GL) femur maximal length (M1) femur length from greater trochanter to lateral condyle The length from a lateral condyle of femur to a greater trochanter of a femur. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x femur greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 femur maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000007 OBSOLETE The length from a medial condyle of femur to a head of femur. femur greatest length from caput femoris (GLC) femur medial length term doesn't exist, it should be lateral condyle obsolete femur length from caput to medial condyle true OBSOLETE The length from a medial condyle of femur to a head of femur. ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x femur greatest length from caput femoris (GLC) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000008 The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a proximal head of a humerus (caput). humerus greatest length from caput (GLC) humerus maximal length from caput (M2) humerus length from trochlea to caput The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a proximal head of a humerus (caput). ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x humerus greatest length from caput (GLC) ISBN:9780873659505 humerus maximal length from caput (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000009 The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a ventral tubercle (greater tubercle) of a humerus. humerus length from trochlea to ventral tubercle humerus greatest length (GL) humerus maximal length (M1) humerus length from trochlea to greater tubercle The length from a trochlea of a humerus to a ventral tubercle (greater tubercle) of a humerus. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x humerus greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 humerus maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000010 OBSOLETE Medial-lateral width of the distal end of an astragalus. astragalus greatest breadth distal talus distal width ML talus head width Redundant with FOVT:0000017 astragalus head breadth obsolete talus distal articular breadth true FOVT:0000012 OBSOLETE Length between the proximal-most points of the medial and lateral trochlear ridges of an astragalus. breadth of the trochlea breadth of the trochlea of talus This is not a measurement FOVT has a need for. obsolete width of the trochlea of talus true FOVT:0000013 The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. talus lateral length astragalus greatest length of the lateral half (GLl) astragalus lateral length The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus greatest length of the lateral half (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000014 OBSOLETE The depth of the medial ridge of a trochlea of an astragalus along the anterior-posterior axis. astragalus medial depth astragalus medial width AP talus medial width AP duplicate term obsolete talus medial depth true FOVT:0000015 OBSOLETE Length of the lateral side of an astragalus. Redundant term obsolete length of the lateral side of talus true FOVT:0000016 The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. talus medial length astragalus greatest length of the medial half (GLm) astragalus medial length The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus greatest length of the medial half (GLm) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000017 The length an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular) along the medial-lateral axis. astragalus distal articular width talus distal articular breadth astragalus breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) astragalus distal articular breadth (M6) The points for this measurement are the medial-most point on the articular surface for the calcaneum on the astragalus (talus) to the lateral-most point of the trochleated head of an astragalus (talus). astragalus distal articular breadth The length an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular) along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus distal articular breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000018 The length of an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular). talus distal articular depth astragalus distal articular depth (M5) This measurement is perpendicular to the astragalus distal articular breadth measurement. astragalus distal articular depth The length of an astragalus head (distal articular facet, facet for the navicular). ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 astragalus distal articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000020 The length of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. astragalus greatest height (GH) astragalus maximal length (M1) talus length astragalus length The length of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus greatest height (GH) ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 astragalus length ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000021 The width of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. astragalus width talus breadth astragalus greatest breadth (GB) astragalus maximal breadth (M4) astragalus breadth The width of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 astragalus greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus maximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000022 The maximal length of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. calcaneus greatest length (GL) calcaneus maximal length (M1) calcaneus length The maximal length of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 calcaneus greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 calcaneus maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0000023 The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the medial-lateral axis. calcaneus distal width calcaneus distal maximal breadth (M6) calcaneus greatest breadth (GB) This measurement is taken from the lateral side of the middle articular facet for talus of calcaneus to the medial side of the curboid facet of calcaneum. calcaneus distal breadth The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 calcaneus distal maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000025 The length of the lateral side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis. tibia length of the lateral part (LI) tibia lateral length The length of the lateral side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 tibia length of the lateral part (LI) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0000026 OBSOLETE The width of shaft or diaphysis of a tibia. tibia width unneeded term obsolete tibia diaphysis width true OBSOLETE The width of shaft or diaphysis of a tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000027 OBSOLETE The width of the proximal end of a tibia. breadth of proximal end of tibia not needed obsolete tibia proximal width true OBSOLETE The width of the proximal end of a tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000028 OBSOLETE The width of the distal end of a tibia. breadth of distal end of tibia not needed obsolete tibia distal width true OBSOLETE The width of the distal end of a tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000029 OBSOLETE The depth of the distal end of a tibia. tibia distal width ML duplicate term obsolete tibia distal breadth true FOVT:0000030 The length of a tooth row. tooth row length The length of a tooth row. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0000032 Body length from tip of nose (snout) to cloaca. body length without tail head-body length snout-vent length Body length from tip of nose (snout) to cloaca. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001003 The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to a tragus of an ear. This measurement is often taken in bats. ear length to tragus The length of a line of an ear from a helix of the outer ear to a tragus of an ear. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001004 The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. tibia distal width tibia breadth of the distal end (Bd) tibia distal maximal breadth (M7) tibia distal breadth The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x tibia breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 tibia distal maximal breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001005 The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. tibia depth of the distal end (Dd) tibia distal maximal depth (M8) tibia distal depth The length of a distal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x tibia distal maximal depth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001006 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. tibia proximal width tibia breadth of the proximal end (Bp) tibia proximal maximal breadth (M5) tibia proximal breadth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x tibia breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 tibia proximal maximal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001007 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. tibia proximal maximal depth (M6) tibia proximal depth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x tibia proximal maximal depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001008 The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. tibia diaphysis width tibia minimal breadth (M3) tibia smallest diameter of diaphysis (SD) tibia diaphysis breadth The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 tibia minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 tibia smallest diameter of diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001009 The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. tibia minimal depth of diaphysis (M4) tibia diaphysis depth The length of a diaphysis of a tibia along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 tibia minimal depth of diaphysis (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001021 The length of the medial side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis. tibia medial length (M2) tibia medial length The length of the medial side of a tibia along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 tibia medial length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001022 OBSOLETE The greatest length of a tibia from the proximal-most point of a tibia to the distal-most point of a tibia. duplicate of a term in OBA obsolete tibia greatest length true OBSOLETE The greatest length of a tibia from the proximal-most point of a tibia to the distal-most point of a tibia. Eisenmann, Véra, and V. Eisenmann Michael O. Woodburne PY. Studying Fossil Horses: Collected Papers After the New York International Hipparion Conference, 1981. Vol. 1. Brill Archive, 1988. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001023 The circumference of a diaphysis of a tibia. tibia smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) tibia diaphysis circumference The circumference of a diaphysis of a tibia. ISBN:9780873659505 tibia smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001024 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. femur proximal width femur breadth of proximal end (Bp) femur proximal maximal breadth (M5) femur proximal breadth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 femur breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 femur proximal maximal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001025 The length of the lesser trochanter of femur along the medial-lateral axis. femur trochanter width femur breadth of the region of the trochanter tertius (BTr) femur trochanter breadth The length of the lesser trochanter of femur along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 femur breadth of the region of the trochanter tertius (BTr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001026 The length of a head of femur along the anterior-posterior axis. femur depth of the caput femoris (DC) femur maximal depth of caput femoris (M10) femur caput depth The length of a head of femur along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 femur depth of the caput femoris (DC) ISBN:9780873659505 femur maximal depth of caput femoris (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001027 The length of a diaphysis of femur along the medial-lateral axis. femur diaphysis width femur minimal breadth (M3) femur smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) femur diaphysis breadth The length of a diaphysis of femur along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 femur minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001028 The circumference of the diaphysis of a femur. femur circumference of the diaphysis (CD) femur diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a femur. ISBN:9780873659505 femur circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001029 The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. femur distal width femur breadth of the distal end (Bd) femur distal maximal breadth (M7) femur distal breadth The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x femur breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 femur distal maximal breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001030 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis. femur proximal maximal depth (M6) femur proximal depth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur proximal maximal depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001031 The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis. femur distal maximal depth (M8) femur distal depth The length of a distal epiphysis of a femur along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur distal maximal depth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001032 The length of the medial condyle (trochlea) of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. femur trochlea with femur maximal breadth of the trochlea (M9) femur trochlea breadth The length of the medial condyle (trochlea) of a femur along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur maximal breadth of the trochlea (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001033 The length of a diaphysis of femur along the anterior-posterior axis. femur diameter perpendicular to, and at the level of, femur diaphysis breadth (M4) femur diaphysis depth The length of a diaphysis of femur along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur diameter perpendicular to, and at the level of, femur diaphysis breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001034 The length of a diaphysis of humerus along the medial-lateral axis. humerus diaphysis width humerus minimal breadth (M3) humerus smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) humerus diaphysis breadth The length of a diaphysis of humerus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 humerus minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 humerus smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001035 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. humerus proximal width humerus breadth of the proximal end (Bp) humerus proximal maximal breadth (M5) This is often measured at the epicondyles. humerus proximal breadth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x humerus breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 humerus proximal maximal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001036 The length of a trochlea of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. humerus trochlea width humerus breadth of trochlea (BT) humerus maximal breadth of the trochlea (M7) humerus trochlea breadth The length of a trochlea of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x humerus breadth of trochlea (BT) ISBN:9780873659505 humerus maximal breadth of the trochlea (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001037 The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. humerus distal maximal depth (M8) humerus distal depth The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 humerus distal maximal depth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001038 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. humerus depth of the proximal end (Dp) humerus proximal depth at the level of the median turbecle (M6) This is measured at the level of the median tubercle. humerus proximal depth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 humerus depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 humerus proximal depth at the level of the median turbecle (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001039 The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. humerus distal trochlear breadth humerus distal width humerus breadth of the distal end (Bd) This is often measured across the distal trochlea. humerus distal breadth The length of a distal epiphysis of a humerus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 humerus breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 This is often measured across the distal trochlea. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001040 The length of the diaphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. humerus diameter perpendicular to, and at the level of, humerus diaphysis breadth (M4) humerus diaphysis depth The length of the diaphysis of a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 humerus diameter perpendicular to, and at the level of, humerus diaphysis breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001041 OBSOLETE The width of an astragalus (talus). talus width same as astragalus breadth obsolete astragalus width true OBSOLETE The width of an astragalus (talus). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001042 The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis. talus lateral depth astragalus depth of the lateral half (DI) astragalus lateral depth The length of the lateral side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus depth of the lateral half (DI) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001043 The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis. talus medial depth astragalus depth of medial half (DM) astragalus maximal medial depth (M7) astragalus medial depth The length of the medial side of an astragalus (talus) along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus depth of medial half (DM) ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus maximal medial depth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001044 The length of the distal end of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. astragalus distal width talus distal breadth astragalus AST4 astragalus breadth of the distal end (Bd) astragalus distal breadth The length of the distal end of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. DOI:10.1007/s00267-006-0240-8 ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus AST4 DOI:10.1007/s00267-006-0240-8 astragalus breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001045 The length of the trochlea tali (medial condyle) of an astragulas (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. astragalus diameter of medial condyle astragalus medial trochlea tali length talus medial condyle length astragalus length of the medial part of the trochlea tali (LmT) astragalus maximal diameter of the medial condyle (M2) trochlea tali length The length of the trochlea tali (medial condyle) of an astragulas (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus length of the medial part of the trochlea tali (LmT) ISBN:9780873659505 astragalus maximal diameter of the medial condyle (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001046 The length of the trochlea of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. astragalus condylar breadth astragalus trochlea width talus condylar breadth talus trochlea breadth atragalus breadth of the trochlea (M3) astragalus trochlea breadth The length of the trochlea of an astragalus (talus) along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 atragalus breadth of the trochlea (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001047 The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. calcaneus length of the proximal part (M2) This measurement is from the posterior articular facet for talus of calcaneus to calcaneal tuber. calcaneus proximal length The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus length of the proximal part (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001048 The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. calcaneus distal maximal depth (M7) calcaneus lateral depth (CALD) The anterior-most feature is the tubercle of calcaneus. calcaneus distal depth The length of a distal end of a caclcaneus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 https://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/7-1/Purdue1987.pdf calcaneus distal maximal depth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus lateral depth (CALD) https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50198/ FOVT:0001053 The mass of a multicellur organism after removing internal organs. gutted body mass The mass of a multicellur organism after removing internal organs. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001054 The mass of a multicellular organism after being skinned. skinned body mass The mass of a multicellular organism after being skinned. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001055 The mass of a multicellur organism skeletal elements (i.e., bones) without skin, internal organs, or other soft tissue. bone mass mass of skeleton The mass of a multicellur organism skeletal elements (i.e., bones) without skin, internal organs, or other soft tissue. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001056 The mass of a mutlicellular organism after being both gutted (i.e., internal organs removed) and skinned. gutted and skinned body mass The mass of a mutlicellular organism after being both gutted (i.e., internal organs removed) and skinned. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001057 The length of a testis. testis length The length of a testis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001058 The length of a testis on the right side. right testis length The length of a testis on the right side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001059 The length of a testis on the left side. left testis length The length of a testis on the left side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001060 The length of a gonad. gonad length The length of a gonad. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001061 The length of the lateral side of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. humerus greatest length of lateral part (GLI) This measurement is from lateral tuberosity to lateral border of the trochlea. humerus lateral length The length of the lateral side of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 humerus greatest length of lateral part (GLI) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001062 The length of an ovary. ovary length The length of an ovary. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001063 The length of an ovary on the right side. right ovary length The length of an ovary on the right side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001064 The length of an ovary on the left side. left ovary length The length of an ovary on the left side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001065 The length of the anterior tibial tuberosity (fossa digitalis) along the anterior-posterior axis. tibia length of the fossa digitalis (M9) anterior tibial tuberosity length The length of the anterior tibial tuberosity (fossa digitalis) along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 tibia length of the fossa digitalis (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001066 OBSOLETE The length along the medial-lateral axis of the caput of the humerus. humerus proximal length AP at median tubercule Redundant with another term obsolete humerus proximal depth at median tubercle true OBSOLETE The length along the medial-lateral axis of the caput of the humerus. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001067 The length of the trochlear sulcus (trochlear groove) of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. humerus minimal trochlear height (M10) humerus trochlear sulcus height The length of the trochlear sulcus (trochlear groove) of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 humerus minimal trochlear height (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001068 The length of the distal medial trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. humerus medial trochlear depth humerus maximal trochlear height (H9) humerus medial trochlear height The length of the distal medial trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 humerus maximal trochlear height (H9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001069 The length of the sagittal crest of a trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. humerus trochlear depth humerus trochlear depth at sagittal crest trochlear height at the sagittal creast (near the condyle) (M11) humerus trochlear height at sagittal crest The length of the sagittal crest of a trochlea of a humerus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 trochlear height at the sagittal creast (near the condyle) (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001070 The length from a head of femur (caput) to a lateral condyle of femur. femur greatest length from caput femoris (GLC) femur length from caput femoris to lateral condyle (M2) femur length from caput to lateral condyle The length from a head of femur (caput) to a lateral condyle of femur. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 femur greatest length from caput femoris (GLC) ISBN:9780873659505 femur length from caput femoris to lateral condyle (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001071 The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis. ulna length of the olecranon (LO) ulna length of the olecranon (M2) olecranon length The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x ulna length of the olecranon (LO) ISBN:9780873659505 ulna length of the olecranon (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001072 The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the medial-lateral axis. ulna facies articularis proximalis breadth ulna coronoid process breadth ulna proximal articula width ulna breadth across the coronoid process, breadth of the proximal articular surface (BPC) ulna maximal articular breadth (M3) ulna proximal articular breadth The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 ulna breadth across the coronoid process, breadth of the proximal articular surface (BPC) ISBN:9780873659505 ulna maximal articular breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001073 not needed obsolete ulna width true obsolete ulna width https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001074 The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis. ulna minimal depth of the olecranon (M4) ulna smallest depth of the olecranon (SDO) Olecranon depth is often measured at the epicondyles. olecranon depth The length of an olecranon of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 ulna minimal depth of the olecranon (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ulna smallest depth of the olecranon (SDO) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001075 The length of the lateral side of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis. ulna greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ulna lateral length The length of the lateral side of an ulna along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x ulna greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001076 The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis. depth across the processus anconaeus (M5) (DPA) ulna depth across the process anaconaeus The length of the humeral facet of an ulna along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 depth across the processus anconaeus (M5) (DPA) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001077 The length along the midline of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. length of talus along the midline astragalus AST3 This measurement is from the astragalus head (distal articular facet for the navicular) to sulcus tali. length of astragalus along the midline The length along the midline of an astragalus (talus) along the proximal-distal axis. DOI:10.1007/s00267-006-0240-8 astragalus AST3 DOI:10.1007/s00267-006-0240-8 FOVT:0001078 The length of a calcaneal body along the medial-lateral axis. width of calcaneal body calcaneus minimal breadth (M3) This is the narrowest section of the calcaneus. breadth of calcaneal body The length of a calcaneal body along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001079 OBSOLETE The width of a calcaneus. calcaneus CALD calcaneus breadth calcaneus length ML not needed obsolete calcaneus width true OBSOLETE The width of a calcaneus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 calcaneus CALD DOI:10.1007/s00267-006-0240-8 FOVT:0001080 The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the medial-lateral axis. calcaneus proximal width calcaneus proximal maximal breadth (M4) calcaneus proximal breadth The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus proximal maximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001081 The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus from a lateral tubercle of calcaneus to a medial tubercle of calcaneus. calcaneus maximal depth calcaneus proximal maximal depth (M5) calcaneus proximal depth The length of the proximal end of a calcaneus from a lateral tubercle of calcaneus to a medial tubercle of calcaneus. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 calcaneus proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001082 The length of a calcaneal body along the anterior-posterior axis. depth of calcaneal body The length of a calcaneal body along the anterior-posterior axis. https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50198/ FOVT:0001123 The length of the medial side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis. radius medial length (M2) radius medial length The length of the medial side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x radius medial length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001124 The length of the lateral side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis. radius length of the lateral part (Ll) radius lateral length The length of the lateral side of a radius along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 radius length of the lateral part (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001125 The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. radius diaphysis width radius minimal breadth (M3) radius smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) radius diaphysis breadth The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 radius minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001126 The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the anterior-posterior axis. radius depth of diaphysis at level of radius diaphysis breadth (M4) radius diaphysis depth The length of a diaphysis of a radius along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius depth of diaphysis at level of radius diaphysis breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001127 The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with the humerus along the medial-lateral axis. proximal articular width radius proximal articular width radius greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (humeral articular surface (BFp) radius proximal artiuclar breadth (M5) radius proximal articular breadth The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with the humerus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x radius greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (humeral articular surface (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 radius proximal artiuclar breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001128 The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. radius proximal articular depth (M6) radius proximal articular depth The length of an articular surface on the proximal end of a radius that interacts with a humerus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00098.x radius proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001129 The length of a proximal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. radius proximal width radius greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) radius proximal maximal breadth (M7) radius proximal breadth The length of a proximal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 radius greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 radius proximal maximal breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001130 The width along the medial-lateral axis of the distal end of a radius. radius distal articular width radius facies articularis distalis breadth (M8) radius greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) radius distal articular breadth The width along the medial-lateral axis of the distal end of a radius. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 radius facies articularis distalis breadth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001131 The length of the articular surface on the distal end of a radius that interacts with the carpals along the anterior-posterior axis. radius distal articular depth (M9) radius distal articular depth The length of the articular surface on the distal end of a radius that interacts with the carpals along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius distal articular depth (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001132 The length of a distal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. radius distal width radius distal maximal breadth (M10) radius greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) This is often measured across the epicondyles. radius distal breadth The length of a distal epiphysis of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 radius distal maximal breadth (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001133 The length of a radius from the proximal articular surface to the distal articular surface. radius physiological length (PL) radius length from the proximal articular surface to the distal articular surface The length of a radius from the proximal articular surface to the distal articular surface. ISBN:9780873659505 radius physiological length (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001134 The circumference of a diaphysis of a radius. radius smallest circumference of diaphysis (CD) radius diaphysis circumference The circumference of a diaphysis of a radius. ISBN:9780873659505 radius smallest circumference of diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001135 already in OBA DEPRECATED metatarsal bone length true FOVT:0001136 OBSOLETE The length of the metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. 2021-06-03T22:41:34Z already exists obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 length true OBSOLETE The length of the metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. Eisenmann, Véra, and V. Eisenmann Michael O. Woodburne PY. Studying Fossil Horses: Collected Papers After the New York International Hipparion Conference, 1981. Vol. 1. Brill Archive, 1988. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001137 OBSOLETE The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. 2021-06-03T22:44:56Z class already exists obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 3 length true OBSOLETE The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. Eisenmann, Véra, and V. Eisenmann Michael O. Woodburne PY. Studying Fossil Horses: Collected Papers After the New York International Hipparion Conference, 1981. Vol. 1. Brill Archive, 1988. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001138 OBSOLETE The length of the metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. 2021-06-03T22:46:16Z class already exists obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 4 length true OBSOLETE The length of the metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. Eisenmann, Véra, and V. Eisenmann Michael O. Woodburne PY. Studying Fossil Horses: Collected Papers After the New York International Hipparion Conference, 1981. Vol. 1. Brill Archive, 1988. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001139 OBSOLETE The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. 2021-06-03T22:50:27Z class already exists obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 5 length true OBSOLETE The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001140 The length of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest length (GL) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 length The length of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001141 The length of a metapodial bone. length of metapodial bone metapodial bone length The length of a metapodial bone. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001142 The length of a metapodial bone of digit 2. length of metapodial bone of digit 2 metapodial bone of digit 2 length The length of a metapodial bone of digit 2. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001143 The length of fused metapodial bones 3 and 4. length of fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 length The length of fused metapodial bones 3 and 4. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001144 The length of a metapodial bone of digit 4. length of metapodial bone of digit 4 metapodial bone of digit 4 length The length of a metapodial bone of digit 4. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001145 The length of a metapodial bone of digit 5. length of metapodial bone of digit 5 metapodial bone of digit 5 length The length of a metapodial bone of digit 5. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001146 The length of a metapodial bone of digit 3. length of metapodial bone of digit 3. metapodial bone of digit 3 length The length of a metapodial bone of digit 3. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001147 OBSOLETE The width of a radius. radius breadth width of radius bone obsolete radius width true OBSOLETE The width of a radius. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001148 OBSOLETE The width of the distal end of a radius. not needed obsolete radius distal width true OBSOLETE The width of the distal end of a radius. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001149 OBSOLETE The width of the proximal end of a radius. 2021-06-17T00:54:08Z unneeded term obsolete radius proximal width true OBSOLETE The width of the proximal end of a radius. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001150 OBSOLETE The width of the arcitular surface that articulates with the humerus located on the proximal end of a radius. 2021-06-17T00:57:18Z unneeded term obsolete radius proximal articular width true OBSOLETE The width of the arcitular surface that articulates with the humerus located on the proximal end of a radius. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001151 OBSOLETE The length of a fibula along the proximal-distal axis. 2021-07-22T21:20:50Z length of fibula Already exists in OBA. obsolete fibula length true OBSOLETE The length of a fibula along the proximal-distal axis. von den Driesch, Angela. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites: as developed by the Institut für Palaeoanatomie, Domestikationsforschung und Geschichte der Tiermedizin of the University of Munich . Vol. 1. Peabody Museum Press, 1976. FOVT:0001152 The length of the dorsal side of a scapula along the proximal-distal axis. scapula greatest dorsal length (Ld) scapula dorsal length The length of the dorsal side of a scapula along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 scapula greatest dorsal length (Ld) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001153 The length of a scapular spine along the proximal-distal axis. scapula height along the spine (HS) scapula spine length The length of a scapular spine along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 scapula height along the spine (HS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001154 The length of the neck of a scapula. collum scapulae length scapula neck width scapula minimal breadth at the neck (M2) smallest length of the collum scapulae (SLC) In non-apes (not Hominoidea), this is measured along the medial-lateral axis; in Apes (Hominoidea) this is measured along the anterior-posterior axis. scapula neck breadth The length of the neck of a scapula. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 scapula minimal breadth at the neck (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 smallest length of the collum scapulae (SLC) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001155 The length of a glenoid cavity. scapula articular maximal breadth (M4) scapula length of glenoid cavity (LG) In non-anatomical humans (i.e., not Homo), this is measured along the anterior-posterior axis; in anatomical humans (Homo) this is measured along the superior-inferior (upper-lower) axis. glenoid cavity length The length of a glenoid cavity. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 scapula articular maximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 scapula length of glenoid cavity (LG) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001156 The length of a glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) along the proximal-distal axis. scapula articular maximal depth (M5) scapula breadth of glenoid cavity (BG) glenoid cavity breadth The length of a glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa) along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 scapula articular maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 scapula breadth of glenoid cavity (BG) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001157 The depth of a scapula along the anterior-posterior axis. scapula maximal depth of spina (M6) scapula depth The depth of a scapula along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 scapula maximal depth of spina (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001158 OBSOLETE The width of the diaphysis of a radius. 2021-07-27T23:38:42Z unneeded obsolete radius diaphysis width true OBSOLETE The width of the diaphysis of a radius. ORCID: 0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001159 The mass of the viscera (internal organs). mass of viscera The mass of the viscera (internal organs). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001160 OBSOLETE The mass of the skin of an organism. 2021-07-27T23:59:50Z Term already exists. obsolete skin mass true OBSOLETE The mass of the skin of an organism. ORCID: 0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001161 The length of a radial condyle (styloid notch) of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. radial condyle width radial notch breadth radius lateral distal condyle breadth radius breadth of the radial condyle (M11) radial condyle breadth The length of a radial condyle (styloid notch) of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius breadth of the radial condyle (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001162 The length of the ulnar codyle (ulnar notch) of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. medial distal condyle breadth ulnar condyle width ulnar notch breadth radius breadth of the ulnar condyle (M12) ulnar condyle breadth The length of the ulnar codyle (ulnar notch) of a radius along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 radius breadth of the ulnar condyle (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001163 The length of a patella along the proximal-distal axis. patella greatest length (GL) patella length The length of a patella along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 patella greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001164 The length of a patella along th medial-lateral axis. patella width patella greatest breadth (GB) patella breadth The length of a patella along th medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 patella greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001165 OBSOLETE The length on the lateral edge of a scapula along the anterior-posterior axis. does not exist obsolete scapula lateral depth true OBSOLETE The length on the lateral edge of a scapula along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001166 The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 molar tooth 1 length ML secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001167 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a upper molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 need to add upper molar tooth 1 upper molar tooth 1 length ML redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a upper molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001168 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add lower molar tooth 1 need to add secondary molar tooth 1 lower molar tooth 1 length ML redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001169 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary molar tooth 1 length ML upper secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001170 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary molar tooth 1 length ML no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001171 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary molar tooth 1 length ML lower secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001172 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary molar tooth 1 length ML no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001173 The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001174 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 upper molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001175 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of lower molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 lower molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of lower molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001176 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001177 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001178 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001179 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 1 occlusal surface length true FOVT:0001180 The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001181 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 upper molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001182 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 lower molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001183 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001184 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001185 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001186 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001187 The length of the occlusal surface a molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface a molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001188 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 upper molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001189 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 lower molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001190 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001191 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001192 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001193 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 2 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary molar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001194 The length of the occlusal surface of molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001195 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 upper molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001196 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 lower molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001197 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001198 not a tooth DEPRECATED upper primary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width true FOVT:0001199 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal length ML lower secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001200 The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001201 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 upper molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001202 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 lower molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001203 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001204 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary molar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001205 The length of the occlusal surface of molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001206 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral surface. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 upper molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 4 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001207 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 lower molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 4 occlusal surface width true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001208 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface width FOVT:0001209 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondry molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondry molar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001210 The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001211 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 upper molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete upper molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of an upper molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001212 OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 4 lower molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP redundant obsolete lower molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length true OBSOLETE. The length of the occlusal surface of a lower molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001213 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001214 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary molar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001215 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001216 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. upper premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML upper premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001217 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML lower premolar tooth 1 occlusal suface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001218 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001219 The length of the occlusal surface or an upper primary premolar 1 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML upper primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface or an upper primary premolar 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001220 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001221 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length ML lower primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001222 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001223 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP upper premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001224 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP lower premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001225 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001226 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal tooth length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001227 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length AP lower primary premolar tooth 1 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001228 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001229 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. upper premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML upper premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001230 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML lower premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001231 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001232 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML upper primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001233 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001234 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length ML lower primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 2 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001235 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001236 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. upper premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP upper premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001237 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP lower premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001238 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001239 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. upper primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP upper primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001240 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001241 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. lower primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length AP lower primary premolar tooth 2 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 2 along the anterior-posterior surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001242 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001243 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. upper premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML upper premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001244 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML lower premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001245 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001246 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML upper primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001247 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001248 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length ML lower primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001249 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001250 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP upper premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length FOVT:0001251 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP lower premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001252 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondry premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001253 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP upper primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001254 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001255 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior reference. lower primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length AP lower primary premolar tooth 3 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior reference. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001256 The length of the occlusal surface of premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001257 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. upper premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML upper premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001258 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML lower premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001259 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001260 The length of the occlusal surfce of an upper primary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML upper primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surfce of an upper primary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001261 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondry premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001262 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length ML lower primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001263 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior surface. premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior surface. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001264 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP upper premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001265 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP lower premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001266 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001267 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP upper primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001268 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001269 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length AP lower primary premolar tooth 4 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001270 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. premolar tooth 4 length ML premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001271 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. upper premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length ML upper premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001272 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 5 occlusal suface length ML lower premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001273 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length ML upper secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001274 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. upper primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length ML upper primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001275 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length ML lower secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower secondary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001276 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. lower primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length ML lower primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface width The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001277 The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar tooth 5 occlusal surfce length AP premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001278 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP upper premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001279 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP lower premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001280 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper secondary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001281 The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP upper primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of an upper primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001282 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001283 The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length AP lower primary premolar tooth 5 occlusal surface length The length of the occlusal surface of a lower primary premolar tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001284 The length of an upper tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. upper tooth row length AP upper tooth row length The length of an upper tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001285 The length of a lower tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. lower tooth row length AP lower tooth row length The length of a lower tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001286 The height of a canine tooth crown along the superior-anterior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under cuspid crown height canine tooth crown height The height of a canine tooth crown along the superior-anterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001287 The height of a lower canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower cuspid crown height lower canine tooth crown height The height of a lower canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001288 The height of an upper canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper cuspid crown height upper canine tooth crown height The height of an upper canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001289 The height of an upper secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper seconday cuspid crown height upper secondary canine tooth crown height The height of an upper secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001290 The height of a lower secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under height of the canine lower secondary cuspid crown height The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 21 Canis, 17 Ursus. lower secondary canine tooth crown height The height of a lower secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 height of the canine ISBN:9780873659505 The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 21 Canis, 17 Ursus. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001291 The height of an upper primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper primary cuspid crown height upper primary canine tooth crown height The height of an upper primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001292 The height of a lower primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower primary cuspid crown height lower primary canine tooth crown height The height of a lower primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001293 The height of a secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under secondary cuspid crown height secondary canine tooth crown height The height of a secondary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001294 The height of a primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under primary cuspid crown height primary canine tooth crown height The height of a primary canine tooth crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001295 The length of the occlusal surface of premolars along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar tooth row length The length of the occlusal surface of premolars along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001296 The length of the occlusal surface of molars along the anterior-posterior axis. molar tooth row length The length of the occlusal surface of molars along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001297 The length of an upper premolar tooth row along the anterior-posterior length. upper premolar tooth row length The length of an upper premolar tooth row along the anterior-posterior length. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001298 The length of a lower premolar tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth row length The length of a lower premolar tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001299 The length of a lower molar tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. lower molar tooth row length The length of a lower molar tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001300 The length of an upper tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. upper molar tooth row length The length of an upper tooth row along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001301 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under canine tooth diameter AP cuspid diameter AP cuspid tooth anterior-posterior diameter canine tooth anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001302 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper canine tooth diameter AP upper cuspid anterior-posterior diameter upper cuspid diameter AP upper canine tooth anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001303 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower canine tooth diameter AP lower cuspid anterior-posterior diameter lower cuspid diameter AP lower canine tooth anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001304 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper secondary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under greatest diameter of the canine alveolus upper secondary canine tooth diameter AP upper secondary cuspid anterior-posterior diameter upper secondary cuspid diameter AP The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 21 Sus upper secondary canine tooth anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper secondary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 upper secondary cuspid anterior-posterior diameter ISBN:9780873659505 The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 21 Sus ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001305 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower secondary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior diameter. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower secondaray canine tooth diameter AP lower secondry cuspid anterior-posterior diameter lower secondary canine anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower secondary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior diameter. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001306 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper primary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior diameter. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper primary canine tooth diameter AP upper primary cuspid anterior-posterior diameter upper primary cuspid diameter AP upper primary canine anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper primary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior diameter. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001307 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower primary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower primary canine tooth diameter AP lower primary cuspid anterior-posterior diameter lower primary cuspid diameter AP lower primary canine tooth anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower primary canine tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001308 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under canine tooth diameter ML cuspid diameter ML cuspid medial-lateral diameter canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001309 The diameter at a base (alveoli) of an upper canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under cuspid diameter ML upper canine tooth diameter AP upper cuspid medial-lateral diameter The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 27 Felis upper canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at a base (alveoli) of an upper canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001310 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower canine tooth diameter ML lower cuspid diameter ML lower cuspid medial-lateral diameter lower canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001311 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper secondary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under breadth of the canine alveoli upper secondary canine tooth diameter ML upper secondary cuspid diameter ML upper secondary cuspid medial-lateral diameter The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 27 Felis upper secondary canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper secondary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 breadth of the canine alveoli ISBN:9780873659505 The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 27 Felis ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001312 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower secondary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower secondary canine tooth diameter ML lower secondary cuspid diameter ML lower secondary cuspid medial-lateral diameter lower secondary canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower secondary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001313 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper primary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under upper primary canine tooth diameter ML upper primary cuspid diameter ML upper primary cuspid medial-lateral diameter upper primary canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of an upper primary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001314 The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower primary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. need to add "alveolar process of mandible" for logical definition need to add "canine tooth size trait" for this term to be nested under lower primary canine tooth diameter ML lower primary cuspid diameter ML lower primary cuspid medial-lateral diameter lower primary canine tooth medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base (alveoli) of a lower primary canine tooth along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001315 The length of a tooth row on the left side along the anterior-posterior axis. upper left tooth row length AP upper left tooth row length The length of a tooth row on the left side along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001316 The length of an upper tooth row on the right side along the anterior-posterior axis. upper right tooth row length AP upper right tooth row length The length of an upper tooth row on the right side along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001317 The length of molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. molar tooth 1-2 length AP molar tooth 1-2 length The length of molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001318 The length of molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. molar tooth 1-3 length AP molar tooth 1-3 length The length of molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001319 The length of molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. molar tooth 1-4 length AP molar tooth 1-4 length The length of molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001320 The length of upper molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper molar tooth 1-2 length AP upper molar tooth 1-2 length The length of upper molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001321 The length of lower molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower molar tooth 1-2 length AP lower molar tooth 1-2 length The length of lower molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001322 The length of upper secondary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 1-2 length AP upper secondary molar tooth 1-2 length The length of upper secondary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001323 The length of lower secondary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 1-2 length AP lower secondary molar tooth 1-2 length The length of lower secondary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001324 OBSOLETE. The length of upper primary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary molar tooth 1-2 length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 1-2 length true OBSOLETE. The length of upper primary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001325 OBSOLETE. The length of lower primary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary molar tooth 1-2 length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 1-2 length true OBSOLETE. The length of lower primary molar teeth 1-2 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001326 The length of upper molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper molar tooth 1-3 length AP upper molar tooth 1-3 length The length of upper molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001327 The length of lower molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower molar tooth 1-3 length AP lower molar tooth 1-3 length The length of lower molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001328 The length of upper secondary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary molar tooth 1-3 length AP upper secondary molar tooth 1-3 length The length of upper secondary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001329 The length of lower secondary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary molar tooth 1-3 length AP lower secondary molar tooth 1-3 length The length of lower secondary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001330 OBSOLETE. The length of upper primary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary molar tooth 1-3 length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete upper primary molar tooth 1-3 length true OBSOLETE. The length of upper primary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001331 OBSOLETE. The length of lower primary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary molar tooth 1-3 length AP no primary molars, term should not exist obsolete lower primary molar tooth 1-3 length true OBSOLETE. The length of lower primary molar teeth 1-3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001332 The length of upper molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper molar tooth 1-4 length AP upper molar tooth 1-4 length The length of upper molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001333 The length of lower molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower molar tooth 1-4 length AP lower molar tooth 1-4 length The length of lower molar teeth 1-4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001334 The length of premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. premolar 4 to molar 3 length AP premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001335 The length of upper premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP upper premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length FOVT:0001336 The length of lower premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP lower premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of lower premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001337 The length of upper secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP upper secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of upper secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001338 The length of upper primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP upper primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of upper primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001339 The length of lower secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP lower secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of lower secondary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001340 The length of lower primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length AP lower primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 length The length of lower primary premolar tooth 4 to molar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001341 The length of canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length AP cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length AP canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length The length of canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001342 The length of upper canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length AP upper cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length upper cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length AP upper canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length The length of upper canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001343 The length of lower canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length AP lower cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length lower cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length AP lower canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length The length of lower canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001344 The length of upper secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. upper secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length AP upper secondary cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length AP upper secondary cuspid tooth to premolar tooth 3 length upper secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length The length of upper secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001345 The length of lower secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. lower secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length AP lower secondary cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length lower secondary cuspid to premolar tooth 3 length AP lower secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 length The length of lower secondary canine tooth to premolar tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001346 The length of diastema between central incisors along the anterior-posterior axis. diastema between central incisors length The length of diastema between central incisors along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001347 The length of diastema between lower central incisors along the anterior-posterior axis. diastema between lower central incisors length The length of diastema between lower central incisors along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001348 The height of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001349 The length of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. upper secondary premolar tooth 4 crown height The length of an upper secondary premolar tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001350 The length of the anterior side of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 3 anterior length ML lower premolar tooth 3 anterior width The length of the anterior side of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001351 The length of the posterior side of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. lower premolar tooth 3 posterior length ML lower premolar tooth 3 posterior width The length of the posterior side of a lower premolar tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001354 The length of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis metacarpal III smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) third metacarpal depth of the diaphysis at the level of M3 (M4) metacarpal bone of digit 3 diaphysis depth The length of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal III smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 third metacarpal depth of the diaphysis at the level of M3 (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001355 The length of the shaft of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal III smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) third metacarpal miniaml breadth (near the middle of the body) (M3) metacarpal bone of digit 3 diaphysis breadth The length of the shaft of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 third metacarpal miniaml breadth (near the middle of the body) (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001356 The length of the articular surface on the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal III distal breadth (Bd) metacarpal III proximal articular breadth (M5) metacarpal bone of digit 3 proximal articular breadth The length of the articular surface on the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III distal breadth (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III proximal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001357 The length of the articular surface on the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. third metacarpal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) metacarpal bone of digit 3 distal articular breadth The length of the articular surface on the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001358 The length of the lateral condyle on the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. third metacarpal distal minimal depth of the lateral condyle (13) metacarpal bone of digit 3 lateral condyle depth The length of the lateral condyle on the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal distal minimal depth of the lateral condyle (13) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001359 The length of a pelvis along the proximal-distal axis. pelvis greatest length of one half (GL) pelvis length The length of a pelvis along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 pelvis greatest length of one half (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001360 The length of an acetabulum along the upper-lower axis. length of the acetabulum including the lip (LA) This measurement includes the lip of the acetabulum. acetabulum length (including the lip) The length of an acetabulum along the upper-lower axis. ISBN:9780873659505 length of the acetabulum including the lip (LA) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001361 The length of an acetabulum up to the rim of an acetabulum along the upper-lower axis. diameter of the acetabulum (M1) length of the acetabulum to the rim (LAR) This measurement does not include the lip. acetabulum length (to the rim) The length of an acetabulum up to the rim of an acetabulum along the upper-lower axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 diameter of the acetabulum (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 length of the acetabulum to the rim (LAR) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001362 The length of a pubic symphysis along the proximal-distal axis. length of the symphysis (LS) This is only measured when the two halves of the pubis are fused. pubic symphysis length The length of a pubic symphysis along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN: 9780873659505 length of the symphysis (LS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001363 The length of an ilial shaft along the dorsal-ventral axis. smallest height of the shaft of ilium (SH) ilial shaft height The length of an ilial shaft along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 smallest height of the shaft of ilium (SH) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001364 The length of an ilial shaft along the medial-lateral axis. ilial shaft width smallest breadth of the shaft of ilium (SB) ilial shaft breadth The length of an ilial shaft along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 smallest breadth of the shaft of ilium (SB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001365 The length of the articular process on the lateral end of a scapula along the medial-lateral axis. scapula geatest length of the processus articularis (glenoid process) (GLP) scapula maximal breadth of the articular process (M3) This is measured from the articular process. scapula lateral breadth The length of the articular process on the lateral end of a scapula along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 scapula geatest length of the processus articularis (glenoid process) (GLP) ISBN:9780873659505 scapula maximal breadth of the articular process (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001366 OBSOLETE The length of a testis on the right side. 2022-05-05T23:24:47Z testis length made an error, made new term obsolete right testis length true OBSOLETE The length of a testis on the right side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001367 2022-05-05T23:27:11Z made error, term already exists obsolete right testis length true FOVT:0001368 The width of a testis. testis width The width of a testis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001369 The width of a gonad. gonad width The width of a gonad. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001370 OBSOLETE The length of an ovary on the right side. 2022-05-05T23:45:43Z ovary length didn't realize the term already existed obsolete right ovary length true OBSOLETE The length of an ovary on the right side. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001371 The width of an ovary. ovary width The width of an ovary. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001372 The circumference of an ilial shaft. smallest circumference of the shaft of ilium (SC) ilial shaft circumference The circumference of an ilial shaft. ISBN:9780873659505 smallest circumference of the shaft of ilium (SC) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001373 The length of a formaen obturatum along the proximal-distal axis. inner foramen obturatum length (LFo) foramen obturatum length The length of a formaen obturatum along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 inner foramen obturatum length (LFo) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001374 The length of a tubera coxarum. tubera coxarum width greatest breadth across the tubera coxarum (GBTc) tubera coxarum breadth The length of a tubera coxarum. ISBN:9780873659505 greatest breadth across the tubera coxarum (GBTc) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001375 The length of an acetabula along the medial-lateral axis. acetablua width greatest breadth across the acetabula (GBA) acetabula breadth The length of an acetabula along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 greatest breadth across the acetabula (GBA) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001376 The length of an ischial tuberosity along the medial-lateral axis. tubera ischiadica width greatest breadth across the tubera ischiadica (GBTi) tubera ischiadica breadth The length of an ischial tuberosity along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 greatest breadth across the tubera ischiadica (GBTi) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001377 The length across both ischia along the medial-lateral axis. ischia width smallest breadth across the bodies of the ischia (SBI) ischia breadth The length across both ischia along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 smallest breadth across the bodies of the ischia (SBI) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001378 The length of the lateral side of a calcaneus along the proximal-distal axis. lateral depth of the calcaneum (CALD) calcaneus lateral depth The length of the lateral side of a calcaneus along the proximal-distal axis. https://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/7-1/Purdue1987.pdf lateral depth of the calcaneum (CALD) https://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/7-1/Purdue1987.pdf FOVT:0001379 The length of a forearm. fore-arm length This is measured from the end of the ulna to the end of the carpus. forearm length The length of a forearm. DOI:10.1080/00445096.1965.11447303 This is measured from the end of the ulna to the end of the carpus. DOI:10.1080/00445096.1965.11447303 FOVT:0001380 The height of a secondary molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 1 secondary molar tooth 1 crown height The height of a secondary molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001381 The height of an upper molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. M1 crown height need to add secondary molar tooth 1 upper secondary molar tooth 1 crown height The height of an upper molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001382 The height of a lower molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. m1 crown height need to add secondary molar tooth 1 lower secondary molar tooth 1 crown height The height of a lower molar tooth 1 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001383 The height of a secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 2 secondary molar tooth 2 crown height The height of a secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001384 The height of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. m2 crown height lower secondary molar tooth 2 crown height The height of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001385 The height of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. M2 crown height upper secondary molar tooth 2 crown height The height of an upper secondary molar tooth 2 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001386 The height of a secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. need to add secondary molar tooth 3 to logical definition secondary molar tooth 3 crown height The height of a secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001387 The height of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. m3 crown height lower secondary molar tooth 3 crown height The height of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001388 The height of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. M3 crown height upper secondary molar tooth 3 crown height The height of an upper secondary molar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001389 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid along the left-right axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001390 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001391 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid along the left-right axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001392 The lenght of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid length The lenght of a lower secondary molar tooth 1 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001393 The widht of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid along the left-right axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid width The widht of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001394 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001395 The widht of a lower secondary molar 2 talonid along the left-right axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar 2 talonid width The widht of a lower secondary molar 2 talonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001396 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 2 talonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 2 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001397 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid along the left-right axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001398 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001399 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid along the left-right axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001400 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 3 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001401 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid along the left-right axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001402 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add trigonid lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 trigonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001403 The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid along the left-right axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid width The width of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid along the left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001404 The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add talonid lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid length The length of a lower secondary molar tooth 4 talonid along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001405 The height of a premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of a premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001406 The height of an upper premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. upper premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of an upper premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001407 The height of a lower premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. lower premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of a lower premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001408 OBSOLETE. The height of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. term already exists obsolete upper secondary premolar tooth 3 crown height true OBSOLETE. The height of an upper secondary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001409 The height of a secondary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. lower secondary premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of a secondary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001410 The height of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. upper primary premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of an upper primary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001411 The height of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. lower primary premolar tooth 3 crown height The height of a lower primary premolar tooth 3 crown along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001500 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. central incisor anterior-posterior diameter central incisor diameter AP incisor 1 diameter AP incisor tooth 1 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) tooth along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001501 The diameter at the base of an upper incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. upper central incisor anterior-posterior diameter upper central incisor diameter AP upper incisor tooth 1 diameter AP upper incisor tooth 1 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an upper incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001502 The diameter at the base of a lower incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible lower central incisor anterior-posterior diameter lower central incisor diameter AP lower incisor tooth 1 diameter AP lower incisor tooth 1 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001503 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. I1 anterior-posterior diameter I1 diameter AP upper secondary central incisor anterior-posterior diameter upper secondary central incisor diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 1 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 1 anterior-posterior diameter FOVT:0001504 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible i1 anterior-posterior diameter i1 diameter AP lower secondary central incisor anterior-posterior diameter lower secondary central incisor diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 1 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 1 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001505 The diameter at the base of a incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. central incisor diameter ML central incisor medial-lateral diameter incisor tooth 1 diameter ML incisor tooth 1 medial-lateral diameter FOVT:0001506 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. I1 diameter ML I1 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary central incisor diameter ML upper secondary central tooth medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 1 diameter ML upper secondary incisor tooth 1 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 1 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001507 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible i1 diameter ML i1 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary central incisor diameter ML lower secondary central incisor medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 1 diameter ML lower secondary incisor tooth 1 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001508 The height of an incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. central incisor crown height incisor tooth 1 crown height The height of an incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001509 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. I1 crown height upper secondary central incisor crown height upper secondary incisor tooth 1 crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001510 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. i1 crown height lower secondary central incisor crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 1 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 1 (central incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001511 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. incisor tooth 2 diameter AP lateral incisor tooth anterior-posterior diameter lateral incisor tooth diameter AP incisor tooth 2 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001512 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. I2 anterior-posterior diameter I2 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 2 diameter AP upper secondary lateral incisor anterior-posterior diameter upper secondary lateral incisor diameter AP'has exact synonym' upper secondary incisor tooth 2 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001513 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible i2 anterior-posterior diameter i2 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 2 diameter AP lower secondary lateral incisor anterior-posterior diameter lower secondary lateral incisor diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 2 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001514 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. incisor tooth 2 diameter ML lateral incisor diameter ML'has exact synonym' lateral incisor medial-lateral diameter incisor tooth 2 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001515 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. I2 diameter ML I2 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 2 diameter ML upper secondary lateral incisor diameter ML upper secondary lateral incisor medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 2 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001516 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible i2 diameter ML i2 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 2 diameter ML lower secondary lateral incisor diameter ML lower secondary lateral incisor medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 2 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001517 The height of an incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. lateral incisor crown height incisor tooth 2 crown height FOVT:0001518 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. I2 crown height upper secondary lateral incisor crown height upper secondary incisor tooth 2 crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 2 (lateral incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001519 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth (lateral incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. i2 crown height lower secondary lateral incisor crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 2 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth (lateral incisor) along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001520 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 incisor tooth 3 diameter AP incisor tooth 3 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001521 The diameter of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 I3 anterior-posterior diameter I3 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 3 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 3 anterior-posteior diameter The diameter of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001522 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 3 i3 anterior-posterior diameter i3 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 3 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 3 anterior-posterior diameter FOVT:0001523 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 incisor tooth 3 diamter ML incisor tooth 3 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001524 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 I3 diameter ML I3 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 3 diameter ML upper secondary incisor tooth 3 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001525 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 3 i3 diameter ML i3 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 3 diameter ML lower secondary incisor tooth 3 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 3 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001526 The height of an incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 incisor tooth 3 crown height The height of an incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001527 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 I3 crown height upper secondary incisor tooth 3 crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001528 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 3 i3 crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 3 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 3 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001529 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 incisor tooth 4 diameter AP incisor tooth 4 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001530 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 I4 anterior-posterior diameter I4 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 4 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 4 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001531 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 4 i4 anterior-posterior diameter i4 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 4 diamter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 4 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001532 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 incisor tooth 4 diameter ML incisor tooth 4 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001533 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 I4 diameter ML I4 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 4 diameter ML upper secondary incisor tooth 4 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001534 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 4 i4 diameter ML i4 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 4 diameter ML lower secondary incisor tooth 4 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001535 The height of an incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 incisor tooth 4 crown height The height of an incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001536 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 I4 crown height upper secondary incisor tooth 4 crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001537 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 4 i4 crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 4 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 4 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001538 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 incisor tooth 5 diameter AP incisor tooth 5 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001539 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 I5 anterior-posterior diameter I5 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 5 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 5 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001540 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 5 i5 anterior-posterior diameter i5 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 5 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 5 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001541 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 incisor tooth 5 diameter ML incisor tooth 5 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001542 The diamter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 I5 diameter ML I5 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 5 diameter ML upper secondary incisor tooth 5 medial-lateral diameter The diamter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001543 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 5 i5 diameter ML i5 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 5 diameter ML lower secondary incisor tooth 5 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001544 The height of an incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 incisor tooth 5 crown height The height of an incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001545 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 I5 crown height upper secondary incisor tooth 5 crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001546 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 5 i5 crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 5 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 5 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001547 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 incisor tooth 6 diameter AP incisor tooth 6 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001548 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 I6 anterior-posterior diameter I6 diameter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 6 diamter AP upper secondary incisor tooth 6 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001549 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 6 i6 anterior-posterior diameter i6 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 6 diameter AP lower secondary incisor tooth 6 anterior-posterior diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001550 The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 incisor tooth 6 diameter ML incisor tooth 6 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an incisor tooth 6 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001551 The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the medial-latearl axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 I6 diameter ML I6 medial-lateral diameter upper secondary incisor tooth 6 diameter ML upper secondary incisor tooth 6 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the medial-latearl axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001552 The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add alveolar ridge mandible need to add incisor tooth 6 i6 diameter ML i6 medial-lateral diameter lower secondary incisor tooth 6 diameter ML lower secondary incisor tooth 6 medial-lateral diameter The diameter at the base of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the medial-lateral axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001553 The height of an incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 incisor tooth 6 crown height The height of an incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001554 The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 I6 crown height upper secondary incisor 6 tooth crown height The height of an upper secondary incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001555 The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add incisor tooth 6 i6 crown height lower secondary incisor tooth 6 crown height The height of a lower secondary incisor tooth 6 along the superior-inferior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001556 The diameter of an incisor tooth. incisor tooth diameter The diameter of an incisor tooth. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 FOVT:0001557 The breadth along the medial-lateral axis of the proximal end of a metapodial bone of digit 2. need to add logical def metapodial II proximal articular breadth Metapodial II proximal breadth (Bp) metapodial bone of digit 2 proximal articular breadth Metapodial II proximal breadth (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001558 The length of the medial side of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. third metacarpal medial length (M2) metacarpal bone of digit 3 medial length The length of the medial side of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal medial length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001559 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. third metacarpal proximal articular depth (M6) metacarpal bone of digit 3 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001560 The diameter of the articular facet of the third carpal of a metacarpal of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add facet third metacarpal maximal diameter of the articular facet for the third carpal (M7) metacarpal bone of digit 3 articular facet for the third carpal diameter The diameter of the articular facet of the third carpal of a metacarpal of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal maximal diameter of the articular facet for the third carpal (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001561 The diameter of the anterior facet for the fourth carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add facet third metacarpal diameter of the anterior facet for the fourth carpal (M8) metacarpal bone of digit 3 anterior facet for the fourth carpal diameter The diameter of the anterior facet for the fourth carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal diameter of the anterior facet for the fourth carpal (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001562 The diameter of the articular facet for the second carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add facet third metacarpal diameter of the articular facet for the second carpal (M9) metacarpal bone of digit 3 articular facet for the second carpal diameter The diameter of the articular facet for the second carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal diameter of the articular facet for the second carpal (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001563 The breadth of the distal supra-articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add supra-articular third metacarpal distal maximal supra-articular breadth (M10) metacarpal bone of digit 3 distal supra-articular breadth The breadth of the distal supra-articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal distal maximal supra-articular breadth (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001564 The depth of the keel of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add keel third metacarpal distal maximal depth of the keel (M12) metacarpal bone of digit 3 keel depth The depth of the keel of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal distal maximal depth of the keel (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001565 The depth of the medial condyle of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add medial condyle third metacarpal distal minimal depth of the medial condyle (M14) metacarpal bone of digit 3 medial condyle depth The depth of the medial condyle of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal distal minimal depth of the medial condyle (M14) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001566 The diameter of the posterior facet for the fourth carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add facet third metacarpal diameter of the posterior facet for the fourth carpal (M16) metacarpal bone of digit 3 posterior facet for the fourth carpal diameter The diameter of the posterior facet for the fourth carpal of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metacarpal diameter of the posterior facet for the fourth carpal (M16) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001567 The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal II minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metacarpal bone of digit 2 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001568 The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal IV minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metacarpal IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) metacarpal bone of digit 4 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal IV minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001569 The length of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metacarpal III+IV greatest length (GL) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 length The length of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III+IV greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001570 The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal III+IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III+IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001571 The breadth of the proximal side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal II proximal maximal breadth (M3) metacarpal bone of digit 2 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001572 The breadth of the proximal side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metacarpal IV proximal maximal breadth (M3) metacarpal bone of digit 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001573 The breadth of the proximal side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal III+IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III+IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001574 The length of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal II proximal maximal depth (M4) metacarpal bone of digit 2 proximal depth The length of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001575 The length of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal IV proximal maximal depth (M4) metacarpal bone of digit 4 proximal depth The length of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal IV proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001576 The length of the proximal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal III+IV greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 proximal depth The length of the proximal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III+IV greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001577 The breadth of the distal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metacarpal II distal articular breadth (M5) metacarpal bone of digit 2 distal articular breadth The breadth of the distal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II distal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001578 The breadth of the distal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metacarpal IV distal articular breadth (M5) metacarpal bone of digit 4 distal articular breadth The breadth of the distal articular surface of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal IV distal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001579 The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metacarpal II distal articular depth (M6) metacapral bone of digit 2 distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II distal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001580 The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metacarpal II distal articular depth (M6) metacapral bone of digit 4 distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal II distal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001581 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. metacarpal II greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) measurement not taken obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 2 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001582 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metacarpal IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) measurement not taken obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 4 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001583 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 from the articular facet for the distal carpal bone 3 and anterior facet for the anterio facet for carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metacarpal III&IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) term not measured obsolete fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 from the articular facet for the distal carpal bone 3 and anterior facet for the anterio facet for carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001584 The length of the lateral side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 from the anterior facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metacarpal III&IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 outer lateral length The length of the lateral side of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 from the anterior facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001585 OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. metacapral II lateral length on the outer side (Ll) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 2 outer lateral length true OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacapral II lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001586 OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metacapral IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 4 outer lateral length true OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacapral IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001587 OBSOLETE. The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal II smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 2 diaphysis breadth true OBSOLETE. The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001588 The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal IV breadth in the middle of the diaphysis (B) metacarpal bone of digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV breadth in the middle of the diaphysis (B) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001589 The width of the diaphysis of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metacarpal III&IV smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001590 The circumference of the diaphysis of a fused metacarpal boned 3 and 4. need to add diaphysis metacarpal III&IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a fused metacarpal boned 3 and 4. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001591 OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2. need to add diaphysis metacarpal II smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 2 diaphysis circumference true OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 2. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001592 OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4. need to add diaphysis metacarpal IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 4 diaphysis circumference true OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 4. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001593 OBSOLETE. The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add distal metacarpal II greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) term not measured obsolete metacarpal bone of digit 2 distal breadth true OBSOLETE. The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001594 The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add distal metacarpal IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) metacarpal bone of digit 4 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001595 The width of the distal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add distal metacarpal III&IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001596 The depth of the distal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add distal metacarpal III&IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 distal depth The depth of the distal end of a fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III&IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001597 The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add distal metacarpal II greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) term not measured metacarpal bone of digit 2 distal depth The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001598 The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add distal metacarpal IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) metacarpal bone of digit 4 distal depth The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001599 The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 from the anterior facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metacarpal III lateral length on the outer side (Ll) metacarpal bone of digit 3 outer lateral length The length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 from the anterior facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001600 The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. need to add diaphysis metacarpal III smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) metacarpal bone of digit 3 diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III smallest circumference of the diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001601 The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add distal metacarpal III greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) metacarpal bone of digit 3 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001602 The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add distal metacarpal III greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) metacarpal bone of digit 3 distal depth The depth of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001603 The length on the medial size of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. third metatarsal medial length (M2) metatarsal bone of digit 3 medial length The length on the medial size of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal medial length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001604 The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal III smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) third metatarsal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) metatarsal bone of digit 3 diaphysis breadth The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 third metatarsal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001605 The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal III minimal depth of the diaphysis (DD) third metatarsal depth of the diaphysis at the level of M3 (M4) metatarsal bone of digit 3 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III minimal depth of the diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 third metatarsal depth of the diaphysis at the level of M3 (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001606 The breadth of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metatarsal III greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) third metatarsal proximal articular breadth (M5) metatarsal bone of digit 3 proximal articular breadth The breadth of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 third metatarsal proximal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001607 The depth of the articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular third metatarsal proximal articular depth (M6) metatarsal bone of digit 3 proximal articular depth The depth of the articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001608 The diameter of the articular facet for the third tarsal on a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular third metatarsal maximal diameter of the articular facet for the third tarsal (M7) metatarsal bone of digit 3 aricular facet for third tarsal diameter The diameter of the articular facet for the third tarsal on a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal maximal diameter of the articular facet for the third tarsal (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001609 The diameter of the articular facet for fourth tarsal of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular third metatarsal diameter of the articular facet for the fourth tarsal (M8) metatarsal bone of digit 3 aricular facet for fourth tarsal diameter The diameter of the articular facet for fourth tarsal of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal diameter of the articular facet for the fourth tarsal (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001610 need to add articular The diameter of the articular facet for second tarsal of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. third metarsal diameter of the articular facet for the second tarsal (M9) metatarsal bone of digit 3 aricular facet for second tarsal diameter The diameter of the articular facet for second tarsal of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metarsal diameter of the articular facet for the second tarsal (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001611 The breadth of the supra-articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add supra-articular third metatarsal distal maximal supra-articular breadth (M10) metatarsal bone of digit 3 supra-articular breadth The breadth of the supra-articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal distal maximal supra-articular breadth (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001612 The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. third metatarsal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) metatarsal bone of digit 3 distal articular breadth The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001613 The depth of the keel (on the distal end) of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add keel metatarsal III greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) third metatarsal distal maximal depth of the keel (M12) metatarsal bone of digit 3 keel depth The depth of the keel (on the distal end) of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 third metatarsal distal maximal depth of the keel (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001614 The depth of the lateral condyle of a metatarsal boen of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. third metatarsal distal minimal dpeth of the lateral condyle (M13) metatarsal bone of digit 3 lateral condyle depth The depth of the lateral condyle of a metatarsal boen of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal distal minimal dpeth of the lateral condyle (M13) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001615 The depth of the medial condyle of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. third metatarsal distal maximal depth of the medial condyle (M14) metatarsal bone of digit 3 medial condyle depth The depth of the medial condyle of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third metatarsal distal maximal depth of the medial condyle (M14) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001616 The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal II minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metatarsal bone of digit 2 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001617 The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal IV minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metatarsal IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) metatarsal bone of digit 4 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001618 The depth of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal III&IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001619 The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. metatarsal IV proximal maximal depth (M4) metatarsal bone of digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal IV proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001620 The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. metatarsal II proximal maximal depth (M4) metatarsal bone of digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001621 The depth of the proximal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001622 The breadth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metatarsal IV proximal maximal breadth (M3) metatarsal bone of digit 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001623 The breadth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal II proximal maximal breadth (M3) metatarsal bone of digit 2 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001624 The breadth of the proximal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001625 The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metatarsal II distal articular breadth (M5) metatarsal bone of digit 4 distal articular breadth The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II distal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001626 The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metatarsal II distal articular breadth (M5) metatarsal bone of digit 2 distal articular breadth The breadth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II distal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001627 The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metatarsal IV distal articular depth (M6) metatarsal bone of digit 4 distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal IV distal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001628 The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metatarsal II distal articular depth (M6) metatarsal bone of digit 2 distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal II distal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001629 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metatarsal IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 4 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001630 OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metatarsal IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 4 outer lateral length true OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001631 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. metatarsal II greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001632 OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. metatarsal II lateral length on the outer side (Ll) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 outer lateral length true OBSOLETE. The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001633 OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) term not measured obsolete fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 lateral length true OBSOLETE. The greatest length of the lateral side of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001634 The length of the lateral side of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metatarsal III&IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 outer lateral length The length of the lateral side of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001635 The breadth of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal III&IV smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis breadth The breadth of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001636 The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal IV breadth in the middle of the diaphysis (B) metatarsal bone of digit 4 diaphysis breadth The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV breadth in the middle of the diaphysis (B) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001637 OBSOLETE. The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis metatarsal II smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 diaphysis breadth true OBSOLETE. The breadth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001638 The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. need to add diaphysis metatarsal IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) metatarsal bone of digit 4 diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001639 OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. need to add diaphysis metatarsal II smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 diaphysis circumference true OBSOLETE. The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001640 The circumference of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4. need to add diaphysis metatarsal III&IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV smallest circumference of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001641 The breadth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) metatarsal bone of digit 4 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001642 OBSOLETE. The breadth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal II greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 distal breadth true OBSOLETE. The breadth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001643 The depth of the distal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posteriod axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) fused metatarsals 3 and 4 distal depth The depth of the distal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the anterior-posteriod axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001644 OBSOLETE. The depth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posteriod axis. metatarsal IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) term not mreasured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 4 distal depth true OBSOLETE. The depth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 along the anterior-posteriod axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001645 OBSOLETE. The depth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posteriod axis. metatarsal II greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) term not measured obsolete metatarsal bone of digit 2 distal depth true OBSOLETE. The depth of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 along the anterior-posteriod axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II greatest depth of the distal end (Dd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001646 The breadth of the distal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal III&IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III&IV greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001648 The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone 3 from the articular facet for the distal carpal bone 3 and anterior facet for the anterio facet for carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metacarpal III greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) metacarpal bone of digit 3 lateral length The greatest length of the lateral side of a metacarpal bone 3 from the articular facet for the distal carpal bone 3 and anterior facet for the anterio facet for carpal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001649 The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the articular facet for distal tarsal bone 3 and anterior facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metatarsal III greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) metatarsal bone of digit 3 lateral length The greatest length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the articular facet for distal tarsal bone 3 and anterior facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III greatest length of the lateral part (GLl) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001650 The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. metatarsal III lateral length on the outer side (Ll) metatarsal bone of digit 3 outer lateral length The length of the lateral side of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the lateral border of articular facet for distal tarsal bone 4 to the lateral condyle. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III lateral length on the outer side (Ll) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001651 The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal V greatest breadth of the distal end (Bp) metacarpal bone of digit 5 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal V greatest breadth of the distal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001652 The width of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal III greatest breadth of the distal (Bp) metatarsal bone of digit 3 distal breadth FOVT:0001653 The width of the distal end of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal V greatest breadth of the distal (Bp) metatarsal bone of digit 5 distal breadth FOVT:0001654 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. metacarpal III length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) metacarpal bone of digit 3 length excluding plantar projection The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001655 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. metacarpal IV length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) metacarpal bone of digit 4 length excluding plantar projection The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001656 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. metatarsal III length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) metatarsal bone of digit 3 length excluding plantar projection The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001657 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. metatarsal IV length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) metatarsal bone of digit 4 length excluding plantar projection The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 from the distal articular facets to the axial border of the proximal end. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV length excepting the plantar projection (LeP) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001658 The widht of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. C1 breadth vertebral bone 1 breadth atlas greatest breadth over wings (GB) atlas breadth The widht of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas greatest breadth over wings (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001659 The length of an atlas along the dorsal-ventral axis. C1 length vertebral bone 1 length atlas greatest length (GL) atlas length The length of an atlas along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001660 The width of the cranial articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface C1 cranial articular surface breadth vertebral bone 1 cranial articular surface breadth atlas greatest breadth of the Facies articularis cranialis (BFcr) atlas cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas greatest breadth of the Facies articularis cranialis (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001661 The width of the caudal articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface C1 caudal articular surface breadth vertebral bone 1 caudal articular surface breadth atlas greatest breadth of the Facies articularis caudalis (BFcd) atlas caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas greatest breadth of the Facies articularis caudalis (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001662 The length from the cranial articular surface of an atlas to the caudal articular surface of an atlas. need to add articular surface C1 length between cranial and caudal articular surface vertebral bone 1 length between cranial and caudal articular surface atlas greatest length from the Facies articularis cranialis to the Facies articularis caudalis (GLF) atlas length between cranial and caudal articular surface The length from the cranial articular surface of an atlas to the caudal articular surface of an atlas. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas greatest length from the Facies articularis cranialis to the Facies articularis caudalis (GLF) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001663 The length of the arch of atlas along the proximal-distal axis. C1 dorsal arch length vertebral bone 1 dorsal arch length atlas length of the Arcus dorsalis (LAd) atlas dorsal arch length The length of the arch of atlas along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas length of the Arcus dorsalis (LAd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001664 The height of an atlas along the dorsal-ventral axis. C1 height vertebral bone 1 height atlas height (H) atlas height The height of an atlas along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 atlas height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001665 The length of the body of an axis along the proximal-distal axis. C2 body length vertebral bone 2 body length axis greatest length in the region of the corpus including the dens (LCDe) axis body length The length of the body of an axis along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest length in the region of the corpus including the dens (LCDe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001666 The length of the arch of an axis along the proximal-distal axis. need to add arch C2 arch length vertebral bone 2 arch length axis greatest length of the arch including the Processus articulares caudales (LAPa) axis arch length The length of the arch of an axis along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest length of the arch including the Processus articulares caudales (LAPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001667 The width of the cranial articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular need to add articular surface C2 cranial articular surface breadth vertebral bone 2 cranial articular surface breadth axis greatest breadth of the Facis articularis cranialis (BFcr) axis cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest breadth of the Facis articularis cranialis (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001668 The width of the caudal articular process of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. need to add process C2 caudal articular process breadth vertebral bone 2 caudal articular process breadth axis greatest breadth across the Processus articularis caudales (BPacd) axis caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular process of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest breadth across the Processus articularis caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001669 The width of the transverse process of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. need to add process need to add transverse process C2 transverse articular process breadth vertebral bone 2 transverse articular process breadth axis greatest breadth across the Processus transversi (BPtr) axis transverse articular process breadth The width of the transverse process of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest breadth across the Processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001670 The width of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. C2 breadth vertebral bone 2 breadth smallest breadth of the vertebra (SBV) axis breadth The width of an axis along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 smallest breadth of the vertebra (SBV) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001671 The width of the caudal articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface need to add process C2 caudal articular surface breadth vertebral bone 2 caudal articular surface breadth axis greatest breadth of the Facis terminalis caudalis (BFcd) axis caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of an atlas along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest breadth of the Facis terminalis caudalis (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001672 The height of an axis along the dorsal-ventral axis. C2 height vertebral bone 2 height axis greatest height (H) axis height The height of an axis along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 axis greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001673 The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001674 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001675 already exists obsolete proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal breadth true FOVT:0001676 The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001677 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) first phalanx of central digit distal articular breadth (M7) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal articular breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001678 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001679 already exists obsolete proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal breadth true FOVT:0001680 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001681 The depth of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular surface first phalanx of central digit distal articular depth (M8) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal articular surface depth The depth of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit distal articular depth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001682 The length of the trigonum phalangis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add trigonum phalangis first phalanx of central digit minimal length of the trigonum phalangis (M9) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 trigonum phalangis length The length of the trigonum phalangis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit minimal length of the trigonum phalangis (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001683 The length of the medial surpatuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add supraturberosity first phalanx of central digit medial supratuberosital length (M10) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 medial supratuberosity length The length of the medial surpatuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit medial supratuberosital length (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001684 The length of the lateral surpatuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add supraturberosity first phalanx of central digit lateral supratuberosital length (M11) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 lateral supratuberosity length The length of the lateral surpatuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit lateral supratuberosital length (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001685 The length of the lateral infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add infraturberosity first phalanx of central digit lateral infratuberosital length (M13) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 lateral infratuberosity length The length of the lateral infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit lateral infratuberosital length (M13) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001686 The length of the medial infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add infraturberosity first phalanx of central digit medial infratuberosital length (M12) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 medial infratuberosity length The length of the medial infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit medial infratuberosital length (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001687 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001688 The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 length The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001689 The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001690 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001691 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001692 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001693 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001694 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) first phalanx of central digit distal articular breadth (M7) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal articular breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001695 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001696 The depth of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular surface first phalanx of central digit distal articular depth (M8) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal articular surface depth The depth of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit distal articular depth (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001697 The length of a trigonum phalangis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add trigonum phalangis first phalanx of central digit minimal length of the trigonum phalangis (M9) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 trigonum phalangis length The length of a trigonum phalangis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit minimal length of the trigonum phalangis (M9) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001698 The length of a medial supratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add articular supratuberosity first phalanx of central digit medial supratuberosital length (M10) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 medial supratuberosity length The length of a medial supratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit medial supratuberosital length (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001699 The length of a lateral supratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add articular supratuberosity first phalanx of central digit lateral supratuberosital length (M11) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 lateral supratuberosity length The length of a lateral supratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit lateral supratuberosital length (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001700 The length of a medial infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add articular infratuberosity first phalanx of central digit medial infratuberosital length (M12) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 medial infratuberosity length The length of a medial infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit medial infratuberosital length (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001701 The length of a lateral infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. need to add articular infratuberosity first phalanx of central digit lateral infratuberosital length (M13) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 lateral infratuberosity length The length of a lateral infratuberosity of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit lateral infratuberosital length (M13) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001702 The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal breadth The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001703 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001705 The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001706 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001707 The length of the anterior side of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001714 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) middle phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001715 The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 length The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001716 The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal breadth The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001717 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001718 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001719 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001720 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001722 The length of the anterior side of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001723 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) third phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001724 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis (BF) third phalanx of central digit articular breadth (M3) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis (BF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit articular breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001725 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) third phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001726 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) third phalanx of central digit maximal breadth (M3) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001727 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. third phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001728 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) third phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001729 The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 length The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001730 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001731 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001732 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit proximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001733 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 3 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001734 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of central digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001735 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of central digit anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001736 The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal breadth The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001737 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001738 The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of manual digit 5 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001739 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of manual digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001741 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001742 The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the middle-distal axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of fifth digit maximal length (M1) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 length The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001743 The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal breadth The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001744 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001745 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001746 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001747 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001748 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001749 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001750 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001751 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 1 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001752 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of first digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of first digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001753 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001754 The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 length The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001755 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001756 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001757 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001758 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 1 phalanx 3smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001759 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001760 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of first digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of first digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001761 The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal breadth The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001762 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001763 The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of manual digit 2 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001764 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of manual digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001766 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001767 The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the middle-distal axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of second digit maximal length (M1) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 length The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001768 The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal breadth The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001769 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001770 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001771 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001772 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001774 The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001775 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001776 The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of manual digit 4 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001777 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of manual digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001780 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001781 The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the middle-distal axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of fourth digit maximal length (M1) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 length The length of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the middle-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001782 The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal breadth The width of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001783 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001784 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001785 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001786 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001788 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001789 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001790 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001791 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001792 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of fifth digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of fifth digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001793 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001794 The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 length The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001795 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001796 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001797 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001798 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001799 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001800 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of fifth digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of fifth digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001801 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001802 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001803 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001804 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001805 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of fourth digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of fourth digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001806 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001807 The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 length The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001808 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001809 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001810 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001811 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001812 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001813 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of fourth digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of fourth digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001814 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001815 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001816 The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001817 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001818 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of second digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of second digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001819 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001820 The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 length The length of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001821 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001822 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001823 The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001824 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001825 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001826 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. first phalanx of second digit anterior length (M1) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the distal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 first phalanx of second digit anterior length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001827 The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) middle phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal breadth The breadth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001828 The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) middle phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001829 The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) middle phalanx of manual digit 1 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001830 The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 1 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) middle phalanx of manual digit 1 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 2 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001831 The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001832 The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) digit 1 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal articular surface breadth The depth of the middle end of a middle phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 2 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001833 The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001834 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001835 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 1 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of first digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001836 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001837 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001838 The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of first digit maximal length (M1) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 length The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001839 The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001840 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001841 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001842 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 1 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of first digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001843 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of first digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001844 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001845 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 1 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001847 The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001848 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001849 The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001850 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001851 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of second digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001853 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001854 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001855 The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of second digit maximal length (M1) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 length The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001856 The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001857 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001858 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001859 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 2 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of second digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001860 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of second digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001861 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001862 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 2 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001863 The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001864 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001865 The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001866 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001867 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of fifth digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001868 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001869 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001870 The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of fifth digit maximal length (M1) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 length The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001871 The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001872 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001873 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001874 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 5 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of fifth digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001875 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fifth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001876 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001877 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 5 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001878 The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal breadth The breadth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001879 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001880 The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal breadth The breadth of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001881 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001882 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of fourth digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001883 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001884 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001885 The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) first phalanx of fourth digit maximal length (M1) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 length The length of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001886 The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal breadth (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001887 The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001888 The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit proximal depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001889 The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis digit 4 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) first phalanx of fourth digit minimal breadth (M5) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit minimal breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001890 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx of fourth digit distal breadth at the tuberosities (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0001891 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001892 The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 anterior length The length of the anterior side of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 digit 4 phalanx 1 greatest length of the peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001893 The length on the ventral side of a fused sacrum along the proximal-distal axis. fused sacrum length sacrum greatest length of the ventral side (GL) This is measured from the cranial borders of the wings to the centroventral border of the body of the last vertebra. sacrum length The length on the ventral side of a fused sacrum along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 sacrum greatest length of the ventral side (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured from the cranial borders of the wings to the centroventral border of the body of the last vertebra. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001894 The length of the body of a fused sacrum on the ventral side along the proximal-distal axis. fused sacrum physiological length sacrum physiological length (PL) This is measured between the centers of the bodies of the most cranial and most caudal vertebrae. sacrum physiological length The length of the body of a fused sacrum on the ventral side along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 sacrum physiological length (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the bodies of the most cranial and most caudal vertebrae. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001895 The width of a fused sacrum along the medial-lateral axis. fused sacrum breadth sacrum greatest breadth across the wings (GB) sacrum breadth The width of a fused sacrum along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 sacrum greatest breadth across the wings (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001896 The width of the cranial articular surface of a fused sacrum along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface fused sacrum cranial articular surface breadth sacrum greatest breadth of the facies terminalis cranialis (BFcr) sacrum cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a fused sacrum along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 sacrum greatest breadth of the facies terminalis cranialis (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001897 The height of the cranial articular surface of a fused sacrum along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface fused sacrum cranial articular surface height sacrum greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) sacrum cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a fused sacrum along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 sacrum greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001898 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001899 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001900 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001901 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001902 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001903 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001904 The height of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra height The height of a thoracic vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001905 The length of the body of a cervical vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. cervical vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. cervical vertebra physiological length The length of the body of a cervical vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001906 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process cervical vertebra greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) cervical vertebra length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001907 The width of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) cervical vertebra cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001908 The width of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) cervical vertebra caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001909 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) cervical vertebra transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001910 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface cervical vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) cervical vertebra cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001911 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface cervical vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) cervical vertebra caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001912 The height of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. cervical vertebra greatest height (H) cervical vertebra height The height of a cervical vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical vertebra greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001913 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001914 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001915 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001916 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001917 The height of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra height The height of a lumbar vertebra along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001918 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 1 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 1 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001919 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 1 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001920 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 1 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001921 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 1 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001922 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 1 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001923 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 1 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001924 The height of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 1 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 1 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001925 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 2 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 2 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001926 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 2 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001927 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 2 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001928 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 2 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001929 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 2 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001930 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 2 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001931 The height of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 2 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 2 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001932 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 3 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001933 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 3 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001934 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 3 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001935 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 3 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001936 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 3 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001937 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 3 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001938 The height of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 3 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 3 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001939 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 5 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001940 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 5 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001941 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 5 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001942 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 5 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001943 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 5 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001944 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 5 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001945 The height of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 5 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 5 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001946 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 4 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001947 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 4 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001948 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 4 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001949 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 4 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001950 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 4 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001951 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 4 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001952 The height of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 4 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 4 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001953 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 6 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 6 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001954 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 6 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001955 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 6 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001956 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 6 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001957 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 6 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001958 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 6 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001959 The height of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 6 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 6 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001960 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 12 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 12 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001961 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 12 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001962 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 12 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001963 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 12 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001964 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 12 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001965 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 12 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001966 The height of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 12 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 12 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 12 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001967 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 7 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 7 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001968 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 7 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001969 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 7 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001970 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 7 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001971 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 7 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001972 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 7 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001973 The height of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 7 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 7 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001974 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 11 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 11 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001975 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 11 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001976 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 11 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001977 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 11 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001978 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 11 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001979 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 11 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001980 The height of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 11 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 11 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 11 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001981 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 8 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 8 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001982 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 8 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001983 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 8 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001984 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 8 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001985 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 8 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001986 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 8 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001987 The height of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 8 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 8 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 8 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001988 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 9 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 9 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001989 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 9 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001990 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 9 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001991 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 9 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001992 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 9 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001993 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 9 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001994 The height of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 9 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 9 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 9 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001995 The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the superior-inferior axis. thoracic vertebra 10 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. thoracic vertebra 10 physiological length The length of the body of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001996 The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) thoracic vertebra 10 transverse process breadth The width between a left and right transverse process along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001997 The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) thoracic vertebra 10 cranial articular surface breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth of the processus articulares craniales breadth (BFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001998 The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) thoracic vertebra 10 caudal articular surface breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest breadth of the processus articulares caudales breadth (BFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0001999 The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) thoracic vertebra 10 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height of the processus articulares craniales height (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002000 The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) thoracic vertebra 10 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height of the processus articulares caudales height (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002001 The height of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height (H) thoracic vertebra 10 height The height of a thoracic vertebra 10 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 thoracic vertebra 10 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002002 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 1 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra 1 physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 1 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002003 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra 1 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra 1 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 1 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002004 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra 1 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002005 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra 1 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002006 The height of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra 1 height The height of a lumbar vertebra 1 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 1 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002007 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra 3 physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002008 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra 3 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002009 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra 3 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002010 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra 3 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002011 The height of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra 3 height The height of a lumbar vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 3 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002012 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra 4 physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002013 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra 4 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002014 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra 4 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002015 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra 4 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002016 The height of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra 4 height The height of a lumbar vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 4 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002017 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra 5 physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002018 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra 5 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002019 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra 5 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002020 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra 5 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002021 The height of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra 5 height The height of a lumbar vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 5 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002022 The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. mammalian cervical vertebra 3 physiological length The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002023 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002024 The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002025 The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002026 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002027 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002028 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002029 The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height (H) mammalian cervical vertebra 3 height The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 3 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002030 The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. mammalian cervical vertebra 4 physiological length The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002031 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002032 The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002033 The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002034 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002035 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002036 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002037 The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height (H) mammalian cervical vertebra 4 height The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 4 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002038 The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. mammalian cervical vertebra 5 physiological length The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002039 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002040 The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002041 The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002042 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002043 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002044 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002045 The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height (H) mammalian cervical vertebra 5 height The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 5 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002046 The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the superior-inferior axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 6 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. mammalian cervical vertebra 6 physiological length The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002047 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002048 The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002049 The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002050 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002051 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002052 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002053 The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height (H) mammalian cervical vertebra 6 height The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 6 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002054 The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the superior-inferior axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 7 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. mammalian cervical vertebra 7 physiological length The length of the body of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002055 The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 length between cranial and caudal articular processes The length between the cranial and caudal articular processes along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest length from the processus articulares craniales to the processus articulares caudales (GLPa) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002056 The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 cranial articular process breadth The width of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002057 The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular process mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 caudal articular process breadth The width of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002058 The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002059 The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 cranial articular surface height The hieght of the cranial articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranials (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002060 The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. need to add articular surface mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 caudal articular surface height The hieght of the caudal articular surface of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002061 The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height (H) mammalian cervical vertebra 7 height The height of a mammalian cervical vertebra 7 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002062 The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the superior-inferior axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 2 physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. lumbar vertebra 2 physiological length The length of the body of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the superior-inferior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 2 physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002063 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process lumbar vertebra 2 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) lumbar vertebra 2 transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 2 greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002064 The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) lumbar vertebra 2 cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height of the facies terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002065 The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dosral axis. need to add articular surface lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) lumbar vertebra 2 caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dosral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height of the facies terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002066 The height of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height (H) lumbar vertebra 2 height The height of a lumbar vertebra 2 along the ventral-dorsal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 lumbar vertebra 2 greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002067 The depth of the articular surface on the proximal end of a distal phalax of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular surface digit 3 phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) third phalanx of central digit articular depth (M5) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 articular surface depth The depth of the articular surface on the proximal end of a distal phalax of manual digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002068 The height of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. digit 3 phalanx 3 height in the region of the extensor process (HP) third phalanx of central digit maximal height (M6) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 height The height of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 digit 3 phalanx 3 height in the region of the extensor process (HP) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of central digit maximal height (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002069 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) third phalanx anterior length (M2) distal phalanx of pes anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002070 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) third phalanx minimal breadth (M3) distal phalanx of pes diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002071 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) third phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) distal phalanx of pes distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002072 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of pes proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002073 The width of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) third phalanx proximal breadth (M4) distal phalanx of pes proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002074 The depth of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the anterior-posterior axis. third phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) distal phalanx of pes proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of pes along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002075 The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) third phalanx anterior length (M2) distal phalanx of manus anterior length The length of the anterior side of a distal phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002076 The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. need to add diaphysis phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) third phalanx minimal breadth (M3) distal phalanx of manus diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx minimal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002077 The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) third phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) distal phalanx of manus distal breadth The width of the distal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002078 The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (BFp) distal phalanx of manus proximal articular surface breadth The width of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the facies articularis proximalis (BFp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002079 The width of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) third phalanx proximal breadth (M4) distal phalanx of manus proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002080 The depth of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. third phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) distal phalanx of manus proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a distal phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002081 The width of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular phalanx 3 breadth of the facies articularis (BF) third phalanx articular breadth (M4) distal phalanx of manus articular surface breadth The width of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 breadth of the facies articularis (BF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx articular breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002082 The depth of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) third phalanx articular depth (M5) distal phalanx of manus articular surface depth The depth of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002083 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) second phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) middle phalanx of manus distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 second phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002084 The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) second phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) middle phalanx of pes distal breadth The width of the distal end of a middle phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 2 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 second phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002085 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular first phalanx distal articular breadth (M7) phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of manus distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx distal articular breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002086 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. first phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) proximal phalanx of manus distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002087 The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular first phalanx distal articular breadth (M7) phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) proximal phalanx of pes distal articular surface breadth The width of the distal articular surface of a proximal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx distal articular breadth (M7) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the facies articularis distalis (BFd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002088 The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. first phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) proximal phalanx of pes distal breadth The width of the distal end of a proximal phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002089 OBSOLETE. The length of the body of a cervical vertebra along the proximal-distal axis. cervical physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra physiological length true OBSOLETE. The length of the body of a cervical vertebra along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002090 term already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra length between cranial and caudal articular processes true FOVT:0002091 OBSOLETE. The width of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. cervical greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra cranial articular process breadth true OBSOLETE. The width of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest breadth across the processus articulares craniales (BPacr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002092 OBSOLETE. The width of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. cervical greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra caudal articular process breadth true OBSOLETE. The width of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest breadth across the processus articulares caudales (BPacd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002093 OBSOLETE. The height of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. cervical greatest height of the processus terminalis cranialis (HFcr) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra cranial articular surface height true OBSOLETE. The height of the cranial articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest height of the processus terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002094 OBSOLETE. The height of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. cervical greatest height of the processus terminalis caudalis (HFcd) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra caudal articular surface height true OBSOLETE. The height of the caudal articular surface of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest height of the processus terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002095 OBSOLETE. The height of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. cervical greatest height (H) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra height true OBSOLETE. The height of a cervical vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002096 OBSOLETE. The width between the left and right transverse processes of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process cervical greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) already exists obsolete mammalian cervical vertebra transverse process breadth true OBSOLETE. The width between the left and right transverse processes of a cervical vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cervical greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002097 The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metacarpal smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) metacarpal bone diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002098 The width of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metacarpal proximal maximal breadth (M3) metacarpal bone proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002099 The depth of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) metacarpal bone proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002100 The width of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metacarpal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) metacarpal bone distal articular breadth The width of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002101 The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metacarpal distal articular depth (M5) metacarpal bone distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal distal articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002102 The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. metacarpal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) metacarpal smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) metacarpal bone diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002103 The width of the proximal articular of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metacarpal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metacarpal proximal articular breadth (M5) metacarpal bone proximal articular breadth The width of the proximal articular of a metacarpal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal proximal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002104 The depth of the proximal articular of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metacarpal proximal articular depth (M6) metacarpal bone proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular of a metacarpal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metacarpal proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002105 The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. metatarsal minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) metatarsal smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) metatarsal bone diaphysis depth The depth of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal minimal depth of the diaphysis (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal smallest depth of diaphysis (DD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002106 The width of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) metatarsal smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) metatarsal bone diaphysis breadth The width of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal minimal breadth (near the middle of the bone) (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal smallest breadth of diaphysis (SD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002107 The width of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. metatarsal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metatarsal proximal maximal breadth (M3) metatarsal bone proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002108 The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) metatarsal greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) metatarsal bone proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002109 The width of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metatarsal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) metatarsal bone distal articular breadth The width of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal distal maximal articular breadth (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002110 The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metatarsal distal articular depth (M5) metatarsal bone distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal distal articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002111 The width of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metatarsal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metatarsal proximal articular breadth (M5) metatarsal bone proximal articular breadth The width of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal proximal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002112 The depth of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metatarsal proximal articular depth (M6) metatarsal bone proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular of a metatarsal bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metatarsal proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002113 The depth of the proximal articular of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metapodial proximal articular depth (M6) metapodial bone proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metapodial proximal articular depth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002114 The width of the proximal articular of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metapodial greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metapodial proximal articular breadth (M5) metapodial bone proximal articular breadth The width of the proximal articular of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metapodial greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metapodial proximal articular breadth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002115 The depth of the proximal end of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) metapodial greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) metapodial bone proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal proximal maximal depth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metapodial greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002116 The width of the proximal end of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. metapodial greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) metapodial proximal maximal breadth (M3) metapodial bone proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 metapodial greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 metapodial proximal maximal breadth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002117 The width of the distal articular of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. need to add articular metapodial distal maximal articular breadth (M11) metapodial bone distal articular breadth The width of the distal articular of a metapodial bone along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metapodial distal maximal articular breadth (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002118 The depth of the distal articular of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. need to add articular metapodial distal articular depth (M5) metapodial bone distal articular depth The depth of the distal articular of a metapodial bone along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 metapodial distal articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002119 The width of the distal end of a phalanx along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) phalanx distal breadth The width of the distal end of a phalanx along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002120 not needed obsolete phalanx distal distal articular breadth true FOVT:0002121 The length of the anterior side of a phalanx along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx anterior length (M2) phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) phalanx anterior length The length of the anterior side of a phalanx along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002122 The width of the proximal end of a phalanx along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) phalanx proximal breadth (M4) phalanx proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a phalanx along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002123 The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx along the anterior-posterior axis. phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) phalanx proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002124 The width of the distal end of a phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) phalanx of pes distal breadth The width of the distal end of a phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002125 The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx anterior length (M2) phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) phalanx of pes anterior length The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002126 The width of the proximal end of a phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) phalanx proximal breadth (M4) phalanx of pes proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a phalanx of pes along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002127 The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx of pes along the anterior-posterior axis. phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) phalanx of pes proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx of pes along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002128 The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx anterior length (M2) phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) phalanx of manus anterior length The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002129 The width of the distal end of a phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) phalanx of manus distal breadth The width of the distal end of a phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx distal articular maximal breadth (M6) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx greatest breadth of the distal end (Bd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002130 The width of the proximal end of a phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) phalanx proximal breadth (M4) phalanx of manus proximal breadth The width of the proximal end of a phalanx of manus along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx greatest breadth of the proximal end (Bp) ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx proximal breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002131 The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) phalanx of manus proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a phalanx of manus along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx proximal maximal depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002132 The height of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. vertebra greatest height (H) vertebra height The height of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 vertebra greatest height (H) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002133 The length of a vertebra body along the proximal-distal axis. vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. vertebra physiological length The length of a vertebra body along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 vertebra physiological length of the body (PL) ISBN:9780873659505 This is measured between the centers of the facies terminalis cranialis and the facies terminalis caudalis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002134 The width between the left and right transverse processes of a vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. need to add transverse process vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) vertebra transverse process breadth The width between the left and right transverse processes of a vertebra along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 vertebra greatest breadth across the processus transversi (BPtr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002135 The height of the cranial articular surface of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. vertebra greatest height of the processus terminalis cranialis (HFcr) vertebra cranial articular surface height The height of the cranial articular surface of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 vertebra greatest height of the processus terminalis cranialis (HFcr) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002136 The height of the caudal articular surface of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. vertebra greatest height of the processus terminalis caudalis (HFcd) vertebra caudal articular surface height The height of the caudal articular surface of a vertebra along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 vertebra greatest height of the processus terminalis caudalis (HFcd) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002137 The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. first phalanx anterior length (M2) phalanx 1 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of manus anterior length The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of manus along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002138 The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. first phalanx anterior length (M2) phalanx 1 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) proximal phalanx of pes anterior length The length of the anterior side of a phalanx of pes along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 first phalanx anterior length (M2) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 phalanx 1 greatest length of peripheral half (GLpe) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002139 The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. metatarsal III smallest circumference of hte diaphysis (CD) metatarsal bone of digit 3 diaphysis circumference The circumference of the diaphysis of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal III smallest circumference of hte diaphysis (CD) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002140 The depth of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. metacarpal III greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) metacarpal bone of digit 3 proximal depth The depth of the proximal end of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal III greatest depth of the proximal end (Dp) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002141 The circumference of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) distal phalanx of manual digit 3 circumference The circumference of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002142 The circumference of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 circumference The circumference of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002143 The circumference of a distal phalanx of digit 3. third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) distal phalanx of digit 3 circumference The circumference of a distal phalanx of digit 3. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 third phalanx of the central digit circumference of the sole (M8) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002144 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002145 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002146 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of digit 2 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002147 The length of the distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002148 The length of the distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002149 The length of the distal phalanx of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of digit 2 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002150 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002151 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002152 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of digit 2 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002153 The width of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of manual digit 2 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002154 The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002155 The width of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of digit 2 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002156 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of digit 4 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002157 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002158 The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. proximal articular depth (M3) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal articular depth The depth of the proximal articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 proximal articular depth (M3) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002159 The length of the distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002160 The length of the distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002161 The length of the distal phalanx of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) distal phalanx of digit 4 diagonal length The length of the distal phalanx of digit 2 along the proximal-distal axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest diagonal length of the sole (DLS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002162 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002163 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002164 The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) distal phalanx of digit 4 middle breadth The width of the middle of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 middle breadth of the sole (MBS) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002165 The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002166 The width of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of manual digit 4 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002167 The width of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) distal phalanx of digit 4 breadth The width of a distal phalanx of digit 4 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002168 The width of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. phalnx 3 breadth of the facies articularis (BF) third phalanx of the central digit articular breadth (M4) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 articular breadth The width of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalnx 3 breadth of the facies articularis (BF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of the central digit articular breadth (M4) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002169 The depth of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) third phalanx of the central digit articular depth (M5) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 articular depth The depth of the articular surface of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 length of the facies articularis (LF) ISBN:9780873659505 third phalanx of the central digit articular depth (M5) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:0002170 The height of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the dorsal-ventral axis. phalanx 3 height in the region of the extensor process (HP) distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 height The height of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 along the dorsal-ventral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 height in the region of the extensor process (HP) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002171 term already exists obsolete distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 circumference true FOVT:0002172 The depth of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 depth The depth of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002173 The width of a navicular along the medial-lateral axis. navicular greatest breadth (GB) navicular breadth The width of a navicular along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 navicular greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002174 The depth of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. phalnx 3 greatest length (GL) distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 depth The depth of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalnx 3 greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:0002175 OBSOLETE. The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) already exists obsolete distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 breadth true OBSOLETE. The width of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 along the medial-lateral axis. ISBN:9780873659505 phalanx 3 greatest breadth (GB) ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000000 The length of a posterior nasal aperture of the interal naris (choana) along anterior-posterior axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-4848 choanal length (M10) choana length The length of a posterior nasal aperture of the interal naris (choana) along anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 choanal length (M10) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000001 The length of the posterior portion of a posterior nasal aperture of the internal naris (choana) along left-right axis. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-4848 choana minimal width minimal breadth of the choanae (M11) choana minimal breadth The length of the posterior portion of a posterior nasal aperture of the internal naris (choana) along left-right axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 minimal breadth of the choanae (M11) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000002 The length along the midline of a posterior nasal aperture of the internal naris (choana) along left-right axis. choanal maximal width maximal breadth of the choanae (M12) choana maximal breadth The length along the midline of a posterior nasal aperture of the internal naris (choana) along left-right axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 maximal breadth of the choanae (M12) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000003 The length of a muzzle between the middle of the right and left diastema of an upper jaw. muzzle minimal width least breadth in the region of the diastema minimal muzzle breadth (M14) This is measurement 47 for Equus in von den Driesch (1979). muzzle minimal breadth The length of a muzzle between the middle of the right and left diastema of an upper jaw. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN:9780873659505 least breadth in the region of the diastema ISBN:9780873659505 minimal muzzle breadth (M14) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 This is measurement 47 for Equus in von den Driesch (1979). ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000004 The length of a supraoccipital crest along the left-right axis. occipital breadth (M20) supraoccipital crest length The length of a supraoccipital crest along the left-right axis. ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 occipital breadth (M20) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000005 The length of a foramen magnum along the left-right axis. foramen magnum width greatest breadth of foramen magnum The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 36 Equus, 21 Camelus, 28 Bos, 29 Ovis and Capra, 28 Cervus, 36 Sus, 27 Canis and Ursus, 20 Felis. foramen magnum breadth The length of a foramen magnum along the left-right axis. ISBN:9780873659505 greatest breadth of foramen magnum ISBN:9780873659505 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 36 Equus, 21 Camelus, 28 Bos, 29 Ovis and Capra, 28 Cervus, 36 Sus, 27 Canis and Ursus, 20 Felis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000006 The length of a foramen magnum along the midsagittal plane. height of the foramen magnum The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 37 Equus, 22 Camelus, 29 Bos, 30 Ovis and Capra, 29 Cervus, 37 Sus, 28 Canis and Ursus, 21 Felis. foramen magnum height The length of a foramen magnum along the midsagittal plane. ISBN:9780873659505 height of the foramen magnum ISBN:9780873659505 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 37 Equus, 22 Camelus, 29 Bos, 30 Ovis and Capra, 29 Cervus, 37 Sus, 28 Canis and Ursus, 21 Felis. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000007 The length between the right and left temporal fossa of the occipital region of a skull. occipital width least occipital breadth This is measurement 30 for Bos in von den Driesch (1979). occipital breadth The length between the right and left temporal fossa of the occipital region of a skull. ISBN:9780873659505 least occipital breadth ISBN:9780873659505 This is measurement 30 for Bos in von den Driesch (1979). ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000008 The length of a basicranium. basicranium length The length of a basicranium. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000009 The length of a basicranium from a hormion to a basion. basicranial axis to hormion length post-vomerine length (M4) The measurement number and genus in von den Driesch (1979): 5 Equus, 5 Camelus, 6 Sus. basicranium length from hormion The length of a basicranium from a hormion to a basion. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN: 9780873659505 basicranial axis to hormion length ISBN: 9780873659505 post-vomerine length (M4) ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000010 The length of a skull from synsphenion to basion. basicranial axis to synphenion length The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 6 Cervus, 4 Canis and Ursus, 4 Felis. basicranium length from synsphenion The length of a skull from synsphenion to basion. ISBN: 9780873659505 basicranial axis to synphenion length ISBN: 9780873659505 The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979): 6 Cervus, 4 Canis and Ursus, 4 Felis. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000011 The length of a bony part of hard palate along the left-right axis. palatal breadth (M13) bony part of hard palate width bony part of hard palate breadth The length of a bony part of hard palate along the left-right axis. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 palatal breadth (M13) ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000012 The length of a bony part of a hard palate along the left-right axis. palatal length (M2) This measurement is taken along the midsagittal plane afrom the anteriormost part of the cheekteeth to a anteriormost part of the choanal groove. bony part of hard palate length The length of a bony part of a hard palate along the left-right axis. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 palatal length (M2) ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000013 The length of a vomer from anteriormost part of a choanal groove to a hormion. vomerine length (M2) vomer ventral length The length of a vomer from anteriormost part of a choanal groove to a hormion. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 vomerine length (M2) ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000014 The length of a line from choanal groove to basion of a cranium. basion to staphylion length post-palatal length (M5) The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979) are: 17 Equus, 9 Camelus, 16 Sus. post-palatal length The length of a line from choanal groove to basion of a cranium. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN: 9780873659505 basion to staphylion length ISBN: 9780873659505 post-palatal length (M5) ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 The measurement number and genus from von den Driesch (1979) are: 17 Equus, 9 Camelus, 16 Sus. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000015 The length of an occipital region from an opisthion to an akrocranion. least height of the occipital region occipital height (M22) The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 41 Bos. occipital region height from opisthion The length of an occipital region from an opisthion to an akrocranion. ISBN: 9780873659505 ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 least height of the occipital region ISBN:9780873659505 occipital height (M22) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 41 Bos. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000016 The length of an occipital region from a basion to an akrokranion basion height cranial height (M26) skull height The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 50 Equus, 30 Camelus, 40 Bos, 38 Cervus, 38 Canis and Ursus. occipital region height from basion The length of an occipital region from a basion to an akrokranion ISBN: 9780873659505 cranial height (M26) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 50 Equus, 30 Camelus, 40 Bos, 38 Cervus, 38 Canis and Ursus. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000017 The length of the dorsal side of a cranium along the anterior-posterior axis. cranium greatest length cranium profile length cranium total length In pigs, the dorsalmost point, the opisthocranion, is projected into space. The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 1 Equus, 1 Camelus, 1 Bos, 1 Ovis and Capra, 1 Cervus, 1 Sus, 1 Canis and Ursus, 1 Felis, 1 Lepus and Oryctolagus cranium dorsal length The length of the dorsal side of a cranium along the anterior-posterior axis. ISBN:9780873659505 cranium greatest length ISBN:9780873659505 cranium profile length ISBN:9780873659505 cranium total length ISBN:9780873659505 In pigs, the dorsalmost point, the opisthocranion, is projected into space. ISBN:9780873659505 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 1 Equus, 1 Camelus, 1 Bos, 1 Ovis and Capra, 1 Cervus, 1 Sus, 1 Canis and Ursus, 1 Felis, 1 Lepus and Oryctolagus ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000018 The length of the ventral side of a cranium from an occipital condyle to a prosthion. condylobasal length The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 2 Equus, 2 Camelus, 2 Bos, 2 Ovis and Capra, 2 Cervus, 2 Sus, 2 Canis and Ursus, 2 Felis, 2 Lepus and Oryctolagus. cranium ventral length from occipital condyle The length of the ventral side of a cranium from an occipital condyle to a prosthion. ISBN:9780873659505 condylobasal length ISBN:9780873659505 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 2 Equus, 2 Camelus, 2 Bos, 2 Ovis and Capra, 2 Cervus, 2 Sus, 2 Canis and Ursus, 2 Felis, 2 Lepus and Oryctolagus. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000019 The length of the ventral side of a cranium from a basion to a prosthion. basal length The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 3 Equus, 3 Camelus, 3 Bos, 3 Ovis and Capra, 3 Cervus, 3 Sus, 3 Canis and Ursus, 3 Felis, 3 Lepus and Oryctolagus. cranium ventral length from basion The length of the ventral side of a cranium from a basion to a prosthion. ISBN:9780873659505 basal length ISBN:9780873659505 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 3 Equus, 3 Camelus, 3 Bos, 3 Ovis and Capra, 3 Cervus, 3 Sus, 3 Canis and Ursus, 3 Felis, 3 Lepus and Oryctolagus. ISBN:9780873659505 FOVT:2000020 The length of an occipital region along the midsagittal axis. occipital region height The length of an occipital region along the midsagittal axis. ISBN: 9780873659505 FOVT:2000021 The breadth of a skull. cranium breadth FOVT:2000022 The length of a cranium between the right and left ectorbitale. ectorbitale to ectorbitale frontal breadth (M18) greatest breadth across orbits greatest breadth of skull greatest frontal breadth The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 41 Equus, 25 Camelus, 33 Bos, 34 Ovis and Capra, 32 Cervus, 41 Sus, 32 Canis and Ursus, 24 Felis. in Lepus and Oryctolagus: breadth at temporal fossae dorsal of the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone cranium breadth at ectorbitale The length of a cranium between the right and left ectorbitale. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN: 9780873659505 ectorbitale to ectorbitale ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 frontal breadth (M18) ISBN: 9780873659505 greatest breadth across orbits ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 greatest breadth of skull ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 greatest frontal breadth ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 in Lepus and Oryctolagus: breadth at temporal fossae dorsal of the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000023 The length of a cranium from a left to a right zygion. bizygomatic breadth (M19) zygomatic breadth The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 34 Cervus, 43 Sus, 30 Canis and Ursus, 23 Felis. cranium breadth at zygomatic arch The length of a cranium from a left to a right zygion. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN: 9780873659505 bizygomatic breadth (M19) ISBN: 9780873659505 zygomatic breadth ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 34 Cervus, 43 Sus, 30 Canis and Ursus, 23 Felis. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 FOVT:2000024 The length of a cranium from a left to a right paroccipital process. basioccipital breadth (M21) greatest breadth at the bases of the paraoccipital processes The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 35 Equus, 20 Camelus, 27 Bos, 28 Ovis and Capra, 27 Cervus, 35 Sus, 26 Canis, 26 Ursus. cranium breadth at paroccipital process The length of a cranium from a left to a right paroccipital process. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 ISBN: 9780873659505 basioccipital breadth (M21) ISBN: 9780873659505 greatest breadth at the bases of the paraoccipital processes ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 The following is the measurement number and genus for this trait in von den Driesch (1979): 35 Equus, 20 Camelus, 27 Bos, 28 Ovis and Capra, 27 Cervus, 35 Sus, 26 Canis, 26 Ursus. ISBN: 9004086161, 9789004086166 The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms. GO:0019952 GO:0050876 Wikipedia:Reproduction reproductive physiological process biological_process GO:0000003 reproduction GO:0000003 The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0000011 vacuole inheritance GO:0000011 The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. GOC:mcc PMID:10873824 PMID:14616069 The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GO:0016359 mitotic chromosome segregation mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release biological_process GO:0000070 mitotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0000070 The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GOC:ai GOC:jl The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus membrane cellular_component GO:0000139 Golgi membrane GO:0000139 The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23114 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23195 microtubule cytoskeleton organisation biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0000226 microtubule cytoskeleton organization GO:0000226 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. nuclear interphase chromosome cellular_component GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome GO:0000228 A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. GOC:dph GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. glycan biosynthesis glycan biosynthetic process polysaccharide anabolism polysaccharide biosynthesis polysaccharide formation polysaccharide synthesis biological_process GO:0000271 polysaccharide biosynthetic process GO:0000271 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GO:0044244 polysaccharide breakdown polysaccharide catabolism polysaccharide degradation multicellular organismal polysaccharide catabolic process biological_process GO:0000272 polysaccharide catabolic process GO:0000272 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. PMID:33139480 Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GO:0007067 Wikipedia:Mitosis biological_process mitosis GO:0000278 Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle. mitotic cell cycle GO:0000278 Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Reactome:69278 The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. biological_process karyokinesis GO:0000280 nuclear division GO:0000280 The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. GOC:mah A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle. cellular_component GO:0000313 organellar ribosome GO:0000313 A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle. GOC:mah GOC:mcc The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo. biological_process embryonic axis determination GO:0000578 embryonic axis specification GO:0000578 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus. biological_process GO:0000740 nuclear membrane fusion GO:0000740 The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus. GOC:elh The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. GO:0007335 Wikipedia:Karyogamy nuclear fusion nuclear fusion during karyogamy biological_process GO:0000741 karyogamy GO:0000741 The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. GOC:elh The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. cell fusion biological_process GO:0000768 syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion GO:0000768 The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. GO:0000789 GO:0000790 GO:0005717 NIF_Subcellular:sao1615953555 cytoplasmic chromatin nuclear chromatin cellular_component chromosome scaffold GO:0000785 Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromatin GO:0000785 The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. GOC:elh PMID:20404130 A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22355 GO:0005720 GO:0035328 NIF_Subcellular:sao581845896 Wikipedia:Heterochromatin transcriptionally inactive chromatin transcriptionally silent chromatin nuclear heterochromatin cellular_component GO:0000792 heterochromatin GO:0000792 A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription. PMID:32017156 The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. biological_process GO:0000819 sister chromatid segregation GO:0000819 The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai GOC:elh The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GO:0007148 GO:0045790 GO:0045791 cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0000902 cell morphogenesis GO:0000902 The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:clt GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0000904 cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0000904 The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. response to acid biological_process response to acid anion response to oxoanion GO:0001101 This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead. response to acid chemical GO:0001101 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. GOC:go_curators GOC:rn The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). skeletal development biological_process GO:0001501 skeletal system development GO:0001501 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. Wikipedia:Ossification bone biosynthesis bone formation osteogenesis biological_process GO:0001503 Note that this term does not have a 'developmental process' parent because ossification isn't necessarily developmental, can also occur as part of bone remodeling. Instead use 'ossification involved in bone maturation ; GO:0043931'. ossification GO:0001503 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:mtg_mpo PMID:17572649 Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. biological_process GO:0001505 regulation of neurotransmitter levels GO:0001505 Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter. GOC:jl A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. biological_process GO:0001508 Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so. action potential GO:0001508 A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. Wikipedia:Angiogenesis blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels biological_process GO:0001525 angiogenesis GO:0001525 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. ISBN:0878932453 blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella. ciliary/flagellar motility biological_process ciliary or bacterial-type flagellar motility GO:0001539 Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent, while the bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella have a different structure. The former are microtubule-based structures that lash back and forth and are present only in eukaryotes, while the latter achieve motility by rotation. Bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella are superficially similar but have a different molecular composition and fine structure. These three structures never co-exist in the same organism. Therefore, GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term. Direct annotations to GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' may be amended during annotation QC. cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility GO:0001539 Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella. GOC:cilia GOC:hjd GOC:krc The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. Wikipedia:Luteal_phase Wikipedia:Luteinization biological_process luteal phase GO:0001553 luteinization GO:0001553 The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. biological_process GO:0001555 oocyte growth GO:0001555 The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. Wikipedia:Oocyte_maturation biological_process GO:0001556 oocyte maturation GO:0001556 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. GOC:devbiol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. biological_process GO:0001558 regulation of cell growth GO:0001558 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GO:0001568 blood vessel development GO:0001568 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:hjd UBERON:0001981 The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:0001569 branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0001569 The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. GOC:dph patterning of blood vessels GOC:dph The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. Wikipedia:Vasculogenesis vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001570 vasculogenesis GO:0001570 The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. PMID:8999798 A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. microtubule bundling biological_process GO:0001578 microtubule bundle formation GO:0001578 A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. GO:0042460 Wikipedia:Eye_development biological_process GO:0001654 eye development GO:0001654 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. GOC:jid GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22178 biological_process GO:0001655 urogenital system development GO:0001655 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. biological_process GO:0001656 metanephros development GO:0001656 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:bf ISBN:0192800752 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001657 ureteric bud development GO:0001657 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. ureteric bud branching biological_process GO:0001658 branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis GO:0001658 The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. GOC:dph PMID:16916378 ureteric bud branching GOC:dph A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. Wikipedia:Thermoregulation thermoregulation biological_process GO:0001659 temperature homeostasis GO:0001659 A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. GOC:jl thermoregulation GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. ameboid cell migration amoeboid cell migration amoeboidal cell migration biological_process GO:0001667 Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type. ameboidal-type cell migration GO:0001667 Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. Wikipedia:Acrosome acrosomal granule acrosome cellular_component GO:0001669 acrosomal vesicle GO:0001669 A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome. ISBN:0124325653 ISBN:0198506732 acrosomal granule GOC:sart acrosome GOC:dph The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males. GO:0043081 male germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0001673 male germ cell nucleus GO:0001673 The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males. CL:0000015 GOC:hjd GOC:mtg_sensu The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. GO:0043080 female germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0001674 female germ cell nucleus GO:0001674 The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. CL:0000021 GOC:hjd The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. acrosome formation biological_process GO:0001675 acrosome assembly GO:0001675 The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi. GOC:dph GOC:hjd GOC:tb acrosome formation GOC:dph GOC:tb Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). translation initiation ternary complex assembly biological_process GO:0001677 formation of translation initiation ternary complex GO:0001677 Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). GOC:hjd The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. hydrochloric acid secretion biological_process GO:0001696 gastric acid secretion GO:0001696 The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:hjd The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GO:0001700 embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm GO:0001700 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. biological_process GO:0001701 in utero embryonic development GO:0001701 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second. GO:0010003 GO:0048276 deuterostomic gastrulation biological_process GO:0001702 gastrulation with mouth forming second GO:0001702 A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu deuterostomic gastrulation GOC:dph The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001704 formation of primary germ layer GO:0001704 The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001705 ectoderm formation GO:0001705 The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. endoblast formation biological_process GO:0001706 endoderm formation GO:0001706 The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators endoblast formation GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0001707 mesoderm formation GO:0001707 The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:go_curators The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. biological_process optic placode formation GO:0001743 lens placode formation GO:0001743 The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. GOC:dph The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster. insect-type retina morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001745 compound eye morphogenesis GO:0001745 The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu insect-type retina morphogenesis PMID:11735386 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell. biological_process GO:0001751 compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0001751 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. biological_process GO:0001754 eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0001754 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. GOC:go_curators The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. biological_process GO:0001755 neural crest cell migration GO:0001755 The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0878932437 The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. Wikipedia:Somitogenesis formation of mesodermal clusters biological_process GO:0001756 somitogenesis GO:0001756 The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. ISBN:0721662544 formation of mesodermal clusters The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. branching morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001763 morphogenesis of a branching structure GO:0001763 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. ISBN:0721662544 branching morphogenesis GOC:dph The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. Wikipedia:Neural_development#Neuron_migration Wikipedia:Neuron_migration neuron chemotaxis neuronal migration biological_process neuron guidance GO:0001764 neuron migration GO:0001764 The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. CL:0000540 GOC:go_curators The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. lymphocyte polarization biological_process GO:0001767 establishment of lymphocyte polarity GO:0001767 The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:12615889 The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. T cell polarization T lymphocyte polarization T-cell polarization establishment of T lymphocyte polarity establishment of T-cell polarity establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity biological_process GO:0001768 establishment of T cell polarity GO:0001768 The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell. GOC:mgi_curators PMID:11244041 PMID:12615889 A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24416 biological_process GO:0001775 cell activation GO:0001775 A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell. GOC:mgi_curators The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. immune cell homeostasis leucocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0001776 Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. leukocyte homeostasis GO:0001776 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation T-cell homeostatic proliferation T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation resting T cell proliferation resting T-cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001777 T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0001777 The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19116 GO:0042032 GO:0042089 GO:0042107 GO:0050663 cytokine biosynthetic process cytokine metabolic process cytokine secretion interferon production interferon secretion interleukin production interleukin secretion biological_process GO:0001816 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms. cytokine production GO:0001816 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 interferon production GOC:add GOC:mah interferon secretion GOC:add GOC:mah interleukin production GOC:add GOC:mah http://wiki.geneontology.org/index.php/Why_isn%27t_interleukin_in_GO%3F interleukin secretion GOC:add GOC:mah http://wiki.geneontology.org/index.php/Why_isn%27t_interleukin_in_GO%3F Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. GO:0042035 GO:0050707 regulation of cytokine anabolism regulation of cytokine biosynthesis regulation of cytokine formation regulation of cytokine synthesis regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process regulation of cytokine secretion biological_process GO:0001817 regulation of cytokine production GO:0001817 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. GO:0042036 GO:0050710 down regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process down regulation of cytokine production down-regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process down-regulation of cytokine production downregulation of cytokine biosynthetic process downregulation of cytokine production negative regulation of cytokine anabolism negative regulation of cytokine biosynthesis negative regulation of cytokine formation negative regulation of cytokine synthesis inhibition of cytokine biosynthetic process inhibition of cytokine production negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process negative regulation of cytokine secretion biological_process GO:0001818 negative regulation of cytokine production GO:0001818 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. GO:0042108 GO:0050715 up regulation of cytokine production up-regulation of cytokine production upregulation of cytokine production activation of cytokine production positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process positive regulation of cytokine secretion stimulation of cytokine production biological_process GO:0001819 positive regulation of cytokine production GO:0001819 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. 5-HT secretion 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion biological_process serotonin release GO:0001820 serotonin secretion GO:0001820 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. GOC:ef ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0781735149 serotonin release GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. Wikipedia:Kidney_development biological_process nephrogenesis GO:0001822 kidney development GO:0001822 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0721662544 nephrogenesis GOC:rph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney. Wolffian body development biological_process GO:0001823 mesonephros development GO:0001823 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0721662544 PMID:10535314 Wolffian body development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. biological_process GO:0001824 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23', 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24' and 'TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28'. blastocyst development GO:0001824 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. biological_process GO:0001825 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term 'TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9'. blastocyst formation GO:0001825 The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. biological_process GO:0001826 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14'. inner cell mass cell differentiation GO:0001826 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. trophectoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0001829 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19'. trophectodermal cell differentiation GO:0001829 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. trophectoderm cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001831 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'. trophectodermal cellular morphogenesis GO:0001831 The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0001832 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17', 'TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27' and 'TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36'. blastocyst growth GO:0001832 An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. biological_process GO:0001833 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14' and 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24'. inner cell mass cell proliferation GO:0001833 The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. trophectoderm cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001834 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'. trophectodermal cell proliferation GO:0001834 The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell biological_process GO:0001837 epithelial to mesenchymal transition GO:0001837 A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:dph PMID:14701881 mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:rl The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. biological_process GO:0001838 embryonic epithelial tube formation GO:0001838 The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. GOC:dph ISBN:0824072820 The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. biological_process GO:0001839 neural plate morphogenesis GO:0001839 The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0001840 neural plate development GO:0001840 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:ef ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932585 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GO:0001679 Wikipedia:Neurulation neural tube morphogenesis neurulation biological_process GO:0001841 neural tube formation GO:0001841 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 neural tube morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. biological_process neural groove formation GO:0001842 neural fold formation GO:0001842 The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 neural groove formation GOC:dph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. biological_process GO:0001878 defined as response to Saccharomycotina (true yeasts). This excludes fission yeast. response to yeast GO:0001878 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. PMID:14707091 The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001885 endothelial cell development GO:0001885 The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. biological_process GO:0001886 endothelial cell morphogenesis GO:0001886 The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. biological_process GO:0001889 liver development GO:0001889 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. placental development placentation biological_process GO:0001890 placenta development GO:0001890 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X placentation GOC:dph GOC:tb The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. fetal placenta development biological_process GO:0001892 embryonic placenta development GO:0001892 The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X fetal placenta development GOC:dph Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. biological_process decidua development GO:0001893 maternal placenta development GO:0001893 Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X decidua development GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. biological_process GO:0001935 endothelial cell proliferation GO:0001935 The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0001936 regulation of endothelial cell proliferation GO:0001936 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. down regulation of endothelial cell proliferation down-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation downregulation of endothelial cell proliferation inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001937 negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation GO:0001937 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. up regulation of endothelial cell proliferation up-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation activation of endothelial cell proliferation stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001938 positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation GO:0001938 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. cellular_component GO:0001940 male pronucleus GO:0001940 The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. biological_process vascular system development GO:0001944 vasculature development GO:0001944 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. GOC:dph UBERON:0002409 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0001955 blood vessel maturation GO:0001955 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion activation of neurotransmitter secretion stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion biological_process GO:0001956 positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion GO:0001956 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. GOC:hjd Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification dermal ossification biological_process intramembranous bone ossification GO:0001957 An instance of intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division. intramembranous ossification GO:0001957 Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. ISBN:0878932437 dermal ossification GO_REF:0000034 intramembranous bone ossification GOC:cjm The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. epithelium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0002009 morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:0002009 The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. biological_process GO:0002011 morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet GO:0002011 The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. cardiac chronotropy regulation of heart contraction rate regulation of rate of heart contraction biological_process GO:0002027 regulation of heart rate GO:0002027 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:10358008 cardiac chronotropy GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. regulation of Na+ transport regulation of sodium transport biological_process GO:0002028 regulation of sodium ion transport GO:0002028 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. up regulation of neuroblast proliferation up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation upregulation of neuroblast proliferation activation of neuroblast proliferation stimulation of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0002052 positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation GO:0002052 Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. GOC:dph The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. up regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation up-regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation upregulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation activation of mesenchymal cell proliferation stimulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation biological_process GO:0002053 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0002053 The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. GOC:dph The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. biological_process GO:0002062 chondrocyte differentiation GO:0002062 The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. biological_process GO:0002063 chondrocyte development GO:0002063 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. biological_process GO:0002064 epithelial cell development GO:0002064 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002065 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation GO:0002065 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002066 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development GO:0002066 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002067 glandular epithelial cell differentiation GO:0002067 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002068 glandular epithelial cell development GO:0002068 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002069 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation GO:0002069 The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. biological_process GO:0002070 epithelial cell maturation GO:0002070 The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002071 glandular epithelial cell maturation GO:0002071 The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development biological_process GO:0002072 optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development GO:0002072 The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb ISBN:0878932437 The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. cellular_component GO:0002080 acrosomal membrane GO:0002080 The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. GOC:dph Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. negative regulation of neural plate formation repression of premature neural plate formation biological_process GO:0002085 inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GO:0002085 Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. GOC:dph PMID:16678814 negative regulation of neural plate formation GOC:dph GOC:tb repression of premature neural plate formation GOC:dph GOC:tb A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. neurological control of breathing regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process biological_process GO:0002087 regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process GO:0002087 A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:12458206 neurological control of breathing GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. lens development lens development in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002088 lens development in camera-type eye GO:0002088 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph ISBN:0582064333 The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. lens morphogenesis lens morphogenesis in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002089 lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0002089 The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. biological_process GO:0002119 nematode larval development GO:0002119 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GOC:ems GOC:kmv The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. biological_process GO:0002164 larval development GO:0002164 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. GOC:jid ISBN:0877795088 The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. hjd 2010-11-18T02:35:14Z biological_process GO:0002176 male germ cell proliferation GO:0002176 The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:hjd A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism. GO:0002214 physiological defense response to insect biological_process GO:0002213 defense response to insect GO:0002213 A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism. GOC:add A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0002216 physiological defense response to nematode biological_process GO:0002215 defense response to nematode GO:0002215 A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GOC:add PMID:11516579 PMID:14506883 The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:0002244 hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002244 The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. GOC:add GOC:rl ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16551251 An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Wikipedia:Adaptive_immune_system acquired immune response immune memory response biological_process GO:0002250 adaptive immune response GO:0002250 An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 acquired immune response ISBN:068340007X immune memory response GOC:add An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. immune response in organ or tissue biological_process GO:0002251 organ or tissue specific immune response GO:0002251 An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues. GOC:jal GO_REF:0000022 Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18737 biological_process GO:0002252 immune effector process GO:0002252 Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0002260 lymphocyte homeostasis GO:0002260 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add PMID:15826826 PMID:16319493 PMID:16551252 PMID:16551262 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0002262 myeloid cell homeostasis GO:0002262 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. CL:0000763 GOC:add A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process cell activation during immune response GO:0002263 cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002263 A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 cell activation during immune response GOC:tb A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process endothelial cell activation during immune response GO:0002264 endothelial cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002264 A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 endothelial cell activation during immune response GOC:tb A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response. biological_process immune cell activation during inflammatory response leukocyte activation during inflammatory response GO:0002269 leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response GO:0002269 A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 leukocyte activation during inflammatory response GOC:tb A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. myeloid leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0002274 myeloid leukocyte activation GO:0002274 A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process lymphocyte activation during immune response GO:0002285 lymphocyte activation involved in immune response GO:0002285 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 lymphocyte activation during immune response GOC:tb The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process T cell activation during immune response T lymphocyte activation during immune response T-cell activation during immune response T-lymphocyte activation during immune response GO:0002286 T cell activation involved in immune response GO:0002286 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 T cell activation during immune response GOC:tb The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. biological_process T cell development involved in immune response T cell differentiation during immune response T lymphocyte differentiation during immune response T-cell differentiation during immune response T-lymphocyte differentiation during immune response GO:0002292 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. T cell differentiation involved in immune response GO:0002292 The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 T cell development involved in immune response GOC:add T cell differentiation during immune response GOC:tb The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. biological_process T cell proliferation during immune response T lymphocyte proliferation during immune response T-cell proliferation during immune response T-lymphocyte proliferation during immune response GO:0002309 T cell proliferation involved in immune response GO:0002309 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 T cell proliferation during immune response GOC:tb The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. biological_process GO:0002318 myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002318 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551264 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. biological_process GO:0002320 lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GO:0002320 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551251 PMID:16551264 The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. serotonin production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002351 serotonin production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002351 The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16730260 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. biological_process immune cell activation during immune response leucocyte activation during immune response leukocyte activation during immune response GO:0002366 leukocyte activation involved in immune response GO:0002366 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 leukocyte activation during immune response GOC:tb The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GO:0002374 GO:0002375 cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response biological_process cytokine production during immune response cytokine secretion during immune response cytokine secretion involved in immune response GO:0002367 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms. cytokine production involved in immune response GO:0002367 The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 cytokine production during immune response GOC:dph cytokine secretion during immune response GOC:dph Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. T lymphocyte cytokine production T-cell cytokine production T-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process GO:0002369 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms. T cell cytokine production GO:0002369 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell. biological_process GO:0002371 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms. dendritic cell cytokine production GO:0002371 Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. Wikipedia:Immune_system biological_process GO:0002376 Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). immune system process GO:0002376 Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 An immune response taking place in the liver. biological_process GO:0002384 hepatic immune response GO:0002384 An immune response taking place in the liver. GOC:jal GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex. biological_process GO:0002396 MHC protein complex assembly GO:0002396 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex. biological_process GO:0002399 MHC class II protein complex assembly GO:0002399 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. biological_process production of cellular mediator of immune response GO:0002440 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select one of the 'regulation' children terms. production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002440 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response. serotonin secretion involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process serotonin release involved in inflammatory response GO:0002442 serotonin secretion involved in inflammatory response GO:0002442 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 serotonin release involved in inflammatory response GOC:tb Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GO:0019723 GO:0042087 immune cell effector process immune cell mediated immunity leucocyte immune effector process leucocyte mediated immunity leukocyte immune effector process biological_process cell-mediated immune response cellular immune response GO:0002443 leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002443 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. myeloid leucocyte immune effector process myeloid leucocyte mediated immunity myeloid leukocyte immune effector process biological_process GO:0002444 myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002444 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response biological_process GO:0002449 lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002449 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. cell-mediated immunity cellular immune response T lymphocyte mediated immunity T-cell mediated immunity T-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002456 T cell mediated immunity GO:0002456 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation T-cell antigen processing and presentation T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002457 T cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002457 The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add PMID:11417857 PMID:15120183 An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. biological_process GO:0002460 adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002460 An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0781735149 ISBN:1405196831 The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. biological_process GO:0002468 dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002468 The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation of via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002504 antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002504 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15531770 PMID:15771591 PMID:16153240 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0002520 immune system development GO:0002520 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:add GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. immune cell differentiation leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002521 leukocyte differentiation GO:0002521 The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. CL:0000738 GOC:add PMID:16551264 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response. immune cell migration during immune response immune cell trafficking during immune response leucocyte migration during immune response leucocyte trafficking during immune response leukocyte trafficking during immune response biological_process GO:0002522 leukocyte migration involved in immune response GO:0002522 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response. biological_process immune cell migration during inflammatory response immune cell trafficking during inflammatory response leucocyte migration during inflammatory response leucocyte trafficking during inflammatory response leukocyte migration during inflammatory response leukocyte trafficking during inflammatory response GO:0002523 leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response GO:0002523 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 leukocyte migration during inflammatory response GOC:dph The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. production of molecular mediator involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process production of cellular mediator of acute inflammation GO:0002532 production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response GO:0002532 The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add GOC:dph GOC:tb ISBN:0781735149 The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:0002534 cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:0002534 The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed. pro-T lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002572 pro-T cell differentiation GO:0002572 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. myeloid leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002573 myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002573 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. GOC:add PMID:16551251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. biological_process GO:0002577 regulation of antigen processing and presentation GO:0002577 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. down regulation of antigen processing and presentation down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation downregulation of antigen processing and presentation inhibition of antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002578 negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation GO:0002578 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. up regulation of antigen processing and presentation up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation upregulation of antigen processing and presentation activation of antigen processing and presentation stimulation of antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002579 positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation GO:0002579 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002580 regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. down regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II down-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II negative regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II inhibition of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002581 negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002581 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. positive regulation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II up regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II up-regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II upregulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II activation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II stimulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II biological_process GO:0002582 positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II GO:0002582 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. biological_process GO:0002604 regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002604 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. down regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation down-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation downregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation inhibition of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002605 negative regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002605 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. up regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation up-regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation upregulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation activation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation stimulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002606 positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002606 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002625 regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002625 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. down regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation down-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation downregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation negative regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation negative regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation inhibition of T cell antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002626 negative regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002626 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation positive regulation of T-cell antigen processing and presentation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation up regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation up-regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation upregulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation activation of T cell antigen processing and presentation stimulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation biological_process GO:0002627 positive regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation GO:0002627 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. biological_process GO:0002682 regulation of immune system process GO:0002682 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. down regulation of immune system process down-regulation of immune system process downregulation of immune system process inhibition of immune system process biological_process GO:0002683 negative regulation of immune system process GO:0002683 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. up regulation of immune system process up-regulation of immune system process upregulation of immune system process activation of immune system process stimulation of immune system process biological_process GO:0002684 positive regulation of immune system process GO:0002684 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. regulation of immune cell migration regulation of leucocyte migration biological_process GO:0002685 regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002685 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. down regulation of leukocyte migration down-regulation of leukocyte migration downregulation of leukocyte migration negative regulation of immune cell migration negative regulation of leucocyte migration inhibition of leukocyte migration biological_process GO:0002686 negative regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002686 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. positive regulation of immune cell migration positive regulation of leucocyte migration up regulation of leukocyte migration up-regulation of leukocyte migration upregulation of leukocyte migration activation of leukocyte migration stimulation of leukocyte migration biological_process GO:0002687 positive regulation of leukocyte migration GO:0002687 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. regulation of immune cell activation regulation of leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0002694 regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002694 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. down regulation of leukocyte activation down-regulation of leukocyte activation downregulation of leukocyte activation negative regulation of immune cell activation negative regulation of leucocyte activation inhibition of leukocyte activation biological_process GO:0002695 negative regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002695 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. positive regulation of immune cell activation positive regulation of leucocyte activation up regulation of leukocyte activation up-regulation of leukocyte activation upregulation of leukocyte activation activation of leukocyte activation stimulation of leukocyte activation biological_process GO:0002696 positive regulation of leukocyte activation GO:0002696 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. biological_process GO:0002697 regulation of immune effector process GO:0002697 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. down regulation of immune effector process down-regulation of immune effector process downregulation of immune effector process inhibition of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002698 negative regulation of immune effector process GO:0002698 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. up regulation of immune effector process up-regulation of immune effector process upregulation of immune effector process activation of immune effector process stimulation of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002699 positive regulation of immune effector process GO:0002699 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. biological_process GO:0002700 regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002700 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. down regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response down-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response downregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response inhibition of production of molecular mediator of immune response biological_process GO:0002701 negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002701 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. up regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response up-regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response upregulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response activation of production of molecular mediator of immune response stimulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response biological_process GO:0002702 positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response GO:0002702 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. regulation of immune cell mediated immunity regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002703 regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002703 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002704 negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002704 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity activation of leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002705 positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002705 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. biological_process GO:0002706 regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002706 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity inhibition of lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002707 negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002707 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity activation of lymphocyte mediated immunity stimulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002708 positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity GO:0002708 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity regulation of T-cell mediated immunity regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002709 regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002709 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. down regulation of T cell mediated immunity down-regulation of T cell mediated immunity downregulation of T cell mediated immunity negative regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of T-cell mediated immunity negative regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity inhibition of T cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002710 negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002710 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. positive regulation of T lymphocyte mediated immunity positive regulation of T-cell mediated immunity positive regulation of T-lymphocyte mediated immunity up regulation of T cell mediated immunity up-regulation of T cell mediated immunity upregulation of T cell mediated immunity activation of T cell mediated immunity stimulation of T cell mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002711 positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity GO:0002711 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. GO:0002739 GO:0002742 regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response biological_process regulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002718 regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response GO:0002718 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. GOC:add regulation of cytokine production during immune response GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response. GO:0002740 GO:0002743 down-regulation of cytokine production during immune response negative regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response biological_process down regulation of cytokine production during immune response downregulation of cytokine production during immune response inhibition of cytokine production during immune response negative regulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002719 negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response GO:0002719 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response. GOC:add negative regulation of cytokine production during immune response GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. GO:0002741 GO:0002744 activation of cytokine production during immune response positive regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process involved in immune response positive regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response stimulation of cytokine production during immune response biological_process positive regulation of cytokine production during immune response up regulation of cytokine production during immune response up-regulation of cytokine production during immune response upregulation of cytokine production during immune response GO:0002720 positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response GO:0002720 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. GOC:add positive regulation of cytokine production during immune response GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production regulation of T-cell cytokine production regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production biological_process GO:0002724 regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002724 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. down regulation of T cell cytokine production down-regulation of T cell cytokine production downregulation of T cell cytokine production negative regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production negative regulation of T-cell cytokine production negative regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production inhibition of T cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002725 negative regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002725 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. positive regulation of T lymphocyte cytokine production positive regulation of T-cell cytokine production positive regulation of T-lymphocyte cytokine production up regulation of T cell cytokine production up-regulation of T cell cytokine production upregulation of T cell cytokine production activation of T cell cytokine production stimulation of T cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002726 positive regulation of T cell cytokine production GO:0002726 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. biological_process GO:0002730 regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production GO:0002730 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. down regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production down-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production downregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production inhibition of dendritic cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002731 negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production GO:0002731 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. up regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production up-regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production upregulation of dendritic cell cytokine production activation of dendritic cell cytokine production stimulation of dendritic cell cytokine production biological_process GO:0002732 positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production GO:0002732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0002761 regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002761 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation inhibition of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002762 negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002762 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation activation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation stimulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002763 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation GO:0002763 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0002790 peptide secretion GO:0002790 The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. biological_process GO:0002791 regulation of peptide secretion GO:0002791 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. down regulation of peptide secretion down-regulation of peptide secretion downregulation of peptide secretion inhibition of peptide secretion biological_process GO:0002792 negative regulation of peptide secretion GO:0002792 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. up regulation of peptide secretion up-regulation of peptide secretion upregulation of peptide secretion activation of peptide secretion stimulation of peptide secretion biological_process GO:0002793 positive regulation of peptide secretion GO:0002793 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. biological_process GO:0002819 regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002819 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. down regulation of adaptive immune response down-regulation of adaptive immune response downregulation of adaptive immune response inhibition of adaptive immune response biological_process GO:0002820 negative regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002820 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. up regulation of adaptive immune response up-regulation of adaptive immune response upregulation of adaptive immune response activation of adaptive immune response stimulation of adaptive immune response biological_process GO:0002821 positive regulation of adaptive immune response GO:0002821 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. biological_process GO:0002822 regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002822 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. biological_process GO:0002823 negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002823 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. biological_process GO:0002824 positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains GO:0002824 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata. GOC:add GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002831 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002831 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. down regulation of response to biotic stimulus down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus downregulation of response to biotic stimulus inhibition of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002832 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002832 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. up regulation of response to biotic stimulus up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus upregulation of response to biotic stimulus activation of response to biotic stimulus stimulation of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002833 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus GO:0002833 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. biological_process GO:0002886 regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002886 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity inhibition of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002887 negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002887 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002888 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity GO:0002888 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move. hjd 2012-04-23T02:11:22Z biological_process GO:0002932 tendon sheath development GO:0002932 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move. PMID:20696843 The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. biological_process pattern formation GO:0003002 regionalization GO:0003002 The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete pattern formation GOC:dph A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. puberty biological_process reproductive developmental process GO:0003006 developmental process involved in reproduction GO:0003006 A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete puberty GOC:dph reproductive developmental process GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. biological_process cardiac morphogenesis GO:0003007 heart morphogenesis GO:0003007 The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. organ system process biological_process GO:0003008 system process GO:0003008 A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GOC:mtg_cardio A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. biological_process GO:0003009 skeletal muscle contraction GO:0003009 A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:mtg_muscle A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. biological_process muscle physiological process GO:0003012 muscle system process GO:0003012 A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. Wikipedia:Circulatory_system biological_process GO:0003013 circulatory system process GO:0003013 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila). excretory system process biological_process kidney system process GO:0003014 renal system process GO:0003014 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila). GOC:cjm GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. biological_process cardiac process GO:0003015 heart process GO:0003015 A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:mtg_cardio A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. GO:0010802 respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:0003016 respiratory system process GO:0003016 A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system. biological_process GO:0003096 renal sodium ion transport GO:0003096 The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system. GOC:mtg_cardio Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells. tb 2009-09-22T03:10:29Z endodermal-mesodermal cell signalling biological_process GO:0003133 endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling GO:0003133 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells. GOC:mtg_heart endodermal-mesodermal cell signalling GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. tb 2009-09-22T04:12:18Z cardiac crescent morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003142 cardiogenic plate morphogenesis GO:0003142 The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac crescent morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. tb 2009-09-22T04:21:17Z biological_process GO:0003143 embryonic heart tube morphogenesis GO:0003143 The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. tb 2009-09-22T04:22:34Z biological_process GO:0003144 embryonic heart tube formation GO:0003144 The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis. tb 2009-09-22T04:26:03Z biological_process GO:0003145 embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding GO:0003145 The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis. GOC:mtg_heart The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation. tb 2009-09-22T04:29:55Z biological_process GO:0003147 neural crest cell migration involved in heart formation GO:0003147 The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. tb 2009-09-22T07:51:01Z biological_process GO:0003148 outflow tract septum morphogenesis GO:0003148 The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. tb 2009-09-22T07:51:41Z biological_process GO:0003149 membranous septum morphogenesis GO:0003149 The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum. tb 2009-09-22T07:53:28Z biological_process GO:0003150 muscular septum morphogenesis GO:0003150 The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. tb 2009-09-22T07:59:24Z biological_process GO:0003151 outflow tract morphogenesis GO:0003151 The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GOC:mtg_heart UBERON:0004145 The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation. tb 2009-09-23T10:10:24Z biological_process GO:0003152 morphogenesis of an epithelial fold involved in embryonic heart tube formation GO:0003152 The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation. GOC:mtg_heart Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. tb 2009-09-30T11:21:09Z biological_process GO:0003156 regulation of animal organ formation GO:0003156 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-10-01T12:42:27Z biological_process GO:0003157 endocardium development GO:0003157 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2009-10-01T12:50:57Z biological_process GO:0003158 endothelium development GO:0003158 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2009-10-01T01:34:06Z biological_process GO:0003159 morphogenesis of an endothelium GO:0003159 The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-10-01T01:37:26Z biological_process GO:0003160 endocardium morphogenesis GO:0003160 The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat. dph 2009-10-01T01:57:16Z cardiac impulse conducting system development heart conduction system development biological_process GO:0003161 cardiac conduction system development GO:0003161 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac impulse conducting system development GOC:mtg_heart heart conduction system development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system. dph 2009-10-01T02:05:13Z AV node development biological_process GO:0003162 atrioventricular node development GO:0003162 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system. GOC:mtg_heart AV node development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node. dph 2009-10-01T02:06:09Z SA node development SAN development sinus node development biological_process GO:0003163 sinoatrial node development GO:0003163 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node development GOC:mtg_heart SAN development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-10-01T02:07:12Z biological_process GO:0003164 His-Purkinje system development GO:0003164 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-01T02:07:50Z cardiac Purkinje fiber development biological_process GO:0003165 Purkinje myocyte development GO:0003165 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-01T02:49:54Z cardiac Purkinje fiber cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003168 Purkinje myocyte differentiation GO:0003168 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-08T10:45:41Z biological_process GO:0003169 coronary vein morphogenesis GO:0003169 The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-08T01:17:43Z biological_process GO:0003197 endocardial cushion development GO:0003197 The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-08T01:43:22Z biological_process GO:0003203 endocardial cushion morphogenesis GO:0003203 The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:05:04Z heart fibrous skeleton development biological_process GO:0003204 cardiac skeleton development GO:0003204 The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart fibrous skeleton development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:11:18Z biological_process GO:0003205 cardiac chamber development GO:0003205 The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:14:51Z heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003206 cardiac chamber morphogenesis GO:0003206 The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:29:13Z heart chamber formation biological_process GO:0003207 cardiac chamber formation GO:0003207 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart chamber formation GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:38:44Z biological_process GO:0003208 cardiac ventricle morphogenesis GO:0003208 The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T09:39:44Z biological_process GO:0003209 cardiac atrium morphogenesis GO:0003209 The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T09:44:25Z biological_process GO:0003210 cardiac atrium formation GO:0003210 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:46:27Z biological_process GO:0003211 cardiac ventricle formation GO:0003211 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:48:16Z biological_process GO:0003212 cardiac left atrium morphogenesis GO:0003212 The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:49:03Z biological_process GO:0003213 cardiac right atrium morphogenesis GO:0003213 The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:50:08Z biological_process GO:0003214 cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis GO:0003214 The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:50:57Z biological_process GO:0003215 cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis GO:0003215 The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:52:31Z biological_process GO:0003216 cardiac left atrium formation GO:0003216 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:53:12Z biological_process GO:0003217 cardiac right atrium formation GO:0003217 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:54:33Z biological_process GO:0003218 cardiac left ventricle formation GO:0003218 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:55:38Z biological_process GO:0003219 cardiac right ventricle formation GO:0003219 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:18:05Z left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003220 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0003220 The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:26:33Z right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003221 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0003221 The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:33:00Z biological_process trabecula carnea morphogenesis GO:0003222 ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis GO:0003222 The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart trabecula carnea morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:45:09Z biological_process GO:0003225 left ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis GO:0003225 The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:50:59Z biological_process GO:0003227 right ventricular trabecular myocardium morphogenesis GO:0003227 The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22614 dph 2009-10-13T10:53:18Z atrial myocardium development biological_process GO:0003228 atrial cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0003228 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart atrial myocardium development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-13T10:56:01Z ventricular myocardium development biological_process GO:0003229 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0003229 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart ventricular myocardium development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T11:02:07Z biological_process GO:0003230 cardiac atrium development GO:0003230 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:03:16Z biological_process GO:0003231 cardiac ventricle development GO:0003231 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:12:34Z biological_process GO:0003235 sinus venosus development GO:0003235 The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:16:52Z biological_process GO:0003236 sinus venosus morphogenesis GO:0003236 The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:18:34Z biological_process GO:0003237 sinus venosus formation GO:0003237 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:20:57Z biological_process GO:0003238 conus arteriosus development GO:0003238 The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:25:04Z biological_process GO:0003239 conus arteriosus morphogenesis GO:0003239 The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:25:47Z biological_process GO:0003240 conus arteriosus formation GO:0003240 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:28:46Z biological_process GO:0003241 growth involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0003241 Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:44:21Z biological_process GO:0003245 cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0003245 The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-13T11:53:12Z biological_process GO:0003248 heart capillary growth GO:0003248 The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract. dph 2009-10-13T02:14:16Z biological_process GO:0003253 cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:0003253 The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. dph 2009-10-15T01:52:25Z biological_process GO:0003260 cardioblast migration GO:0003260 The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T08:53:19Z biological_process GO:0003272 endocardial cushion formation GO:0003272 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart PMID:15797462 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T09:08:44Z biological_process GO:0003273 cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation GO:0003273 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. dph 2009-10-20T09:30:01Z apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003275 apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:0003275 Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T09:37:03Z apoptosis involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003277 apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis GO:0003277 Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-20T09:40:22Z apoptosis involved in heart morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003278 apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0003278 Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T09:45:13Z heart septum development biological_process GO:0003279 cardiac septum development GO:0003279 The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart heart septum development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T10:04:51Z interventricular septum development septum inferius development biological_process GO:0003281 ventricular septum development GO:0003281 The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart interventricular septum development GOC:mtg_heart septum inferius development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T10:10:38Z biological_process GO:0003283 atrial septum development GO:0003283 The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum. dph 2009-10-20T11:03:46Z biological_process GO:0003292 cardiac septum cell differentiation GO:0003292 The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development. dph 2009-10-22T09:24:51Z biological_process GO:0003298 physiological muscle hypertrophy GO:0003298 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. dph 2009-10-22T10:33:56Z biological_process GO:0003300 cardiac muscle hypertrophy GO:0003300 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart. dph 2009-10-22T10:38:10Z biological_process GO:0003301 physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy GO:0003301 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. dph 2009-10-26T09:27:23Z pancreatic B cell differentiation pancreatic beta cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003309 type B pancreatic cell differentiation GO:0003309 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. CL:0000169 GOC:dph PMID:11076772 pancreatic B cell differentiation GOC:mah pancreatic beta cell differentiation GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon. dph 2009-10-26T09:28:05Z pancreatic alpha cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003310 pancreatic A cell differentiation GO:0003310 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon. GOC:dph PMID:11076772 pancreatic alpha cell differentiation GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin. dph 2009-10-26T09:30:27Z pancreatic delta cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003311 pancreatic D cell differentiation GO:0003311 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin. GOC:dph PMID:11076772 pancreatic delta cell differentiation GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide. dph 2009-10-26T09:32:32Z pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003312 pancreatic PP cell differentiation GO:0003312 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide. GOC:dph PMID:11076772 pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell differentiation GOC:dph The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. dph 2009-10-27T08:32:40Z heart cone development biological_process GO:0003313 heart rudiment development GO:0003313 The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone development GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-27T08:38:04Z heart cone morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003314 heart rudiment morphogenesis GO:0003314 The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment. dph 2009-10-27T08:43:37Z heart cone formation biological_process GO:0003315 heart rudiment formation GO:0003315 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone formation GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon. dph 2009-11-02T08:13:55Z pancreatic alpha cell development biological_process GO:0003322 pancreatic A cell development GO:0003322 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon. GOC:dph pancreatic alpha cell development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. dph 2009-11-02T08:20:11Z pancreatic B cell development pancreatic beta cell development biological_process GO:0003323 type B pancreatic cell development GO:0003323 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. CL:0000169 GOC:dph pancreatic B cell development GOC:mah pancreatic beta cell development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin. dph 2009-11-02T08:23:26Z pancreatic delta cell development biological_process GO:0003324 pancreatic D cell development GO:0003324 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin. GOC:dph pancreatic delta cell development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide. dph 2009-11-02T08:25:03Z biological_process GO:0003325 pancreatic PP cell development GO:0003325 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide. GOC:dph The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. dph 2009-11-02T02:36:11Z amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:0003333 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. amino acid transmembrane transport GO:0003333 The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:dph GOC:tb A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. dph 2009-11-24T09:29:49Z biological_process metanephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GO:0003337 mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis GO:0003337 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. GOC:dph GOC:yaf metanephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized. dph 2009-11-24T09:32:09Z biological_process GO:0003338 metanephros morphogenesis GO:0003338 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. dph 2009-11-24T09:43:04Z biological_process GO:0003339 regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis GO:0003339 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. dph 2009-11-24T09:46:12Z biological_process GO:0003340 negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis GO:0003340 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19809 dph 2009-11-24T09:56:26Z GO:0036142 microtubule-based flagellum movement flagellar movement flagellum movement biological_process ciliary motility cilium beating flagellar motility GO:0003341 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium movement GO:0003341 The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. GOC:dph GOC:jl flagellar movement GOC:bf cilium beating GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum. dph 2009-12-01T10:30:17Z biological_process GO:0003342 proepicardium development GO:0003342 The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme. dph 2009-12-01T10:40:17Z biological_process GO:0003343 septum transversum development GO:0003343 The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized. dph 2009-12-01T10:46:34Z biological_process GO:0003344 pericardium morphogenesis GO:0003344 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell. dph 2009-12-01T11:12:05Z biological_process GO:0003348 cardiac endothelial cell differentiation GO:0003348 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. dph 2009-12-03T10:12:00Z GO:1900172 regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement biological_process regulation of flagellar movement regulation of flagellum movement GO:0003352 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. regulation of cilium movement GO:0003352 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. GOC:dph regulation of flagellar movement GOC:TermGenie Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. dph 2009-12-03T10:16:10Z GO:1900174 positive regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement biological_process positive regulation of flagellar movement positive regulation of flagellum movement GO:0003353 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. positive regulation of cilium movement GO:0003353 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. GOC:dph positive regulation of flagellar movement GOC:TermGenie Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. dph 2009-12-03T10:17:47Z GO:1900173 negative regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement biological_process negative regulation of flagellum movement GO:0003354 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. negative regulation of cilium movement GO:0003354 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline. dph 2009-12-03T10:34:30Z norepinephrine secreting neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0003357 noradrenergic neuron differentiation GO:0003357 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline. GOC:dph norepinephrine secreting neuron differentiation GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. dph 2009-12-03T10:38:37Z norepinephrine secreting neuron development biological_process GO:0003358 noradrenergic neuron development GO:0003358 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph norepinephrine secreting neuron development GOC:dph The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. dph 2009-12-03T10:47:20Z biological_process GO:0003360 brainstem development GO:0003360 The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem. dph 2009-12-03T10:53:30Z biological_process GO:0003361 noradrenergic neuron differentiation involved in brainstem development GO:0003361 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem. GOC:dph The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. dph 2009-12-08T04:50:41Z biological_process GO:0003365 establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration GO:0003365 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell. dph 2009-12-08T05:42:46Z biological_process GO:0003371 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration GO:0003371 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T06:54:44Z biological_process GO:0003379 establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration GO:0003379 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T07:10:57Z biological_process GO:0003380 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in gastrulation GO:0003380 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T07:18:53Z biological_process GO:0003381 epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in gastrulation GO:0003381 The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2009-12-09T07:21:06Z biological_process GO:0003382 epithelial cell morphogenesis GO:0003382 The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. dph 2009-12-21T01:42:37Z biological_process GO:0003403 optic vesicle formation GO:0003403 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. dph 2009-12-21T01:54:34Z biological_process GO:0003404 optic vesicle morphogenesis GO:0003404 The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2009-12-21T02:15:14Z biological_process GO:0003407 neural retina development GO:0003407 The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye. dph 2009-12-21T03:04:27Z biological_process GO:0003411 cell motility involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0003411 Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. dph 2009-12-22T08:39:58Z biological_process GO:0003413 chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0003413 The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized. dph 2009-12-22T08:42:55Z biological_process GO:0003414 chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0003414 The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. dph 2009-12-22T08:52:55Z biological_process GO:0003416 endochondral bone growth GO:0003416 The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone. dph 2009-12-22T12:42:44Z biological_process GO:0003433 chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0003433 The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. molecular process GO:0005554 molecular function molecular_function GO:0003674 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex. molecular_function GO:0003674 A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. GOC:pdt A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. GOC:pdt Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. Wikipedia:Enzyme enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0003824 catalytic activity GO:0003824 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 enzyme activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. molecular_function GO:0004518 Note that 'tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity ; GO:0009022', also known as 'ribonuclease PH', and 'DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity ; GO:0003906' do not have parentage in the 'nuclease activity' branch of the ontology because both GO and the Enzyme Commission define nuclease activity as a type of hydrolysis. nuclease activity GO:0004518 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. ISBN:0198547684 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. GO:0004537 Reactome:R-HSA-211247 Reactome:R-HSA-5685994 Reactome:R-HSA-6785986 deoxyribonuclease activity caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease activity molecular_function GO:0004536 DNA nuclease activity GO:0004536 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 Reactome:R-HSA-211247 Cleavage of DNA by DFF40 Reactome:R-HSA-5685994 Long-range resection of DNA DSBs by EXO1 or DNA2 Reactome:R-HSA-6785986 DNA nucleases unhook the interstrand crosslink (ICL) Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GO:0005478 Reactome:R-HSA-168313 Reactome:R-HSA-178215 molecular_function carrier GO:0005215 Some transporters, such as certain members of the SLC family, are referred to as 'carriers'; however GO uses carrier with a different meaning: a carrier binds to and transports the substance (see GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity), whereas a transporter forms some pore that allows the passing of molecules. transporter activity GO:0005215 Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GOC:ai GOC:dgf Reactome:R-HSA-168313 Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion Reactome:R-HSA-178215 SMAD7:SMURF1 complex is exported to the cytosol Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group. GO:0005279 amine/amide/polyamine channel activity amine/polyamine transmembrane transporter activity amino acid-polyamine transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0005275 amine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005275 Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. Reactome:R-HSA-264615 molecular_function GO:0005277 acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005277 Enables the transfer of acetylcholine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-264615 Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups. GO:0005312 GO:0015365 Reactome:R-HSA-1614546 Reactome:R-HSA-372843 dicarboxylate carrier sodium:dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate symporter activity molecular_function dicarboxylate (succinate/fumarate/malate) antiporter activity dicarboxylic acid permease activity GO:0005310 dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005310 Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-1614546 Sulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylate Reactome:R-HSA-372843 SLC25A10 mediates exchange of malate and phosphate Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Reactome:R-HSA-1369028 Reactome:R-HSA-1369052 Reactome:R-HSA-174786 Reactome:R-HSA-5682285 Reactome:R-HSA-5682311 Reactome:R-HSA-5683672 Reactome:R-HSA-5683714 Reactome:R-HSA-5688397 Reactome:R-HSA-6801250 Reactome:R-HSA-8848053 Reactome:R-HSA-8866329 lipophorin molecular_function apolipoprotein GO:0005319 lipid transporter activity GO:0005319 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-1369028 ABCAs mediate lipid efflux Reactome:R-HSA-1369052 ABCAs mediate lipid influx Reactome:R-HSA-174786 ApoB-48 + 40 triacylglycerol + 60 phospholipid => ApoB-48:TG:PL complex Reactome:R-HSA-5682285 ABCA12 transports lipids from cytosol to extracellular region Reactome:R-HSA-5682311 Defective ABCA12 does not transport lipids from cytosol to extracellular region Reactome:R-HSA-5683672 Defective ABCA3 does not transport PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body Reactome:R-HSA-5683714 ABCA3 transports PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body Reactome:R-HSA-5688397 Defective ABCA3 does not transport PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body Reactome:R-HSA-6801250 TRIAP1:PRELID1, PRELID3A transports PA from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane Reactome:R-HSA-8848053 ABCA5 transports CHOL from lysosomal lumen to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-8866329 MTTP lipidates APOB-100, forming a pre-VLDL Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. Reactome:R-HSA-374896 Reactome:R-HSA-374919 molecular_function neurotransmitter transporter activity GO:0005326 neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005326 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-374896 Uptake of Noradrenaline Reactome:R-HSA-374919 Noradrenaline clearance from the synaptic cleft Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. molecular_function GO:0005342 organic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005342 Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015579 Reactome:R-HSA-499981 Reactome:R-HSA-5653873 glucose permease activity lactose/glucose efflux transporter activity molecular_function galactose/glucose (methylgalactoside) porter activity GO:0005355 glucose transmembrane transporter activity GO:0005355 Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-499981 Transport of Extracellular Glucose to the Cytosol by GLUT1 and GLUT2 Reactome:R-HSA-5653873 SLC2A1 tetramer transports Glc from cytosol to Golgi lumen A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). GO:0008372 NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 cell or subcellular entity cellular component cellular_component subcellular entity GO:0005575 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. cellular_component GO:0005575 A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). GOC:pdt NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 subcellular entity NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100315 The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular extracellular cellular_component GO:0005576 Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'. extracellular region GO:0005576 The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:go_curators A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. fibrinogen fibrinogen alpha chain fibrinogen beta chain fibrinogen gamma chain cellular_component GO:0005577 fibrinogen complex GO:0005577 A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. Wikipedia:Collagen cellular_component GO:0005581 collagen trimer GO:0005581 PMID:12382326 PMID:12382326 A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. GOC:dos GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 PMID:19693541 PMID:21421911 Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005583 fibrillar collagen trimer GO:0005583 Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 PMID:21421911 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_II cellular_component GO:0005585 collagen type II trimer GO:0005585 A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(II) chains; type II collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. ISBN:0721639976 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_IV cellular_component GO:0005587 collagen type IV trimer GO:0005587 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes. ISBN:0721639976 PMID:19693541 PMID:21421911 A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. GO:0005605 GO:0008003 Wikipedia:Basement_membrane cellular_component basal lamina basement lamina lamina densa GO:0005604 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane GO:0005604 A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:22505934 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. NIF_Subcellular:sao1425028079 cellular_component intercellular space GO:0005615 Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term. extracellular space GO:0005615 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ISBN:0198547684 A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17776 Wikipedia:Intracellular internal to cell intracellular protoplasm cellular_component nucleocytoplasm protoplast GO:0005622 intracellular anatomical structure GO:0005622 A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. ISBN:0198506732 nucleocytoplasm GOC:mah protoplast GOC:mah A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus horsetail nucleus cellular_component GO:0005634 nucleus GO:0005634 A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:go_curators horsetail nucleus GOC:al GOC:mah GOC:vw PMID:15030757 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). GO:0005636 Wikipedia:Nuclear_envelope cellular_component GO:0005635 nuclear envelope GO:0005635 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). ISBN:0198547684 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. NIF_Subcellular:sao1617136075 nucleus outer envelope perinuclear membrane cellular_component GO:0005640 nuclear outer membrane GO:0005640 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. ISBN:0198547684 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Wikipedia:Chromosome interphase chromosome prophase chromosome cellular_component chromatid GO:0005694 Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromosome GO:0005694 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:0198547684 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233 Wikipedia:Nucleolus cellular_component GO:0005730 nucleolus GO:0005730 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. ISBN:0198506732 The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23023 Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0005737 cytoplasm GO:0005737 The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. Wikipedia:Vacuole cellular_component vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y GO:0005773 vacuole GO:0005773 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. cellular_component GO:0005774 vacuolar membrane GO:0005774 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. GOC:ai The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. cellular_component GO:0005775 vacuolar lumen GO:0005775 The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. ISBN:0198506732 A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. Golgi NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436 Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus Golgi complex Golgi ribbon cellular_component GO:0005794 Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. Golgi apparatus GO:0005794 A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. ISBN:0198506732 Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao819927218 cellular_component Golgi vesicle vesicular component GO:0005798 Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi. Golgi-associated vesicle GO:0005798 Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. GOC:mah vesicular component NIF_Subcellular:sao138219748 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. GO:0033279 NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766 Wikipedia:Ribosome free ribosome membrane bound ribosome cellular_component ribosomal RNA GO:0005840 ribosome GO:0005840 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. ISBN:0198506732 free ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1139385046 membrane bound ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1291545653 A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton cellular_component GO:0005856 cytoskeleton GO:0005856 A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. GOC:mah PMID:16959967 PMID:27419875 Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. NIF_Subcellular:sao1846835077 Wikipedia:Microtubule microtubuli microtubulus neurotubule cellular_component GO:0005874 microtubule GO:0005874 Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. ISBN:0879693568 neurotubule NIF_Subcellular:sao248349196 A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. cellular_component GO:0005879 axonemal microtubule GO:0005879 A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. GOC:cilia ISBN:0815316194 Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. cellular_component GO:0005880 nuclear microtubule GO:0005880 Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. GOC:mah Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. non-spindle-associated astral microtubule cellular_component GO:0005881 cytoplasmic microtubule GO:0005881 Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. FMA:63851 NIF_Subcellular:sao952483289 Wikipedia:Intermediate_filament cellular_component intermediate filament associated protein type I intermediate filament associated protein type II intermediate filament associated protein GO:0005882 intermediate filament GO:0005882 A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins. ISBN:0198506732 http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. FMA:63850 NIF_Subcellular:sao1588493326 Wikipedia:Actin microfilament cellular_component GO:0005884 actin filament GO:0005884 A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:10666339 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GO:0005887 GO:0005904 juxtamembrane NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795 Wikipedia:Cell_membrane cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma bacterial inner membrane inner endospore membrane integral component of plasma membrane integral to plasma membrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer cellular_component GO:0005886 plasma membrane GO:0005886 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. ISBN:0716731363 cellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao6433132645 plasma membrane lipid bilayer GOC:mah Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. NIF_Subcellular:sao671419673 Wikipedia:Microvillus cellular_component microvilli GO:0005902 Note that this term refers to a projection from a single cell, and should not be confused with 'microvillus' as used to refer to a multicellular structure such as that found in the placenta. microvillus GO:0005902 Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells. ISBN:0815316194 microvilli NIF_Subcellular:sao671419673 A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22122 cell-cell contact region cell-cell contact zone NIF_Subcellular:sao1922892319 intercellular junction cellular_component GO:0005911 cell-cell junction GO:0005911 A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:dgh GOC:hb GOC:mah PMID:21422226 PMID:28096264 intercellular junction NIF_Subcellular:sao1395777368 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GO:0072372 FMA:67181 NIF_Subcellular:sao787716553 Wikipedia:Cilium eukaryotic flagellum microtubule-based flagellum primary cilium cellular_component flagellum GO:0005929 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms. cilium GO:0005929 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GOC:cilia GOC:curators GOC:kmv GOC:vw ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16824949 PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GO:0035085 GO:0035086 Wikipedia:Axoneme ciliary axoneme cilium axoneme flagellar axoneme flagellum axoneme cellular_component GO:0005930 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane. axoneme GO:0005930 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf GOC:cilia ISBN:0198547684 The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. Wikipedia:Cell_cortex cellular_component cell periphery peripheral cytoplasm GO:0005938 cell cortex GO:0005938 The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22880 jl 2012-10-23T15:40:34Z GO:0044261 GO:0044723 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0005975 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GO:0044263 polysaccharide metabolism glycan metabolic process glycan metabolism multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process biological_process GO:0005976 polysaccharide metabolic process GO:0005976 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. glycogen metabolism biological_process GO:0005977 glycogen metabolic process GO:0005977 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. MetaCyc:GLYCOGENSYNTH-PWY glycogen anabolism glycogen biosynthesis glycogen formation glycogen synthesis biological_process GO:0005978 glycogen biosynthetic process GO:0005978 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. regulation of glycogen anabolism regulation of glycogen biosynthesis regulation of glycogen formation regulation of glycogen synthesis biological_process GO:0005979 regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process GO:0005979 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. MetaCyc:GLYCOCAT-PWY glycogen breakdown glycogen catabolism glycogen degradation glycogenolysis biological_process GO:0005980 glycogen catabolic process GO:0005980 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues. ISBN:0198506732 glycogenolysis GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. regulation of glycogen breakdown regulation of glycogen catabolism regulation of glycogen degradation regulation of glycogenolysis biological_process GO:0005981 regulation of glycogen catabolic process GO:0005981 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. GOC:go_curators regulation of glycogenolysis GOC:sl The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. monosaccharide metabolism biological_process GO:0005996 monosaccharide metabolic process GO:0005996 The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. cellular glucose metabolic process glucose metabolism biological_process GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process GO:0006006 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. ISBN:0198506732 cellular glucose metabolic process GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. glucose breakdown glucose catabolism glucose degradation biological_process GO:0006007 glucose catabolic process GO:0006007 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan metabolism biological_process GO:0006022 aminoglycan metabolic process GO:0006022 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan anabolism aminoglycan biosynthesis aminoglycan formation aminoglycan synthesis biological_process GO:0006023 aminoglycan biosynthetic process GO:0006023 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. glycosaminoglycan anabolism glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis glycosaminoglycan formation glycosaminoglycan synthesis biological_process GO:0006024 glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process GO:0006024 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan breakdown aminoglycan catabolism aminoglycan degradation biological_process GO:0006026 aminoglycan catabolic process GO:0006026 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. glycosaminoglycan breakdown glycosaminoglycan catabolism glycosaminoglycan degradation biological_process GO:0006027 glycosaminoglycan catabolic process GO:0006027 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006082 organic acid metabolic process GO:0006082 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid. acetate metabolism biological_process GO:0006083 acetate metabolic process GO:0006083 The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetate, the anion of acetic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. energy pathways biological_process intermediary metabolism metabolic energy generation GO:0006091 generation of precursor metabolites and energy GO:0006091 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. GOC:jl intermediary metabolism GOC:mah The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. MetaCyc:GLUCONEO-PWY Wikipedia:Gluconeogenesis glucose biosynthesis glucose biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0006094 gluconeogenesis GO:0006094 The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. MetaCyc:GLUCONEO-PWY Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0006109 regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0006109 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. tb 2013-01-18T12:47:43Z GO:0090526 regulation of glucose biosynthesis regulation of glucose biosynthetic process biological_process regulation of gluconeogenesis involved in cellular glucose homeostasis GO:0006111 regulation of gluconeogenesis GO:0006111 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen. energy reserve metabolism biological_process GO:0006112 energy reserve metabolic process GO:0006112 The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen. GOC:mah Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0055134 cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0006139 nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process GO:0006139 Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. GO:0055132 DNA metabolism cellular DNA metabolism biological_process GO:0006259 DNA metabolic process GO:0006259 Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. ISBN:0198506732 The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. DNA breakdown DNA catabolism DNA degradation biological_process GO:0006308 DNA catabolic process GO:0006308 The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24396 GO:0008178 DNA fragmentation chromatinolysis DNA catabolic process during apoptosis DNA catabolism during apoptosis DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:0006309 DNA fragmentation in response to apoptotic signals is achieved through the activity of apoptotic nucleases. In human, these include DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) or caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and endonuclease G (Endo G) (reviewed in PMID:15723341). Caution is needed when apoptotic DNA laddering assays show presence of fragmented DNA. A positive assay may simply reflect the end point of a whole apoptotic process. Unless clear experimental evidence is available to show that a gene product is directly involved in fragmenting DNA, please do not annotate to GO:0006309 'apoptotic DNA fragmentation' and consider annotating instead to a more upstream process such as, e.g., GO:0042981 'regulation of apoptotic process', GO:0006915 'apoptotic process', GO:0097190 'apoptotic signaling pathway'. Also, note that gene products involved in compartmentalization of apoptotic nucleases and in activation or repression of their enzymatic activity should be annotated to the regulation term GO:1902510 'regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation' or to one of its children (see PMID:15723341). apoptotic DNA fragmentation GO:0006309 The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0721639976 PMID:15723341 PMID:23379520 chromatinolysis GOC:mtg_apoptosis DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:tb The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22130 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23549 GO:0006333 GO:0006336 GO:0016568 GO:0031497 GO:0034724 chromatin maintenance chromatin organisation establishment of chromatin architecture establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly DNA replication-independent chromatin organization DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly chromatin assembly transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly biological_process chromatin assembly or disassembly chromatin assembly/disassembly chromatin modification GO:0006325 chromatin organization GO:0006325 The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA. PMID:20404130 chromatin organisation GOC:mah establishment of chromatin architecture GOC:mah establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. RNA breakdown RNA catabolism RNA degradation biological_process GO:0006401 RNA catabolic process GO:0006401 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. RNA localisation establishment and maintenance of RNA localization biological_process GO:0006403 RNA localization GO:0006403 A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai RNA localisation GOC:mah The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GO:0006416 GO:0006453 GO:0043037 Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics) protein anabolism protein biosynthesis protein biosynthetic process protein formation protein synthesis protein translation biological_process GO:0006412 translation GO:0006412 The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GOC:go_curators The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. GO:0006440 GO:0006454 biopolymerisation biopolymerization protein synthesis initiation translation initiation biological_process GO:0006413 translational initiation GO:0006413 The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. ISBN:019879276X The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GO:0006442 GO:0006455 protein synthesis elongation translation elongation biological_process GO:0006414 translational elongation GO:0006414 The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GOC:ems The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GO:0006443 GO:0006456 protein synthesis termination translation termination translational complex disassembly biological_process GO:0006415 translational termination GO:0006415 The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GOC:hjd ISBN:019879276X Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0006445 regulation of protein anabolism regulation of protein biosynthesis regulation of protein formation regulation of protein synthesis biological_process GO:0006417 regulation of translation GO:0006417 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. biological_process GO:0006446 regulation of translational initiation GO:0006446 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. biological_process GO:0006448 regulation of translational elongation GO:0006448 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. biological_process GO:0006449 regulation of translational termination GO:0006449 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein breakdown glycoprotein catabolism glycoprotein degradation biological_process GO:0006516 glycoprotein catabolic process GO:0006516 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. peptide metabolism biological_process GO:0006518 peptide metabolic process GO:0006518 The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17904 GO:0006519 cellular amino acid metabolic process cellular amino acid metabolism biological_process amino acid and derivative metabolism cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process GO:0006520 amino acid metabolic process GO:0006520 The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. regulation of amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006521 regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process GO:0006521 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine metabolism cellular biogenic amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0006576 biogenic amine metabolic process GO:0006576 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. acetylcholine breakdown acetylcholine catabolism acetylcholine degradation biological_process GO:0006581 acetylcholine catabolic process GO:0006581 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800752 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006584 catecholamine metabolic process GO:0006584 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolamine metabolic process indolamine metabolism indolalkylamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006586 indolalkylamine metabolic process GO:0006586 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process GO:0006629 The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolisms#Steroid_biosynthesis steroid anabolism steroid biosynthesis steroid formation steroid synthesis steroidogenesis biological_process GO:0006694 steroid biosynthetic process GO:0006694 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. bile acid anabolism bile acid biosynthesis bile acid formation bile acid synthesis biological_process GO:0006699 bile acid biosynthetic process GO:0006699 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. steroid breakdown steroid catabolism steroid degradation biological_process GO:0006706 steroid catabolic process GO:0006706 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. aromatic compound metabolism aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism biological_process GO:0006725 cellular aromatic compound metabolic process GO:0006725 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. Wikipedia:Sulfur_metabolism sulfur metabolism sulphur metabolic process sulphur metabolism biological_process GO:0006790 sulfur compound metabolic process GO:0006790 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0006793 phosphorus metabolic process GO:0006793 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. phosphate metabolism biological_process phosphate metabolic process GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process GO:0006796 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen. nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0006807 nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0006807 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20292 jl 2012-12-13T16:25:32Z GO:0015457 GO:0015460 GO:0044765 biological_process single-organism transport GO:0006810 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport. transport GO:0006810 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. ion transport biological_process GO:0006811 monoatomic ion transport GO:0006811 The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:ai The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom. GO:0006819 GO:0015674 GO:0072512 cation transport di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport trivalent inorganic cation transport biological_process GO:0006812 monoatomic cation transport GO:0006812 The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:ai di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport GOC:mah The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006834 GO:0016974 sodium/potassium transport sodium transport mitochondrial sodium/calcium ion exchange sodium:calcium exchange sodium:solute transport biological_process sodium channel auxiliary protein activity GO:0006814 sodium ion transport GO:0006814 The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai sodium channel auxiliary protein activity GOC:mah The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process phosphate transport GO:0006817 phosphate ion transport GO:0006817 The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006841 biological_process sodium:dicarboxylate transport GO:0006835 dicarboxylic acid transport GO:0006835 The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. sodium:neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0006836 neurotransmitter transport GO:0006836 The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. GOC:ai The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. biological_process GO:0006837 serotonin transport GO:0006837 The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. GOC:ai The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0006846 acetate transport GO:0006846 The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane. biological_process GO:0006847 plasma membrane acetate transport GO:0006847 The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane. GOC:ai The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. biological_process GO:0006858 extracellular transport GO:0006858 The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. GOC:go_curators The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. biological_process GO:0006860 extracellular amino acid transport GO:0006860 The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. GOC:ai The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006866 biological_process GO:0006865 amino acid transport GO:0006865 The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. biological_process GO:0006869 lipid transport GO:0006869 The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GO:0032779 biological_process copper-induced intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah copper-induced intracellular protein transport GOC:al A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GO:0016194 GO:0016195 Wikipedia:Exocytosis vesicle exocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle exocytosis GO:0006887 exocytosis GO:0006887 A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:22323285 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles. post-Golgi transport biological_process GO:0006892 post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport GO:0006892 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles. GOC:ai GOC:mah The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport biological_process GO:0006893 Golgi to plasma membrane transport GO:0006893 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. ISBN:0716731363 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole. Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport biological_process GO:0006896 Golgi to vacuole transport GO:0006896 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole. GOC:ai The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo. biological_process GO:0006903 vesicle targeting GO:0006903 The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo. GOC:mah PMID:17335816 Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. biological_process GO:0006906 vesicle fusion GO:0006906 Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. GOC:jid A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GO:0006917 GO:0008632 cell suicide cellular suicide Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis activation of apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis signaling apoptotic program type I programmed cell death biological_process apoptosis activator activity caspase-dependent programmed cell death commitment to apoptosis induction of apoptosis induction of apoptosis by p53 signaling (initiator) caspase activity GO:0006915 apoptotic process GO:0006915 A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GOC:cjm GOC:dhl GOC:ecd GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 PMID:18846107 PMID:21494263 apoptotic cell death GOC:sl apoptotic program GOC:add The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process disassembly of cell structures cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:0006921 cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis GO:0006921 The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction biological_process GO:0006936 muscle contraction GO:0006936 A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006937 regulation of muscle contraction GO:0006937 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. visceral muscle contraction biological_process GO:0006939 smooth muscle contraction GO:0006939 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. GOC:ef GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006940 regulation of smooth muscle contraction GO:0006940 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. sarcomeric muscle contraction biological_process GO:0006941 striated muscle contraction GO:0006941 A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006942 regulation of striated muscle contraction GO:0006942 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. biological_process GO:0006949 syncytium formation GO:0006949 The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). biological_process response to abiotic stress response to biotic stress GO:0006950 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to stress GO:0006950 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0002217 GO:0042829 defence response physiological defense response biological_process antimicrobial peptide activity defense/immunity protein activity GO:0006952 defense response GO:0006952 Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GOC:go_curators The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. inflammation Wikipedia:Inflammation biological_process GO:0006954 inflammatory response GO:0006954 The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0198506732 Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. biological_process GO:0006955 immune response GO:0006955 Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. jl 2013-12-19T15:25:51Z GO:1902589 organelle organisation single organism organelle organization biological_process organelle organization and biogenesis single-organism organelle organization GO:0006996 organelle organization GO:0006996 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah single organism organelle organization GOC:TermGenie organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GO:0048287 nuclear organisation nuclear organization biological_process nuclear morphology nuclear organization and biogenesis nucleus organization and biogenesis GO:0006997 nucleus organization GO:0006997 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:mah nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. nuclear envelope organisation biological_process nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GO:0006998 nuclear envelope organization GO:0006998 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear envelope organisation GOC:mah nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus. nucleolus organisation biological_process nucleolus organization and biogenesis GO:0007000 nucleolus organization GO:0007000 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:jl GOC:mah nucleolus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. plasma membrane organisation biological_process plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0007009 plasma membrane organization GO:0007009 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. cytoskeleton organisation biological_process cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis cytoskeletal regulator activity cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0007010 cytoskeleton organization GO:0007010 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. actin filament organisation regulation of actin filament localization biological_process GO:0007015 actin filament organization GO:0007015 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. GOC:mah Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19809 biological_process GO:0007017 microtubule-based process GO:0007017 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. biological_process GO:0007018 microtubule-based movement GO:0007018 A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. microtubule disassembly microtubule shortening microtubule catastrophe microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression biological_process GO:0007019 microtubule depolymerization GO:0007019 The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. ISBN:0815316194 microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). Wikipedia:Microtubule_nucleation biological_process GO:0007020 microtubule nucleation GO:0007020 The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). GOC:go_curators ISBN:0815316194 PMID:12517712 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. down regulation of microtubule depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization downregulation of microtubule depolymerization microtubule stabilization negative regulation of microtubule disassembly inhibition of microtubule depolymerization microtubule rescue negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe biological_process GO:0007026 negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization GO:0007026 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 microtubule rescue GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. axonemal microtubule stabilization biological_process negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GO:0007027 negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization GO:0007027 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. GOC:dph GOC:mah negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GOC:dph A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. cytoplasm organisation biological_process cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GO:0007028 cytoplasm organization GO:0007028 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus organization Golgi organisation biological_process Golgi organization and biogenesis GO:0007030 Golgi organization GO:0007030 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Golgi organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GO:0044086 vacuole organisation vacuolar assembly biological_process vacuole biogenesis vacuole organization and biogenesis GO:0007033 vacuole organization GO:0007033 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:mah vacuolar assembly GOC:mah vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah vacuole organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole. biological_process GO:0007034 vacuolar transport GO:0007034 The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases. biological_process vacuolar protein breakdown vacuolar protein catabolic process vacuolar protein catabolism vacuolar protein degradation GO:0007039 protein catabolic process in the vacuole GO:0007039 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases. GOC:mah GOC:vw The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells. intercellular junction assembly biological_process GO:0007043 cell-cell junction assembly GO:0007043 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells. GOC:ai The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. Wikipedia:Cell_cycle cell-division cycle biological_process GO:0007049 cell cycle GO:0007049 The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. Wikipedia:Chromosome_segregation chromosome division biological_process chromosome transmission GO:0007059 chromosome segregation GO:0007059 The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GOC:vw The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. biological_process GO:0007076 mitotic chromosome condensation GO:0007076 The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. NEB local NEB nuclear envelope breakdown mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown biological_process mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism mitotic nuclear envelope degradation mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0007077 mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly GO:0007077 The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. GOC:bf PMID:32848252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. regulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0007088 regulation of mitotic nuclear division GO:0007088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GO:0040023 establishment of position of nucleus nuclear movement nuclear positioning nucleus migration nucleus positioning positioning of nucleus biological_process establishment of cell nucleus localization establishment of localization of nucleus establishment of nucleus localisation establishment of nucleus localization GO:0007097 nuclear migration GO:0007097 The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GOC:ai establishment of nucleus localisation GOC:mah A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. Wikipedia:Mitosis#Endomitosis biological_process endomitosis GO:0007113 Note that this term should not be confused with 'abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277'. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins. endomitotic cell cycle GO:0007113 A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. GOC:curators GOC:dos GOC:expert_vm The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II. Wikipedia:Meiosis#Meiosis_II meiosis II nuclear division biological_process GO:0007135 meiosis II GO:0007135 The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II. GOC:dph GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. male nuclear division biological_process male meiosis GO:0007140 male meiotic nuclear division GO:0007140 A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:vw A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline. male meiosis II nuclear division biological_process GO:0007142 male meiosis II GO:0007142 A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. female meiosis female meiotic division biological_process GO:0007143 Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'. female meiotic nuclear division GO:0007143 A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mah GOC:vw The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline. female meiosis II nuclear division biological_process GO:0007147 female meiosis II GO:0007147 The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline. GOC:mah Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. Wikipedia:Cell_signaling biological_process GO:0007154 cell communication GO:0007154 Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:mah The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. dos 2014-04-15T15:59:10Z GO:0098602 Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion biological_process cell adhesion molecule activity single organism cell adhesion GO:0007155 cell adhesion GO:0007155 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. GOC:hb GOC:pf The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. leukocyte adhesion leukocyte cell adhesion biological_process GO:0007159 leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GO:0007159 The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. down regulation of cell adhesion down-regulation of cell adhesion downregulation of cell adhesion inhibition of cell adhesion biological_process cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity GO:0007162 negative regulation of cell adhesion GO:0007162 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0030012 GO:0030467 biological_process cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization GO:0007163 establishment or maintenance of cell polarity GO:0007163 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah cell polarity GOC:mah GOC:vw The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GO:0023014 GO:0023015 GO:0023016 GO:0023033 GO:0023045 Wikipedia:Signal_transduction signal transduction by cis-phosphorylation signal transduction by conformational transition signal transduction by protein phosphorylation signal transduction by trans-phosphorylation signaling cascade signalling cascade biological_process signaling pathway signalling pathway GO:0007165 Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not. signal transduction GO:0007165 The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. cell-cell signalling biological_process GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling GO:0007267 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. GOC:dos GOC:mah The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. signal transmission across a synapse synaptic transmission Wikipedia:Neurotransmission biological_process neurotransmission GO:0007268 chemical synaptic transmission GO:0007268 The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 neurotransmission GOC:dph The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. GO:0010554 neurotransmitter release neurotransmitter secretory pathway biological_process GO:0007269 A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. neurotransmitter secretion GO:0007269 The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. GOC:dph The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. cholinergic synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0007271 synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0007271 The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. GOC:dos Wikipedia:Cholinergic The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment. biological_process ionic insulation of neurons by glial cells GO:0007272 ensheathment of neurons GO:0007272 The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:tb The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. biological_process GO:0007274 neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:0007274 The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. GOC:dos GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21234 biological_process GO:0007275 Note that this term was 'developmental process'. multicellular organism development GO:0007275 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GO:0009552 biological_process gametogenesis GO:0007276 gamete generation GO:0007276 The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. germ-cell development primordial germ cell development biological_process GO:0007281 germ cell development GO:0007281 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. GOC:go_curators The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. Wikipedia:Spermatogenesis generation of spermatozoa biological_process GO:0007283 spermatogenesis GO:0007283 The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. GOC:jid ISBN:9780878933846 PMID:28073824 PMID:30990821 generation of spermatozoa The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes). spermatogonium division biological_process GO:0007284 See also the Cell Ontology terms 'spermatogonium ; CL:0000020' and 'primary spermatocyte ; CL:0000656'. spermatogonial cell division GO:0007284 The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes). GOC:bf GOC:pr ISBN:0879694238 The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis. biological_process GO:0007285 primary spermatocyte growth GO:0007285 The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis. GOC:jid ISBN:0879694238 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Wikipedia:Spermiogenesis spermatid cell development spermiogenesis biological_process GO:0007286 spermatid development GO:0007286 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement. biological_process GO:0007288 sperm axoneme assembly GO:0007288 The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement. GOC:bf GOC:cilia ISBN:0198547684 The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. spermatid nuclear differentiation biological_process GO:0007289 See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'. spermatid nucleus differentiation GO:0007289 The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GO:0007292 female gamete generation GO:0007292 Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. GOC:dph ISBN:0198506732 Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GO:0007293 germarium-derived egg chamber formation GO:0007293 Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0879694238 The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048110 oocyte arrangement biological_process GO:0007308 oocyte construction GO:0007308 The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 oocyte arrangement GOC:dph GOC:tb The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048111 biological_process oocyte axis determination GO:0007309 oocyte axis specification GO:0007309 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0879694238 Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048112 oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination biological_process GO:0007314 oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification GO:0007314 Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:tb ISBN:0879694238 oocyte anterior/posterior axis determination GOC:dph GOC:tb The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female. Wikipedia:Insemination biological_process GO:0007320 insemination GO:0007320 The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female. ISBN:0582227089 The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. biological_process zygote biosynthesis zygote formation GO:0007338 single fertilization GO:0007338 The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Egg_activation biological_process GO:0007343 egg activation GO:0007343 The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm. GOC:bf PMID:9630751 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. mitotic cell cycle modulation mitotic cell cycle regulation modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process mitotic cell cycle regulator GO:0007346 regulation of mitotic cell cycle GO:0007346 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo. biological_process GO:0007350 blastoderm segmentation GO:0007350 The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo. ISBN:0879694238 http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions. biological_process GO:0007351 tripartite regional subdivision GO:0007351 Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0879694238 http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade. biological_process GO:0007354 zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo GO:0007354 The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade. ISBN:0879694238 http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Wikipedia:Gastrulation biological_process GO:0007369 gastrulation GO:0007369 A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GOC:curators ISBN:9780878933846 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. biological_process pattern biosynthesis pattern formation GO:0007389 pattern specification process GO:0007389 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0521436125 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0007398 ectoderm development GO:0007398 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. biological_process pan-neural process GO:0007399 nervous system development GO:0007399 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dgh The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. GO:0043349 GO:0043350 biological_process GO:0007405 neuroblast proliferation GO:0007405 The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sart Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. down regulation of neuroblast proliferation down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation downregulation of neuroblast proliferation suppression of neuroblast proliferation inhibition of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0007406 negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation GO:0007406 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. GOC:ai A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GO:0043351 GO:0043352 biological_process GO:0007407 neuroblast activation GO:0007407 A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GO:0007410 axon morphogenesis neuron long process generation axon growth biological_process GO:0007409 Note that 'axonogenesis' differs from 'axon development' in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon). axonogenesis GO:0007409 De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:pg GOC:pr ISBN:0198506732 axon morphogenesis GOC:bf PMID:23517308 neuron long process generation The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). Wikipedia:Synaptogenesis synapse biogenesis synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0007416 synapse assembly GO:0007416 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). GOC:mah synapse biogenesis GOC:mah synaptogenesis GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. Wikipedia:Neural_development CNS development biological_process GO:0007417 central nervous system development GO:0007417 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:bf GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0007420 brain development GO:0007420 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb UBERON:0000955 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. biological_process GO:0007422 peripheral nervous system development GO:0007422 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. GOC:go_curators UBERON:0000010 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sense organ development biological_process GO:0007423 sensory organ development GO:0007423 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators sense organ development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm. biological_process ectodermal gut development GO:0007439 ectodermal digestive tract development GO:0007439 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm. GOC:curators ectodermal gut development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0007440 foregut morphogenesis GO:0007440 The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0007442 hindgut morphogenesis GO:0007442 The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. biological_process GO:0007492 endoderm development GO:0007492 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. biological_process GO:0007494 midgut development GO:0007494 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. GOC:jid UBERON:0001045 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. biological_process GO:0007498 mesoderm development GO:0007498 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism. biological_process GO:0007506 gonadal mesoderm development GO:0007506 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GO:0007511 Wikipedia:Heart_development dorsal vessel development biological_process cardiac development GO:0007507 heart development GO:0007507 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:jid UBERON:0000948 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. biological_process GO:0007517 muscle organ development GO:0007517 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. GOC:jid ISBN:0198506732 The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. GO:0048637 biological_process myogenesis GO:0007519 skeletal muscle tissue development GO:0007519 The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. GOC:mtg_muscle A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. neuromuscular junction organization biological_process NMJ stability neuromuscular junction stability GO:0007528 neuromuscular junction development GO:0007528 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013 NMJ stability GOC:pr neuromuscular junction stability GOC:pr The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. Wikipedia:Sexual_differentiation biological_process GO:0007548 sex differentiation GO:0007548 The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. GOC:ai The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. Wikipedia:Gestation gestation biological_process carrying of young GO:0007565 female pregnancy GO:0007565 The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. ISBN:0192800825 Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining. blastocyst implantation biological_process GO:0007566 embryo implantation GO:0007566 Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining. GOC:isa_complete http://www.medterms.com The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. breathing respiration biological_process GO:0007585 respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system GO:0007585 The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. ISBN:0198506732 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. Wikipedia:Digestion biological_process GO:0007586 digestion GO:0007586 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22368 Wikipedia:Excretion biological_process GO:0007588 excretion GO:0007588 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. ISBN:0192801023 The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal. biological_process GO:0007589 body fluid secretion GO:0007589 The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Perception biological_process GO:0007600 sensory perception GO:0007600 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. Wikipedia:Visual_perception sense of sight sensory visual perception vision biological_process GO:0007601 visual perception GO:0007601 The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. Wikipedia:Hearing_(sense) hearing perception of sound biological_process GO:0007605 sensory perception of sound GO:0007605 The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. chemosensory perception biological_process GO:0007606 sensory perception of chemical stimulus GO:0007606 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Olfaction olfaction scent perception sense of smell smell perception biological_process GO:0007608 sensory perception of smell GO:0007608 The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. jl 2012-09-20T14:06:08Z GO:0023032 GO:0044708 GO:0044709 Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process single-organism behavior GO:0007610 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis). behavior GO:0007610 The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. GOC:ems GOC:jl ISBN:0395448956 PMID:20160973 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. biological_process GO:0007611 learning or memory GO:0007611 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. GOC:jid PMID:8938125 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). Wikipedia:Memory biological_process GO:0007613 memory GO:0007613 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). GOC:curators ISBN:0582227089 The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. Wikipedia:Mating_behaviour mating behaviour biological_process GO:0007617 mating behavior GO:0007617 The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. GOC:ai GOC:dph The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. biological_process GO:0007620 copulation GO:0007620 The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. ISBN:0721662544 The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. behavior via locomotion locomotion in response to stimulus locomotory behavioral response to stimulus locomotory behaviour locomotory behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007626 locomotory behavior GO:0007626 The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. GOC:dph The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. GO:0070261 biological_process hemolymph circulation GO:0008015 blood circulation GO:0008015 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. GOC:mtg_heart ISBN:0192800825 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. regulation of cardiac contraction biological_process GO:0008016 regulation of heart contraction GO:0008016 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group. GO:0008505 Reactome:R-HSA-429749 Reactome:R-HSA-433698 Reactome:R-HSA-5624211 Reactome:R-HSA-9645220 monocarboxylate carrier prostaglandin/thromboxane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0008028 monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008028 Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-429749 SLC5A8 transports monocarboxylates from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-433698 SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5624211 Defective SLC16A1 does not cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-9645220 SLC16A1:BSG cotransports monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another. mesoderm cell migration biological_process GO:0008078 mesodermal cell migration GO:0008078 The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:sat GOC:tb PMID:25119047 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. Wikipedia:Axoplasmic_transport axon cargo transport axonal transport axoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0008088 axo-dendritic transport GO:0008088 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. anterograde axon cargo transport biological_process GO:0008089 anterograde axonal transport GO:0008089 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. retrograde axon cargo transport biological_process GO:0008090 retrograde axonal transport GO:0008090 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0008105 GO:0016249 GO:0034613 cellular protein localisation cellular protein localization protein localisation channel localizer activity biological_process asymmetric protein localisation asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of protein localization GO:0008104 protein localization GO:0008104 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai cellular protein localisation GOC:mah protein localisation GOC:mah channel localizer activity GOC:mah asymmetric protein localisation GOC:mah A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24968 jl 2012-09-19T15:05:24Z GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0044699 Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process physiological process biological_process single organism process single-organism process GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. biological_process GO:0008150 A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GOC:pdt A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GOC:pdt The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. jl 2012-10-17T15:46:40Z GO:0044236 GO:0044710 Wikipedia:Metabolism metabolism metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth multicellular organism metabolic process biological_process single-organism metabolic process GO:0008152 Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. metabolic process GO:0008152 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolism steroid metabolism biological_process GO:0008202 steroid metabolic process GO:0008202 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. bile acid metabolism biological_process GO:0008206 bile acid metabolic process GO:0008206 The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. GOC:go_curators Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). biological_process accidental cell death necrosis GO:0008219 This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a 'regulation' term. cell death GO:0008219 Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:25236395 The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006870 sulphate transport biological_process GO:0008272 sulfate transport GO:0008272 The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process cell proliferation GO:0008283 This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms. cell population proliferation GO:0008283 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:mah GOC:mb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. up regulation of cell proliferation up-regulation of cell proliferation upregulation of cell proliferation activation of cell proliferation stimulation of cell proliferation biological_process positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation GO:0008284 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. down regulation of cell proliferation down-regulation of cell proliferation downregulation of cell proliferation inhibition of cell proliferation biological_process negative regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell population proliferation GO:0008285 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. acetylcholine metabolism biological_process GO:0008291 acetylcholine metabolic process GO:0008291 The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:jl GOC:nln ISBN:0192800752 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. acetylcholine anabolism acetylcholine biosynthesis acetylcholine formation acetylcholine synthesis biological_process GO:0008292 acetylcholine biosynthetic process GO:0008292 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800752 Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015266 GO:0015463 Reactome:R-HSA-1268022 Reactome:R-HSA-1299475 Reactome:R-HSA-184269 Reactome:R-HSA-3149434 Reactome:R-HSA-5205661 Reactome:R-HSA-5210943 Reactome:R-HSA-5210947 Reactome:R-HSA-5228406 Reactome:R-HSA-5229111 Reactome:R-HSA-5244404 Reactome:R-HSA-5244428 Reactome:R-HSA-5244506 Reactome:R-HSA-5246514 Reactome:R-HSA-5250616 Reactome:R-HSA-5250884 Reactome:R-HSA-5250972 Reactome:R-HSA-5336420 Reactome:R-HSA-9636375 Reactome:R-HSA-9698930 Reactome:R-HSA-9698933 molecular_function protein channel activity GO:0008320 protein transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008320 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jl Reactome:R-HSA-1268022 TOMM40 complex translocates proteins from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space Reactome:R-HSA-1299475 TIMM23 PAM translocates proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix Reactome:R-HSA-184269 Monoubiquitinated N-myristoyl GAG polyprotein is targeted to the late endosomal vesicle membrane by the ESCRT-I complex Reactome:R-HSA-3149434 Transport of GAG to the Plasma Membrane Reactome:R-HSA-5205661 Pink1 is recruited from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria Reactome:R-HSA-5210943 pagA(197-794):ANTRX2 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol) Reactome:R-HSA-5210947 pagA(197-794):ANTRX1 oligomer transports cya and lef (target cell endosome to cytosol) Reactome:R-HSA-5228406 tetX HC transports tetX LC from target cell endosome membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5229111 AP4 transports APP from trans-Golgi network to endosome lumen Reactome:R-HSA-5244404 botB HC transports botB LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5244428 botA HC transports botA LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5244506 botE HC transports botE LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5246514 botC HC transports botC LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5250616 botD HC transports botD LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5250884 botF HC transports botF LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5250972 botG HC transports botG LC from target cell synaptic vesicle membrane into cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5336420 DT fragment B transports DT fragment A from target cell endosome membrane Reactome:R-HSA-9636375 SecA2 transports SapM from cytoplasm to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-9698930 HCMV C Nucleocapsid Translocation Reactome:R-HSA-9698933 HCMV B Nucleocapsid Translocation Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24479 cation transmembrane transporter activity transmembrane cation transporter activity molecular_function GO:0008324 monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008324 Enables the transfer of cation from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dgf GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. GO:0043359 glia cell migration biological_process GO:0008347 glial cell migration GO:0008347 The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form. germ-cell migration biological_process primordial germ cell migration GO:0008354 germ cell migration GO:0008354 The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form. GOC:bf GOC:jl The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. Wikipedia:Asymmetric_cell_division asymmetrical cell division biological_process asymmetric cytokinesis asymmetrical cytokinesis GO:0008356 asymmetric cell division GO:0008356 The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. PMID:11672519 The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos. biological_process GO:0008358 maternal determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo GO:0008358 The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos. ISBN:0879694238 http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. GO:0042553 cellular axon ensheathment biological_process cellular nerve ensheathment nerve ensheathment GO:0008366 axon ensheathment GO:0008366 Any process in which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal. GOC:jl ISBN:0878932437 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. gonadogenesis biological_process GO:0008406 gonad development GO:0008406 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. GOC:ems ISBN:0198506732 gonadogenesis GOC:cjm Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015201 Reactome:R-HSA-372542 Reactome:R-HSA-379393 Reactome:R-HSA-380586 Reactome:R-HSA-380620 Reactome:R-HSA-444160 Reactome:R-HSA-5660706 molecular_function GO:0008504 monoamine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008504 Enables the transfer of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-372542 Loading of dopamine into synaptic veiscles Reactome:R-HSA-379393 SLC6A3 cotransports DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-380586 loading of Serotonin in synaptic vesicles Reactome:R-HSA-380620 Reuptake of serotonin from the synapse Reactome:R-HSA-444160 VMAT1/2 can mediate the transport of biogenic amines Reactome:R-HSA-5660706 Defective SLC6A3 does not cotransport DA, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. Reactome:R-HSA-2142859 Reactome:R-HSA-561041 Reactome:R-HSA-9794830 molecular_function GO:0008514 organic anion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008514 Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-2142859 Growing HA is extruded from the cell by ABCC5 Reactome:R-HSA-561041 OAT1-3 transport organic anions with antiport of dicarboxylic acids Reactome:R-HSA-9794830 SLC22A8 transports Cipro into renal cell The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process hypodermis development GO:0008544 epidermis development GO:0008544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. GOC:go_curators UBERON:0001003 hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. testicular development testis development biological_process GO:0008584 male gonad development GO:0008584 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:jid testicular development GOC:sl testis development GOC:sl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GO:0061039 biological_process ovarian development ovary development GO:0008585 female gonad development GO:0008585 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb ovarian development GOC:sl ovary development GOC:sl The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process photoreceptor development GO:0008594 photoreceptor cell morphogenesis GO:0008594 The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:jid GOC:mah The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote. biological_process anterior/posterior axis determination, embryo GO:0008595 anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo GO:0008595 The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote. ISBN:0879694238 http://fly.ebi.ac.uk/allied-data/lk/interactive-fly/aimain/1aahome.htm anterior/posterior axis determination, embryo GOC:dph The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipid synthesis lipogenesis biological_process GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process GO:0008610 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:go_curators lipogenesis GOC:sl The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GO:0006861 GO:0008644 sugar transport biological_process GO:0008643 carbohydrate transport GO:0008643 The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GOC:ai The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. bf 2010-04-08T10:27:23Z GO:0008646 GO:0008647 GO:0035428 high-affinity hexose transport low-affinity hexose transport biological_process hexose membrane transport hexose transport GO:0008645 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. hexose transmembrane transport GO:0008645 The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17904 Wikipedia:Amino_acid_synthesis amino acid anabolism amino acid biosynthesis amino acid formation amino acid synthesis cellular amino acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0008652 amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0008652 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. jl 2012-10-17T15:52:35Z GO:0044243 GO:0044712 Wikipedia:Catabolism breakdown catabolism degradation multicellular organismal catabolic process biological_process single-organism catabolic process GO:0009056 catabolic process GO:0009056 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0043285 GO:0044266 biopolymer catabolic process macromolecule breakdown macromolecule catabolism macromolecule degradation multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process biological_process cellular macromolecule catabolic process cellular macromolecule catabolism cellular macromolecule degradation GO:0009057 macromolecule catabolic process GO:0009057 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer catabolic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. jl 2012-10-17T15:52:18Z GO:0044274 GO:0044711 formation Wikipedia:Anabolism anabolism biosynthesis synthesis multicellular organismal biosynthetic process biological_process single-organism biosynthetic process GO:0009058 biosynthetic process GO:0009058 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070589 GO:0043284 biopolymer biosynthetic process macromolecule anabolism macromolecule biosynthesis macromolecule formation macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:0009059 macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0009059 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17904 amino acid breakdown amino acid catabolism amino acid degradation cellular amino acid catabolic process biological_process GO:0009063 amino acid catabolic process GO:0009063 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:0009100 glycoprotein metabolic process GO:0009100 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein anabolism glycoprotein biosynthesis glycoprotein formation glycoprotein synthesis biological_process GO:0009101 glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0009101 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. nucleobase metabolism biological_process GO:0009112 nucleobase metabolic process GO:0009112 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. glucan anabolism glucan biosynthesis glucan formation glucan synthesis biological_process GO:0009250 glucan biosynthetic process GO:0009250 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. glucan breakdown glucan catabolism glucan degradation biological_process GO:0009251 glucan catabolic process GO:0009251 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. GOC:go_curators The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GO:0045166 GO:0045731 glycoprotein secretion protein secretion during cell fate commitment protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0009306 protein secretion GO:0009306 The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. jl 2009-07-15T11:55:44Z GO:0044106 amine metabolism cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0009308 amine metabolic process GO:0009308 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine anabolism amine biosynthesis amine formation amine synthesis biological_process GO:0009309 amine biosynthetic process GO:0009309 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine breakdown amine catabolism amine degradation biological_process GO:0009310 amine catabolic process GO:0009310 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus response to radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0009314 Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. response to radiation GO:0009314 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Electromagnetic_radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. biological_process GO:0009416 response to light stimulus GO:0009416 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0582227089 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20176 Wikipedia:Fertilisation syngamy biological_process GO:0009566 fertilization GO:0009566 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of external stimulus GO:0009581 detection of external stimulus GO:0009581 The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 detection of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light biological_process perception of light GO:0009583 detection of light stimulus GO:0009583 The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process perception of visible light GO:0009584 detection of visible light GO:0009584 The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. chemoperception detection of chemical substance biological_process chemoreception perception of chemical stimulus perception of chemical substance GO:0009593 detection of chemical stimulus GO:0009593 The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. response to environmental stimulus biological_process GO:0009605 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to external stimulus GO:0009605 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. response to biotic stress biological_process GO:0009607 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to biotic stimulus GO:0009607 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. mechanical stimulus response biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling GO:0009612 response to mechanical stimulus GO:0009612 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GO:0009618 GO:0009680 response to bacteria biological_process GO:0009617 response to bacterium GO:0009617 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. GO:0009621 response to fungi biological_process GO:0009620 response to fungus GO:0009620 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16572 response to abiotic stress biological_process GO:0009628 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to abiotic stimulus GO:0009628 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. detoxification response biological_process toxin resistance toxin susceptibility/resistance GO:0009636 response to toxic substance GO:0009636 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. GOC:lr The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryogenesis and morphogenesis Wikipedia:Morphogenesis anatomical structure organization morphogenesis biological_process GO:0009653 anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0009653 The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0521436125 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol metabolic process catechol metabolism GO:0009712 catechol-containing compound metabolic process GO:0009712 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. GOC:sm ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol anabolism catechol biosynthesis catechol biosynthetic process catechol formation catechol synthesis GO:0009713 catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process GO:0009713 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. biological_process GO:0009719 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to endogenous stimulus GO:0009719 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. response to hormone stimulus biological_process growth regulator GO:0009725 response to hormone GO:0009725 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. GOC:jl response to hormone stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus. response to carbohydrate stimulus biological_process GO:0009743 response to carbohydrate GO:0009743 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus. GOC:jl response to carbohydrate stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus. response to hexose stimulus biological_process GO:0009746 response to hexose GO:0009746 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus. GOC:jl response to hexose stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. response to glucose stimulus biological_process GO:0009749 response to glucose GO:0009749 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. GOC:jl response to glucose stimulus GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. biological_process GO:0009786 regulation of asymmetric cell division GO:0009786 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:lr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GO:0009795 embryogenesis and morphogenesis Wikipedia:Embryogenesis embryogenesis embryonal development biological_process GO:0009790 embryo development GO:0009790 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. biological_process GO:0009791 post-embryonic development GO:0009791 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. embryogenesis biological_process GO:0009792 embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching GO:0009792 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point. biological_process axis determination GO:0009798 axis specification GO:0009798 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). alkaloid metabolism biological_process GO:0009820 alkaloid metabolic process GO:0009820 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). GOC:lr ISBN:0122146743 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0711 alkaloid anabolism alkaloid biosynthesis alkaloid formation alkaloid synthesis biological_process GO:0009821 alkaloid biosynthetic process GO:0009821 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). GOC:lr ISBN:0122146743 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). alkaloid breakdown alkaloid catabolism alkaloid degradation biological_process GO:0009822 alkaloid catabolic process GO:0009822 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). GOC:lr ISBN:0122146743 The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. embryonic pattern biosynthesis embryonic pattern formation biological_process ventral/lateral system GO:0009880 embryonic pattern specification GO:0009880 The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0521436125 Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. histogenesis and organogenesis biological_process GO:0009887 animal organ morphogenesis GO:0009887 Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dgh GOC:go_curators ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. histogenesis and organogenesis Wikipedia:Histogenesis histogenesis biological_process GO:0009888 tissue development GO:0009888 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. ISBN:0471245208 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. regulation of anabolism regulation of biosynthesis regulation of formation regulation of synthesis biological_process GO:0009889 regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009889 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. down regulation of biosynthetic process down-regulation of biosynthetic process downregulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of anabolism negative regulation of biosynthesis negative regulation of formation negative regulation of synthesis inhibition of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009890 negative regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009890 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. positive regulation of anabolism positive regulation of biosynthesis positive regulation of formation positive regulation of synthesis up regulation of biosynthetic process up-regulation of biosynthetic process upregulation of biosynthetic process activation of biosynthetic process stimulation of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009891 positive regulation of biosynthetic process GO:0009891 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044252 down regulation of metabolic process down-regulation of metabolic process downregulation of metabolic process negative regulation of metabolism negative regulation of organismal metabolism inhibition of metabolic process inhibition of organismal metabolic process negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009892 negative regulation of metabolic process GO:0009892 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044253 positive regulation of metabolism up regulation of metabolic process up-regulation of metabolic process upregulation of metabolic process activation of metabolic process positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process positive regulation of organismal metabolism stimulation of metabolic process stimulation of organismal metabolic process up-regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009893 positive regulation of metabolic process GO:0009893 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. regulation of breakdown regulation of catabolism regulation of degradation biological_process GO:0009894 regulation of catabolic process GO:0009894 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. down regulation of catabolic process down-regulation of catabolic process downregulation of catabolic process negative regulation of breakdown negative regulation of catabolism negative regulation of degradation inhibition of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009895 negative regulation of catabolic process GO:0009895 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. positive regulation of breakdown positive regulation of catabolism positive regulation of degradation up regulation of catabolic process up-regulation of catabolic process upregulation of catabolic process activation of catabolic process stimulation of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009896 positive regulation of catabolic process GO:0009896 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. GO:0043355 biological_process hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0009913 epidermal cell differentiation GO:0009913 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0009914 hormone transport GO:0009914 The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:tb The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. biological_process anterior/posterior axis determination GO:0009948 anterior/posterior axis specification GO:0009948 The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb anterior/posterior axis determination GOC:dph The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. biological_process anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0009952 anterior/posterior pattern specification GO:0009952 The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035466 biological_process regulation of signaling pathway regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009966 regulation of signal transduction GO:0009966 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035468 up regulation of signal transduction up-regulation of signal transduction upregulation of signal transduction activation of signal transduction stimulation of signal transduction biological_process positive regulation of signaling pathway positive regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009967 positive regulation of signal transduction GO:0009967 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm positive regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035467 down regulation of signal transduction down-regulation of signal transduction downregulation of signal transduction inhibition of signal transduction biological_process negative regulation of signaling pathway negative regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009968 negative regulation of signal transduction GO:0009968 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm negative regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. jl 2012-12-11T16:56:55Z GO:0008151 GO:0044763 GO:0050875 cell physiology cellular physiological process cell growth and/or maintenance biological_process single-organism cellular process GO:0009987 This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term. cellular process GO:0009987 Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. oocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0009994 oocyte differentiation GO:0009994 The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. GO:0007404 GO:0043360 glia cell differentiation neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0010001 glial cell differentiation GO:0010001 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. cardiac precursor cell differentiation cardioblast cell differentiation biological_process cardiomyocyte generation GO:0010002 cardioblast differentiation GO:0010002 The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:go_curators cardiac precursor cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0010032 meiotic chromosome condensation GO:0010032 Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. PMID:10072401 chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GO:1990367 process resulting in tolerance to organic substance biological_process GO:0010033 response to organic substance GO:0010033 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GOC:sm PMID:23356676 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus. biological_process GO:0010034 response to acetate GO:0010034 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. biological_process GO:0010035 response to inorganic substance GO:0010035 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. response to metal response to heavy metal biological_process heavy metal sensitivity/resistance GO:0010038 response to metal ion GO:0010038 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. GOC:sm The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. biological_process zygote asymmetric cytokinesis GO:0010070 zygote asymmetric cell division GO:0010070 The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. GOC:tb The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. GO:0048862 organ boundary specification biological_process GO:0010160 formation of animal organ boundary GO:0010160 The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete PMID:9611175 The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0010171 body morphogenesis GO:0010171 The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized. GOC:ems ISBN:0140512888 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. response to organic nitrogen biological_process GO:0010243 response to organonitrogen compound GO:0010243 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. PMID:9869419 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. endomembrane organization endomembrane system organisation biological_process GO:0010256 endomembrane system organization GO:0010256 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. GOC:mah GOC:sm endomembrane system organisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010453 regulation of cell fate commitment GO:0010453 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010454 negative regulation of cell fate commitment GO:0010454 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010455 positive regulation of cell fate commitment GO:0010455 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. biological_process GO:0010463 mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0010463 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. biological_process GO:0010464 regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0010464 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 Wikipedia:Gene_expression biological_process GO:0010467 gene expression GO:0010467 The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. GOC:txnOH-2018 PMID:25934543 PMID:31580950 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 Wikipedia:Regulation_of_gene_expression regulation of protein expression biological_process gene regulation regulation of gene product expression GO:0010468 This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. regulation of gene expression GO:0010468 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 gene regulation GOC:cjm Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. biological_process GO:0010470 regulation of gastrulation GO:0010470 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells. biological_process hypodermal cell division GO:0010481 epidermal cell division GO:0010481 Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells. PMID:17450124 hypodermal cell division GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. biological_process regulation of hypodermal cell division GO:0010482 regulation of epidermal cell division GO:0010482 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. PMID:17450124 regulation of hypodermal cell division GOC:kmv GOC:rk The movement of substances between cells. jl 2013-12-19T13:24:56Z GO:1902585 biological_process single organism intercellular transport single-organism intercellular transport GO:0010496 intercellular transport GO:0010496 The movement of substances between cells. GOC:dhl single organism intercellular transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. biological_process GO:0010549 regulation of membrane disassembly GO:0010549 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010556 regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010556 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010557 positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010557 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010558 negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process GO:0010558 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010559 regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010559 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010560 positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010560 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010561 negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process GO:0010561 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010562 positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0010562 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010563 negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0010563 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0010564 regulation of cell cycle process GO:0010564 Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. biological_process GO:0010565 regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process GO:0010565 Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0010566 regulation of ketone biosynthetic process GO:0010566 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0010567 regulation of ketone catabolic process GO:0010567 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. biological_process GO:0010594 regulation of endothelial cell migration GO:0010594 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. biological_process GO:0010595 positive regulation of endothelial cell migration GO:0010595 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. biological_process GO:0010596 negative regulation of endothelial cell migration GO:0010596 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010604 positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0010604 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010605 negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0010605 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression biological_process GO:0010608 post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression GO:0010608 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010611 regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy GO:0010611 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010612 regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation GO:0010612 Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010613 positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy GO:0010613 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010614 negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy GO:0010614 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010615 positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation GO:0010615 Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010616 negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation GO:0010616 Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. developmental programmed cell death programmed cell death involved in development biological_process GO:0010623 This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure. programmed cell death involved in cell development GO:0010623 The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0010624 regulation of Schwann cell proliferation GO:0010624 Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0010625 positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation GO:0010625 Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0010626 negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation GO:0010626 Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 biological_process GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression GO:0010628 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 biological_process gene silencing GO:0010629 This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. negative regulation of gene expression GO:0010629 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0010631 epithelial cell migration GO:0010631 The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. GOC:BHF GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. biological_process GO:0010632 regulation of epithelial cell migration GO:0010632 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. biological_process GO:0010633 negative regulation of epithelial cell migration GO:0010633 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. biological_process GO:0010634 positive regulation of epithelial cell migration GO:0010634 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. positive regulation of organelle organisation biological_process positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010638 positive regulation of organelle organization GO:0010638 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. negative regulation of organelle organisation biological_process negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010639 negative regulation of organelle organization GO:0010639 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010646 regulation of cell communication GO:0010646 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010647 positive regulation of cell communication GO:0010647 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010648 negative regulation of cell communication GO:0010648 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. negative regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010656 negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010656 Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle. muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010657 muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010657 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle. CL:0000187 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations. striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010658 striated muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010658 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010659 cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010659 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. CL:0000746 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010660 regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010660 Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010661 positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010661 Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010662 regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010662 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010663 positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010663 Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010664 negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010664 Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl GOC:tb down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010665 regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010665 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010666 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010666 Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010667 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0010667 Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl GOC:tb down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010668 ectodermal cell differentiation GO:0010668 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. biological_process GO:0010700 negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion GO:0010700 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. biological_process GO:0010701 positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion GO:0010701 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. regulation of collagen breakdown regulation of collagen catabolism regulation of collagen degradation biological_process GO:0010710 regulation of collagen catabolic process GO:0010710 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of collagen breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of collagen catabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of collagen degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. down regulation of collagen catabolic process down-regulation of collagen catabolic process downregulation of collagen catabolic process negative regulation of collagen breakdown negative regulation of collagen catabolism negative regulation of collagen degradation inhibition of collagen catabolic process biological_process GO:0010711 negative regulation of collagen catabolic process GO:0010711 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb down regulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb down-regulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb downregulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of collagen breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of collagen catabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of collagen degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb inhibition of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. regulation of collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0010712 regulation of collagen metabolic process GO:0010712 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of collagen metabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. biological_process GO:0010713 negative regulation of collagen metabolic process GO:0010713 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. positive regulation of collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0010714 positive regulation of collagen metabolic process GO:0010714 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of collagen metabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown regulation of extracellular matrix degradation biological_process GO:0010715 regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GO:0010715 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of extracellular matrix degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly biological_process GO:0010716 negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GO:0010716 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010717 regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition GO:0010717 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010718 positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition GO:0010718 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010719 negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition GO:0010719 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010720 positive regulation of cell development GO:0010720 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010721 negative regulation of cell development GO:0010721 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. fibroblast cell migration biological_process GO:0010761 fibroblast migration GO:0010761 Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb fibroblast cell migration GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. regulation of fibroblast cell migration biological_process GO:0010762 regulation of fibroblast migration GO:0010762 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of fibroblast cell migration GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. positive regulation of fibroblast cell migration biological_process GO:0010763 positive regulation of fibroblast migration GO:0010763 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of fibroblast cell migration GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. negative regulation of fibroblast cell migration biological_process GO:0010764 negative regulation of fibroblast migration GO:0010764 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of fibroblast cell migration GOC:dph Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0010765 positive regulation of sodium ion transport GO:0010765 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0010766 negative regulation of sodium ion transport GO:0010766 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010769 regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0010769 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010770 positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0010770 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010771 negative regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation GO:0010771 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. biological_process GO:0010817 regulation of hormone levels GO:0010817 Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process regulation of glucose transport GO:0010827 regulation of glucose transmembrane transport GO:0010827 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process positive regulation of glucose transport GO:0010828 positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport GO:0010828 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process negative regulation of glucose transport GO:0010829 negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport GO:0010829 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010830 regulation of myotube differentiation GO:0010830 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010831 positive regulation of myotube differentiation GO:0010831 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010832 negative regulation of myotube differentiation GO:0010832 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia. retinal lamination retinal layer formation biological_process GO:0010842 retina layer formation GO:0010842 The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:1270266 retinal lamination GOC:dph GOC:tb retinal layer formation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. lipid localisation biological_process GO:0010876 lipid localization GO:0010876 Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb lipid localisation GOC:mah Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. biological_process GO:0010893 positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process GO:0010893 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. biological_process GO:0010894 negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process GO:0010894 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:BHF GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. regulation of glucose metabolism biological_process GO:0010906 regulation of glucose metabolic process GO:0010906 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. GOC:BHF GOC:tb regulation of glucose metabolism GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. positive regulation of glucose metabolism biological_process GO:0010907 positive regulation of glucose metabolic process GO:0010907 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. GOC:BHF GOC:tb positive regulation of glucose metabolism GOC:tb The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. biological_process GO:0010927 cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis GO:0010927 The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. biological_process GO:0010937 regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization GO:0010937 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. GOC:dph GOC:tb The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. biological_process GO:0010938 cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization GO:0010938 The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. tb 2009-04-27T09:53:22Z biological_process GO:0010948 negative regulation of cell cycle process GO:0010948 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tb 2009-05-06T11:40:55Z biological_process GO:0010959 regulation of metal ion transport GO:0010959 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. tb 2009-05-11T12:17:53Z biological_process GO:0010962 regulation of glucan biosynthetic process GO:0010962 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tb 2009-05-20T11:42:50Z biological_process GO:0010966 regulation of phosphate transport GO:0010966 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. tb 2009-05-20T11:51:21Z biological_process GO:0010968 regulation of microtubule nucleation GO:0010968 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. tb 2009-05-27T10:56:08Z microtubule-based transport establishment of localization by movement along microtubule movement along microtubule biological_process GO:0010970 transport along microtubule GO:0010970 The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb establishment of localization by movement along microtubule GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:44:45Z regulation of neurite biosynthesis regulation of neurite development regulation of neurite formation regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010975 regulation of neuron projection development GO:0010975 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah regulation of neurite development GOC:mah regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:46:44Z positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis positive regulation of neurite development positive regulation of neurite formation positive regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010976 positive regulation of neuron projection development GO:0010976 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite development GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:47:42Z negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis negative regulation of neurite development negative regulation of neurite formation negative regulation of neurite growth biological_process growth cone collapse GO:0010977 negative regulation of neuron projection development GO:0010977 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite development GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah growth cone collapse GOC:pr A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24835 GO:0016244 regulated cell death Wikipedia:Programmed_cell_death caspase-independent cell death non-apoptotic programmed cell death nonapoptotic programmed cell death biological_process PCD RCD caspase-independent apoptosis GO:0012501 Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children. programmed cell death GO:0012501 A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. GOC:lr GOC:mtg_apoptosis A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system cellular_component GO:0012505 endomembrane system GO:0012505 A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GOC:lh The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao1153182838 cellular_component GO:0012506 vesicle membrane GO:0012506 The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. GOC:mah GOC:vesicle The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. oligodendrocyte cell development biological_process GO:0014003 oligodendrocyte development GO:0014003 The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system. GOC:dgh GOC:ef The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. glia proliferation biological_process GO:0014009 glial cell proliferation GO:0014009 The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0014010 Schwann cell proliferation GO:0014010 The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. biological_process GO:0014013 regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014013 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. down regulation of gliogenesis down-regulation of gliogenesis downregulation of gliogenesis inhibition of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014014 negative regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014014 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. up regulation of gliogenesis up-regulation of gliogenesis upregulation of gliogenesis activation of gliogenesis stimulation of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014015 positive regulation of gliogenesis GO:0014015 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. biological_process GO:0014016 neuroblast differentiation GO:0014016 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron. biological_process GO:0014019 neuroblast development GO:0014019 The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube. GO:0014024 primary neural tube morphogenesis primary neurulation biological_process neural rod cavitation GO:0014020 primary neural tube formation GO:0014020 The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 PMID:15327780 primary neural tube morphogenesis GOC:dph The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. biological_process GO:0014023 neural rod formation GO:0014023 The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. biological_process GO:0014025 neural keel formation GO:0014025 The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column. biological_process GO:0014028 notochord formation GO:0014028 The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. biological_process GO:0014029 neural crest formation GO:0014029 The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014031 mesenchymal cell development GO:0014031 The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014032 neural crest cell development GO:0014032 The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. biological_process GO:0014033 neural crest cell differentiation GO:0014033 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. biological_process GO:0014037 Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014037 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0014038 regulation of Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014038 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. down regulation of Schwann cell differentiation down-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation downregulation of Schwann cell differentiation inhibition of Schwann cell differentiation biological_process GO:0014039 negative regulation of Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014039 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. up regulation of Schwann cell differentiation up-regulation of Schwann cell differentiation upregulation of Schwann cell differentiation activation of Schwann cell differentiation stimulation of Schwann cell differentiation biological_process GO:0014040 positive regulation of Schwann cell differentiation GO:0014040 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. biological_process GO:0014041 regulation of neuron maturation GO:0014041 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. up regulation of neuron maturation up-regulation of neuron maturation upregulation of neuron maturation activation of neuron maturation stimulation of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014042 positive regulation of neuron maturation GO:0014042 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. down regulation of neuron maturation down-regulation of neuron maturation downregulation of neuron maturation inhibition of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014043 negative regulation of neuron maturation GO:0014043 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. biological_process GO:0014044 Schwann cell development GO:0014044 The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function. GOC:dgh GOC:ef The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). biological_process GO:0014055 acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0014055 The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0014056 regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0014056 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. up regulation of acetylcholine secretion up-regulation of acetylcholine secretion upregulation of acetylcholine secretion activation of acetylcholine secretion stimulation of acetylcholine secretion biological_process GO:0014057 positive regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0014057 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. down regulation of acetylcholine secretion down-regulation of acetylcholine secretion downregulation of acetylcholine secretion inhibition of acetylcholine secretion biological_process GO:0014058 negative regulation of acetylcholine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0014058 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. regulation of noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0014061 regulation of norepinephrine secretion GO:0014061 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. biological_process regulation of serotonin release GO:0014062 regulation of serotonin secretion GO:0014062 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. down regulation of serotonin secretion down-regulation of serotonin secretion downregulation of serotonin secretion inhibition of serotonin secretion biological_process positive regulation of serotonin release GO:0014063 negative regulation of serotonin secretion GO:0014063 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef positive regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. up regulation of serotonin secretion up-regulation of serotonin secretion upregulation of serotonin secretion activation of serotonin secretion stimulation of serotonin secretion biological_process positive regulation of serotonin release GO:0014064 positive regulation of serotonin secretion GO:0014064 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef positive regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. response to organic cyclic substance biological_process GO:0014070 response to organic cyclic compound GO:0014070 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. GOC:ef response to organic cyclic substance GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. response to amine stimulus biological_process GO:0014075 response to amine GO:0014075 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. GOC:ef response to amine stimulus GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. biological_process GO:0014706 striated muscle tissue development GO:0014706 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity GO:0014733 regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation GO:0014733 Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. biological_process GO:0014734 skeletal muscle hypertrophy GO:0014734 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014741 negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy GO:0014741 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014742 positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy GO:0014742 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014743 regulation of muscle hypertrophy GO:0014743 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process positive regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014744 positive regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0014744 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process negative regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014745 negative regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0014745 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process smooth muscle plasticity GO:0014805 smooth muscle adaptation GO:0014805 Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis. biological_process GO:0014807 regulation of somitogenesis GO:0014807 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis. GOC:mtg_muscle The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0014812 muscle cell migration GO:0014812 The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. CL:0000187 GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0014819 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction GO:0014819 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations. biological_process GO:0014821 phasic smooth muscle contraction GO:0014821 A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations. GOC:mtg_muscle A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. biological_process GO:0014827 intestine smooth muscle contraction GO:0014827 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0001539 MSH:D007422 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract). biological_process GO:0014831 gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GO:0014831 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract). GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0001523 MSH:D041981 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract. biological_process GO:0014832 urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction GO:0014832 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract. GOC:mr GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11768524 PMID:18276178 PMID:538956 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. biological_process GO:0014848 urinary tract smooth muscle contraction GO:0014848 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0000325 MSH:D014551 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder. biological_process GO:0014849 ureter smooth muscle contraction GO:0014849 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder. GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0000378 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system. biological_process GO:0014852 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by neural stimulation via neuromuscular junction GO:0014852 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0014855 striated muscle cell proliferation GO:0014855 The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0014856 skeletal muscle cell proliferation GO:0014856 The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014857 regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation GO:0014857 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014858 positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation GO:0014858 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014859 negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation GO:0014859 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction biological_process GO:0014860 neurotransmitter secretion involved in regulation of skeletal muscle contraction GO:0014860 The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb neurotransmitter secretion involved in control of skeletal muscle contraction GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes. biological_process regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via membrane action potential GO:0014861 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential GO:0014861 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_muscle The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells. biological_process GO:0014866 skeletal myofibril assembly GO:0014866 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0014872 myoblast division GO:0014872 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. biological_process response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014874 response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0014874 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. biological_process response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014878 response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0014878 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. biological_process GO:0014879 detection of electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0014879 The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process cardiac muscle plasticity GO:0014887 cardiac muscle adaptation GO:0014887 The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process striated muscle plasticity GO:0014888 striated muscle adaptation GO:0014888 Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. biological_process GO:0014895 smooth muscle hypertrophy GO:0014895 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. GOC:mtg_muscle The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. Wikipedia:Muscle_hypertrophy biological_process GO:0014896 muscle hypertrophy GO:0014896 The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. biological_process GO:0014897 striated muscle hypertrophy GO:0014897 The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0014902 myotube differentiation GO:0014902 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:mtg_muscle The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0014904 myotube cell development GO:0014904 The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:mtg_muscle The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0014909 smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014909 The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. biological_process GO:0014910 regulation of smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014910 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. biological_process GO:0014911 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014911 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. biological_process GO:0014912 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration GO:0014912 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration. CL:0000192 GOC:mtg_muscle The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015831 enzyme transport biological_process GO:0015031 protein transport GO:0015031 The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24479 ion transmembrane transporter activity ion transporter activity molecular_function GO:0015075 monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015075 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dgf GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24076 GO:0022816 RHEA:34963 sodium transporter activity molecular_function GO:0015081 sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015081 Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:BHF GOC:ai RHEA:34963 Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage. Reactome:R-HSA-2161500 Reactome:R-HSA-549129 Reactome:R-HSA-549279 Reactome:R-HSA-549304 Reactome:R-HSA-549322 Reactome:R-HSA-561054 Reactome:R-HSA-561072 Reactome:R-HSA-9794270 Reactome:R-HSA-9794523 Reactome:R-HSA-9795207 molecular_function GO:0015101 organic cation transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015101 Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-2161500 abacavir [extracellular] => abacavir [cytosol] Reactome:R-HSA-549129 OCT1 transports organic cations into hepatic cells Reactome:R-HSA-549279 OCT2 mediates tubular uptake of organic cations in the kidney Reactome:R-HSA-549304 OCT3 mediates renal clearance of organic cations Reactome:R-HSA-549322 OCT1 transports organic cations out of hepatic cells Reactome:R-HSA-561054 OCT2 mediates tubular secretion of organic cations in the kidney Reactome:R-HSA-561072 OCT3 mediates renal uptake of organic cations Reactome:R-HSA-9794270 SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-9794523 SLC22A1 transports Cipro into renal cell Reactome:R-HSA-9795207 SLC22A1 transports Cipro into hepatic cell Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. molecular_function GO:0015103 inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015103 Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. RHEA:28695 Reactome:R-HSA-2752067 molecular_function GO:0015106 bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015106 Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-2752067 BESTs transport cytosolic HCO3- to extracellular region Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. pr 2012-11-22T15:43:10Z GO:1901677 RHEA:32823 molecular_function phosphate transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015114 phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015114 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai phosphate transmembrane transporter activity GOC:vw Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. RHEA:34983 Reactome:R-HSA-3560789 Reactome:R-HSA-427555 Reactome:R-HSA-8875871 sulphate transporter activity molecular_function sulfate permease activity GO:0015116 sulfate transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015116 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-3560789 Defective SLC26A2 does not cotransport extracellular SO4(2-), H+ to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-427555 SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-8875871 SLC26A11 transports SO4(2-) from extracellular region to cytosol Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. molecular_function GO:0015123 acetate transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015123 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. GOC:ai Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. Reactome:R-HSA-194079 Reactome:R-HSA-194083 Reactome:R-HSA-194130 Reactome:R-HSA-5661184 Reactome:R-HSA-5661198 Reactome:R-HSA-9733964 molecular_function GO:0015125 bile acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015125 Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-194079 SLCO1B3 transports ALB:(GCCA, TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-194083 SLCO1B1 transports ALB:(GCCA,TCCA) from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-194130 Transport (influx) of bile salts and acids by OATP-A Reactome:R-HSA-5661184 Defective SLCO1B1 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte) Reactome:R-HSA-5661198 Defective SLCO1B3 does not transport BIL from extracellular region (blood) to cytosol (hepatocyte) Reactome:R-HSA-9733964 SLC51A:SLC51B transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile. Reactome:R-HSA-5679031 Reactome:R-HSA-5679041 Reactome:R-HSA-9661417 molecular_function GO:0015127 bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015127 Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile. GOC:ai ISBN:0198547684 Reactome:R-HSA-5679031 Defective ABCC2 does not transport BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region Reactome:R-HSA-5679041 ABCC2 transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region Reactome:R-HSA-9661417 ABCG2 tetramer transports BMG,BDG from cytosol to extracellular region Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:1901476 sugar transporter molecular_function carbohydrate transporter activity GO:0015144 carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015144 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0015145 monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015145 Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other. Reactome:R-HSA-189242 Reactome:R-HSA-5638222 molecular_function GO:0015149 hexose transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015149 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-189242 SLC2A2 tetramer transports Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region Reactome:R-HSA-5638222 Defective SLC2A2 does not transport Fru, Gal, Glc from cytosol to extracellular region Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. molecular_function GO:0015159 polysaccharide transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015159 Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. GO:0015359 amino acid transporter activity Reactome:R-HSA-210439 Reactome:R-HSA-212642 Reactome:R-HSA-351963 Reactome:R-HSA-351987 Reactome:R-HSA-352029 Reactome:R-HSA-352052 Reactome:R-HSA-352059 Reactome:R-HSA-352103 Reactome:R-HSA-352107 Reactome:R-HSA-352108 Reactome:R-HSA-352119 Reactome:R-HSA-352136 Reactome:R-HSA-352158 Reactome:R-HSA-352174 Reactome:R-HSA-352182 Reactome:R-HSA-352191 Reactome:R-HSA-352232 Reactome:R-HSA-352347 Reactome:R-HSA-352354 Reactome:R-HSA-352364 Reactome:R-HSA-352371 Reactome:R-HSA-352379 Reactome:R-HSA-352385 Reactome:R-HSA-375405 Reactome:R-HSA-375417 Reactome:R-HSA-375473 Reactome:R-HSA-375487 Reactome:R-HSA-375768 Reactome:R-HSA-375770 Reactome:R-HSA-375776 Reactome:R-HSA-375790 Reactome:R-HSA-376200 Reactome:R-HSA-378513 Reactome:R-HSA-379415 Reactome:R-HSA-379426 Reactome:R-HSA-379432 Reactome:R-HSA-5653850 Reactome:R-HSA-5655702 Reactome:R-HSA-5659674 Reactome:R-HSA-5659734 Reactome:R-HSA-5659755 Reactome:R-HSA-5660694 Reactome:R-HSA-5660890 Reactome:R-HSA-5660910 Reactome:R-HSA-888592 Reactome:R-HSA-8952726 amino acid permease activity amino acid/choline transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function general amino acid permease activity hydroxy/aromatic amino acid permease activity GO:0015171 amino acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015171 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-210439 glutamate uptake by astrocytes Reactome:R-HSA-212642 L-Glutamine transport into neurons Reactome:R-HSA-351963 SLC6A18 transports Gly from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-351987 SLC6A6-mediated uptake of taurine and beta-alanine Reactome:R-HSA-352029 SLC6A12 (BGT-1)-mediated uptake of GABA and betaine Reactome:R-HSA-352052 SLC6A20 cotransports L-Pro, Na+ from the extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-352059 SLC6A15-mediated amino acid uptake Reactome:R-HSA-352103 SLC43A1 (LAT3)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352107 SLC43A2 (LAT4)-mediated uptake of large neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352108 SLC38A2 (ATA2)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352119 SLC38A1 (ATA1)-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352136 SLC38A4 (ATA3)-mediated uptake of arginine and lysine Reactome:R-HSA-352158 SLC16A10-mediated uptake of aromatic amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352174 SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine Reactome:R-HSA-352182 SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine Reactome:R-HSA-352191 SLC7A8-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-352232 SLC7A5:SLC3A2 transports neutral amino acids from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-352347 SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular serine for cytosolic alanine, threonine, or cysteine Reactome:R-HSA-352354 SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or threonine Reactome:R-HSA-352364 SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular alanine for cytosolic serine, threonine, or cysteine Reactome:R-HSA-352371 SLC1A4-mediated exchange of extracellular threonine for cytosolic alanine, serine, or cysteine Reactome:R-HSA-352379 SLC1A5-mediated exchange of alanine and glutamine across the plasma membrane Reactome:R-HSA-352385 SLC1A5-mediated exchange of glutamine and alanine across the plasma membrane Reactome:R-HSA-375405 SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-375417 SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine Reactome:R-HSA-375473 SLC6A19 cotransports neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-375487 SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-375768 SLC7A2, isoform B (CAT-2B)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-375770 SLC7A3 (CAT-3)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-375776 SLC7A1 (CAT-1)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-375790 SLC7A2, isoform A (CAT-2A)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-376200 SLC7A10-mediated uptake of small neutral amino acids Reactome:R-HSA-378513 SLC7A11-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine and cytosolic glutamate Reactome:R-HSA-379415 SLC7A7:SLC3A2 exchanges L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane Reactome:R-HSA-379426 SLC7A6 (y+LAT2)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine Reactome:R-HSA-379432 SLC7A9:SLC3A1 exchanges L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu Reactome:R-HSA-5653850 Defective SLC36A2 does not cotransport Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5655702 Defective SLC3A1 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu Reactome:R-HSA-5659674 Variant SLC6A14 cotransports SLC6A14 ligands, Cl-, 2Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5659734 Defective SLC6A19 does not cotransport neutral amino acids, Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5659755 Defective SLC6A18 does not transport Gly from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5660694 Variant SLC6A20 does not cotransport L-Pro, Na+ from extracellulare region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-5660890 Defective SLC7A9 (in SLC7A9:SLC3A1) does not exchange L-Arg, CySS-, L-Lys for L-Leu Reactome:R-HSA-5660910 Defective SLC7A7 does not exchange L-Arg for L-Leu, Na+ across the plasma membrane Reactome:R-HSA-888592 Loading of GABA into clathrin sculpted GABA transport vesicle lumen Reactome:R-HSA-8952726 SLC38A9 transports L-Arg from lysosomal lumen to cytosol Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0015392 molecular_function GO:0015205 nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015205 Enables the transfer of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acidfrom one side of a membrane to the other. ISBN:0198506732 Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14372 inorganic solute uptake transmembrane transporter activity inorganic uptake permease activity molecular_function GO:0015318 inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015318 Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. cellular_component GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton GO:0015629 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 ISBN:0815316194 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeleton GO:0015630 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015669 gas transport GO:0015669 The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015671 oxygen transport GO:0015671 The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015695 organic cation transport GO:0015695 The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015698 inorganic anion transport GO:0015698 The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:krc The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015701 bicarbonate transport GO:0015701 The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015711 organic anion transport GO:0015711 The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai GOC:krc The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015718 monocarboxylic acid transport GO:0015718 The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bile acid transport bile salt transport biological_process GO:0015721 bile acid and bile salt transport GO:0015721 The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:krc PMID:12663868 PMID:14699511 The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015723 bilirubin transport GO:0015723 The directed movement of bilirubin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. vw 2017-02-19T10:41:27Z GO:1905950 biological_process monosaccharide transport GO:0015749 monosaccharide transmembrane transport GO:0015749 The process in which a monosaccharide is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000069 The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. biological_process GO:0015774 polysaccharide transport GO:0015774 The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GOC:ai The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015833 peptide transport GO:0015833 The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process amine/polyamine transport GO:0015837 amine transport GO:0015837 The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015873 biological_process GO:0015844 monoamine transport GO:0015844 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015849 organic acid transport GO:0015849 The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. organic alcohol transport biological_process GO:0015850 organic hydroxy compound transport GO:0015850 The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. GOC:ai The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. nucleobase transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0015851 nucleobase transport GO:0015851 The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ISBN:0198506732 nucleobase transmembrane transport GOC:mah The directed movement of protein-DNA complexes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. DNA-protein complex transport biological_process GO:0015869 protein-DNA complex transport GO:0015869 The directed movement of protein-DNA complexes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai DNA-protein complex transport GOC:mah The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. biological_process GO:0015870 acetylcholine transport GO:0015870 The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions. GOC:ai The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol transport noradrenaline transport biological_process GO:0015874 norepinephrine transport GO:0015874 The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0015931 nucleobase-containing compound transport GO:0015931 The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015932 nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015932 Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity GOC:dph GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. chemoorganotrophy biological_process GO:0015980 energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds GO:0015980 The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. GOC:mah A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it. 2014-03-06T11:37:54Z GO:0016021 GO:0098589 GO:0098805 Wikipedia:Biological_membrane Wikipedia:Transmembrane_protein integral component of membrane integral to membrane membrane region region of membrane whole membrane cellular_component transmembrane GO:0016020 membrane GO:0016020 A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it. GOC:dos GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 transmembrane GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GO:0006724 GO:0044240 Wikipedia:Lipid_catabolism lipid breakdown lipid catabolism lipid degradation lipolysis multicellular organism lipid catabolic process multicellular organismal lipid catabolic process biological_process GO:0016042 lipid catabolic process GO:0016042 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:go_curators A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0044235 GO:0071842 cell organisation cellular component organisation at cellular level cellular component organisation in other organism cellular component organization at cellular level cellular component organization in other organism biological_process cell organization and biogenesis GO:0016043 cellular component organization GO:0016043 A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:jl GOC:mah cellular component organisation at cellular level GOC:mah cellular component organisation in other organism GOC:mah cell organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GO:0048591 cellular growth growth of cell biological_process cell expansion metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth non-developmental cell growth non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GO:0016049 cell growth GO:0016049 The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GOC:ai non-developmental cell growth GOC:mah non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. vesicle organisation biological_process vesicle organization and biogenesis GO:0016050 vesicle organization GO:0016050 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GOC:mah vesicle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GO:0006093 anabolic carbohydrate metabolic process anabolic carbohydrate metabolism carbohydrate anabolism carbohydrate biosynthesis carbohydrate formation carbohydrate synthesis biological_process GO:0016051 carbohydrate biosynthetic process GO:0016051 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. jl 2012-10-23T16:34:39Z GO:0006095 GO:0044276 GO:0044724 carbohydrate breakdown carbohydrate catabolism carbohydrate degradation catabolic carbohydrate metabolic process catabolic carbohydrate metabolism multicellular organismal carbohydrate catabolic process biological_process single-organism carbohydrate catabolic process GO:0016052 carbohydrate catabolic process GO:0016052 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid anabolism organic acid biosynthesis organic acid formation organic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0016053 organic acid biosynthetic process GO:0016053 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid breakdown organic acid catabolism organic acid degradation biological_process GO:0016054 organic acid catabolic process GO:0016054 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane biological_process GO:0016057 regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell GO:0016057 Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. GOC:dph GOC:hb GOC:tb changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane GOC:dph GOC:tb The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process GO:0016070 The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GO:0006899 vesicle transport vesicular transport nonselective vesicle transport biological_process protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking GO:0016192 vesicle-mediated transport GO:0016192 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GOC:ai GOC:mah ISBN:08789310662000 vesicular transport GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. biological_process GO:0016202 regulation of striated muscle tissue development GO:0016202 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators true Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 phosphokinase activity molecular_function GO:0016301 Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term. kinase activity GO:0016301 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 FN3KRP phosphorylates PsiAm, RibAm Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 FN3K phosphorylates ketosamines The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. Wikipedia:Phosphorylation biological_process GO:0016310 phosphorylation GO:0016310 The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. ISBN:0198506732 The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. biological_process GO:0016321 female meiosis chromosome segregation GO:0016321 The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. GOC:ai Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048130 oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation biological_process GO:0016325 oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization GO:0016325 Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:11231123 The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0016331 morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium GO:0016331 The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. GOC:jl The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24787 Wikipedia:Cell_migration biological_process GO:0016477 cell migration GO:0016477 The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:pf Wikipedia:Cell_migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. down regulation of angiogenesis down-regulation of angiogenesis downregulation of angiogenesis inhibition of angiogenesis biological_process GO:0016525 negative regulation of angiogenesis GO:0016525 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Wikipedia:Sarcoplasm cellular_component GO:0016528 sarcoplasm GO:0016528 The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198547684 Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 molecular_function GO:0016740 transferase activity GO:0016740 Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1 Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.7.-.- molecular_function GO:0016772 Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides. transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups GO:0016772 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. EC:3.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1236938 Reactome:R-HSA-2029475 Reactome:R-HSA-5694583 Reactome:R-HSA-5695964 Reactome:R-HSA-6786190 Reactome:R-HSA-6788295 Reactome:R-HSA-8938314 Reactome:R-HSA-8952137 molecular_function GO:0016787 hydrolase activity GO:0016787 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-1236938 Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes Reactome:R-HSA-2029475 Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation Reactome:R-HSA-5694583 ABHD4 hydrolyses NAPE Reactome:R-HSA-5695964 ABHD14B hydrolyses PNPB Reactome:R-HSA-6786190 CMBL hydrolyses OM to OLMS Reactome:R-HSA-6788295 HDHD1:Mg2+ dephosphorylates PURIDP Reactome:R-HSA-8938314 ENPPs hydrolyse CoA-SH to PPANT, PAP Reactome:R-HSA-8952137 Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. EC:3.1.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-162729 Reactome:R-HSA-9023617 Reactome:R-HSA-9023619 Reactome:R-HSA-9749609 esterase activity molecular_function GO:0016788 hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds GO:0016788 Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. GOC:jl Reactome:R-HSA-162729 uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid Reactome:R-HSA-9023617 Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin Reactome:R-HSA-9023619 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin Reactome:R-HSA-9749609 BCHE hydrolyzes ASA- Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. biological_process insecticide resistance insecticide susceptibility/resistance GO:0017085 response to insecticide GO:0017085 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. GOC:curators A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. nucleolus biogenesis nucleolus assembly biological_process GO:0017126 nucleologenesis GO:0017126 A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 nucleolus assembly GOC:mah The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0017145 stem cell division GO:0017145 The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0016478 down regulation of protein biosynthetic process down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process downregulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein anabolism negative regulation of protein biosynthesis negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein formation negative regulation of protein synthesis inhibition of protein biosynthetic process biological_process protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity GO:0017148 negative regulation of translation GO:0017148 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. biological_process GO:0017157 regulation of exocytosis GO:0017157 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle anabolism heterocycle biosynthesis heterocycle formation heterocycle synthesis biological_process GO:0018130 heterocycle biosynthetic process GO:0018130 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. UM-BBD_pathwayID:phe carbolic acid metabolic process carbolic acid metabolism hydroxybenzene metabolic process hydroxybenzene metabolism phenol-containing compound metabolism biological_process GO:0018958 Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds. phenol-containing compound metabolic process GO:0018958 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. ISBN:0198506732 The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23491 jl 2012-09-19T16:01:37Z GO:0033057 GO:0044704 GO:0044705 reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism reproductive behaviour multi-organism reproductive behavior multicellular organism reproductive behavior biological_process single-organism reproductive behavior GO:0019098 reproductive behavior GO:0019098 The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. GOC:jl GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. regulation of lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0019216 regulation of lipid metabolic process GO:0019216 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. regulation of steroid metabolism biological_process GO:0019218 regulation of steroid metabolic process GO:0019218 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0019219 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process GO:0019219 Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. regulation of phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0019220 regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0019220 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044246 regulation of metabolism regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0019222 regulation of metabolic process GO:0019222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators regulation of organismal metabolic process GOC:tb The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. conduction of nerve impulse signal transmission along a neuron biological_process GO:0019226 transmission of nerve impulse GO:0019226 The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph An action potential that occurs in a neuron. biological_process generation of action potential GO:0019228 neuronal action potential GO:0019228 An action potential that occurs in a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb generation of action potential GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Nociception perception of physiological pain biological_process nociception GO:0019233 sensory perception of pain GO:0019233 The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. hexose metabolism biological_process GO:0019318 hexose metabolic process GO:0019318 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. hexose anabolism hexose biosynthesis hexose formation hexose synthesis biological_process GO:0019319 hexose biosynthetic process GO:0019319 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. hexose breakdown hexose catabolism hexose degradation biological_process GO:0019320 hexose catabolic process GO:0019320 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. MetaCyc:PHENOLDEG-PWY phenol-containing compound breakdown phenol-containing compound catabolism phenol-containing compound degradation biological_process GO:0019336 phenol-containing compound catabolic process GO:0019336 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. acetate anabolism acetate biosynthesis acetate formation acetate synthesis biological_process GO:0019413 acetate biosynthetic process GO:0019413 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. aromatic compound anabolism aromatic compound biosynthesis aromatic compound formation aromatic compound synthesis aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthesis aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0019438 aromatic compound biosynthetic process GO:0019438 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. aromatic compound breakdown aromatic compound catabolism aromatic compound degradation aromatic hydrocarbon catabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon catabolism biological_process GO:0019439 aromatic compound catabolic process GO:0019439 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0006411 GO:0044267 GO:0044268 Wikipedia:Protein_metabolism cellular protein metabolic process cellular protein metabolism protein metabolic process and modification protein metabolism protein metabolism and modification multicellular organismal protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0019538 protein metabolic process GO:0019538 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol breakdown catechol catabolic process catechol catabolism catechol degradation GO:0019614 catechol-containing compound catabolic process GO:0019614 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. GOC:go_curators Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. biological_process GO:0019725 cellular homeostasis GO:0019725 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients. Wikipedia:Secondary_metabolism secondary metabolism secondary metabolite metabolic process secondary metabolite metabolism biological_process GO:0019748 secondary metabolic process GO:0019748 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). carboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019752 carboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0019752 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. one carbon compound transport biological_process GO:0019755 one-carbon compound transport GO:0019755 The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types. biological_process maintenance of pluripotency GO:0019827 stem cell population maintenance GO:0019827 The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types. GOC:mah ISBN:0878932437 maintenance of pluripotency GOC:vk The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. cellular_component GO:0019867 outer membrane GO:0019867 The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. GOC:go_curators The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GO:0030333 Wikipedia:Antigen_presentation antigen presentation antigen processing biological_process GO:0019882 antigen processing and presentation GO:0019882 The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15771591 PMID:15928678 A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22929 Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction biological_process GO:0019953 Note that gametes may come from two organisms or from a single organism in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. Note also that sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. sexual reproduction GO:0019953 A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells. biological_process GO:0021501 prechordal plate formation GO:0021501 The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. biological_process GO:0021510 spinal cord development GO:0021510 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021514 ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation GO:0021514 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021515 cell differentiation in spinal cord GO:0021515 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. biological_process GO:0021517 ventral spinal cord development GO:0021517 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021522 spinal cord motor neuron differentiation GO:0021522 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021523 somatic motor neuron differentiation GO:0021523 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. biological_process GO:0021532 neural tube patterning GO:0021532 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021533 cell differentiation in hindbrain GO:0021533 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021534 cell proliferation in hindbrain GO:0021534 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021535 cell migration in hindbrain GO:0021535 The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived. cerebrum development biological_process GO:0021537 telencephalon development GO:0021537 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 cerebrum development GOC:sl PMID:22331407 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0021543 pallium development GO:0021543 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:12626695 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021545 cranial nerve development GO:0021545 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021546 rhombomere development GO:0021546 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. MHB biosynthesis MHB formation midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation biological_process isthmus biosynthesis isthmus formation GO:0021547 midbrain-hindbrain boundary initiation GO:0021547 The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 MHB biosynthesis GOC:cls MHB formation GOC:cls midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis GOC:cls midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation GOC:cls isthmus biosynthesis GOC:cls isthmus formation GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021548 pons development GO:0021548 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla development myelencephalon development GO:0021550 medulla oblongata development GO:0021550 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 medulla development GOC:cls myelencephalon development GOC:cls The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021551 central nervous system morphogenesis GO:0021551 The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. MHB morphogenesis isthmus morphogenesis biological_process GO:0021555 midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis GO:0021555 The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 MHB morphogenesis GOC:cls isthmus morphogenesis GOC:cls The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021556 central nervous system formation GO:0021556 The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. cranial nerve 5 development cranial nerve V development biological_process CN V development GO:0021559 trigeminal nerve development GO:0021559 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 5 development GOC:cls cranial nerve V development GOC:cls CN V development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. cranial nerve 7 development cranial nerve VII development biological_process CN VII development GO:0021561 facial nerve development GO:0021561 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives off nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 7 development GOC:cls cranial nerve VII development GOC:cls CN VII development GOC:cls Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. cranial nerve 9 development cranial nerve IX development biological_process CN IX development GO:0021563 glossopharyngeal nerve development GO:0021563 Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 9 development GOC:cls cranial nerve IX development GOC:cls CN IX development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. cranial nerve X development biological_process CN X development cranial nerve 10 development GO:0021564 vagus nerve development GO:0021564 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve X development GOC:cls CN X development GOC:cls cranial nerve 10 development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the accessory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. cranial nerve XI development spinal accessory nerve development biological_process CN XI development cranial nerve 11 development GO:0021565 accessory nerve development GO:0021565 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the accessory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve XI development GOC:cls spinal accessory nerve development PMID:11533729 CN XI development GOC:cls cranial nerve 11 development GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. cranial nerve XII development biological_process CN XII development cranial nerve 12 development GO:0021566 hypoglossal nerve development GO:0021566 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve XII development GOC:cls CN XII development GOC:cls cranial nerve 12 development GOC:cls The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process rhombencephalon morphogenesis GO:0021575 hindbrain morphogenesis GO:0021575 The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process GO:0021576 hindbrain formation GO:0021576 The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process GO:0021578 hindbrain maturation GO:0021578 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla morphogenesis myelencephalon morphogenesis GO:0021579 medulla oblongata morphogenesis GO:0021579 The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla biosynthesis medulla formation myelencephalon biosynthesis myelencephalon formation GO:0021580 medulla oblongata formation GO:0021580 The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla maturation myelencephalon maturation GO:0021582 medulla oblongata maturation GO:0021582 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021583 pons morphogenesis GO:0021583 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021584 pons formation GO:0021584 The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021586 pons maturation GO:0021586 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021593 rhombomere morphogenesis GO:0021593 The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021594 rhombomere formation GO:0021594 The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021602 cranial nerve morphogenesis GO:0021602 The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021603 cranial nerve formation GO:0021603 The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021605 cranial nerve maturation GO:0021605 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the accessory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. biological_process CN XI maturation spinal accessory nerve maturation GO:0021606 accessory nerve maturation GO:0021606 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the accessory nerve to attain its fully functional state. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the accessory nerve is generated and organized. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. biological_process CN XI morphogenesis GO:0021607 accessory nerve morphogenesis GO:0021607 The process in which the anatomical structure of the accessory nerve is generated and organized. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the accessory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. biological_process CN XI biosynthesis CN XI formation GO:0021608 accessory nerve formation GO:0021608 The process that gives rise to the accessory nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. biological_process CN VII morphogenesis GO:0021610 facial nerve morphogenesis GO:0021610 The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. biological_process CN VII biosynthesis CN VII formation GO:0021611 facial nerve formation GO:0021611 The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the facial nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. biological_process CN VII maturation GO:0021613 facial nerve maturation GO:0021613 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the facial nerve to attain its fully functional state. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the glossopharyngeal nerve to attain its fully functional state. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. biological_process CN IX maturation GO:0021614 glossopharyngeal nerve maturation GO:0021614 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the glossopharyngeal nerve to attain its fully functional state. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. biological_process CN IX morphogenesis GO:0021615 glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis GO:0021615 The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. biological_process CN IX biosynthesis CN IX formation GO:0021616 glossopharyngeal nerve formation GO:0021616 The process that gives rise to the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. biological_process CN XII morphogenesis GO:0021618 hypoglossal nerve morphogenesis GO:0021618 The process in which the anatomical structure of the hypoglossal nerve is generated and organized. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hypoglossal nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. biological_process CN XII maturation GO:0021619 hypoglossal nerve maturation GO:0021619 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hypoglossal nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. biological_process CN XII biosynthesis CN XII formation GO:0021620 hypoglossal nerve formation GO:0021620 The process that gives rise to the hypoglossal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021626 central nervous system maturation GO:0021626 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V maturation GO:0021635 trigeminal nerve maturation GO:0021635 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V morphogenesis GO:0021636 trigeminal nerve morphogenesis GO:0021636 The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V biosynthesis CN V formation GO:0021638 trigeminal nerve formation GO:0021638 The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. biological_process CN X maturation GO:0021643 vagus nerve maturation GO:0021643 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. biological_process CN X morphogenesis GO:0021644 vagus nerve morphogenesis GO:0021644 The process in which the anatomical structure of the vagus nerve is generated and organized. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. biological_process CN X biosynthesis CN X formation GO:0021646 vagus nerve formation GO:0021646 The process that gives rise to the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021654 rhombomere boundary formation GO:0021654 The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021675 nerve development GO:0021675 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021682 nerve maturation GO:0021682 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021700 developmental maturation GO:0021700 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. locus caeruleus development locus coeruleus development biological_process GO:0021703 locus ceruleus development GO:0021703 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021704 locus ceruleus morphogenesis GO:0021704 The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021705 locus ceruleus formation GO:0021705 The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021706 locus ceruleus maturation GO:0021706 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive development GO:0021718 superior olivary nucleus development GO:0021718 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive morphogenesis GO:0021719 superior olivary nucleus morphogenesis GO:0021719 The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process GO:0021720 superior olivary nucleus formation GO:0021720 The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive maturation GO:0021722 superior olivary nucleus maturation GO:0021722 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. biological_process MHB maturation isthmus maturation GO:0021732 midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation GO:0021732 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021743 hypoglossal nucleus development GO:0021743 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypoglossal nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021751 salivary nucleus development GO:0021751 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021753 superior salivary nucleus development GO:0021753 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021754 facial nucleus development GO:0021754 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021782 glial cell development GO:0021782 The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion. biological_process GO:0021783 preganglionic parasympathetic fiber development GO:0021783 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion. GOC:cjm GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells. biological_process GO:0021846 cell proliferation in forebrain GO:0021846 The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of basal progenitor cells, neuroblasts that lose their contacts with the ventricular surface. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. abventricular progenitor cell differentiation intermediate progenitor cell differentiation non-surface dividing progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:0021863 forebrain neuroblast differentiation GO:0021863 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of basal progenitor cells, neuroblasts that lose their contacts with the ventricular surface. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 abventricular progenitor cell differentiation PMID:16226447 intermediate progenitor cell differentiation PMID:16226447 non-surface dividing progenitor cell differentiation PMID:16226447 The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons. generation of neurons in forebrain biological_process GO:0021872 forebrain generation of neurons GO:0021872 The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021879 forebrain neuron differentiation GO:0021879 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:16226447 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021884 forebrain neuron development GO:0021884 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain. biological_process GO:0021885 forebrain cell migration GO:0021885 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. biological_process GO:0021895 cerebral cortex neuron differentiation GO:0021895 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. biological_process anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GO:0021903 rostrocaudal neural tube patterning GO:0021903 The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary. biological_process GO:0021905 forebrain-midbrain boundary formation GO:0021905 The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary. biological_process GO:0021906 hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation GO:0021906 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. biological_process GO:0021915 neural tube development GO:0021915 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021953 central nervous system neuron differentiation GO:0021953 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0021954 central nervous system neuron development GO:0021954 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. corticogenesis biological_process neocortex development GO:0021987 cerebral cortex development GO:0021987 The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 corticogenesis GOC:bf PMID:25904839 neocortex development GOC:dph The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021990 neural plate formation GO:0021990 The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932585 PMID:15806586 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. biological_process neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0021999 neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization GO:0021999 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation GOC:dph Generation of cells within the nervous system. Wikipedia:Neurogenesis nervous system cell generation biological_process neural cell differentiation GO:0022008 neurogenesis GO:0022008 Generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 nervous system cell generation neural cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:dph The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21480 biological_process GO:0022009 central nervous system vasculogenesis GO:0022009 The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. myelination in central nervous system biological_process GO:0022010 central nervous system myelination GO:0022010 The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. peripheral nervous system myelination biological_process GO:0022011 myelination in peripheral nervous system GO:0022011 The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0022029 telencephalon cell migration GO:0022029 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon. biological_process GO:0022030 telencephalon glial cell migration GO:0022030 The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The multiplication or reproduction of telencephalon oligodendrocyte cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0022032 telencephalon oligodendrocyte cell migration GO:0022032 The multiplication or reproduction of telencephalon oligodendrocyte cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere. biological_process GO:0022035 rhombomere cell migration GO:0022035 The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15629700 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0022037 metencephalon development GO:0022037 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. biological_process GO:0022402 cell cycle process GO:0022402 The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere. biological_process GO:0022406 membrane docking GO:0022406 The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere. GOC:isa_complete PMID:27875684 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. biological_process GO:0022407 regulation of cell-cell adhesion GO:0022407 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. GOC:isa_complete Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. down regulation of cell-cell adhesion down-regulation of cell-cell adhesion downregulation of cell-cell adhesion inhibition of cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0022408 negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion GO:0022408 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. GOC:isa_complete Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. up regulation of cell-cell adhesion up-regulation of cell-cell adhesion upregulation of cell-cell adhesion activation of cell-cell adhesion stimulation of cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0022409 positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion GO:0022409 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GO:0071845 cell structure disassembly cellular component disassembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022411 cellular component disassembly GO:0022411 A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism biological_process GO:0022412 cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism GO:0022412 A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. jl 2012-09-19T15:56:06Z GO:0044702 biological_process single organism reproductive process GO:0022414 reproductive process GO:0022414 A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0022600 digestive system process GO:0022600 A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GOC:mtg_cardio A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. biological_process estrous cycle process menstrual cycle process GO:0022602 ovulation cycle process GO:0022602 A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. regulation of morphogenesis biological_process GO:0022603 regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0022603 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. biological_process negative regulation of cell shape and cell size positive regulation of cell shape and cell size regulation of cell shape and cell size GO:0022604 regulation of cell morphogenesis GO:0022604 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete negative regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GO:0071844 cell structure assembly cellular component assembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022607 cellular component assembly GO:0022607 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0022612 gland morphogenesis GO:0022612 The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex biogenesis ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0022613 ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis GO:0022613 A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah RNA-protein complex biogenesis GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly GOC:mah A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. biological_process GO:0022617 extracellular matrix disassembly GO:0022617 A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:jid The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex assembly RNP complex assembly ribonucleoprotein complex assembly biological_process GO:0022618 protein-RNA complex assembly GO:0022618 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:jl Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. active carrier activity carrier activity permease activity pump activity molecular_function GO:0022804 active transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022804 Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24479 active ion transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0022853 active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022853 Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other. GO:0005386 GO:0015563 GO:0015646 GO:0022891 GO:0022892 Reactome:R-HSA-1236947 Reactome:R-HSA-429036 Reactome:R-HSA-5638209 Reactome:R-HSA-5671707 Reactome:R-HSA-6784434 Reactome:R-HSA-6784436 molecular_function substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity substrate-specific transporter activity uptake permease activity uptake transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022857 transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022857 Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-1236947 Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61 Reactome:R-HSA-429036 SLC2A9 transports Fru, Glc, urate Reactome:R-HSA-5638209 Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate Reactome:R-HSA-5671707 Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA Reactome:R-HSA-6784434 An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome Reactome:R-HSA-6784436 An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0022884 macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022884 Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GO:0015077 GO:0015082 GO:0072509 GO:0072510 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity divalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity monovalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity trivalent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function GO:0022890 inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022890 Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity. biological_process GO:0022898 regulation of transmembrane transporter activity GO:0022898 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:mtg_transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GO:0023019 signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression GO:0023019 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process regulation of signaling process regulation of signalling process GO:0023051 regulation of signaling GO:0023051 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of signaling process GOC:bf regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. jl 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z GO:0023046 GO:0044700 biological signaling signaling process signalling biological_process signalling process single organism signaling GO:0023052 Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change. signaling GO:0023052 The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. GOC:mtg_signal GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 GOC:signaling signalling process GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z positive regulation of signalling process biological_process positive regulation of signaling process GO:0023056 positive regulation of signaling GO:0023056 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal positive regulation of signalling process GOC:mah positive regulation of signaling process GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process negative regulation of signaling process negative regulation of signalling process GO:0023057 negative regulation of signaling GO:0023057 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal negative regulation of signaling process GOC:bf negative regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z signal secretion biological_process GO:0023061 signal release GO:0023061 The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. GOC:mtg_signal signal secretion GOC:bf The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23033 mah 2009-07-31T01:07:46Z GO:0070838 GO:0070839 divalent metal ion export divalent metal ion transport heavy metal ion transport metal ion export biological_process GO:0030001 metal ion transport GO:0030001 The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0000283 GO:0030468 cell polarization bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity biological_process GO:0030010 establishment of cell polarity GO:0030010 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. Wikipedia:Myofibril cellular_component GO:0030016 myofibril GO:0030016 The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. ISBN:0815316194 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. Wikipedia:Sarcomere cellular_component GO:0030017 sarcomere GO:0030017 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. ISBN:0815316194 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. biological_process microfilament-based process GO:0030029 actin filament-based process GO:0030029 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell projection organisation biological_process cell projection organization and biogenesis cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GO:0030030 cell projection organization GO:0030030 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. formation of a cell surface projection biological_process cell projection biogenesis GO:0030031 cell projection assembly GO:0030031 Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ cell projection biogenesis GOC:mah Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell. biological_process microvillus biogenesis GO:0030033 microvillus assembly GO:0030033 Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 microvillus biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23114 actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis actin modulating activity GO:0030036 actin cytoskeleton organization GO:0030036 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19809 biological_process GO:0030048 actin filament-based movement GO:0030048 Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:BHF GOC:mah Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. biological_process GO:0030050 vesicle transport along actin filament GO:0030050 Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:mah A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. Wikipedia:Cell_junction cellular_component GO:0030054 cell junction GO:0030054 A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:26820516 PMID:28096264 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. biological_process GO:0030072 peptide hormone secretion GO:0030072 The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. GOC:mah The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/11255#issuecomment-426191045 biological_process GO:0030073 insulin secretion GO:0030073 The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22178 Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis blood cell biosynthesis blood cell formation haemopoiesis hematopoiesis biological_process GO:0030097 hemopoiesis GO:0030097 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. GOC:dgh ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. GO:0046650 lymphocyte cell differentiation lymphocytic blood cell differentiation biological_process lymphocyte development GO:0030098 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. lymphocyte differentiation GO:0030098 The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. CL:0000542 GOC:go_curators lymphocyte development GOC:add The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. biological_process GO:0030099 myeloid cell differentiation GO:0030099 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao885490876 constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle Golgi to vacuole transport vesicle Golgi-vacuole transport vesicle cellular_component secretory vesicle GO:0030133 Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'. transport vesicle GO:0030133 Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. GOC:mah PMID:22160157 A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. secretory vesicle cellular_component GO:0030141 Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'transport vesicle ; GO:0030133'. secretory granule GO:0030141 A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24390 Wikipedia:Cellular_differentiation biological_process GO:0030154 cell differentiation GO:0030154 The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. biological_process cell adhesion receptor regulator activity GO:0030155 regulation of cell adhesion GO:0030155 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0044254 GO:0044257 Wikipedia:Protein_catabolism cellular protein breakdown cellular protein catabolic process cellular protein catabolism cellular protein degradation protein breakdown protein catabolism protein degradation multicellular organismal protein catabolic process biological_process pheromone catabolic process pheromone catabolism GO:0030163 This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children. protein catabolic process GO:0030163 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. biological_process GO:0030182 neuron differentiation GO:0030182 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. extracellular matrix organisation biological_process extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:0030198 extracellular matrix organization GO:0030198 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. GOC:mah extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. collagen fibril organisation fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:0030199 collagen fibril organization GO:0030199 Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 fibrillar collagen organization GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. glycosaminoglycan metabolism biological_process GO:0030203 glycosaminoglycan metabolic process GO:0030203 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. hyaluronan metabolism biological_process GO:0030212 hyaluronan metabolic process GO:0030212 The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. hyaluronan anabolism hyaluronan biosynthesis hyaluronan formation hyaluronan synthesis biological_process GO:0030213 hyaluronan biosynthetic process GO:0030213 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. hyaluronan breakdown hyaluronan catabolism hyaluronan degradation biological_process GO:0030214 hyaluronan catabolic process GO:0030214 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. GO:0042112 GO:0046652 T lymphocyte differentiation T-cell differentiation T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process T cell development GO:0030217 Note that the term 'thymocyte differentiation' was merged into this term because thymocytes are T cells, and thus the term was essentially redundant. Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. T cell differentiation GO:0030217 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. GOC:jid GOC:mah GO_REF:0000022 T cell development GOC:add The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. Wikipedia:Erythropoiesis RBC differentiation erythrocyte cell differentiation erythropoiesis red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030218 erythrocyte differentiation GO:0030218 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. GOC:mah RBC differentiation CL:0000232 erythropoiesis GOC:add GOC:dph red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. megakaryocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030219 megakaryocyte differentiation GO:0030219 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. GOC:mah Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0030239 myofibril assembly GO:0030239 Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle. GOC:mah The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GO:0000068 DNA condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:0030261 chromosome condensation GO:0030261 The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 DNA condensation Wikipedia:DNA_condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:bf nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:bf Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis. apoptotic nuclear change biological_process GO:0030262 apoptotic nuclear changes GO:0030262 Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. Wikipedia:Pyknosis pyknosis biological_process GO:0030263 apoptotic chromosome condensation GO:0030263 The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. GOC:mah The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. apoptotic nuclear fragmentation nucleus fragmentation biological_process nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis GO:0030264 nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GO:0030264 The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0721639976 nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. regulation of bone biosynthesis regulation of bone formation biological_process GO:0030278 regulation of ossification GO:0030278 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. down regulation of ossification down-regulation of ossification downregulation of ossification negative regulation of bone biosynthesis negative regulation of bone formation inhibition of ossification biological_process GO:0030279 negative regulation of ossification GO:0030279 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. up regulation of cell growth up-regulation of cell growth upregulation of cell growth activation of cell growth stimulation of cell growth biological_process GO:0030307 positive regulation of cell growth GO:0030307 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. down regulation of cell growth down-regulation of cell growth downregulation of cell growth inhibition of cell growth biological_process GO:0030308 negative regulation of cell growth GO:0030308 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. cellular_component GO:0030312 The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'. external encapsulating structure GO:0030312 A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. GOC:go_curators The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm. GO:0097724 GO:1905419 sperm motility sperm movement Wikipedia:Sperm_motility flagellated sperm movement sperm flagellum movement sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm motility sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm movement biological_process GO:0030317 flagellated sperm motility GO:0030317 The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000060 PMID:26680031 sperm flagellum movement GOC:cilia GOC:krc sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm movement GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract. biological_process GO:0030323 respiratory tube development GO:0030323 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. biological_process GO:0030324 lung development GO:0030324 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. GOC:jid UBERON:0002048 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. biological_process GO:0030334 regulation of cell migration GO:0030334 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. up regulation of cell migration up-regulation of cell migration upregulation of cell migration activation of cell migration stimulation of cell migration biological_process GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration GO:0030335 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. down regulation of cell migration down-regulation of cell migration downregulation of cell migration inhibition of cell migration biological_process GO:0030336 negative regulation of cell migration GO:0030336 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. membrane breakdown membrane catabolism membrane degradation biological_process GO:0030397 membrane disassembly GO:0030397 The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. GOC:mah The expulsion of feces from the rectum. Wikipedia:Defecation biological_process GO:0030421 defecation GO:0030421 The expulsion of feces from the rectum. GOC:mah The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. NIF_Subcellular:sao1770195789 Wikipedia:Axon cellular_component GO:0030424 axon GO:0030424 The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards. Wikipedia:Peristalsis biological_process GO:0030432 peristalsis GO:0030432 A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. GO:0000065 nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated nucleus migration microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning microtubule-mediated nuclear migration nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated transport of nucleus by microtubules transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:0030473 nuclear migration along microtubule GO:0030473 The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:mah GOC:sgd_curators The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. cellular_component GO:0030485 smooth muscle contractile fiber GO:0030485 The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. male genital development biological_process GO:0030539 male genitalia development GO:0030539 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:ems ISBN:0140512888 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. GO:0019613 MetaCyc:7ALPHADEHYDROX-PWY bile acid breakdown bile acid catabolism bile acid degradation bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylation pathway cholate catabolic process biological_process GO:0030573 bile acid catabolic process GO:0030573 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile. GOC:go_curators The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells. collagen breakdown collagen catabolism collagen degradation biological_process GO:0030574 collagen catabolic process GO:0030574 The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. secretory vesicle membrane constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0030658 transport vesicle membrane GO:0030658 The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane GO:0030659 The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. cellular_component Golgi vesicle membrane GO:0030660 Golgi-associated vesicle membrane GO:0030660 The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. secretory vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0030667 secretory granule membrane GO:0030667 The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule. GOC:mah The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. biological_process GO:0030705 cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport GO:0030705 The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. GOC:mah Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells. biological_process GO:0030718 germ-line stem cell population maintenance GO:0030718 Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells. ISBN:0879694238 Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber. establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization in egg chamber establishment and maintenance of oocyte position during oogenesis oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation oogenesis, establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization oogenesis, oocyte localization oocyte positioning during oogenesis biological_process oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation oocyte localization during oogenesis GO:0030720 oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation GO:0030720 Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10449356 oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation GOC:mah oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. biological_process GO:0030855 epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030855 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. GOC:ecd PMID:11839751 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0030856 regulation of epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030856 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030857 negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030857 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation activation of epithelial cell differentiation stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030858 positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation GO:0030858 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). prosencephalon development biological_process GO:0030900 forebrain development GO:0030900 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). mesencephalon development biological_process GO:0030901 midbrain development GO:0030901 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). rhombencephalon development biological_process GO:0030902 hindbrain development GO:0030902 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. biological_process GO:0030903 notochord development GO:0030903 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. GOC:dgh The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. biological_process GO:0030910 olfactory placode formation GO:0030910 The formation of a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. GOC:dgh The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. otocyst biosynthesis otocyst formation biological_process GO:0030916 otic vesicle formation GO:0030916 The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. MHB development isthmic organizer development isthmomesencephalic boundary development isthmus development midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development biological_process GO:0030917 midbrain-hindbrain boundary development GO:0030917 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. GOC:dgh Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane. MACIT cellular_component GO:0030936 transmembrane collagen trimer GO:0030936 Any collagen trimer that passes through a lipid bilayer membrane. ISBN:0721639976 MACIT ISBN:0198599587 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures. biological_process GO:0030951 establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity GO:0030951 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures. GOC:mah Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures. biological_process cytoskeleton polarization GO:0030952 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity GO:0030952 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures. GOC:mah A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. intraflagellar transport complex intraflagellar transport particle cellular_component IFT complex GO:0030990 Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent. intraciliary transport particle GO:0030990 A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:14570576 PMID:22118932 PMID:23945166 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GO:0005578 NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513 Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix proteinaceous extracellular matrix matrisome cellular_component GO:0031012 extracellular matrix GO:0031012 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rph NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513 PMID:21123617 PMID:28089324 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23777 Wikipedia:Pancreas biological_process GO:0031016 pancreas development GO:0031016 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones. GOC:cvs The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells. biological_process GO:0031017 exocrine pancreas development GO:0031017 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells. GOC:cvs The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. biological_process GO:0031018 endocrine pancreas development GO:0031018 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. GOC:cvs The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. nuclear migration, microfilament-mediated biological_process GO:0031022 nuclear migration along microfilament GO:0031022 The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. actomyosin organization actomyosin structure organisation biological_process actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis GO:0031032 Note that this term is a child of 'actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036' because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins. actomyosin structure organization GO:0031032 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. embryonic eye development biological_process GO:0031076 embryonic camera-type eye development GO:0031076 The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 cellular_component intracellular membrane GO:0031090 organelle membrane GO:0031090 A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. GOC:dos GOC:mah intracellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23195 microtubule dynamics biological_process GO:0031109 microtubule polymerization or depolymerization GO:0031109 Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. biological_process GO:0031110 regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization GO:0031110 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031111 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization GO:0031111 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031112 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization GO:0031112 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. biological_process GO:0031113 regulation of microtubule polymerization GO:0031113 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. regulation of microtubule disassembly biological_process GO:0031114 regulation of microtubule depolymerization GO:0031114 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031115 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization GO:0031115 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization activation of microtubule polymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031116 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization GO:0031116 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. microtubule destabilization positive regulation of microtubule disassembly up regulation of microtubule depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization upregulation of microtubule depolymerization activation of microtubule depolymerization positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe stimulation of microtubule depolymerization biological_process GO:0031117 positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization GO:0031117 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. cytoplasmic microtubule organisation biological_process cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GO:0031122 cytoplasmic microtubule organization GO:0031122 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). biological_process GO:0031128 developmental induction GO:0031128 A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:mah PMID:24503535 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). neurite biosynthesis neurite development neurite formation neurite growth neurite outgrowth biological_process GO:0031175 neuron projection development GO:0031175 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:mah neurite development GOC:dph The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. front of cell leading edge of cell cellular_component GO:0031252 cell leading edge GO:0031252 The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. GOC:pg The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection. cellular_component membrane extension membrane projection GO:0031253 cell projection membrane GO:0031253 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection. GOC:krc GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. cellular_component GO:0031256 leading edge membrane GO:0031256 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. regulation of cellular metabolism biological_process GO:0031323 regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031323 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. down regulation of cellular metabolic process down-regulation of cellular metabolic process downregulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of cellular metabolism inhibition of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031324 negative regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031324 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. positive regulation of cellular metabolism up regulation of cellular metabolic process up-regulation of cellular metabolic process upregulation of cellular metabolic process activation of cellular metabolic process stimulation of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031325 positive regulation of cellular metabolic process GO:0031325 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular anabolism regulation of cellular biosynthesis regulation of cellular formation regulation of cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0031326 regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031326 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular anabolism negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis negative regulation of cellular formation negative regulation of cellular synthesis inhibition of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031327 negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031327 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. positive regulation of cellular anabolism positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis positive regulation of cellular formation positive regulation of cellular synthesis up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process activation of cellular biosynthetic process stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031328 positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process GO:0031328 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular breakdown regulation of cellular catabolism regulation of cellular degradation biological_process GO:0031329 regulation of cellular catabolic process GO:0031329 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. down regulation of cellular catabolic process down-regulation of cellular catabolic process downregulation of cellular catabolic process negative regulation of cellular breakdown negative regulation of cellular catabolism negative regulation of cellular degradation inhibition of cellular catabolic process biological_process GO:0031330 negative regulation of cellular catabolic process GO:0031330 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. positive regulation of cellular breakdown positive regulation of cellular catabolism positive regulation of cellular degradation up regulation of cellular catabolic process up-regulation of cellular catabolic process upregulation of cellular catabolic process activation of cellular catabolic process stimulation of cellular catabolic process biological_process GO:0031331 positive regulation of cellular catabolic process GO:0031331 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. down regulation of protein complex assembly down-regulation of protein complex assembly downregulation of protein complex assembly inhibition of protein complex assembly biological_process negative regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031333 negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly GO:0031333 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. up regulation of protein complex assembly up-regulation of protein complex assembly upregulation of protein complex assembly activation of protein complex assembly stimulation of protein complex assembly biological_process positive regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031334 positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly GO:0031334 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. biological_process GO:0031338 regulation of vesicle fusion GO:0031338 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. down regulation of vesicle fusion down-regulation of vesicle fusion downregulation of vesicle fusion inhibition of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031339 negative regulation of vesicle fusion GO:0031339 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. up regulation of vesicle fusion up-regulation of vesicle fusion upregulation of vesicle fusion activation of vesicle fusion stimulation of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031340 positive regulation of vesicle fusion GO:0031340 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. regulation of cell projection organisation biological_process regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031344 regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031344 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. down regulation of cell projection organization down-regulation of cell projection organization downregulation of cell projection organization negative regulation of cell projection organisation inhibition of cell projection organization biological_process negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031345 negative regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031345 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah down regulation of cell projection organization GOC:mah negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. positive regulation of cell projection organisation up regulation of cell projection organization up-regulation of cell projection organization upregulation of cell projection organization activation of cell projection organization stimulation of cell projection organization biological_process positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031346 positive regulation of cell projection organization GO:0031346 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. biological_process GO:0031347 regulation of defense response GO:0031347 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. down regulation of defense response down-regulation of defense response downregulation of defense response inhibition of defense response biological_process GO:0031348 negative regulation of defense response GO:0031348 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. up regulation of defense response up-regulation of defense response upregulation of defense response activation of defense response stimulation of defense response biological_process GO:0031349 positive regulation of defense response GO:0031349 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GO:0016023 NIF_Subcellular:sao180601769 cellular_component cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded vesicle GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle GO:0031410 A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah GOC:vesicles A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 GO:0034629 establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization protein complex localisation biological_process cellular protein complex localisation cellular protein complex localization cellular protein-containing complex localization establishment and maintenance of cellular protein complex localization protein complex localization GO:0031503 protein-containing complex localization GO:0031503 A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah protein complex localisation GOC:mah cellular protein complex localisation GOC:mah A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell. GO:0009434 GO:0031512 motile cilia cellular_component microtubule-based flagellum motile primary cilia motile primary cilium motile secondary cilium nodal cilium GO:0031514 motile cilium GO:0031514 A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell. GOC:cilia GOC:dgh GOC:kmv PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 PMID:22118931 The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. NIF_Subcellular:sao1124888485 Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction cellular_component NMJ motor endplate GO:0031594 In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting skeletal muscle fibers - all of which are cholinergic and excitatory. Both inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular junctions exist in invertebrates, utilizing a range of neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA and 5-HT. neuromuscular junction GO:0031594 The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. GOC:nln NMJ GOC:ha motor endplate NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090512 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. biological_process GO:0031641 regulation of myelination GO:0031641 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. down regulation of myelination down-regulation of myelination downregulation of myelination inhibition of myelination biological_process GO:0031642 negative regulation of myelination GO:0031642 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. up regulation of myelination up-regulation of myelination upregulation of myelination activation of myelination stimulation of myelination biological_process GO:0031643 positive regulation of myelination GO:0031643 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. regulation of neurological process regulation of neurological system process regulation of neurophysiological process biological_process GO:0031644 regulation of nervous system process GO:0031644 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. down regulation of neurological process down-regulation of neurological process downregulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological system process negative regulation of neurophysiological process inhibition of neurological process biological_process GO:0031645 negative regulation of nervous system process GO:0031645 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb negative regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. positive regulation of neurological process positive regulation of neurological system process positive regulation of neurophysiological process up regulation of neurological process up-regulation of neurological process upregulation of neurological process activation of neurological process stimulation of neurological process biological_process GO:0031646 positive regulation of nervous system process GO:0031646 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb positive regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. NIF_Subcellular:sao1687101204 cellular_component GO:0031965 nuclear membrane GO:0031965 Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. GOC:mah GOC:pz A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. cellular_component GO:0031967 organelle envelope GO:0031967 A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. GOC:mah GOC:pz The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. cellular_component GO:0031968 organelle outer membrane GO:0031968 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. GOC:mah The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. cellular_component GO:0031974 membrane-enclosed lumen GO:0031974 The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. GOC:add GOC:mah A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. cellular_component GO:0031975 envelope GO:0031975 A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component GO:0031981 nuclear lumen GO:0031981 The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GO:0031988 NIF_Subcellular:sao221389602 Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology) cellular_component membrane-bounded vesicle membrane-enclosed vesicle GO:0031982 vesicle GO:0031982 Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz GOC:vesicles Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. locomotion during locomotory behaviour biological_process GO:0031987 locomotion involved in locomotory behavior GO:0031987 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. up regulation of insulin secretion up-regulation of insulin secretion upregulation of insulin secretion activation of insulin secretion stimulation of insulin secretion biological_process GO:0032024 positive regulation of insulin secretion GO:0032024 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress inhibition of translation initiation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032057 negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress GO:0032057 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress activation of translation initiation in response to stress stimulation of translation initiation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032058 positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress GO:0032058 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) plasma membrane bleb cellular_component GO:0032059 bleb GO:0032059 A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) plasma membrane bleb GOC:pr The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. blebbing membrane blebbing cell blebbing plasma membrane bleb assembly plasma membrane blebbing biological_process GO:0032060 bleb assembly GO:0032060 The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) blebbing GOC:pr membrane blebbing GOC:pr plasma membrane bleb assembly GOC:pr plasma membrane blebbing GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. biological_process nuclease regulator activity GO:0032069 regulation of nuclease activity GO:0032069 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. biological_process DNase regulator deoxyribonuclease regulator GO:0032070 regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity GO:0032070 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. down regulation of nuclease activity down-regulation of nuclease activity downregulation of nuclease activity inhibition of nuclease activity biological_process nuclease inhibitor GO:0032074 negative regulation of nuclease activity GO:0032074 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. up regulation of nuclease activity up-regulation of nuclease activity upregulation of nuclease activity activation of nuclease activity stimulation of nuclease activity biological_process nuclease activator GO:0032075 positive regulation of nuclease activity GO:0032075 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. down regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity down-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity downregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity inhibition of deoxyribonuclease activity biological_process DNase inhibitor deoxyribonuclease inhibitor GO:0032076 negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity GO:0032076 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. up regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity up-regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity upregulation of deoxyribonuclease activity activation of deoxyribonuclease activity stimulation of deoxyribonuclease activity biological_process DNase activator deoxyribonuclease activator GO:0032077 positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity GO:0032077 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0032101 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032101 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. down regulation of response to external stimulus down-regulation of response to external stimulus downregulation of response to external stimulus inhibition of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032102 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032102 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. up regulation of response to external stimulus up-regulation of response to external stimulus upregulation of response to external stimulus activation of response to external stimulus stimulation of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032103 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to external stimulus GO:0032103 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0032222 regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032223 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032223 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032224 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic GO:0032224 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. regulation of actin cable assembly biological_process regulation of actin filament bundle formation GO:0032231 regulation of actin filament bundle assembly GO:0032231 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. GOC:mah regulation of actin cable assembly GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of actin filament bundle formation GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. down regulation of actin filament bundle formation down-regulation of actin filament bundle formation downregulation of actin filament bundle formation inhibition of actin filament bundle formation biological_process GO:0032232 negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly GO:0032232 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. up regulation of actin filament bundle formation up-regulation of actin filament bundle formation upregulation of actin filament bundle formation activation of actin filament bundle formation stimulation of actin filament bundle formation biological_process GO:0032233 positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly GO:0032233 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032239 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport GO:0032239 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032240 negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport GO:0032240 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032241 positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport GO:0032241 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. secretory granule localisation biological_process secretory granule clustering GO:0032252 secretory granule localization GO:0032252 Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:mah secretory granule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. regulation of protein polymerisation biological_process GO:0032271 regulation of protein polymerization GO:0032271 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. down regulation of protein polymerization down-regulation of protein polymerization downregulation of protein polymerization inhibition of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032272 negative regulation of protein polymerization GO:0032272 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. up regulation of protein polymerization up-regulation of protein polymerization upregulation of protein polymerization activation of protein polymerization stimulation of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032273 positive regulation of protein polymerization GO:0032273 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system. biological_process myelin formation GO:0032288 myelin assembly GO:0032288 The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:tb myelin formation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system. myelin formation in central nervous system biological_process GO:0032289 central nervous system myelin formation GO:0032289 The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system. GOC:dgh The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19106 myelin formation in peripheral nervous system biological_process GO:0032290 peripheral nervous system myelin formation GO:0032290 The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. ensheathment of axons in central nervous system biological_process GO:0032291 axon ensheathment in central nervous system GO:0032291 The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. GOC:dgh The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. ensheathment of axons in peripheral nervous system biological_process GO:0032292 peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment GO:0032292 The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0032330 regulation of chondrocyte differentiation GO:0032330 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. down regulation of chondrocyte differentiation down-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation downregulation of chondrocyte differentiation inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0032331 negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation GO:0032331 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. up regulation of chondrocyte differentiation up-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation activation of chondrocyte differentiation stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0032332 positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation GO:0032332 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah The directed movement of lipids within cells. biological_process GO:0032365 intracellular lipid transport GO:0032365 The directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0032368 regulation of lipid transport GO:0032368 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of lipid transport down-regulation of lipid transport downregulation of lipid transport inhibition of lipid transport biological_process GO:0032369 negative regulation of lipid transport GO:0032369 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of lipid transport up-regulation of lipid transport upregulation of lipid transport activation of lipid transport stimulation of lipid transport biological_process GO:0032370 positive regulation of lipid transport GO:0032370 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. biological_process GO:0032377 regulation of intracellular lipid transport GO:0032377 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. down regulation of intracellular lipid transport down-regulation of intracellular lipid transport downregulation of intracellular lipid transport inhibition of intracellular lipid transport biological_process GO:0032378 negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport GO:0032378 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. up regulation of intracellular lipid transport up-regulation of intracellular lipid transport upregulation of intracellular lipid transport activation of intracellular lipid transport stimulation of intracellular lipid transport biological_process GO:0032379 positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport GO:0032379 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. biological_process GO:0032386 regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032386 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. down regulation of intracellular transport down-regulation of intracellular transport downregulation of intracellular transport inhibition of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032387 negative regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032387 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. up regulation of intracellular transport up-regulation of intracellular transport upregulation of intracellular transport activation of intracellular transport stimulation of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032388 positive regulation of intracellular transport GO:0032388 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter. biological_process GO:0032409 regulation of transporter activity GO:0032409 Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter. GOC:mah Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter. down regulation of transporter activity down-regulation of transporter activity downregulation of transporter activity inhibition of transporter activity biological_process GO:0032410 negative regulation of transporter activity GO:0032410 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter. up regulation of transporter activity up-regulation of transporter activity upregulation of transporter activity activation of transporter activity stimulation of transporter activity biological_process GO:0032411 positive regulation of transporter activity GO:0032411 Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter. regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity regulation of ion transporter activity biological_process GO:0032412 regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0032412 Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter. GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of ion transporter activity GOC:tb Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter. down regulation of ion transporter activity down-regulation of ion transporter activity downregulation of ion transporter activity negative regulation of ion transporter activity inhibition of ion transporter activity biological_process GO:0032413 negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0032413 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter. GOC:mah GOC:tb negative regulation of ion transporter activity GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter. positive regulation of ion transporter activity up regulation of ion transporter activity up-regulation of ion transporter activity upregulation of ion transporter activity activation of ion transporter activity stimulation of ion transporter activity biological_process GO:0032414 positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0032414 Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter. GOC:mah GOC:tb positive regulation of ion transporter activity GOC:tb An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. GO:0000141 GO:0030482 cellular_component actin cable GO:0032432 actin filament bundle GO:0032432 An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. GOC:mah actin cable GOC:mah Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. jl 2012-09-19T16:07:47Z GO:0044707 GO:0050874 organismal physiological process biological_process single-multicellular organism process GO:0032501 multicellular organismal process GO:0032501 Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. jl 2012-12-19T12:21:31Z GO:0044767 development biological_process single-organism developmental process GO:0032502 developmental process GO:0032502 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. biological_process GO:0032504 multicellular organism reproduction GO:0032504 The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell. microvillus organisation biological_process microvillus organization and biogenesis GO:0032528 microvillus organization GO:0032528 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell. GOC:mah microvillus organisation GOC:mah microvillus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus. regulation of microvillus organisation biological_process regulation of microvillus organization and biogenesis GO:0032530 regulation of microvillus organization GO:0032530 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus. GOC:mah regulation of microvillus organisation GOC:mah regulation of microvillus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus. biological_process regulation of microvillus biogenesis GO:0032534 regulation of microvillus assembly GO:0032534 A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus. GOC:mah regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. cellular_component GO:0032589 neuron projection membrane GO:0032589 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. protein translocation within membrane receptor translocation within membrane receptor transport within lipid bilayer biological_process GO:0032594 protein transport within lipid bilayer GO:0032594 The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. GO:0062103 RNA anabolism RNA biosynthesis RNA formation RNA synthesis double-stranded RNA biosynthesis double-stranded RNA biosynthetic process dsRNA biosynthesis dsRNA biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032774 Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study. RNA biosynthetic process GO:0032774 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. GOC:mah GOC:txnOH dsRNA biosynthetic process GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:nc GOC:rl The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0032782 bile acid secretion GO:0032782 The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue. GOC:ecd The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-). monocarboxylate metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0032787 monocarboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0032787 The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-). GOC:vk The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits. ribosome recycling biological_process ribosome dissociation factor GO:0032790 ribosome disassembly GO:0032790 The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits. GOC:mah GOC:vk ribosome recycling GOC:db PMID:9463391 All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. cellular_component GO:0032838 plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm GO:0032838 All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. response to insulin stimulus biological_process GO:0032868 response to insulin GO:0032868 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 response to insulin stimulus GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion. biological_process GO:0032871 regulation of karyogamy GO:0032871 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. biological_process GO:0032878 regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity GO:0032878 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. regulation of localisation biological_process GO:0032879 regulation of localization GO:0032879 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah regulation of localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:14Z GO:1903827 regulation of cellular protein localisation regulation of cellular protein localization regulation of protein localisation biological_process GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization GO:0032880 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides. biological_process GO:0032881 regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process GO:0032881 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides. biological_process GO:0032885 regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process GO:0032885 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032886 regulation of microtubule-based process GO:0032886 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0032890 regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032890 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of organic acid transport down-regulation of organic acid transport downregulation of organic acid transport inhibition of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032891 negative regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032891 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of organic acid transport up-regulation of organic acid transport upregulation of organic acid transport activation of organic acid transport stimulation of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032892 positive regulation of organic acid transport GO:0032892 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a cell. Wikipedia:Secretion cellular secretion biological_process GO:0032940 secretion by cell GO:0032940 The controlled release of a substance by a cell. GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. tissue secretion biological_process expulsion of gland contents GO:0032941 secretion by tissue GO:0032941 The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. GOC:mah expulsion of gland contents GOC:mah The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. PBMC proliferation peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032943 mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032943 The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. regulation of PBMC proliferation regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032944 regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032944 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. negative regulation of PBMC proliferation negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032945 negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032945 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation activation of mononuclear cell proliferation positive regulation of PBMC proliferation positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032946 positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation GO:0032946 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0032956 regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization GO:0032956 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0032963 collagen metabolic process GO:0032963 The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). collagen anabolism collagen biosynthesis collagen formation collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032964 collagen biosynthetic process GO:0032964 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. regulation of collagen anabolism regulation of collagen biosynthesis regulation of collagen formation regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032965 regulation of collagen biosynthetic process GO:0032965 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. negative regulation of collagen anabolism negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis negative regulation of collagen formation negative regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032966 negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process GO:0032966 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. positive regulation of collagen anabolism positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis positive regulation of collagen formation positive regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032967 positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process GO:0032967 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032970 regulation of actin filament-based process GO:0032970 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 GO:0034623 GO:0043241 GO:0043624 protein complex disassembly biological_process cellular macromolecule complex disassembly cellular protein complex disassembly macromolecule complex disassembly GO:0032984 protein-containing complex disassembly GO:0032984 The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components. DNA-protein complex disassembly biological_process GO:0032986 protein-DNA complex disassembly GO:0032986 The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah DNA-protein complex disassembly GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/25143 RNA-protein complex disassembly RNP complex disassembly ribonucleoprotein complex disassembly biological_process GO:0032988 protein-RNA complex disassembly GO:0032988 The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. cellular structure morphogenesis biological_process GO:0032989 cellular component morphogenesis GO:0032989 The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb cellular structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0032990 cell part morphogenesis GO:0032990 The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. GOC:mah A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GO:0043234 macromolecular complex macromolecule complex protein containing complex protein complex protein-protein complex cellular_component GO:0032991 A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole. protein-containing complex GO:0032991 A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GOC:dos GOC:mah A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. DNA-protein complex cellular_component GO:0032993 Note that this term is intended to classify complexes that have DNA as one of the members of the complex, that is, the complex does not exist if DNA is not present. Protein complexes that interact with DNA e.g. transcription factor complexes should not be classified here. protein-DNA complex GO:0032993 A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. GOC:mah DNA-protein complex GOC:mah The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division. myocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0033002 muscle cell proliferation GO:0033002 The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division. CL:0000187 GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole metabolism biological_process GO:0033013 tetrapyrrole metabolic process GO:0033013 The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole anabolism tetrapyrrole biosynthesis tetrapyrrole formation tetrapyrrole synthesis biological_process GO:0033014 tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GO:0033014 The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole breakdown tetrapyrrole catabolism tetrapyrrole degradation biological_process GO:0033015 tetrapyrrole catabolic process GO:0033015 The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. apoptosis of myeloid cells myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033028 myeloid cell apoptotic process GO:0033028 Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. CL:0000763 GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:11292031 PMID:15330259 PMID:17133093 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033032 regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process GO:0033032 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process. down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis inhibition of myeloid cell apoptosis negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033033 negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process GO:0033033 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. up regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis up-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis upregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis activation of myeloid cell apoptosis positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis stimulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033034 positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process GO:0033034 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. macromolecule localisation biological_process GO:0033036 macromolecule localization GO:0033036 Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah macromolecule localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. polysaccharide localisation biological_process GO:0033037 polysaccharide localization GO:0033037 Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah polysaccharide localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. regulation of organelle organisation biological_process regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0033043 regulation of organelle organization GO:0033043 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:mah regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GO:0033044 regulation of chromosome organization GO:0033044 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033045 regulation of sister chromatid segregation GO:0033045 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033046 negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation GO:0033046 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033047 regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0033047 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033048 negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0033048 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. biological_process GO:0033059 cellular pigmentation GO:0033059 The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. biological_process GO:0033157 regulation of intracellular protein transport GO:0033157 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. regulation of amine metabolism regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033238 regulation of amine metabolic process GO:0033238 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. negative regulation of amine metabolism negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033239 negative regulation of amine metabolic process GO:0033239 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. positive regulation of amine metabolism positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033240 positive regulation of amine metabolic process GO:0033240 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. regulation of amine breakdown regulation of amine catabolism regulation of amine degradation regulation of cellular amine catabolic process biological_process GO:0033241 regulation of amine catabolic process GO:0033241 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. negative regulation of amine breakdown negative regulation of amine catabolism negative regulation of amine degradation negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process biological_process GO:0033242 negative regulation of amine catabolic process GO:0033242 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. positive regulation of amine breakdown positive regulation of amine catabolism positive regulation of amine degradation biological_process GO:0033243 positive regulation of amine catabolic process GO:0033243 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain. cell proliferation in mesencephalon biological_process mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:0033278 cell proliferation in midbrain GO:0033278 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain. GOC:dgf GO_REF:0000021 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. secretory granule organisation biological_process secretory granule organization and biogenesis GO:0033363 secretory granule organization GO:0033363 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah secretory granule organisation GOC:mah secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. protein localisation to organelle protein localization in organelle biological_process GO:0033365 protein localization to organelle GO:0033365 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. GOC:mah protein localisation to organelle GOC:mah protein localization in organelle GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule. protein localisation in secretory granule protein localization in secretory granule biological_process GO:0033366 protein localization to secretory granule GO:0033366 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule. GOC:mah protein localisation in secretory granule GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. T cell secretory granule organisation T lymphocyte secretory granule organization T-cell secretory granule organization T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization biological_process T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation GO:0033371 T cell secretory granule organization GO:0033371 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah T cell secretory granule organisation GOC:mah T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. down regulation of catecholamine secretion down-regulation of catecholamine secretion downregulation of catecholamine secretion inhibition of catecholamine secretion biological_process GO:0033604 negative regulation of catecholamine secretion GO:0033604 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. up regulation of catecholamine secretion up-regulation of catecholamine secretion upregulation of catecholamine secretion activation of catecholamine secretion stimulation of catecholamine secretion biological_process GO:0033605 positive regulation of catecholamine secretion GO:0033605 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. down regulation of kinase activity down-regulation of kinase activity downregulation of kinase activity inhibition of kinase activity kinase inhibitor biological_process GO:0033673 negative regulation of kinase activity GO:0033673 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. up regulation of kinase activity up-regulation of kinase activity upregulation of kinase activity kinase activator stimulation of kinase activity biological_process GO:0033674 positive regulation of kinase activity GO:0033674 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0033753 biological_process establishment of ribosome localisation establishment of ribosome localization ribosome localisation GO:0033750 ribosome localization GO:0033750 A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus. response to glucagon stimulus biological_process GO:0033762 response to glucagon GO:0033762 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus. GOC:sl response to glucagon stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. biological_process GO:0033993 response to lipid GO:0033993 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. GOC:sl A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus. mah 2011-02-14T02:26:36Z GO:0000042 GO:0072600 protein localisation in Golgi apparatus protein localization in Golgi apparatus establishment of protein localisation to Golgi establishment of protein localization in Golgi establishment of protein localization to Golgi establishment of protein localization to Golgi apparatus biological_process protein targeting to Golgi protein-Golgi targeting GO:0034067 protein localization to Golgi apparatus GO:0034067 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah protein localisation in Golgi apparatus GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to Golgi GOC:mah establishment of protein localization to Golgi apparatus GOC:mah Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. RBC homeostasis red blood cell homeostasis biological_process GO:0034101 erythrocyte homeostasis GO:0034101 Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. GOC:add PMID:10694114 PMID:14754397 RBC homeostasis CL:0000232 red blood cell homeostasis CL:0000232 The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane. carbohydrate membrane transport transmembrane carbohydrate transport biological_process GO:0034219 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. carbohydrate transmembrane transport GO:0034219 The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane carbohydrate transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. GO:0099131 ion transmembrane transport ion membrane transport transmembrane ion transport ATP hydrolysis coupled ion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034220 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. monoatomic ion transmembrane transport GO:0034220 A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:mah transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0034242 negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion GO:0034242 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. regulation of amide metabolism regulation of cellular amide metabolic process biological_process GO:0034248 regulation of amide metabolic process GO:0034248 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. negative regulation of amide metabolism negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process biological_process GO:0034249 negative regulation of amide metabolic process GO:0034249 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. positive regulation of amide metabolism positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process biological_process GO:0034250 positive regulation of amide metabolic process GO:0034250 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. regulation of amide breakdown regulation of amide catabolism regulation of amide degradation regulation of cellular amide catabolic process biological_process GO:0034251 regulation of amide catabolic process GO:0034251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. negative regulation of amide breakdown negative regulation of amide catabolism negative regulation of cellular amide catabolic process biological_process negative regulation of amide degradation GO:0034252 negative regulation of amide catabolic process GO:0034252 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. positive regulation of amide breakdown positive regulation of amide catabolism positive regulation of cellular amide catabolic process biological_process positive regulation of amide degradation GO:0034253 positive regulation of amide catabolic process GO:0034253 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amides. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus. response to monosaccharide stimulus biological_process GO:0034284 response to monosaccharide GO:0034284 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus. GOC:mah response to monosaccharide stimulus GOC:dos A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. biological_process GO:0034329 cell junction assembly GO:0034329 A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. cell junction assembly and maintenance cell junction organisation biological_process cell junction biogenesis GO:0034330 cell junction organization GO:0034330 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cell junction organisation GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. apoptosis of glia apoptosis of glial cells glia apoptosis glia programmed cell death by apoptosis glial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of glia by apoptosis programmed cell death of glial cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, glia programmed cell death, glial cells glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034349 glial cell apoptotic process GO:0034349 Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. CL:0000125 GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:sart Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. biological_process regulation of glial cell apoptosis GO:0034350 regulation of glial cell apoptotic process GO:0034350 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. down regulation of glial cell apoptosis down-regulation of glial cell apoptosis downregulation of glial cell apoptosis inhibition of glial cell apoptosis negative regulation of glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034351 negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process GO:0034351 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. up regulation of glial cell apoptosis up-regulation of glial cell apoptosis upregulation of glial cell apoptosis activation of glial cell apoptosis positive regulation of glial cell apoptosis stimulation of glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034352 positive regulation of glial cell apoptotic process GO:0034352 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. SMC apoptosis apoptosis of smooth muscle cells programmed cell death of smooth muscle cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, smooth muscle cells smooth muscle cell programmed cell death by apoptosis smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034390 smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0034390 Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. CL:0000192 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. regulation of SMC apoptosis regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034391 regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0034391 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of SMC apoptosis inhibition of smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034392 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0034392 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. positive regulation of SMC apoptosis up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis stimulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034393 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:0034393 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0034436 glycoprotein transport GO:0034436 The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rl The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. vacuolar membrane transport biological_process GO:0034486 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. vacuolar transmembrane transport GO:0034486 The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. GOC:mah The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. vacuolar amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:0034487 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. vacuolar amino acid transmembrane transport GO:0034487 The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome. protein localisation to chromosome condensin localization to chromosome biological_process GO:0034502 protein localization to chromosome GO:0034502 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:mah protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. 2012-11-07T15:45:54Z GO:0044744 protein localisation to nucleus protein localization in cell nucleus protein localization in nucleus biological_process protein targeting to nucleus GO:0034504 protein localization to nucleus GO:0034504 A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. GOC:ecd protein localisation to nucleus GOC:mah protein localization in nucleus GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. cellular nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0034641 cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0034641 The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0034654 nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process GO:0034654 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process GO:0034655 nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process GO:0034655 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development biological_process GO:0034672 anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development GO:0034672 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mah anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. regulation of membrane transport biological_process GO:0034762 regulation of transmembrane transport GO:0034762 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. down regulation of transmembrane transport down-regulation of transmembrane transport downregulation of transmembrane transport negative regulation of membrane transport inhibition of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034763 negative regulation of transmembrane transport GO:0034763 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. positive regulation of membrane transport up regulation of transmembrane transport up-regulation of transmembrane transport upregulation of transmembrane transport activation of transmembrane transport stimulation of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034764 positive regulation of transmembrane transport GO:0034764 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. regulation of ion transmembrane transport regulation of ion membrane transport regulation of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034765 regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport GO:0034765 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah regulation of transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport down regulation of transmembrane ion transport down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport downregulation of transmembrane ion transport negative regulation of ion membrane transport negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport inhibition of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034766 negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport GO:0034766 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport positive regulation of ion membrane transport positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport up regulation of transmembrane ion transport up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport upregulation of transmembrane ion transport activation of transmembrane ion transport stimulation of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034767 positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport GO:0034767 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. dph 2009-08-13T11:27:24Z GO:0060881 biological_process basal lamina disassembly GO:0034769 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane disassembly GO:0034769 The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. GOC:sart PMID:17301221 Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. biological_process GO:0035019 somatic stem cell population maintenance GO:0035019 Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GOC:bf ISBN:0582227089 The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division. biological_process male pronucleus formation GO:0035039 male pronucleus assembly GO:0035039 The conversion at fertilization of the inactive sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus with its chromosomes processed for the first zygotic division. GOC:bf PMID:11735001 male pronucleus formation GOC:dph Removal of the sperm nuclear envelope, allowing entry of maternal factors into the sperm nucleus. biological_process GO:0035040 sperm nuclear envelope removal GO:0035040 Removal of the sperm nuclear envelope, allowing entry of maternal factors into the sperm nucleus. GOC:bf PMID:11735001 The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg. sperm plasma membrane breakdown sperm plasma membrane catabolism sperm plasma membrane degradation biological_process GO:0035045 sperm plasma membrane disassembly GO:0035045 The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg. GOC:bf ISBN:0879694238 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. biological_process GO:0035050 embryonic heart tube development GO:0035050 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. cardiac cell differentiation heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035051 cardiocyte differentiation GO:0035051 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. GOC:bf The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GO:0035083 GO:0035084 ciliary axoneme assembly cilium axoneme assembly flagellar axoneme assembly flagellum axoneme assembly biological_process axoneme biogenesis cilium axoneme biogenesis GO:0035082 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. axoneme assembly GO:0035082 The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf GOC:cilia GOC:jl ISBN:0815316194 axoneme biogenesis GOC:mah cilium axoneme biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. biological_process GO:0035107 appendage morphogenesis GO:0035107 The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. ISBN:0582227089 The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping. limb bud morphogenesis biological_process GO:0035108 limb morphogenesis GO:0035108 The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb are generated and organized. A limb is a paired appendage of a tetrapod used for locomotion or grasping. UBERON:0002101 limb bud morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal. biological_process genital morphogenesis GO:0035112 genitalia morphogenesis GO:0035112 The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal. GOC:bf The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. GO:0035140 arm morphogenesis biological_process GO:0035136 forelimb morphogenesis GO:0035136 The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. GOC:go_curators arm morphogenesis GOC:bf GOC:cjm The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0035137 hindlimb morphogenesis GO:0035137 The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. tube lumen formation biological_process lumen formation in an anatomical structure GO:0035148 tube formation GO:0035148 Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. GOC:bf tube lumen formation GOC:dph GOC:mah lumen formation in an anatomical structure GOC:dph GOC:mah The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex. biological_process GO:0035190 syncytial nuclear migration GO:0035190 The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex. GOC:bf ISBN:0879694238 PMID:8314839 Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo. programmed cell death of ectopic germ cells programmed cell death, ectopic germ cells biological_process GO:0035234 ectopic germ cell programmed cell death GO:0035234 Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo. PMID:12814944 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. biological_process GO:0035239 tube morphogenesis GO:0035239 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GOC:bf PMID:14624839 The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. biological_process GO:0035260 internal genitalia morphogenesis GO:0035260 The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. biological_process GO:0035261 external genitalia morphogenesis GO:0035261 The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. biological_process GO:0035262 gonad morphogenesis GO:0035262 The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. ISBN:0198612001 The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. biological_process body growth GO:0035264 multicellular organism growth GO:0035264 The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. GOC:bf GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:tb The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. biological_process GO:0035265 organ growth GO:0035265 The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. GOC:bf ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes. biological_process GO:0035270 endocrine system development GO:0035270 Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes. GOC:bf Wikipedia:Development_of_the_endocrine_system Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system. biological_process GO:0035272 exocrine system development GO:0035272 Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system. GOC:bf Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. Wikipedia:Segmentation_(biology) biological_process GO:0035282 segmentation GO:0035282 The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. PMID:10611687 PMID:9706689 Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. biological_process GO:0035290 trunk segmentation GO:0035290 Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. PMID:1360402 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. biological_process GO:0035295 tube development GO:0035295 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. PMID:12526790 The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of a limb bud. bf 2010-02-24T02:05:14Z biological_process GO:0035322 mesenchymal cell migration involved in limb bud formation GO:0035322 The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of a limb bud. GOC:dgh A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. bf 2010-03-11T11:00:56Z protein localisation to microtubule biological_process GO:0035372 protein localization to microtubule GO:0035372 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. GOC:bf GOC:lb protein localisation to microtubule GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. bf 2010-03-29T10:58:53Z protein localisation to synapse biological_process GO:0035418 protein localization to synapse GO:0035418 Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. GOC:bf protein localisation to synapse GOC:mah The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. bf 2010-04-08T10:59:01Z acetate membrane transport biological_process GO:0035433 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. acetate transmembrane transport GO:0035433 The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid. GOC:vw The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. bf 2010-04-08T11:24:06Z phosphate ion membrane transport biological_process GO:0035435 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. phosphate ion transmembrane transport GO:0035435 The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. GOC:vw The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes. bf 2010-04-09T03:53:01Z biological_process GO:0035441 cell migration involved in vasculogenesis GO:0035441 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes. GOC:dgh The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. bf 2010-05-14T01:14:37Z GO:0007242 GO:0007243 GO:0023013 GO:0023034 intracellular signaling chain intracellular protein kinase cascade intracellular signal transduction pathway protein kinase cascade signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process intracellular signaling cascade intracellular signaling pathway signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction GO:0035556 The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl GOC:signaling ISBN:3527303782 intracellular signaling chain ISBN:3527303782 intracellular protein kinase cascade GOC:signaling protein kinase cascade GOC:signaling intracellular signaling cascade GOC:signaling The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. bf 2010-11-09T10:25:08Z establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region establishment of protein localization in extracellular region biological_process GO:0035592 establishment of protein localization to extracellular region GO:0035592 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. GOC:BHF GOC:bf establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region GOC:mah The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver). bf 2010-12-08T04:10:50Z IHBD development intrahepatic biliary duct development biological_process GO:0035622 intrahepatic bile duct development GO:0035622 The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver). GOC:bf PMID:20614624 IHBD development PMID:20614624 intrahepatic biliary duct development PMID:20614624 The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. bf 2010-12-10T01:24:28Z biological_process GO:0035628 cystic duct development GO:0035628 The progression of the cystic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cystic duct runs from the gallbladder to the common bile duct. PMID:20614624 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine. bf 2011-01-21T02:58:58Z intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035645 enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0035645 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine. CL:0002504 GOC:BHF intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation CL:0002504 The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. bf 2011-02-28T03:20:36Z hemopoietic stem cell migration biological_process GO:0035701 hematopoietic stem cell migration GO:0035701 The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. CL:0000037 GOC:BHF PMID:20234092 hemopoietic stem cell migration CL:0000037 A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bf 2011-03-10T02:52:36Z sodium ion membrane transport biological_process GO:0035725 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. sodium ion transmembrane transport GO:0035725 A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:vw The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly. bf 2011-03-17T10:55:42Z intraflagellar transport Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 biological_process intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis GO:0035735 intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly GO:0035735 The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly. GOC:bf GOC:cilia Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-17T10:57:03Z biological_process GO:0035736 cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis GO:0035736 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:bf GOC:sart The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. bf 2011-04-04T11:07:47Z biological_process GO:0035778 pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0035778 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:18787069 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells). bf 2011-04-04T11:10:38Z angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035779 angioblast cell differentiation GO:0035779 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells). CL:0000566 GOC:yaf angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation CL:0000566 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. bf 2011-04-06T10:39:52Z biological_process GO:0035787 cell migration involved in kidney development GO:0035787 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. bf 2011-04-06T10:42:21Z cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development biological_process GO:0035788 cell migration involved in metanephros development GO:0035788 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf cell migration involved in metanephric kidney development GOC:bf A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. bf 2011-04-14T01:13:39Z biological_process GO:0035799 ureter maturation GO:0035799 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the ureter to attain its fully functional state. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17881463 A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development. bf 2011-04-19T02:07:23Z vitelline membrane zona pellucida cellular_component GO:0035805 egg coat GO:0035805 A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development. PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 vitelline membrane PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 zona pellucida PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time. bf 2011-04-20T01:17:38Z regulation of urinary volume regulation of urine flow biological_process GO:0035809 regulation of urine volume GO:0035809 Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time. GOC:mtg_25march11 GOC:yaf The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. bf 2011-05-04T03:17:44Z indole alkaloid metabolism biological_process GO:0035834 indole alkaloid metabolic process GO:0035834 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. GOC:yaf indole alkaloid metabolism GOC:bf The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. bf 2011-05-04T03:18:31Z indole alkaloid anabolism indole alkaloid biosynthesis indole alkaloid formation indole alkaloid synthesis biological_process GO:0035835 indole alkaloid biosynthetic process GO:0035835 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. GOC:yaf indole alkaloid anabolism GOC:bf indole alkaloid biosynthesis GOC:bf indole alkaloid formation GOC:bf indole alkaloid synthesis GOC:bf The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates. bf 2011-05-06T01:54:35Z cloacal development biological_process GO:0035844 cloaca development GO:0035844 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates. GOC:dgh ISBN:0582227089 cloacal development GOC:bf The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct. bf 2011-05-10T10:53:05Z fallopian tube epithelium development biological_process GO:0035846 oviduct epithelium development GO:0035846 The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct. GOC:yaf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube epithelium development GOC:yaf The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. bf 2011-05-10T10:57:45Z uterus epithelial development biological_process GO:0035847 uterine epithelium development GO:0035847 The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:bf GOC:yaf uterus epithelial development GOC:yaf The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. bf 2011-05-10T11:01:20Z fallopian tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:0035848 oviduct morphogenesis GO:0035848 The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. GOC:yaf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube morphogenesis GOC:yaf The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. bf 2011-05-11T11:34:21Z biological_process GO:0035850 epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:0035850 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:16216236 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow. bf 2011-05-13T01:28:06Z megakaryocyte cell development biological_process GO:0035855 megakaryocyte development GO:0035855 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow. CL:0000556 GOC:BHF GOC:vk megakaryocyte cell development GOC:bf A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. bf 2011-05-25T03:09:58Z cilial transition zone cilium transition zone cellular_component connecting cilium GO:0035869 Depending on the species, this region may have a distinct geometrically shaped electron-dense structure within the axonemal lumen visible in electron microscopy images; most animals don't display this inner structure. The axoneme extends through the ciliary transition zone, but only consists of the outer doublets. The central pair, axonemal spokes, and dynein complexes are not found in this part of the ciliary shaft. Note that the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells is thought to be equivalent to the transition zone. ciliary transition zone GO:0035869 A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:21422230 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. bf 2011-05-31T02:30:34Z biological_process GO:0035878 nail development GO:0035878 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. GOC:bf ISBN:0323025781 UBERON:0001705 Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system. bf 2011-06-06T11:48:51Z biological_process GO:0035883 enteroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0035883 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system. CL:0000164 GOC:bf The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell. bf 2011-06-08T11:23:52Z VSMC differentiation vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035886 vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0035886 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell. GOC:sl PMID:16151017 PMID:18267954 VSMC differentiation PMID:16151017 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta. bf 2011-06-08T11:34:26Z biological_process GO:0035887 aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0035887 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta. GOC:sl The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. bf 2011-06-24T11:00:07Z biological_process GO:0035904 aorta development GO:0035904 The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0000062 UBERON:0000947 Wikipedia:Aorta The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:02:01Z biological_process GO:0035905 ascending aorta development GO:0035905 The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002570 UBERON:0001496 Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:05:22Z biological_process GO:0035906 descending aorta development GO:0035906 The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002571 UBERON:0001514 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:07:01Z biological_process GO:0035907 dorsal aorta development GO:0035907 The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh UBERON:0005805 Wikipedia:Aorta ZFA:0000014 The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. bf 2011-06-24T11:11:11Z biological_process GO:0035909 aorta morphogenesis GO:0035909 The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0000062 UBERON:0000947 Wikipedia:Aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:14:52Z biological_process GO:0035910 ascending aorta morphogenesis GO:0035910 The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002570 UBERON:0001496 Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:19:24Z biological_process GO:0035911 descending aorta morphogenesis GO:0035911 The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002571 UBERON:0001514 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:22:14Z biological_process GO:0035912 dorsal aorta morphogenesis GO:0035912 The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh UBERON:0005805 Wikipedia:Aorta ZFA:0000014 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. bf 2011-06-24T02:36:19Z biological_process GO:0035914 skeletal muscle cell differentiation GO:0035914 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. CL:0000188 GOC:BHF GOC:vk The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system. bf 2011-07-20T01:01:00Z biological_process GO:0035929 steroid hormone secretion GO:0035929 The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system. GOC:sl The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. bf 2011-07-20T01:11:31Z biological_process GO:0035935 androgen secretion GO:0035935 The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. GOC:sl The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a tongue muscle cell. bf 2011-08-22T01:35:16Z biological_process GO:0035981 tongue muscle cell differentiation GO:0035981 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a tongue muscle cell. CL:0002673 GOC:yaf PMID:3393851 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. bf 2011-08-25T04:50:36Z endoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035987 endodermal cell differentiation GO:0035987 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000223 GOC:yaf PMID:17624332 endoderm cell differentiation CL:0000223 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force. bf 2011-08-26T04:14:30Z biological_process sinew development GO:0035989 tendon development GO:0035989 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force. GOC:yaf PMID:21412429 UBERON:0000043 sinew development UBERON:0000043 The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts. bf 2011-08-30T01:35:10Z biological_process GO:0035992 tendon formation GO:0035992 The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts. GOC:yaf PMID:17567668 UBERON:0000043 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase. bf 2011-08-30T01:46:53Z biological_process GO:0035993 deltoid tuberosity development GO:0035993 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the deltoid tuberosity over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. The deltoid tuberosity develops through endochondral ossification in a two-phase process; an initiating tendon-dependent phase, and a muscle-dependent growth phase. GOC:yaf PMID:17567668 UBERON:0002498 Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner. bf 2011-10-13T04:52:59Z knee morphogenesis leg joint morphogenesis biological_process GO:0036022 limb joint morphogenesis GO:0036022 The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner. GOC:bf knee morphogenesis GOC:bf leg joint morphogenesis GOC:bf The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues. bf 2011-12-19T01:47:22Z biological_process GO:0036072 direct ossification GO:0036072 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues. GO_REF:0000034 The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. bf 2012-01-17T04:06:27Z biological_process GO:0036093 germ cell proliferation GO:0036093 The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000586 GOC:kmv The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells. bf 2012-01-26T01:58:10Z biological_process GO:0036099 female germ-line stem cell population maintenance GO:0036099 The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of female germ-line stem cells. GOC:sart The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function. bf 2012-03-06T10:44:39Z biological_process GO:0036135 Schwann cell migration GO:0036135 The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintainance and function. CL:0002573 PMID:20335460 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. bf 2012-03-12T11:05:36Z biological_process DC homeostasis GO:0036145 dendritic cell homeostasis GO:0036145 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. CL:0000451 GOC:uh PMID:12570827 PMID:19176316 DC homeostasis PMID:19176316 A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. bf 2012-04-20T10:20:47Z myocyte projection muscle arm myopodia cellular_component GO:0036194 muscle cell projection GO:0036194 A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. CL:0000187 GOC:kmv PMID:15930100 PMID:22464329 myocyte projection CL:0000187 muscle arm GOC:kmv myopodia GOC:kmv The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection. bf 2012-04-20T10:21:51Z cellular_component GO:0036195 muscle cell projection membrane GO:0036195 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection. CL:0000187 GOC:kmv PMID:15930100 PMID:22464329 The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta. bf 2012-08-08T10:12:11Z biological_process GO:0036304 umbilical cord morphogenesis GO:0036304 The process in which the anatomical structures of the umbilical cord are generated and organized. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta. GOC:BHF GOC:gr PMID:15107403 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. bf 2012-08-08T13:49:15Z biological_process GO:0036305 ameloblast differentiation GO:0036305 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ. CL:0000059 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. bf 2012-09-05T10:17:07Z biological_process GO:0036333 hepatocyte homeostasis GO:0036333 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. CL:0000182 GOC:nhn PMID:19878874 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells. bf 2012-09-05T10:21:23Z biological_process GO:0036334 epidermal stem cell homeostasis GO:0036334 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells. CL:1000428 GOC:nhn PMID:17666529 The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. bf 2012-09-05T10:24:46Z biological_process GO:0036336 dendritic cell migration GO:0036336 The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. CL:0000451 GOC:nhn PMID:19339990 The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. bf 2012-09-11T13:54:49Z biological_process GO:0036342 post-anal tail morphogenesis GO:0036342 The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. GOC:bf GOC:kmv Wikipedia:Chordate The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon. bf 2014-07-24T10:06:19Z cellular_component GO:0036477 somatodendritic compartment GO:0036477 The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon. GOC:PARL GOC:pad The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo. bf 2014-08-26T15:27:44Z trunk NCC migration biological_process GO:0036484 trunk neural crest cell migration GO:0036484 The characteristic movement of trunk neural crest cells from the neural tube to other locations in the vertebrate embryo. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:mat PMID:2387238 trunk NCC migration PMID:2387238 The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane. bf 2015-05-21T10:05:06Z Golgi apparatus membrane fusion membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly post-mitotic fusion of Golgi membranes biological_process GO:0036504 Golgi membrane fusion GO:0036504 The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:bf PMID:12473691 membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly GOC:bf post-mitotic fusion of Golgi membranes PMID:10811609 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a pronephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the pronephros. bf 2010-07-02T09:37:27Z pronephric tubule formation pronephros tubule formation biological_process GO:0039006 pronephric nephron tubule formation GO:0039006 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a pronephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the pronephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pronephric tubule formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pronephros tubule formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric nephron are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros. bf 2010-07-02T09:38:53Z biological_process GO:0039007 pronephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0039007 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric nephron are generated and organized. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron. bf 2010-07-02T09:45:55Z biological_process GO:0039008 pronephric nephron tubule morphogenesis GO:0039008 The process in which the anatomical structures of a pronephric nephron tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ZFA:00001558 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. bf 2010-07-02T09:59:25Z cell differentiation involved in pronephric kidney development biological_process GO:0039014 cell differentiation involved in pronephros development GO:0039014 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the pronephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell differentiation involved in pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the pronephros. bf 2010-07-02T10:01:49Z cell proliferation involved in pronephric kidney development biological_process GO:0039015 cell proliferation involved in pronephros development GO:0039015 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the pronephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell proliferation involved in pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. bf 2010-07-02T10:03:16Z cell-cell signaling involved in pronephric kidney development cell-cell signalling involved in pronephros development biological_process GO:0039016 cell-cell signaling involved in pronephros development GO:0039016 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell-cell signaling involved in pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell-cell signalling involved in pronephros development GOC:mah Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. bf 2010-07-02T10:04:39Z pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development biological_process GO:0039017 pattern specification involved in pronephros development GO:0039017 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pattern specification involved in pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros. bf 2010-07-02T10:10:20Z biological_process GO:0039019 pronephric nephron development GO:0039019 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 XAO:00002785 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct. bf 2010-07-02T10:11:36Z biological_process GO:0039020 pronephric nephron tubule development GO:0039020 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:19909807 PMID:9268568 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney. bf 2010-07-02T10:15:03Z biological_process GO:0039022 pronephric duct development GO:0039022 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:15647339 XAO:0000063 ZFA:0000150 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney. bf 2010-07-02T10:18:09Z biological_process GO:0039023 pronephric duct morphogenesis GO:0039023 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 XAO:0000063 ZFA:0000150 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. GO:0048590 biological_process growth pattern non-developmental growth GO:0040007 See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'. growth GO:0040007 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. GOC:bf GOC:ma non-developmental growth GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. biological_process GO:0040008 regulation of growth GO:0040008 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. GOC:ems GOC:mah Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. biological_process GO:0040011 locomotion GO:0040011 Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. biological_process GO:0040012 regulation of locomotion GO:0040012 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:ems Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. down regulation of locomotion down-regulation of locomotion downregulation of locomotion inhibition of locomotion biological_process GO:0040013 negative regulation of locomotion GO:0040013 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. regulation of body growth regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040014 regulation of multicellular organism growth GO:0040014 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. negative regulation of body growth negative regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040015 negative regulation of multicellular organism growth GO:0040015 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb negative regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. biological_process GO:0040016 embryonic cleavage GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. GOC:clt ISBN:0070524300 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. up regulation of locomotion up-regulation of locomotion upregulation of locomotion activation of locomotion stimulation of locomotion biological_process GO:0040017 positive regulation of locomotion GO:0040017 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. positive regulation of body growth positive regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040018 positive regulation of multicellular organism growth GO:0040018 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. up regulation of embryonic development up-regulation of embryonic development upregulation of embryonic development activation of embryonic development stimulation of embryonic development biological_process GO:0040019 positive regulation of embryonic development GO:0040019 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes. regulation of meiosis biological_process GO:0040020 regulation of meiotic nuclear division GO:0040020 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes. GOC:ems GOC:ma regulation of meiosis GOC:vw Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached. heterochronic regulation of development temporal regulation of development biological_process developmental timing GO:0040034 regulation of development, heterochronic GO:0040034 Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached. PMID:9442909 The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. glial cell generation biological_process GO:0042063 gliogenesis GO:0042063 The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. GOC:dgh GOC:jid glial cell generation Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0042065 glial cell growth GO:0042065 Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. regulation of catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0042069 regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0042069 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. GOC:go_curators The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. GO:0035734 Wikipedia:Intraflagellar_transport intraflagellar transport intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation biological_process IFT GO:0042073 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. intraciliary transport GO:0042073 The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:17981739 PMID:18180368 PMID:22869374 Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression). biological_process GO:0042074 cell migration involved in gastrulation GO:0042074 The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression). GOC:jl ISBN:0878932437 http://www.cellmigration.org/ The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes. GO:0048131 germ-line stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0042078 germ-line stem cell division GO:0042078 The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes. GOC:jid PMID:2279698 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. GO:0042111 T lymphocyte proliferation T-cell proliferation T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0042098 T cell proliferation GO:0042098 The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation up regulation of T cell proliferation up-regulation of T cell proliferation upregulation of T cell proliferation activation of T cell proliferation stimulation of T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0042102 positive regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042102 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation positive regulation of resting T cell proliferation up regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation up-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation upregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation activation of T cell homeostatic proliferation stimulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation biological_process GO:0042103 positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0042103 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:jl The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. T lymphocyte activation T-cell activation T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0042110 T cell activation GO:0042110 The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0042118 endothelial cell activation GO:0042118 The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 PMID:12851652 PMID:14581484 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. biological_process regulation of cell proliferation GO:0042127 regulation of cell population proliferation GO:0042127 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation. regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation regulation of T-cell proliferation regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0042129 regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042129 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. down regulation of T cell proliferation down-regulation of T cell proliferation downregulation of T cell proliferation negative regulation of T lymphocyte proliferation negative regulation of T-cell proliferation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0042130 negative regulation of T cell proliferation GO:0042130 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. neurotransmitter metabolism biological_process GO:0042133 neurotransmitter metabolic process GO:0042133 The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. neurotransmitter breakdown neurotransmitter catabolism neurotransmitter degradation biological_process GO:0042135 neurotransmitter catabolic process GO:0042135 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. neurotransmitter biosynthesis and storage neurotransmitter biosynthetic process and storage neurotransmitter anabolism neurotransmitter biosynthesis neurotransmitter formation neurotransmitter synthesis biological_process GO:0042136 neurotransmitter biosynthetic process GO:0042136 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. GOC:jl The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. nuclear membrane-ER network nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum cellular_component NE-ER continuum NE-ER network nuclear envelope-ER network nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network GO:0042175 nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network GO:0042175 The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. GOC:bf GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mcc GOC:pr GOC:vw nuclear membrane-ER network GOC:mah nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum GOC:mah nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 kmv 2014-08-21T15:05:45Z GO:1903362 GO:2000598 regulation of cellular protein breakdown regulation of cellular protein catabolic process regulation of cellular protein catabolism regulation of cellular protein degradation regulation of protein breakdown regulation of protein catabolism regulation of protein degradation regulation of cyclin breakdown regulation of cyclin catabolic process regulation of cyclin catabolism regulation of cyclin degradation regulation of degradation of cyclin biological_process GO:0042176 regulation of protein catabolic process GO:0042176 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:go_curators GOC:jl regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie regulation of cyclin breakdown GOC:obol regulation of cyclin catabolism GOC:obol regulation of cyclin degradation GOC:obol regulation of degradation of cyclin GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:1903363 GO:2000599 down regulation of cellular protein breakdown down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process down regulation of cellular protein catabolism down regulation of cellular protein degradation down regulation of protein catabolic process down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism down-regulation of cellular protein degradation down-regulation of protein catabolic process downregulation of cellular protein breakdown downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process downregulation of cellular protein catabolism downregulation of cellular protein degradation downregulation of protein catabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism negative regulation of cellular protein degradation negative regulation of protein breakdown negative regulation of protein catabolism negative regulation of protein degradation inhibition of cellular protein breakdown inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process inhibition of cellular protein catabolism inhibition of cellular protein degradation inhibition of protein catabolic process biological_process GO:0042177 negative regulation of protein catabolic process GO:0042177 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GOC:obol GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24785082 down regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone metabolism biological_process GO:0042180 cellular ketone metabolic process GO:0042180 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:jl ISBN:0787650153 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone anabolism ketone biosynthesis ketone formation ketone synthesis biological_process GO:0042181 ketone biosynthetic process GO:0042181 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone breakdown ketone catabolism ketone degradation biological_process GO:0042182 ketone catabolic process GO:0042182 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. response to chemical stimulus response to chemical substance biological_process GO:0042221 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to chemical GO:0042221 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:jl response to chemical stimulus GOC:dos A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. GO:0007046 ribosome biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0042254 ribosome biogenesis GO:0042254 A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. GOC:ma PMID:26404467 Wikipedia:Ribosome_biogenesis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits. GO:0042257 ribosomal subunit assembly biological_process GO:0042255 ribosome assembly GO:0042255 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits. GOC:ma PMID:30467428 ribosomal subunit assembly GOC:mah GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. biological_process GO:0042325 regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042325 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. down regulation of phosphorylation down-regulation of phosphorylation downregulation of phosphorylation inhibition of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042326 negative regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042326 Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. up regulation of phosphorylation up-regulation of phosphorylation upregulation of phosphorylation activation of phosphorylation stimulation of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042327 positive regulation of phosphorylation GO:0042327 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. biological_process GO:0042391 regulation of membrane potential GO:0042391 Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine anabolism biogenic amine biosynthesis biogenic amine formation biogenic amine synthesis cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0042401 biogenic amine biosynthetic process GO:0042401 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine breakdown biogenic amine catabolism biogenic amine degradation biological_process GO:0042402 cellular biogenic amine catabolic process GO:0042402 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:go_curators GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol metabolic process levarterenol metabolism noradrenaline metabolic process noradrenaline metabolism norepinephrine metabolism biological_process GO:0042415 norepinephrine metabolic process GO:0042415 The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol biosynthesis levarterenol biosynthetic process noradrenaline biosynthesis noradrenaline biosynthetic process norepinephrine anabolism norepinephrine biosynthesis norepinephrine formation norepinephrine synthesis biological_process GO:0042421 norepinephrine biosynthetic process GO:0042421 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. Wikipedia:Norepinephrine#Degradation levarterenol catabolic process levarterenol catabolism noradrenaline catabolic process noradrenaline catabolism norepinephrine breakdown norepinephrine catabolism norepinephrine degradation biological_process GO:0042422 norepinephrine catabolic process GO:0042422 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. Wikipedia:Catecholamines catecholamine anabolism catecholamine biosynthesis catecholamine formation catecholamine synthesis biological_process GO:0042423 catecholamine biosynthetic process GO:0042423 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine breakdown catecholamine catabolism catecholamine degradation biological_process GO:0042424 catecholamine catabolic process GO:0042424 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. Wikipedia:Serotonin serotonin anabolism serotonin biosynthesis serotonin formation serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:0042427 serotonin biosynthetic process GO:0042427 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin metabolism biological_process GO:0042428 serotonin metabolic process GO:0042428 The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin breakdown serotonin catabolism serotonin degradation biological_process GO:0042429 serotonin catabolic process GO:0042429 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GO:0042434 indole and derivative metabolic process indole and derivative metabolism indole-containing compound metabolism ketole metabolic process ketole metabolism indole derivative metabolic process indole derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0042430 indole-containing compound metabolic process GO:0042430 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GOC:jl GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. indole derivative biosynthesis indole derivative biosynthetic process indole-containing compound anabolism indole-containing compound biosynthesis indole-containing compound formation indole-containing compound synthesis biological_process GO:0042435 indole-containing compound biosynthetic process GO:0042435 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. indole derivative catabolic process indole derivative catabolism indole-containing compound breakdown indole-containing compound catabolism indole-containing compound degradation biological_process GO:0042436 indole-containing compound catabolic process GO:0042436 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GOC:jl Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GO:0046531 photoreceptor morphogenesis biological_process GO:0042461 photoreceptor cell development GO:0042461 Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GOC:go_curators Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. biological_process GO:0042462 eye photoreceptor cell development GO:0042462 Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800981 The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. hearing organ morphogenesis biological_process GO:0042471 ear morphogenesis GO:0042471 The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively. biological_process GO:0042472 inner ear morphogenesis GO:0042472 The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull. biological_process GO:0042473 outer ear morphogenesis GO:0042473 The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window). biological_process GO:0042474 middle ear morphogenesis GO:0042474 The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window). GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. odontogeny odontosis tooth development odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth biological_process GO:0042475 Note that placoid scales found in the cartilaginous fishes presumably develop through the same processes, but are found on the dermis, rather than in the mouth or pharynx. See Wikipedia:Placoid_scale#Placoid_scales. odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GO:0042475 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. GOC:cjm GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10333884 PMID:15355794 odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. GO:0042477 Wikipedia:Odontogenesis odontogeny odontosis tooth morphogenesis odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth biological_process tooth development GO:0042476 odontogenesis GO:0042476 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. regulation of eye photoreceptor development biological_process GO:0042478 regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development GO:0042478 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. positive regulation of eye photoreceptor development up regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development up-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development upregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development activation of eye photoreceptor cell development stimulation of eye photoreceptor cell development biological_process GO:0042479 positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development GO:0042479 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. down regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development down-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development downregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development negative regulation of eye photoreceptor development inhibition of eye photoreceptor cell development biological_process GO:0042480 negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development GO:0042480 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GO:0042484 regulation of tooth development regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth biological_process GO:0042481 regulation of odontogenesis GO:0042481 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GO:0042485 positive regulation of tooth development up regulation of odontogenesis up-regulation of odontogenesis upregulation of odontogenesis activation of odontogenesis positive regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth stimulation of odontogenesis biological_process GO:0042482 positive regulation of odontogenesis GO:0042482 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GO:0042486 down regulation of odontogenesis down-regulation of odontogenesis downregulation of odontogenesis negative regulation of tooth development inhibition of odontogenesis negative regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth biological_process GO:0042483 negative regulation of odontogenesis GO:0042483 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth biological_process GO:0042487 regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GO:0042487 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:15355794 regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. activation of odontogenesis stimulation of odontogenesis up regulation of odontogenesis up-regulation of odontogenesis upregulation of odontogenesis positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth biological_process positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GO:0042488 positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GO:0042488 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates. GOC:jl PMID:15355794 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx. down regulation of odontogenesis down-regulation of odontogenesis downregulation of odontogenesis inhibition of odontogenesis negative regulation of odontogenesis negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing teeth biological_process negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentine-containing tooth GO:0042489 negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth GO:0042489 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:15355794 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0042551 neuron maturation GO:0042551 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph GOC:jl The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. Wikipedia:Myelin biological_process myelinogenesis GO:0042552 myelination GO:0042552 The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier. GOC:dgh GOC:mah myelinogenesis GOC:cjm HP:0003429 A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. cellular_component GO:0042588 zymogen granule GO:0042588 A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. cellular_component GO:0042589 zymogen granule membrane GO:0042589 The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule. GOC:jl Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GO:0032844 GO:0032845 GO:0032846 homeostasis activation of homeostatic process inhibition of homeostatic process biological_process negative regulation of homeostatic process positive regulation of homeostatic process regulation of homeostatic process GO:0042592 homeostatic process GO:0042592 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. cellular_component GO:0042611 MHC protein complex GO:0042611 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0781735149 PMID:15928678 PMID:16153240 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. cellular_component GO:0042613 MHC class II protein complex GO:0042613 A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen. GOC:add GOC:jl ISBN:0120781859 PMID:15928678 Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. actomyosin complex actomyosin structure cellular_component GO:0042641 actomyosin GO:0042641 Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell. biological_process GO:0042670 retinal cone cell differentiation GO:0042670 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. biological_process myogenesis GO:0042692 muscle cell differentiation GO:0042692 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. CL:0000187 GOC:go_curators The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. biological_process GO:0042698 ovulation cycle GO:0042698 The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. ISBN:0721662544 The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels. biological_process GO:0042702 uterine wall growth GO:0042702 The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels. GOC:jl The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract. biological_process GO:0042713 sperm ejaculation GO:0042713 The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. GO:0009816 GO:0042830 defence response to bacteria defence response to bacterium defense response to bacteria defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction resistance response to pathogenic bacteria resistance response to pathogenic bacterium biological_process antibacterial peptide activity GO:0042742 defense response to bacterium GO:0042742 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur. regulation of sulfur metabolism regulation of sulphur metabolic process regulation of sulphur metabolism biological_process GO:0042762 regulation of sulfur metabolic process GO:0042762 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0042886 amide transport GO:0042886 The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other. amine/amide/polyamine channel activity molecular_function GO:0042887 amide transmembrane transporter activity GO:0042887 Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. regulation of apoptosis biological_process apoptosis regulator activity GO:0042981 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. regulation of apoptotic process GO:0042981 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell process cellular process cellular projection cellular_component GO:0042995 cell projection GO:0042995 A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. biological_process GO:0042996 regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0042996 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport inhibition of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport biological_process GO:0042997 negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0042997 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport activation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport stimulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport biological_process GO:0042998 positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0042998 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. biological_process GO:0043001 Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport GO:0043001 The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. ISBN:0716731363 A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. NIF_Subcellular:sao867568886 neuron process neuron protrusion neuronal cell projection neurite cellular_component nerve fiber GO:0043005 neuron projection GO:0043005 A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ neuron protrusion NIF_Subcellular:sao250931889 nerve fiber GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. biological_process GO:0043009 chordate embryonic development GO:0043009 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GO:0001747 GO:0031075 biological_process GO:0043010 camera-type eye development GO:0043010 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 Wikipedia:Soma_(biology) neuron cell body neuronal cell soma cellular_component GO:0043025 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. neuronal cell body GO:0043025 The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. GOC:go_curators The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. T lymphocyte homeostasis T-cell homeostasis T-lymphocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0043029 Note that this term represents the return of T cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of T cells required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. T cell homeostasis GO:0043029 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. peptide anabolism peptide biosynthesis peptide formation peptide synthesis biological_process GO:0043043 peptide biosynthetic process GO:0043043 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. GOC:dph GOC:jl The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain. biological_process GO:0043049 otic placode formation GO:0043049 The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain. GOC:go_curators PMID:12668634 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. extracellular structure organisation extracellular structure organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0043062 extracellular structure organization GO:0043062 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah extracellular structure organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. up regulation of apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis activation of apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis stimulation of apoptosis biological_process pro-apoptosis GO:0043065 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. positive regulation of apoptotic process GO:0043065 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GO:0006916 anti-apoptosis down regulation of apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis biological_process apoptosis inhibitor activity pro-survival GO:0043066 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. negative regulation of apoptotic process GO:0043066 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043070 regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043067 regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043067 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043071 up regulation of programmed cell death up-regulation of programmed cell death upregulation of programmed cell death activation of programmed cell death positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death stimulation of programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043068 positive regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043068 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043072 down regulation of programmed cell death down-regulation of programmed cell death downregulation of programmed cell death inhibition of programmed cell death negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043069 negative regulation of programmed cell death GO:0043069 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0043073 germ cell nucleus GO:0043073 The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. CL:0000586 GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048554 positive regulation of enzyme activity up regulation of enzyme activity up-regulation of enzyme activity upregulation of enzyme activity activation of enzyme activity activation of metalloenzyme activity positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity stimulation of enzyme activity stimulation of metalloenzyme activity up regulation of metalloenzyme activity up-regulation of metalloenzyme activity upregulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0043085 positive regulation of catalytic activity GO:0043085 Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ebc GOC:jl GOC:tb GOC:vw positive regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048553 down regulation of enzyme activity down-regulation of enzyme activity down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity downregulation of enzyme activity negative regulation of enzyme activity down regulation of metalloenzyme activity downregulation of metalloenzyme activity inhibition of enzyme activity inhibition of metalloenzyme activity negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0043086 negative regulation of catalytic activity GO:0043086 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ebc GOC:jl GOC:tb GOC:vw negative regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24222 GO:0050828 biological_process regulation of liquid surface tension regulation of surface tension of a liquid surfactant activity GO:0043129 surfactant homeostasis GO:0043129 Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid. PMID:23708874 PMID:9751757 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0043133 hindgut contraction GO:0043133 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle UBERON:0001046 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0043134 regulation of hindgut contraction GO:0043134 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl UBERON:0001046 Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization regulation of translation by machinery localisation translational machinery localization translational protein localization biological_process GO:0043143 regulation of translation by machinery localization GO:0043143 Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:jl regulation of translation by machinery localisation GOC:mah translational machinery localization GOC:dph GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0034960 GO:0043283 GO:0044259 biopolymer metabolic process macromolecule metabolism organismal macromolecule metabolism multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process biological_process GO:0043170 macromolecule metabolic process GO:0043170 The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer metabolic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. peptide breakdown peptide catabolism peptide degradation biological_process GO:0043171 peptide catabolic process GO:0043171 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. GO:0010237 response to amino acid stimulus biological_process GO:0043200 response to amino acid GO:0043200 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. GOC:ef GOC:mlg response to amino acid stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things. biological_process GO:0043207 response to external biotic stimulus GO:0043207 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things. GOC:go_curators An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. FMA:62983 NIF_Subcellular:sao593830697 Wikipedia:Myelin Schwann cell myelin sheath astrocyte sheath oligodendrocyte myelin sheath cellular_component GO:0043209 myelin sheath GO:0043209 An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system. GOC:cjm GOC:jl NIF_Subcellular:sao593830697 Wikipedia:Myelin astrocyte sheath NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090204 oligodendrocyte myelin sheath NIF_Subcellular:sao1279474730 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao1539965131 Wikipedia:Organelle cellular_component GO:0043226 organelle GO:0043226 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao414196390 membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043227 membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043227 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21881 NIF_Subcellular:sao1456184038 non-membrane-enclosed organelle biological condensate cellular_component GO:0043228 non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043228 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0043229 intracellular organelle GO:0043229 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. cellular_component GO:0043230 extracellular organelle GO:0043230 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. GOC:jl PMID:9914479 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043231 intracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043231 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043232 intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043232 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. cellular_component GO:0043233 organelle lumen GO:0043233 The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. down regulation of protein complex disassembly down-regulation of protein complex disassembly downregulation of protein complex disassembly inhibition of protein complex disassembly biological_process negative regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043242 negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly GO:0043242 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. up regulation of protein complex disassembly up-regulation of protein complex disassembly upregulation of protein complex disassembly activation of protein complex disassembly stimulation of protein complex disassembly biological_process positive regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043243 positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly GO:0043243 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. biological_process regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043244 regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly GO:0043244 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. RBC maturation red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043249 erythrocyte maturation GO:0043249 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. GOC:devbiol GOC:jl RBC maturation CL:0000232 red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. biological_process regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0043254 regulation of protein-containing complex assembly GO:0043254 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate anabolism regulation of carbohydrate biosynthesis regulation of carbohydrate formation regulation of carbohydrate synthesis biological_process GO:0043255 regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process GO:0043255 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. GOC:jl Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. extracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043264 extracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle GO:0043264 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. regulation of ion transport biological_process GO:0043269 regulation of monoatomic ion transport GO:0043269 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of ion transport up-regulation of ion transport upregulation of ion transport activation of ion transport stimulation of ion transport biological_process GO:0043270 positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport GO:0043270 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. negative regulation of ion transport down regulation of ion transport down-regulation of ion transport downregulation of ion transport inhibition of ion transport biological_process GO:0043271 negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport GO:0043271 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. biological_process GO:0043279 response to alkaloid GO:0043279 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx. biological_process GO:0043282 pharyngeal muscle development GO:0043282 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx. GOC:go_curators Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. contractile fibre cellular_component GO:0043292 contractile fiber GO:0043292 Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0815316194 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. enucleate RBC differentiation enucleate red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043353 enucleate erythrocyte differentiation GO:0043353 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:go_curators enucleate RBC differentiation CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus. enucleate RBC maturation enucleate red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043354 enucleate erythrocyte maturation GO:0043354 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus. GOC:go_curators enucleate RBC maturation CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus. nucleate RBC maturation nucleate red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043362 nucleate erythrocyte maturation GO:0043362 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus. GOC:devbiol GOC:jl nucleate RBC maturation CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds. nucleate RBC differentiation nucleate red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043363 nucleate erythrocyte differentiation GO:0043363 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds. GOC:jl nucleate RBC differentiation CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. response to peptide hormone stimulus response to polypeptide hormone stimulus biological_process GO:0043434 response to peptide hormone GO:0043434 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. PMID:11027914 PMID:15134857 Wikipedia:Peptide_hormone response to peptide hormone stimulus GOC:dos The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). keto acid metabolic process keto acid metabolism ketoacid metabolic process ketoacid metabolism oxo acid metabolic process oxo acid metabolism oxoacid metabolism biological_process GO:0043436 oxoacid metabolic process GO:0043436 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). Wikipedia:Oxyacid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. regulation of secondary metabolism biological_process GO:0043455 regulation of secondary metabolic process GO:0043455 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. biological_process GO:0043467 regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy GO:0043467 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates. biological_process GO:0043470 regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process GO:0043470 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates. GOC:mlg The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. biological_process GO:0043473 pigmentation GO:0043473 The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. GOC:jl A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process muscle plasticity GO:0043500 muscle adaptation GO:0043500 A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11181628 PMID:11449884 PMID:12605307 Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. biological_process skeletal muscle plasticity GO:0043501 skeletal muscle adaptation GO:0043501 Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11181628 PMID:11449884 PMID:12605307 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0043502 regulation of muscle adaptation GO:0043502 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells regulation of apoptosis of neurons regulation of neuron programmed cell death regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells regulation of programmed cell death, neurons regulation of neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0043523 regulation of neuron apoptotic process GO:0043523 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. down regulation of neuron apoptosis down-regulation of neuron apoptosis downregulation of neuron apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons inhibition of neuron apoptosis negative regulation of neuron apoptosis neuron survival biological_process GO:0043524 negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process GO:0043524 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons up regulation of neuron apoptosis up-regulation of neuron apoptosis upregulation of neuron apoptosis activation of neuron apoptosis positive regulation of neuron apoptosis stimulation of neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0043525 positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process GO:0043525 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis. biological_process GO:0043534 blood vessel endothelial cell migration GO:0043534 The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis. PMID:11166264 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. biological_process GO:0043535 regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration GO:0043535 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. up regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration up-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration upregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration activation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration stimulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration biological_process GO:0043536 positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration GO:0043536 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. down regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration down-regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration downregulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration inhibition of blood vessel endothelial cell migration biological_process GO:0043537 negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration GO:0043537 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels. GOC:go_curators The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. biological_process GO:0043542 endothelial cell migration GO:0043542 The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. biological_process GO:0043549 regulation of kinase activity GO:0043549 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. biological_process GO:0043576 regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GO:0043576 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. hearing organ development biological_process GO:0043583 ear development GO:0043583 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. GOC:jl ISBN:0192801023 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). nasus development biological_process GO:0043584 nose development GO:0043584 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). GOC:jl The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). nasus morphogenesis biological_process GO:0043585 nose morphogenesis GO:0043585 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. glossa development lingua development biological_process GO:0043586 tongue development GO:0043586 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. GOC:jl UBERON:0001723 The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. lingua morphogenesis glossa morphogenesis biological_process GO:0043587 tongue morphogenesis GO:0043587 The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech. GOC:jl UBERON:0001723 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. animal skin development biological_process GO:0043588 skin development GO:0043588 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. GOC:jl UBERON:0002097 The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. biological_process GO:0043589 skin morphogenesis GO:0043589 The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. GOC:jl UBERON:0002097 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. amide metabolism cellular amide metabolic process biological_process GO:0043603 amide metabolic process GO:0043603 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. biological_process GO:0043604 amide biosynthetic process GO:0043604 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. cellular amide catabolic process biological_process GO:0043605 amide catabolic process GO:0043605 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). dicarboxylate metabolic process dicarboxylate metabolism dicarboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0043648 dicarboxylic acid metabolic process GO:0043648 The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. dicarboxylate catabolic process dicarboxylate catabolism dicarboxylic acid breakdown dicarboxylic acid catabolism dicarboxylic acid degradation biological_process GO:0043649 dicarboxylic acid catabolic process GO:0043649 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. dicarboxylate biosynthesis dicarboxylate biosynthetic process dicarboxylic acid anabolism dicarboxylic acid biosynthesis dicarboxylic acid formation dicarboxylic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0043650 dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process GO:0043650 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. ossification involved in skeletal development ossification involved in bone modeling biological_process GO:0043931 ossification involved in bone maturation GO:0043931 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_mpo ossification involved in skeletal development GOC:dph ossification involved in bone modeling GO_REF:0000034 Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 mah 2010-09-08T10:01:42Z GO:0034600 GO:0034621 GO:0071822 protein complex subunit organisation protein complex subunit organization biological_process cellular macromolecular complex organization cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization macromolecular complex organization macromolecular complex subunit organisation macromolecular complex subunit organization protein-containing complex subunit organization GO:0043933 protein-containing complex organization GO:0043933 Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex. GOC:mah protein complex subunit organisation GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. glucan metabolism biological_process GO:0044042 glucan metabolic process GO:0044042 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. biological_process GO:0044057 regulation of system process GO:0044057 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0044058 regulation of digestive system process GO:0044058 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. regulation of endocrine system process biological_process GO:0044060 regulation of endocrine process GO:0044060 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. biological_process GO:0044062 regulation of excretion GO:0044062 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. biological_process GO:0044065 regulation of respiratory system process GO:0044065 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. GOC:jl A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GO:0071843 cellular component biogenesis at cellular level biological_process GO:0044085 cellular component biogenesis GO:0044085 A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0044087 regulation of cellular component biogenesis GO:0044087 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. regulation of vacuole organisation biological_process regulation of vacuole biogenesis GO:0044088 regulation of vacuole organization GO:0044088 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:jl GOC:mah regulation of vacuole organisation GOC:mah regulation of vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0044089 positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis GO:0044089 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. positive regulation of vacuole organisation biological_process positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis GO:0044090 positive regulation of vacuole organization GO:0044090 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:jl GOC:mah positive regulation of vacuole organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane. biological_process GO:0044091 membrane biogenesis GO:0044091 A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane. GOC:jl Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. jl 2009-04-21T04:07:27Z biological_process GO:0044092 negative regulation of molecular function GO:0044092 Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GO:jl Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. jl 2009-04-21T04:11:06Z biological_process GO:0044093 positive regulation of molecular function GO:0044093 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GO:jl A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). jl 2009-10-22T02:38:55Z translation initiation (ternary) complex Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex cellular_component GO:0044207 translation initiation ternary complex GO:0044207 A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolism biological_process intermediary metabolism GO:0044237 This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term. cellular metabolic process GO:0044237 The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:go_curators intermediary metabolism GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. primary metabolism biological_process GO:0044238 primary metabolic process GO:0044238 The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. GOC:go_curators http://www.metacyc.org The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular breakdown cellular catabolism cellular degradation biological_process GO:0044248 cellular catabolic process GO:0044248 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular anabolism cellular biosynthesis cellular formation cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process GO:0044249 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas. intestinal lipid breakdown intestinal lipid catabolism intestinal lipid degradation biological_process GO:0044258 intestinal lipid catabolic process GO:0044258 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into fatty acids and monoglycerides of lipids in the small intestine. Lipids are broken down by lipases released by the pancreas. GOC:jl http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/ The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. nitrogen compound breakdown nitrogen compound catabolism nitrogen compound degradation biological_process GO:0044270 cellular nitrogen compound catabolic process GO:0044270 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. nitrogen compound anabolism nitrogen compound biosynthesis nitrogen compound formation nitrogen compound synthesis biological_process GO:0044271 cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process GO:0044271 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. sulfur compound anabolism sulfur compound biosynthesis sulfur compound formation sulfur compound synthesis sulfur biosynthesis sulfur biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0044272 sulfur compound biosynthetic process GO:0044272 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. sulfur compound breakdown sulfur compound catabolism sulfur compound degradation sulfur catabolic process sulfur catabolism biological_process GO:0044273 sulfur compound catabolic process GO:0044273 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. jl 2010-01-26T12:05:20Z small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0044281 Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. small molecule metabolic process GO:0044281 The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. GOC:curators GOC:pde GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. jl 2010-01-26T12:06:10Z small molecule catabolism biological_process GO:0044282 Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. small molecule catabolic process GO:0044282 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. GOC:curators GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. jl 2010-01-26T12:06:49Z small molecule biosynthesis biological_process GO:0044283 Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. small molecule biosynthetic process GO:0044283 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. GOC:curators GOC:pde GOC:vw The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. jl 2010-02-05T10:37:16Z FBbt:00005107 FMA:67301 Wikipedia:Cell_body cell soma cellular_component GO:0044297 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. cell body GO:0044297 The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. GOC:go_curators The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin. jl 2010-08-25T01:44:51Z pancreatic B cell proliferation pancreatic beta cell proliferation biological_process GO:0044342 type B pancreatic cell proliferation GO:0044342 The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin. GOC:jl GOC:yaf pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. jl 2010-09-23T11:33:38Z fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:0044346 fibroblast apoptotic process GO:0044346 Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. CL:0000057 GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:yaf A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton. jl 2011-12-13T11:43:24Z protein localisation to cytoskeleton biological_process GO:0044380 protein localization to cytoskeleton GO:0044380 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton. GOC:jl protein localisation to cytoskeleton GOC:mah Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20191 interaction with another species interspecies interaction interspecies interaction between organisms interspecies interaction with other organisms biological_process GO:0044419 biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms GO:0044419 Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species. GOC:cc The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium. krc 2015-02-06T17:23:23Z GO:1903887 biological_process motile primary cilia assembly motile primary cilia formation motile primary cilium assembly motile primary cilium formation nodal cilium assembly nodal cilium formation GO:0044458 motile cilium assembly GO:0044458 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000079 PMID:19776033 PMID:21129373 ZFIN:dsf motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. jl 2012-03-29T01:55:18Z secondary metabolite biosynthesis biological_process GO:0044550 secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GO:0044550 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. GOC:jl The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. jl 2012-04-05T04:31:39Z biological_process GO:0044565 dendritic cell proliferation GO:0044565 The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. CL:0000451 PMID:18469816 A change in the morphology or behavior of a chondrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. jl 2012-04-05T04:45:38Z biological_process GO:0044566 chondrocyte activation GO:0044566 A change in the morphology or behavior of a chondrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. CL:0000138 GOC:jl A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism. jl 2012-09-19T15:56:30Z biological_process GO:0044703 multi-organism reproductive process GO:0044703 A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism. GOC:jl A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21459 jl 2012-09-19T16:06:16Z biological_process GO:0044706 multi-multicellular organism process GO:0044706 A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. jl 2013-03-27T15:09:58Z microtubule-based flagellum organization biological_process GO:0044782 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium organization GO:0044782 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:cilia GOC:jl The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell. GO:0006947 cell fusion cell-cell fusion biological_process GO:0045026 plasma membrane fusion GO:0045026 The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell. GOC:elh GOC:mtg_muscle A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. cellular_component acidic keratin basic/neutral keratin GO:0045095 keratin filament GO:0045095 A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins. ISBN:0716731363 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. biological_process GO:0045103 intermediate filament-based process GO:0045103 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:ai A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. intermediate filament cytoskeleton organisation biological_process intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0045104 intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization GO:0045104 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:ai intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. intermediate filament organisation biological_process GO:0045109 intermediate filament organization GO:0045109 Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking. GOC:ai The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs. tonofilament assembly biological_process GO:0045110 intermediate filament bundle assembly GO:0045110 The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs. ISBN:0716731363 Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. cellular_component GO:0045111 intermediate filament cytoskeleton GO:0045111 Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell. ISBN:0716731363 The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents. Wikipedia:Pronucleus cellular_component GO:0045120 pronucleus GO:0045120 The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents. ISBN:0198506732 The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. biological_process GO:0045132 meiotic chromosome segregation GO:0045132 The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. biological_process GO:0045137 development of primary sexual characteristics GO:0045137 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. GOC:ai The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle. meiosis II, chromosome segregation biological_process GO:0045144 meiotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0045144 The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai ISBN:0815316194 The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24390 biological_process GO:0045165 Note that this term was 'cell fate determination' but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term 'cell fate determination; GO:0001709' was also created. cell fate commitment GO:0045165 The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate. ISBN:0716731185 Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification biological_process GO:0045168 cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment GO:0045168 Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. establishment of protein localisation protein positioning protein recruitment biological_process GO:0045184 establishment of protein localization GO:0045184 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:bf establishment of protein localisation GOC:mah Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GO:0043339 GO:0043342 establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:0045196 establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity GO:0045196 Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GOC:bf GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:19375318 PMID:20066083 The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GO:0043340 GO:0043343 establishment of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:0045200 establishment of neuroblast polarity GO:0045200 The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_sensu The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao914572699 Wikipedia:Chemical_synapse synaptic junction mixed synapse cellular_component electrotonic synapse GO:0045202 synapse GO:0045202 The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. GOC:aruk ISBN:0198506732 PMID:24619342 PMID:29383328 PMID:31998110 mixed synapse NIF_Subcellular:sao1506103497 electrotonic synapse NIF_Subcellular:sao1311109124 The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GO:0006938 sarcomere alignment sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0045214 sarcomere organization GO:0045214 The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:bf A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance cell-cell junction organisation intercellular junction assembly and maintenance biological_process cell-cell junction biogenesis GO:0045216 cell-cell junction organization GO:0045216 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cell-cell junction organisation GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions. CD4 anabolism CD4 biosynthesis CD4 formation CD4 synthesis biological_process GO:0045222 CD4 biosynthetic process GO:0045222 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. regulation of CD4 anabolism regulation of CD4 biosynthesis regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process regulation of CD4 formation regulation of CD4 synthesis biological_process GO:0045223 regulation of CD4 production GO:0045223 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. positive regulation of CD4 anabolism positive regulation of CD4 biosynthesis positive regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process positive regulation of CD4 formation positive regulation of CD4 synthesis up regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process up-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process upregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process activation of CD4 biosynthetic process stimulation of CD4 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045224 positive regulation of CD4 production GO:0045224 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. down regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process down-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process downregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process negative regulation of CD4 anabolism negative regulation of CD4 biosynthesis negative regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process negative regulation of CD4 formation negative regulation of CD4 synthesis inhibition of CD4 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045225 negative regulation of CD4 production GO:0045225 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell. external encapsulating structure organisation external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0045229 external encapsulating structure organization GO:0045229 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. Wikipedia:Immunologic_activation immune cell activation leucocyte activation biological_process GO:0045321 leukocyte activation GO:0045321 A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:add The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte cell differentiation adipocyte differentiation adipose cell differentiation biological_process adipogenesis GO:0045444 fat cell differentiation GO:0045444 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. CL:0000136 GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. myoblast cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045445 myoblast differentiation GO:0045445 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. biological_process GO:0045446 endothelial cell differentiation GO:0045446 The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. CL:0000115 GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation regulation of T-cell differentiation regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation biological_process regulation of T cell development GO:0045580 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of T cell development GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. down regulation of T cell differentiation down-regulation of T cell differentiation downregulation of T cell differentiation negative regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation negative regulation of T-cell differentiation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of T cell differentiation biological_process negative regulation of T cell development GO:0045581 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. negative regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045581 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of T cell development GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation positive regulation of T-cell differentiation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte differentiation up regulation of T cell differentiation up-regulation of T cell differentiation upregulation of T cell differentiation activation of T cell differentiation stimulation of T cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of T cell development GO:0045582 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. positive regulation of T cell differentiation GO:0045582 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of T cell development GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. biological_process GO:0045595 regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045595 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. down regulation of cell differentiation down-regulation of cell differentiation downregulation of cell differentiation inhibition of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045596 negative regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045596 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. up regulation of cell differentiation up-regulation of cell differentiation upregulation of cell differentiation activation of cell differentiation stimulation of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045597 positive regulation of cell differentiation GO:0045597 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation regulation of adipocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045598 regulation of fat cell differentiation GO:0045598 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. down regulation of fat cell differentiation down-regulation of fat cell differentiation downregulation of fat cell differentiation negative regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation inhibition of fat cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045599 negative regulation of fat cell differentiation GO:0045599 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. positive regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation positive regulation of adipocyte differentiation up regulation of fat cell differentiation up-regulation of fat cell differentiation upregulation of fat cell differentiation activation of fat cell differentiation stimulation of fat cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045600 positive regulation of fat cell differentiation GO:0045600 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045601 regulation of endothelial cell differentiation GO:0045601 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. down regulation of endothelial cell differentiation down-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation downregulation of endothelial cell differentiation inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045602 negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation GO:0045602 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. up regulation of endothelial cell differentiation up-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation activation of endothelial cell differentiation stimulation of endothelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045603 positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation GO:0045603 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. biological_process regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045604 regulation of epidermal cell differentiation GO:0045604 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. down regulation of epidermal cell differentiation down-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation downregulation of epidermal cell differentiation inhibition of epidermal cell differentiation biological_process negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045605 negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation GO:0045605 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. up regulation of epidermal cell differentiation up-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation upregulation of epidermal cell differentiation activation of epidermal cell differentiation stimulation of epidermal cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045606 positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation GO:0045606 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. biological_process regulation of lymphocyte development GO:0045619 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045619 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of lymphocyte development GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. down regulation of lymphocyte differentiation down-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation downregulation of lymphocyte differentiation inhibition of lymphocyte differentiation biological_process negative regulation of lymphocyte development GO:0045620 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045620 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of lymphocyte development GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. up regulation of lymphocyte differentiation up-regulation of lymphocyte differentiation upregulation of lymphocyte differentiation activation of lymphocyte differentiation stimulation of lymphocyte differentiation biological_process positive regulation of lymphocyte development GO:0045621 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'development' to refer to cells of B or T cell lineages undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation GO:0045621 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of lymphocyte development GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045637 regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045637 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045638 negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045638 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation activation of myeloid cell differentiation stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045639 positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation GO:0045639 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. regulation of RBC differentiation regulation of red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045646 regulation of erythrocyte differentiation GO:0045646 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation negative regulation of RBC differentiation negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045647 negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation GO:0045647 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. positive regulation of RBC differentiation positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation activation of erythrocyte differentiation stimulation of erythrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045648 positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation GO:0045648 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0045652 regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation GO:0045652 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation downregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation inhibition of megakaryocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045653 negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation GO:0045653 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. up regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation up-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation upregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation activation of megakaryocyte differentiation stimulation of megakaryocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045654 positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation GO:0045654 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0045661 regulation of myoblast differentiation GO:0045661 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. down regulation of myoblast differentiation down-regulation of myoblast differentiation downregulation of myoblast differentiation inhibition of myoblast differentiation biological_process GO:0045662 negative regulation of myoblast differentiation GO:0045662 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. up regulation of myoblast differentiation up-regulation of myoblast differentiation upregulation of myoblast differentiation activation of myoblast differentiation stimulation of myoblast differentiation biological_process GO:0045663 positive regulation of myoblast differentiation GO:0045663 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. biological_process GO:0045664 regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045664 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. down regulation of neuron differentiation down-regulation of neuron differentiation downregulation of neuron differentiation inhibition of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045665 negative regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045665 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. up regulation of neuron differentiation up-regulation of neuron differentiation upregulation of neuron differentiation activation of neuron differentiation stimulation of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045666 positive regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045666 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. regulation of epidermal development biological_process regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045682 regulation of epidermis development GO:0045682 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. down regulation of epidermis development down-regulation of epidermis development downregulation of epidermis development negative regulation of epidermal development inhibition of epidermis development biological_process negative regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045683 negative regulation of epidermis development GO:0045683 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. positive regulation of epidermal development up regulation of epidermis development up-regulation of epidermis development upregulation of epidermis development activation of epidermis development stimulation of epidermis development biological_process positive regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045684 positive regulation of epidermis development GO:0045684 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. regulation of glia cell differentiation regulation of neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0045685 regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045685 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. down regulation of glial cell differentiation down-regulation of glial cell differentiation downregulation of glial cell differentiation negative regulation of glia cell differentiation negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation inhibition of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045686 negative regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045686 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. positive regulation of glia cell differentiation positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation up regulation of glial cell differentiation up-regulation of glial cell differentiation upregulation of glial cell differentiation activation of glial cell differentiation stimulation of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045687 positive regulation of glial cell differentiation GO:0045687 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. biological_process GO:0045700 regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation GO:0045700 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation inhibition of spermatid nuclear differentiation biological_process GO:0045701 negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation GO:0045701 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation activation of spermatid nuclear differentiation stimulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation biological_process GO:0045702 positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation GO:0045702 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. down regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process down-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process downregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process negative regulation of glycogen anabolism negative regulation of glycogen biosynthesis negative regulation of glycogen formation negative regulation of glycogen synthesis inhibition of glycogen biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045719 negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process GO:0045719 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. down regulation of gluconeogenesis down-regulation of gluconeogenesis downregulation of gluconeogenesis inhibition of gluconeogenesis biological_process GO:0045721 negative regulation of gluconeogenesis GO:0045721 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. up regulation of gluconeogenesis up-regulation of gluconeogenesis upregulation of gluconeogenesis activation of gluconeogenesis stimulation of gluconeogenesis biological_process GO:0045722 positive regulation of gluconeogenesis GO:0045722 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium. positive regulation of flagellum assembly up regulation of cilium assembly up-regulation of cilium assembly upregulation of cilium assembly activation of cilium assembly stimulation of cilium assembly biological_process positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis GO:0045724 positive regulation of cilium assembly GO:0045724 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:go_curators positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. positive regulation of glycogen anabolism positive regulation of glycogen biosynthesis positive regulation of glycogen formation positive regulation of glycogen synthesis up regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process up-regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process upregulation of glycogen biosynthetic process activation of glycogen biosynthetic process stimulation of glycogen biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045725 positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process GO:0045725 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0045946 positive regulation of protein anabolism positive regulation of protein biosynthesis positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein formation positive regulation of protein synthesis up regulation of protein biosynthetic process up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process upregulation of protein biosynthetic process activation of protein biosynthetic process stimulation of protein biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045727 positive regulation of translation GO:0045727 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:1903364 GO:2000600 positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism positive regulation of cellular protein degradation positive regulation of protein breakdown positive regulation of protein catabolism positive regulation of protein degradation up regulation of cellular protein breakdown up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process up regulation of cellular protein catabolism up regulation of cellular protein degradation up regulation of protein catabolic process up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism up-regulation of cellular protein degradation up-regulation of protein catabolic process upregulation of cellular protein breakdown upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process upregulation of cellular protein catabolism upregulation of cellular protein degradation upregulation of protein catabolic process activation of cellular protein breakdown activation of cellular protein catabolic process activation of cellular protein catabolism activation of cellular protein degradation activation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of cyclin breakdown positive regulation of cyclin catabolic process positive regulation of cyclin catabolism positive regulation of cyclin degradation positive regulation of degradation of cyclin stimulation of protein catabolic process biological_process GO:0045732 positive regulation of protein catabolic process GO:0045732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular protein degradation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cyclin breakdown GOC:obol positive regulation of cyclin catabolism GOC:obol positive regulation of cyclin degradation GOC:obol positive regulation of degradation of cyclin GOC:obol The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. GO:0019663 acetate breakdown acetate catabolism acetate degradation biological_process homoacetate catabolic process GO:0045733 acetate catabolic process GO:0045733 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. regulation of acetate breakdown regulation of acetate catabolism regulation of acetate degradation biological_process GO:0045734 regulation of acetate catabolic process GO:0045734 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, the anion of acetic acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. down regulation of acetate catabolic process down-regulation of acetate catabolic process downregulation of acetate catabolic process negative regulation of acetate breakdown negative regulation of acetate catabolism negative regulation of acetate degradation inhibition of acetate catabolic process biological_process GO:0045753 negative regulation of acetate catabolic process GO:0045753 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. positive regulation of acetate breakdown positive regulation of acetate catabolism positive regulation of acetate degradation up regulation of acetate catabolic process up-regulation of acetate catabolic process upregulation of acetate catabolic process activation of acetate catabolic process stimulation of acetate catabolic process biological_process GO:0045754 positive regulation of acetate catabolic process GO:0045754 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. down regulation of action potential down-regulation of action potential downregulation of action potential inhibition of action potential biological_process GO:0045759 negative regulation of action potential GO:0045759 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. up regulation of action potential up-regulation of action potential upregulation of action potential activation of action potential stimulation of action potential biological_process GO:0045760 positive regulation of action potential GO:0045760 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. down regulation of amino acid metabolic process down-regulation of amino acid metabolic process downregulation of amino acid metabolic process negative regulation of amino acid metabolism inhibition of amino acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045763 negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process GO:0045763 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. positive regulation of amino acid metabolism positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process up regulation of amino acid metabolic process up-regulation of amino acid metabolic process upregulation of amino acid metabolic process activation of amino acid metabolic process stimulation of amino acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045764 positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process GO:0045764 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. biological_process GO:0045765 regulation of angiogenesis GO:0045765 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. up regulation of angiogenesis up-regulation of angiogenesis upregulation of angiogenesis activation of angiogenesis stimulation of angiogenesis biological_process GO:0045766 positive regulation of angiogenesis GO:0045766 Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. down regulation of asymmetric cell division down-regulation of asymmetric cell division downregulation of asymmetric cell division inhibition of asymmetric cell division biological_process GO:0045769 negative regulation of asymmetric cell division GO:0045769 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. up regulation of asymmetric cell division up-regulation of asymmetric cell division upregulation of asymmetric cell division activation of asymmetric cell division stimulation of asymmetric cell division biological_process GO:0045770 positive regulation of asymmetric cell division GO:0045770 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. positive regulation of bone biosynthesis positive regulation of bone formation up regulation of ossification up-regulation of ossification upregulation of ossification activation of ossification stimulation of ossification biological_process GO:0045778 positive regulation of ossification GO:0045778 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. up regulation of cell adhesion up-regulation of cell adhesion upregulation of cell adhesion activation of cell adhesion stimulation of cell adhesion biological_process GO:0045785 positive regulation of cell adhesion GO:0045785 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. down regulation of progression through cell cycle down-regulation of progression through cell cycle downregulation of progression through cell cycle negative regulation of cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through cell cycle inhibition of progression through cell cycle biological_process GO:0045786 negative regulation of cell cycle GO:0045786 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. positive regulation of cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through cell cycle up regulation of progression through cell cycle up-regulation of progression through cell cycle upregulation of progression through cell cycle activation of progression through cell cycle stimulation of progression through cell cycle biological_process GO:0045787 positive regulation of cell cycle GO:0045787 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of progression through cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. down regulation of glycogen catabolic process down-regulation of glycogen catabolic process downregulation of glycogen catabolic process negative regulation of glycogen breakdown negative regulation of glycogen catabolism negative regulation of glycogen degradation negative regulation of glycogenolysis inhibition of glycogen catabolic process biological_process GO:0045818 negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process GO:0045818 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of glycogenolysis GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. positive regulation of glycogen breakdown positive regulation of glycogen catabolism positive regulation of glycogen degradation positive regulation of glycogenolysis up regulation of glycogen catabolic process up-regulation of glycogen catabolic process upregulation of glycogen catabolic process activation of glycogen catabolic process stimulation of glycogen catabolic process biological_process GO:0045819 positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process GO:0045819 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of glycogenolysis GOC:sl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. down regulation of heart contraction down-regulation of heart contraction downregulation of heart contraction inhibition of heart contraction biological_process negative regulation of cardiac contraction GO:0045822 negative regulation of heart contraction GO:0045822 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. positive regulation of cardiac contraction up regulation of heart contraction up-regulation of heart contraction upregulation of heart contraction activation of heart contraction stimulation of heart contraction biological_process GO:0045823 positive regulation of heart contraction GO:0045823 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. down regulation of lipid metabolic process down-regulation of lipid metabolic process downregulation of lipid metabolic process negative regulation of lipid metabolism inhibition of lipid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045833 negative regulation of lipid metabolic process GO:0045833 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. positive regulation of lipid metabolism up regulation of lipid metabolic process up-regulation of lipid metabolic process upregulation of lipid metabolic process activation of lipid metabolic process stimulation of lipid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045834 positive regulation of lipid metabolic process GO:0045834 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. down regulation of meiosis down-regulation of meiosis downregulation of meiosis negative regulation of meiosis inhibition of meiosis biological_process GO:0045835 negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division GO:0045835 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. positive regulation of meiosis up regulation of meiosis up-regulation of meiosis upregulation of meiosis activation of meiosis stimulation of meiosis biological_process GO:0045836 positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division GO:0045836 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. down regulation of mitosis down-regulation of mitosis downregulation of mitosis negative regulation of mitosis inhibition of mitosis biological_process GO:0045839 negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division GO:0045839 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. positive regulation of mitosis up regulation of mitosis up-regulation of mitosis upregulation of mitosis activation of mitosis mitogenic activity stimulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division GO:0045840 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. down regulation of striated muscle development down-regulation of striated muscle development downregulation of striated muscle development inhibition of striated muscle development biological_process GO:0045843 negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development GO:0045843 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. up regulation of striated muscle development up-regulation of striated muscle development upregulation of striated muscle development activation of striated muscle development stimulation of striated muscle development biological_process GO:0045844 positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development GO:0045844 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. down regulation of translational elongation down-regulation of translational elongation downregulation of translational elongation inhibition of translational elongation biological_process GO:0045900 negative regulation of translational elongation GO:0045900 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. up regulation of translational elongation up-regulation of translational elongation upregulation of translational elongation activation of translational elongation stimulation of translational elongation biological_process GO:0045901 positive regulation of translational elongation GO:0045901 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. down regulation of translational termination down-regulation of translational termination downregulation of translational termination inhibition of translational termination biological_process GO:0045904 negative regulation of translational termination GO:0045904 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. up regulation of translational termination up-regulation of translational termination upregulation of translational termination activation of translational termination stimulation of translational termination biological_process GO:0045905 positive regulation of translational termination GO:0045905 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045912 negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0045912 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process activation of carbohydrate metabolic process stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045913 positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0045913 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045914 negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0045914 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process activation of catecholamine metabolic process stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045915 positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process GO:0045915 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. down regulation of exocytosis down-regulation of exocytosis downregulation of exocytosis inhibition of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045920 negative regulation of exocytosis GO:0045920 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. up regulation of exocytosis up-regulation of exocytosis upregulation of exocytosis activation of exocytosis stimulation of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045921 positive regulation of exocytosis GO:0045921 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. down regulation of growth down-regulation of growth downregulation of growth inhibition of growth biological_process GO:0045926 negative regulation of growth GO:0045926 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. up regulation of growth up-regulation of growth upregulation of growth activation of growth stimulation of growth biological_process GO:0045927 positive regulation of growth GO:0045927 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0045930 negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle GO:0045930 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0045931 positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle GO:0045931 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. down regulation of muscle contraction down-regulation of muscle contraction downregulation of muscle contraction inhibition of muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045932 negative regulation of muscle contraction GO:0045932 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. up regulation of muscle contraction up-regulation of muscle contraction upregulation of muscle contraction activation of muscle contraction stimulation of muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045933 positive regulation of muscle contraction GO:0045933 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045934 negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process GO:0045934 Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045935 positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process GO:0045935 Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. down regulation of phosphate metabolic process down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process downregulation of phosphate metabolic process negative regulation of phosphate metabolism inhibition of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045936 negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0045936 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. positive regulation of phosphate metabolism up regulation of phosphate metabolic process up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process upregulation of phosphate metabolic process activation of phosphate metabolic process stimulation of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045937 positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process GO:0045937 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. down regulation of steroid metabolic process down-regulation of steroid metabolic process downregulation of steroid metabolic process negative regulation of steroid metabolism inhibition of steroid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045939 negative regulation of steroid metabolic process GO:0045939 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. positive regulation of steroid metabolism up regulation of steroid metabolic process up-regulation of steroid metabolic process upregulation of steroid metabolic process activation of steroid metabolic process stimulation of steroid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045940 positive regulation of steroid metabolic process GO:0045940 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. down regulation of translational initiation down-regulation of translational initiation downregulation of translational initiation inhibition of translational initiation biological_process GO:0045947 negative regulation of translational initiation GO:0045947 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. up regulation of translational initiation up-regulation of translational initiation upregulation of translational initiation activation of translational initiation stimulation of translational initiation biological_process GO:0045948 positive regulation of translational initiation GO:0045948 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. down regulation of smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction downregulation of smooth muscle contraction inhibition of smooth muscle contraction biological_process smooth muscle relaxation GO:0045986 negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction GO:0045986 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. up regulation of smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction upregulation of smooth muscle contraction activation of smooth muscle contraction stimulation of smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045987 positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction GO:0045987 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. down regulation of striated muscle contraction down-regulation of striated muscle contraction downregulation of striated muscle contraction inhibition of striated muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045988 negative regulation of striated muscle contraction GO:0045988 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. up regulation of striated muscle contraction up-regulation of striated muscle contraction upregulation of striated muscle contraction activation of striated muscle contraction stimulation of striated muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045989 positive regulation of striated muscle contraction GO:0045989 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. down regulation of embryonic development down-regulation of embryonic development downregulation of embryonic development inhibition of embryonic development biological_process GO:0045992 negative regulation of embryonic development GO:0045992 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. biological_process GO:0045995 regulation of embryonic development GO:0045995 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation regulation of resting T cell proliferation biological_process GO:0046013 regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0046013 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. down regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation down-regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation downregulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T-cell homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation negative regulation of resting T cell proliferation inhibition of T cell homeostatic proliferation biological_process GO:0046014 negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation GO:0046014 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. nucleobase anabolism nucleobase biosynthesis nucleobase formation nucleobase synthesis biological_process GO:0046112 nucleobase biosynthetic process GO:0046112 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. nucleobase breakdown nucleobase catabolism nucleobase degradation biological_process GO:0046113 nucleobase catabolic process GO:0046113 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. phenol-containing compound anabolism phenol-containing compound biosynthesis phenol-containing compound formation phenol-containing compound synthesis biological_process GO:0046189 phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process GO:0046189 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolalkylamine anabolism indolalkylamine biosynthesis indolalkylamine formation indolalkylamine synthesis biological_process GO:0046219 indolalkylamine biosynthetic process GO:0046219 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. monosaccharide anabolism monosaccharide biosynthesis monosaccharide formation monosaccharide synthesis biological_process GO:0046364 monosaccharide biosynthetic process GO:0046364 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. monosaccharide breakdown monosaccharide catabolism monosaccharide degradation biological_process GO:0046365 monosaccharide catabolic process GO:0046365 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. carboxylic acid anabolism carboxylic acid biosynthesis carboxylic acid formation carboxylic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0046394 carboxylic acid biosynthetic process GO:0046394 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. carboxylic acid breakdown carboxylic acid catabolism carboxylic acid degradation biological_process GO:0046395 carboxylic acid catabolic process GO:0046395 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle metabolism biological_process GO:0046483 heterocycle metabolic process GO:0046483 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198506732 The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007467 biological_process GO:0046530 photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046530 The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045673 regulation of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046532 regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046532 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045674 down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation inhibition of photoreceptor cell differentiation inhibition of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046533 negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046533 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045675 positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation activation of photoreceptor cell differentiation activation of photoreceptor differentiation stimulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation stimulation of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046534 positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0046534 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. biological_process GO:0046545 development of primary female sexual characteristics GO:0046545 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. biological_process GO:0046546 development of primary male sexual characteristics GO:0046546 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. GOC:ai Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. biological_process GO:0046548 retinal rod cell development GO:0046548 Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. ISBN:0198506732 Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. biological_process GO:0046549 retinal cone cell development GO:0046549 Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046620 regulation of organ growth GO:0046620 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046621 negative regulation of organ growth GO:0046621 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046622 positive regulation of organ growth GO:0046622 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. biological_process GO:0046649 lymphocyte activation GO:0046649 A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:mgi_curators ISBN:0781735149 The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. biological_process GO:0046651 lymphocyte proliferation GO:0046651 The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division. GOC:ai The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation. biological_process GO:0046660 female sex differentiation GO:0046660 The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation. GOC:bf The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation. biological_process GO:0046661 male sex differentiation GO:0046661 The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation. GOC:bf Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. programmed cell death, retina cells programmed cell death, retinal cells retina cell programmed cell death retina programmed cell death retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046666 retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046666 Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. GOC:bf Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium. biological_process GO:0046667 compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046667 Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium. PMID:12006672 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. regulation of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046668 regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046668 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046669 regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046669 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death up regulation of retinal programmed cell death up-regulation of retinal programmed cell death upregulation of retinal programmed cell death activation of retinal programmed cell death stimulation of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046670 positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046670 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. down regulation of retinal programmed cell death down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death downregulation of retinal programmed cell death negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death inhibition of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046671 negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046671 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. activation of retinal cell programmed cell death positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death stimulation of retinal cell programmed cell death up regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death up-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death upregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046672 positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046672 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. down regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death down-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death downregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death inhibition of retinal cell programmed cell death negative regulation of retina cell programmed cell death negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046673 negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:0046673 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. down regulation of insulin secretion down-regulation of insulin secretion downregulation of insulin secretion inhibition of insulin secretion biological_process GO:0046676 negative regulation of insulin secretion GO:0046676 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. GOC:ai Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase. biological_process carbamate resistance carbamate susceptibility/resistance GO:0046681 response to carbamate GO:0046681 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase. ISBN:0721662544 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle breakdown heterocycle catabolism heterocycle degradation biological_process GO:0046700 heterocycle catabolic process GO:0046700 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). GOC:ai The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24218 muscle fiber maintenance biological_process muscle homeostasis GO:0046716 muscle cell cellular homeostasis GO:0046716 The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state. GOC:mah PMID:3091429 PMID:7781901 muscle fiber maintenance GOC:dph GOC:tb muscle homeostasis GOC:dph The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0046717 acid secretion GO:0046717 The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. microtubule assembly biological_process microtubule formation GO:0046785 microtubule polymerization GO:0046785 The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. heavy metal ion porter activity heavy metal ion transporter activity heavy metal ion:hydrogen symporter activity heavy metal-exporting ATPase activity high affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity low affinity metal ion uptake transporter activity molecular_function GO:0046873 metal ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:0046873 Enables the transfer of metal ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. biological_process GO:0046879 hormone secretion GO:0046879 The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. biological_process GO:0046883 regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046883 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. up regulation of hormone secretion up-regulation of hormone secretion upregulation of hormone secretion activation of hormone secretion stimulation of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046887 positive regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046887 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. down regulation of hormone secretion down-regulation of hormone secretion downregulation of hormone secretion inhibition of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046888 negative regulation of hormone secretion GO:0046888 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. positive regulation of lipid anabolism positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis positive regulation of lipid formation positive regulation of lipid synthesis positive regulation of lipogenesis up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process activation of lipid biosynthetic process stimulation of lipid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0046889 positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process GO:0046889 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai positive regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. regulation of lipid anabolism regulation of lipid biosynthesis regulation of lipid formation regulation of lipid synthesis regulation of lipogenesis biological_process GO:0046890 regulation of lipid biosynthetic process GO:0046890 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0046903 secretion GO:0046903 The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances within a cell. jl 2013-12-18T14:04:50Z GO:1902582 biological_process single organism intracellular transport single-organism intracellular transport GO:0046907 intracellular transport GO:0046907 The directed movement of substances within a cell. GOC:ai single organism intracellular transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell. biological_process GO:0046928 regulation of neurotransmitter secretion GO:0046928 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion conotoxin activity inhibition of neurotransmitter secretion biological_process GO:0046929 negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion GO:0046929 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. GOC:ai The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). biological_process GO:0046942 carboxylic acid transport GO:0046942 The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). GOC:ai Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). Reactome:R-HSA-390347 molecular_function GO:0046943 carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0046943 Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-390347 Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination. microtubule-based vesicle localization biological_process GO:0047496 vesicle transport along microtubule GO:0047496 The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination. GOC:ecd GOC:rl microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:rl The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048048 embryonic eye morphogenesis GO:0048048 The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. GOC:jid The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. biological_process pigmentation during development GO:0048066 developmental pigmentation GO:0048066 The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. ISBN:0582227089 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. regulation of pigmentation during development biological_process GO:0048070 regulation of developmental pigmentation GO:0048070 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb regulation of pigmentation during development GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. down regulation of developmental pigmentation down-regulation of developmental pigmentation downregulation of developmental pigmentation inhibition of pigmentation biological_process GO:0048086 negative regulation of developmental pigmentation GO:0048086 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb down regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb down-regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb downregulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. up regulation of developmental pigmentation up-regulation of developmental pigmentation upregulation of developmental pigmentation activation of developmental pigmentation stimulation of developmental pigmentation biological_process GO:0048087 positive regulation of developmental pigmentation GO:0048087 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb up regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph up-regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb upregulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb activation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb stimulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0048103 somatic stem cell division GO:0048103 The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes. GO:0048141 female germ-line stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0048132 female germ-line stem cell asymmetric division GO:0048132 The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids. spermatocyte cell division biological_process GO:0048137 spermatocyte division GO:0048137 The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids. GOC:jid GOC:pr ISBN:0879694238 The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. biological_process GO:0048144 fibroblast proliferation GO:0048144 The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. biological_process GO:0048145 regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048145 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. up regulation of fibroblast proliferation up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation upregulation of fibroblast proliferation activation of fibroblast proliferation stimulation of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048146 positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048146 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. down regulation of fibroblast proliferation down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation downregulation of fibroblast proliferation inhibition of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048147 negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation GO:0048147 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. biological_process Golgi-derived vesicle transport GO:0048193 Golgi vesicle transport GO:0048193 The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. GOC:jid ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation. Golgi vesicle targeting dictyosome vesicle targeting vesicle targeting, to, from or within dictyosome biological_process GO:0048199 vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi GO:0048199 The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation. GOC:jid GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus. regulation of Golgi vesicle targeting biological_process GO:0048209 regulation of vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi GO:0048209 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus. GOC:jid GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GO:0048232 male gamete generation GO:0048232 Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. GOC:dph GOC:jid A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. biological_process sperm activation GO:0048240 Avian spermatozoa do not require a period of capacitation, since they are competent to fertilize the egg without a prolonged sojourn in the oviduct or in a capacitation medium in vitro. Therefore, sperm capacitation can only be applied to Aves to refer to gene products involved in processes that occur prior to sperm being deposited from the avian male. The term cannot apply to processes occurring in the avian female reproductive tract. sperm capacitation GO:0048240 A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium. GOC:jid ISBN:978-3-642-58301-8 PMID:11820818 sperm activation PMID:23180860 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0048243 norepinephrine secretion GO:0048243 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. GOC:ef GOC:jid Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching. elastic fibre assembly elastin fiber assembly elastin fibre assembly biological_process GO:0048251 elastic fiber assembly GO:0048251 Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching. GOC:jid PMID:10841810 PMID:12615674 elastin fiber assembly GOC:BHF elastin fibre assembly GOC:BHF The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi. biological_process GO:0048280 vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus GO:0048280 The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi. GOC:jid The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. biological_process GO:0048284 organelle fusion GO:0048284 The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. GOC:jid The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. biological_process GO:0048285 organelle fission GO:0048285 The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. GOC:jid The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei. biological_process nuclear membrane fusion during karyogamy GO:0048288 nuclear membrane fusion involved in karyogamy GO:0048288 The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei. GOC:jid nuclear membrane fusion during karyogamy GOC:dph GOC:tb The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division. biological_process GO:0048308 organelle inheritance GO:0048308 The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:jid The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. Golgi apparatus inheritance Golgi division Golgi partitioning biological_process GO:0048313 Golgi inheritance GO:0048313 The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:jid PMID:12851069 Golgi division GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. biological_process GO:0048318 axial mesoderm development GO:0048318 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048319 axial mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048319 The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048320 axial mesoderm formation GO:0048320 The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048332 mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048332 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell. mesoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0048333 mesodermal cell differentiation GO:0048333 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube. biological_process GO:0048339 paraxial mesoderm development GO:0048339 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048340 paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048340 The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048341 paraxial mesoderm formation GO:0048341 The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. lateral plate mesoderm development biological_process GO:0048368 lateral mesoderm development GO:0048368 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized. lateral plate mesoderm morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048369 lateral mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048369 The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. lateral plate mesoderm biosynthesis lateral plate mesoderm formation biological_process GO:0048370 lateral mesoderm formation GO:0048370 The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. biological_process GO:0048389 intermediate mesoderm development GO:0048389 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048390 intermediate mesoderm morphogenesis GO:0048390 The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048391 intermediate mesoderm formation GO:0048391 The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24390 biological_process terminal differentiation GO:0048468 cell development GO:0048468 The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place. GOC:go_curators terminal differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24390 biological_process functional differentiation GO:0048469 cell maturation GO:0048469 The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state. GOC:go_curators functional differentiation GOC:dph The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0009993 GO:0048157 Wikipedia:Oogenesis ovum development biological_process GO:0048477 oogenesis GO:0048477 The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:kmv GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:pr ovum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. biological_process GO:0048483 autonomic nervous system development GO:0048483 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. FMA:9905 GOC:jid GOC:sr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. biological_process GO:0048485 sympathetic nervous system development GO:0048485 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. FMA:9906 GOC:jid GOC:sr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. biological_process GO:0048486 parasympathetic nervous system development GO:0048486 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia. FMA:9907 GOC:jid GOC:sr The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development. biological_process timing of cell differentiation GO:0048505 regulation of timing of cell differentiation GO:0048505 The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. biological_process rhythm GO:0048511 rhythmic process GO:0048511 Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. GOC:jid Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Wikipedia:Organogenesis development of an organ organogenesis biological_process GO:0048513 animal organ development GO:0048513 Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GO:0048514 blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0048514 The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. spermatid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0048515 spermatid differentiation GO:0048515 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043119 positive regulation of physiological process up regulation of biological process up-regulation of biological process upregulation of biological process activation of biological process stimulation of biological process biological_process GO:0048518 positive regulation of biological process GO:0048518 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043118 down regulation of biological process down-regulation of biological process downregulation of biological process negative regulation of physiological process inhibition of biological process biological_process GO:0048519 negative regulation of biological process GO:0048519 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. up regulation of behavior up-regulation of behavior upregulation of behavior activation of behavior stimulation of behavior biological_process GO:0048520 positive regulation of behavior GO:0048520 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. GOC:jid GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. down regulation of behavior down-regulation of behavior downregulation of behavior inhibition of behavior biological_process GO:0048521 negative regulation of behavior GO:0048521 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. GOC:jid GOC:pr Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051242 positive regulation of cellular physiological process up regulation of cellular process up-regulation of cellular process upregulation of cellular process activation of cellular process stimulation of cellular process biological_process GO:0048522 positive regulation of cellular process GO:0048522 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051243 down regulation of cellular process down-regulation of cellular process downregulation of cellular process negative regulation of cellular physiological process inhibition of cellular process biological_process GO:0048523 negative regulation of cellular process GO:0048523 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development biological_process GO:0048534 hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development GO:0048534 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. GOC:add GOC:rl ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. biological_process GO:0048536 spleen development GO:0048536 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048539 bone marrow development GO:0048539 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. response to steroid hormone stimulus biological_process GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone GO:0048545 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. GOC:go_curators response to steroid hormone stimulus GOC:dos The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GO:0048547 gut morphogenesis alimentary canal morphogenesis digestive tube morphogenesis gastrointestinal tract morphogenesis intestinal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048546 digestive tract morphogenesis GO:0048546 The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators PMID:12618131 gut morphogenesis GOC:dph Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048562 embryonic organ morphogenesis GO:0048562 Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. gut development intestinal development intestine development biological_process GO:0048565 digestive tract development GO:0048565 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GOC:go_curators gut development GOC:dph Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. embryonic organogenesis biological_process GO:0048568 embryonic organ development GO:0048568 Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. biological_process GO:0048570 notochord morphogenesis GO:0048570 The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048580 regulation of post-embryonic development GO:0048580 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. down regulation of post-embryonic development down-regulation of post-embryonic development downregulation of post-embryonic development inhibition of post-embryonic development biological_process GO:0048581 negative regulation of post-embryonic development GO:0048581 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. up regulation of post-embryonic development up-regulation of post-embryonic development upregulation of post-embryonic development activation of post-embryonic development stimulation of post-embryonic development biological_process GO:0048582 positive regulation of post-embryonic development GO:0048582 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. biological_process GO:0048583 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048583 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. up regulation of response to stimulus up-regulation of response to stimulus upregulation of response to stimulus activation of response to stimulus stimulation of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048584 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048584 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. down regulation of response to stimulus down-regulation of response to stimulus downregulation of response to stimulus inhibition of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048585 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to stimulus GO:0048585 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another. developmental growth of a unicellular organism biological_process GO:0048588 developmental cell growth GO:0048588 The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. biological_process GO:0048589 developmental growth GO:0048589 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. GO:0048748 biological_process GO:0048592 eye morphogenesis GO:0048592 The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GO:0048594 GO:0048595 camera-style eye morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048593 camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0048593 The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu camera-style eye morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. embryonic eye morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048596 embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis GO:0048596 The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. GO:0048828 embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048598 embryonic morphogenesis GO:0048598 The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0048599 oocyte development GO:0048599 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte. oocyte morphogenesis during differentiation biological_process GO:0048601 oocyte morphogenesis GO:0048601 The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte. GOC:go_curators The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23445 biological_process GO:0048608 reproductive structure development GO:0048608 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. organismal reproductive process reproductive process in a multicellular organism biological_process GO:0048609 multicellular organismal reproductive process GO:0048609 The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0048627 myoblast development GO:0048627 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0048628 myoblast maturation GO:0048628 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size. biological_process GO:0048630 skeletal muscle tissue growth GO:0048630 The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. biological_process GO:0048631 regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth GO:0048631 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. down regulation of skeletal muscle growth down-regulation of skeletal muscle growth downregulation of skeletal muscle growth inhibition of skeletal muscle growth biological_process GO:0048632 negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth GO:0048632 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth. up regulation of skeletal muscle growth up-regulation of skeletal muscle growth upregulation of skeletal muscle growth activation of skeletal muscle growth stimulation of skeletal muscle growth biological_process GO:0048633 positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth GO:0048633 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. biological_process GO:0048634 regulation of muscle organ development GO:0048634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. down regulation of muscle development down-regulation of muscle development downregulation of muscle development inhibition of muscle development biological_process GO:0048635 negative regulation of muscle organ development GO:0048635 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development. up regulation of muscle development up-regulation of muscle development upregulation of muscle development activation of muscle development stimulation of muscle development biological_process GO:0048636 positive regulation of muscle organ development GO:0048636 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. biological_process GO:0048638 regulation of developmental growth GO:0048638 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. up regulation of developmental growth up-regulation of developmental growth upregulation of developmental growth activation of developmental growth stimulation of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048639 positive regulation of developmental growth GO:0048639 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. down regulation of developmental growth down-regulation of developmental growth downregulation of developmental growth inhibition of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048640 negative regulation of developmental growth GO:0048640 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. biological_process GO:0048641 regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development GO:0048641 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. down regulation of skeletal muscle development down-regulation of skeletal muscle development downregulation of skeletal muscle development inhibition of skeletal muscle development biological_process GO:0048642 negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development GO:0048642 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. up regulation of skeletal muscle development up-regulation of skeletal muscle development upregulation of skeletal muscle development activation of skeletal muscle development stimulation of skeletal muscle development biological_process GO:0048643 positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development GO:0048643 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048644 muscle organ morphogenesis GO:0048644 The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. animal organ primordium initiation initiation of an animal organ primordium biological_process GO:0048645 animal organ formation GO:0048645 The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. GOC:dph GOC:jid The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048646 Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense. anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis GO:0048646 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. SMC proliferation biological_process GO:0048659 smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048659 The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc PMID:1840698 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. regulation of SMC proliferation biological_process GO:0048660 regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048660 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. positive regulation of SMC proliferation up regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation up-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation upregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation activation of smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048661 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048661 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. down regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation down-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation downregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of SMC proliferation inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048662 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:0048662 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0048666 neuron development GO:0048666 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation biological_process GO:0048667 cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation GO:0048667 The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:tb neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. neuron generation biological_process GO:0048699 generation of neurons GO:0048699 The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. GOC:nln The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. skeletal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048705 skeletal system morphogenesis GO:0048705 The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:dsf GOC:jid GOC:tb skeletal morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0048709 oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048709 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0048713 regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048713 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. up regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation up-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation upregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation activation of oligodendrocyte differentiation stimulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048714 positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048714 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. down regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation down-regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation downregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0048715 negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation GO:0048715 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. GOC:vp PMID:15139015 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048729 tissue morphogenesis GO:0048729 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process hypodermis morphogenesis GO:0048730 epidermis morphogenesis GO:0048730 The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. GOC:jid UBERON:0001003 hypodermis morphogenesis GOC:kmv GOC:rk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0048731 system development GO:0048731 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. biological_process GO:0048732 gland development GO:0048732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. biological_process GO:0048736 appendage development GO:0048736 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. GOC:jid GOC:rc The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. heart muscle development biological_process GO:0048738 cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0048738 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. skeletal muscle fibre development skeletal myofiber development skeletal myofibre development biological_process GO:0048741 skeletal muscle fiber development GO:0048741 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:ef GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development regulation of skeletal myofiber development regulation of skeletal myofibre development biological_process GO:0048742 regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development GO:0048742 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:sm Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. positive regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development positive regulation of skeletal myofiber development positive regulation of skeletal myofibre development up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development activation of skeletal muscle fiber development stimulation of skeletal muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0048743 positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development GO:0048743 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development negative regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development negative regulation of skeletal myofiber development negative regulation of skeletal myofibre development inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0048744 negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development GO:0048744 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048745 smooth muscle tissue development GO:0048745 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. GO:0007456 insect-type retina development biological_process GO:0048749 compound eye development GO:0048749 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu Wikipedia:Eye insect-type retina development PMID:11735386 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule. pigment granule organisation biological_process pigment granule organization and biogenesis GO:0048753 pigment granule organization GO:0048753 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule. GOC:rc pigment granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. biological_process tubulogenesis GO:0048754 branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube GO:0048754 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid tubulogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). biological_process GO:0048755 branching morphogenesis of a nerve GO:0048755 The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. biological_process GO:0048762 mesenchymal cell differentiation GO:0048762 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. GOC:dph GOC:jid A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. cellular_component GO:0048770 pigment granule GO:0048770 A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. GOC:jid GOC:mh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. pronephric kidney development biological_process GO:0048793 pronephros development GO:0048793 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:10535314 PMID:15968585 PMID:18322540 XAO:00002000 ZFA:0000151 pronephric kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048799 animal organ maturation GO:0048799 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. genital development biological_process GO:0048806 genitalia development GO:0048806 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized. biological_process male genital morphogenesis GO:0048808 male genitalia morphogenesis GO:0048808 The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized. GOC:ems ISBN:0140512888 The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. neurite biosynthesis neurite formation neurite growth biological_process neurite morphogenesis GO:0048812 neuron projection morphogenesis GO:0048812 The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. GOC:mah neurite morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. RBC development red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048821 erythrocyte development GO:0048821 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:devbiol RBC development CL:0000232 red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. enucleate RBC development enucleate red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048822 enucleate erythrocyte development GO:0048822 The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:devbiol enucleate RBC development CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. nucleate RBC development nucleate red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048823 nucleate erythrocyte development GO:0048823 The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:devbiol nucleate RBC development CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048839 inner ear development GO:0048839 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:sr The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. arterial morphogenesis arteriogenesis biological_process GO:0048844 artery morphogenesis GO:0048844 The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. GOC:dsf PMID:16740480 arteriogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart. vein morphogenesis venous morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048845 venous blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0048845 The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart. GOC:dsf PMID:16740480 The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). prosencephalon morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048853 forebrain morphogenesis GO:0048853 The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). GOC:cvs GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0048854 brain morphogenesis GO:0048854 The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:dgh GOC:jid The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. development of an anatomical structure biological_process GO:0048856 anatomical structure development GO:0048856 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GO_REF:0000021 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. biological_process GO:0048857 neural nucleus development GO:0048857 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048858 cell projection morphogenesis GO:0048858 The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. biological_process GO:0048859 formation of anatomical boundary GO:0048859 The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GO_REF:0000021 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0048860 glioblast division GO:0048860 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells. GOC:devbiol The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. Wikipedia:Stem_cell_differentiation biological_process GO:0048863 stem cell differentiation GO:0048863 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. biological_process GO:0048864 stem cell development GO:0048864 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. biological_process GO:0048869 cellular developmental process GO:0048869 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19809 cell locomotion movement of a cell biological_process cell movement GO:0048870 cell motility GO:0048870 Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mlg Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0048871 multicellular organismal-level homeostasis GO:0048871 Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24218 cell population homeostasis homeostasis of cell number biological_process GO:0048872 homeostasis of number of cells GO:0048872 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. GOC:isa_complete homeostasis of cell number GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048880 sensory system development GO:0048880 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dgh The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0048934 peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation GO:0048934 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0048935 peripheral nervous system neuron development GO:0048935 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:dgh Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. chromosome localisation establishment and maintenance of chromosome localization establishment and maintenance of chromosome position biological_process GO:0050000 chromosome localization GO:0050000 Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai chromosome localisation GOC:mah The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0050432 catecholamine secretion GO:0050432 The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. biological_process GO:0050433 regulation of catecholamine secretion GO:0050433 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. GOC:ai The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0050657 nucleic acid transport GO:0050657 The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0050658 RNA transport GO:0050658 The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. biological_process GO:0050670 regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050670 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. up regulation of lymphocyte proliferation up-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation upregulation of lymphocyte proliferation activation of lymphocyte proliferation stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0050671 positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050671 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. down regulation of lymphocyte proliferation down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation downregulation of lymphocyte proliferation inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0050672 negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation GO:0050672 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation. GOC:ai The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. biological_process GO:0050673 epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050673 The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. ISBN:0721662544 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0050678 regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050678 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation activation of epithelial cell proliferation stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0050679 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050679 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. down regulation of epithelial cell proliferation down-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation downregulation of epithelial cell proliferation inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0050680 negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050680 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. biological_process GO:0050708 regulation of protein secretion GO:0050708 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. down regulation of protein secretion down-regulation of protein secretion downregulation of protein secretion inhibition of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050709 negative regulation of protein secretion GO:0050709 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. up regulation of protein secretion up-regulation of protein secretion upregulation of protein secretion activation of protein secretion stimulation of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050714 positive regulation of protein secretion GO:0050714 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. biological_process GO:0050727 regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050727 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GO:0030236 anti-inflammatory response down regulation of inflammatory response down-regulation of inflammatory response downregulation of inflammatory response inhibition of inflammatory response biological_process GO:0050728 negative regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050728 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. up regulation of inflammatory response up-regulation of inflammatory response upregulation of inflammatory response activation of inflammatory response stimulation of inflammatory response biological_process GO:0050729 positive regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050729 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0050767 regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050767 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. down regulation of neurogenesis down-regulation of neurogenesis downregulation of neurogenesis inhibition of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050768 negative regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050768 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. up regulation of neurogenesis up-regulation of neurogenesis upregulation of neurogenesis activation of neurogenesis stimulation of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050769 positive regulation of neurogenesis GO:0050769 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. biological_process GO:0050770 regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050770 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. down regulation of axonogenesis down-regulation of axonogenesis downregulation of axonogenesis inhibition of axonogenesis biological_process GO:0050771 negative regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050771 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. up regulation of axonogenesis up-regulation of axonogenesis upregulation of axonogenesis activation of axonogenesis stimulation of axonogenesis biological_process GO:0050772 positive regulation of axonogenesis GO:0050772 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. biological_process GO:0050776 regulation of immune response GO:0050776 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. down regulation of immune response down-regulation of immune response downregulation of immune response inhibition of immune response biological_process GO:0050777 negative regulation of immune response GO:0050777 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. up regulation of immune response up-regulation of immune response upregulation of immune response stimulation of immune response biological_process GO:0050778 positive regulation of immune response GO:0050778 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0050791 regulation of physiological process biological_process GO:0050789 regulation of biological process GO:0050789 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048552 regulation of enzyme activity regulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0050790 regulation of catalytic activity GO:0050790 Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ai GOC:ebc GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GO:0050793 regulation of developmental process GO:0050793 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051244 regulation of cellular physiological process biological_process GO:0050794 regulation of cellular process GO:0050794 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. regulation of behaviour biological_process GO:0050795 regulation of behavior GO:0050795 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. GOC:go_curators GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. biological_process GO:0050796 regulation of insulin secretion GO:0050796 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). biological_process GO:0050803 regulation of synapse structure or activity GO:0050803 Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. modulation of synaptic transmission regulation of chemical synaptic transmission regulation of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050804 modulation of chemical synaptic transmission GO:0050804 Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. down regulation of synaptic transmission down-regulation of synaptic transmission downregulation of synaptic transmission inhibition of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050805 negative regulation of synaptic transmission GO:0050805 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. up regulation of synaptic transmission up-regulation of synaptic transmission upregulation of synaptic transmission activation of synaptic transmission stimulation of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050806 positive regulation of synaptic transmission GO:0050806 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). regulation of synapse organisation regulation of synapse structure biological_process regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GO:0050807 regulation of synapse organization GO:0050807 Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of synapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). synapse organisation biological_process synapse development synapse morphogenesis synapse organization and biogenesis GO:0050808 synapse organization GO:0050808 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai GOC:pr synapse development GOC:aruk synapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. regulation of steroid anabolism regulation of steroid biosynthesis regulation of steroid formation regulation of steroid synthesis regulation of steroidogenesis biological_process GO:0050810 regulation of steroid biosynthetic process GO:0050810 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:ai Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. GO:0009623 GO:0009817 GO:0042831 defence response to fungi defence response to fungus defense response to fungi defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction resistance response to pathogenic fungi resistance response to pathogenic fungus response to parasitic fungi response to parasitic fungus biological_process GO:0050832 defense response to fungus GO:0050832 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. regulation of T lymphocyte activation regulation of T-cell activation regulation of T-lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0050863 regulation of T cell activation GO:0050863 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. biological_process GO:0050865 regulation of cell activation GO:0050865 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation. down regulation of cell activation down-regulation of cell activation downregulation of cell activation inhibition of cell activation biological_process GO:0050866 negative regulation of cell activation GO:0050866 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. up regulation of cell activation up-regulation of cell activation upregulation of cell activation activation of cell activation stimulation of cell activation biological_process GO:0050867 positive regulation of cell activation GO:0050867 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. down regulation of T cell activation down-regulation of T cell activation downregulation of T cell activation negative regulation of T lymphocyte activation negative regulation of T-cell activation negative regulation of T-lymphocyte activation inhibition of T cell activation biological_process GO:0050868 negative regulation of T cell activation GO:0050868 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. positive regulation of T lymphocyte activation positive regulation of T-cell activation positive regulation of T-lymphocyte activation up regulation of T cell activation up-regulation of T cell activation upregulation of T cell activation activation of T cell activation stimulation of T cell activation biological_process GO:0050870 positive regulation of T cell activation GO:0050870 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation. GOC:ai A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13824 neurological system process neurophysiological process biological_process pan-neural process GO:0050877 nervous system process GO:0050877 A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_cardio Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. biological_process GO:0050878 regulation of body fluid levels GO:0050878 Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0050879 multicellular organismal movement GO:0050879 Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. biological_process GO:0050881 musculoskeletal movement GO:0050881 The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. GOC:dph The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. endocrine physiological process endocrine physiology biological_process GO:0050886 endocrine process GO:0050886 The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. ISBN:0721662544 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. Wikipedia:Cognition biological_process GO:0050890 cognition GO:0050890 The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. ISBN:0721619908 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GO:0051869 physiological response to stimulus biological_process GO:0050896 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to stimulus GO:0050896 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GOC:ai GOC:bf The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. immune cell migration immune cell trafficking leucocyte migration leucocyte trafficking leukocyte trafficking biological_process GO:0050900 leukocyte migration GO:0050900 The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 PMID:14680625 PMID:14708592 PMID:7507411 PMID:8600538 Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. neuromotor process neuromuscular physiological process biological_process GO:0050905 neuromuscular process GO:0050905 Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. GOC:ai The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Wikipedia:Transduction_(physiology) sensory detection of stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus sensory perception, stimulus detection sensory transduction biological_process GO:0050906 detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050906 The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos GOC:dph The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of chemical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050907 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050907 The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of light during visual perception sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception sensory transduction of light during visual perception sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception visual perception, detection of light stimulus visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus biological_process GO:0050908 detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception GO:0050908 The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Taste gustation sense of taste taste taste perception biological_process GO:0050909 sensory perception of taste GO:0050909 The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal. GO:0009592 GO:0055128 detection of sound hearing, sensory transduction of sound perception of sound, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of sound, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of sound sensory transduction of sound biological_process GO:0050910 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound GO:0050910 The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. perception of smell, detection of chemical stimulus perception of smell, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of smell, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of smell sensory detection of scent sensory detection of smell sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of smell sensory transduction of scent sensory transduction of smell biological_process GO:0050911 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell GO:0050911 The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. taste perception perception of taste, detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of taste, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory detection of taste sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of taste sensory transduction of taste biological_process GO:0050912 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste GO:0050912 The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. GO:0043357 GO:0043358 chromatophore differentiation pigmented cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050931 Note that the chromatophore mentioned here is distinct from the pigment bearing structure found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. It is also different from the plant chromoplast, which is also sometimes called a chromatophore. pigment cell differentiation GO:0050931 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0050932 regulation of pigment cell differentiation GO:0050932 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. down regulation of pigment cell differentiation down-regulation of pigment cell differentiation downregulation of pigment cell differentiation inhibition of pigment cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050941 negative regulation of pigment cell differentiation GO:0050941 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. up regulation of pigment cell differentiation up-regulation of pigment cell differentiation upregulation of pigment cell differentiation activation of pigment cell differentiation stimulation of pigment cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050942 positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation GO:0050942 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process GO:0050952 sensory perception of electrical stimulus GO:0050952 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process GO:0050953 sensory perception of light stimulus GO:0050953 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. mechanosensory perception perception of mechanical stimulus biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling GO:0050954 sensory perception of mechanical stimulus GO:0050954 The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location. Wikipedia:Electroreception electroception sense electroceptive sense biological_process GO:0050956 electroception GO:0050956 The series of events required for an organism to receive an electrical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Many fish possess an electroception sense; for example, the electric eel uses low voltage pulses of electricity for navigation and prey location. GOC:ai PMID:10210663 Wikipedia:Electroreception The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light. sensory detection of light stimulus sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050962 detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050962 The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events in which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. sensory detection of electrical stimulus sensory detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus sensory transduction of electrical stimulus sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050963 detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050963 The series of events in which an electrical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events that contribute to electroception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. electroception, detection of electrical stimulus electroception, sensory detection of electrical stimulus electroception, sensory transduction electroception, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus biological_process detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception sensory detection of electrical stimulus during electroception sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during electroception GO:0050964 detection of electrical stimulus involved in electroception GO:0050964 The series of events that contribute to electroception in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos detection of electrical stimulus during electroreception GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of pain biological_process mechanical nociception GO:0050966 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050966 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos mechanical nociception GOC:pr The series of events that contribute to the perception of pain in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of electrical stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of electrical stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of electrical stimulus biological_process detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception of pain sensory detection of electrical stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of electrical stimulus during perception of pain GO:0050967 detection of electrical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050967 The series of events that contribute to the perception of pain in which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:tb detection of electrical stimulus during sensory perception of pain GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. perception of pain, detection of chemical stimulus perception of pain, sensory detection of chemical stimulus perception of pain, sensory transduction of chemical stimulus sensory detection of chemical stimulus during perception of pain sensory transduction of chemical stimulus during perception of pain biological_process chemical nociception GO:0050968 detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0050968 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai chemical nociception GOC:pr The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050974 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception GO:0050974 The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach). Wikipedia:Touch perception of touch tactile sense taction tactition biological_process GO:0050975 sensory perception of touch GO:0050975 The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach). GOC:ai The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus biological_process GO:0050976 detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GO:0050976 The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0050981 detection of electrical stimulus GO:0050981 The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process GO:0050982 detection of mechanical stimulus GO:0050982 The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. regulation of lipid breakdown regulation of lipid catabolism regulation of lipid degradation biological_process GO:0050994 regulation of lipid catabolic process GO:0050994 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. down regulation of lipid catabolic process down-regulation of lipid catabolic process downregulation of lipid catabolic process negative regulation of lipid breakdown negative regulation of lipid catabolism negative regulation of lipid degradation inhibition of lipid catabolic process biological_process GO:0050995 negative regulation of lipid catabolic process GO:0050995 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. positive regulation of lipid breakdown positive regulation of lipid catabolism positive regulation of lipid degradation up regulation of lipid catabolic process up-regulation of lipid catabolic process upregulation of lipid catabolic process activation of lipid catabolic process stimulation of lipid catabolic process biological_process GO:0050996 positive regulation of lipid catabolic process GO:0050996 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids. GOC:ai The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. GO:0045011 biological_process actin bundling activity actin cable assembly actin cable formation GO:0051017 actin filament bundle assembly GO:0051017 The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness. GOC:ai actin cable assembly GOC:mah actin cable formation GOC:mah The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051027 DNA transport GO:0051027 The directed movement of RNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information. molecular_function GO:0051032 nucleic acid transmembrane transporter activity GO:0051032 Enables the transfer of nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Nucleic acids are single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information. GOC:ai Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. Reactome:R-HSA-203906 molecular_function GO:0051033 RNA transmembrane transporter activity GO:0051033 Enables the transfer of RNA, ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-203906 Exportin complex translocates pre-miRNA to cytosol Enables the transfer of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. molecular_function GO:0051035 DNA transmembrane transporter activity GO:0051035 Enables the transfer of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0051046 regulation of secretion GO:0051046 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. up regulation of secretion up-regulation of secretion upregulation of secretion activation of secretion stimulation of secretion biological_process GO:0051047 positive regulation of secretion GO:0051047 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. down regulation of secretion down-regulation of secretion downregulation of secretion inhibition of secretion biological_process GO:0051048 negative regulation of secretion GO:0051048 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051049 regulation of transport GO:0051049 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of transport up-regulation of transport upregulation of transport activation of transport stimulation of transport biological_process GO:0051050 positive regulation of transport GO:0051050 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of transport down-regulation of transport downregulation of transport inhibition of transport biological_process GO:0051051 negative regulation of transport GO:0051051 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. regulation of DNA metabolism biological_process GO:0051052 regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051052 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. down regulation of DNA metabolic process down-regulation of DNA metabolic process downregulation of DNA metabolic process negative regulation of DNA metabolism inhibition of DNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051053 negative regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051053 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. positive regulation of DNA metabolism up regulation of DNA metabolic process up-regulation of DNA metabolic process upregulation of DNA metabolic process activation of DNA metabolic process stimulation of DNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051054 positive regulation of DNA metabolic process GO:0051054 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process negative regulation of lipid anabolism negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis negative regulation of lipid formation negative regulation of lipid synthesis negative regulation of lipogenesis inhibition of lipid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051055 negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process GO:0051055 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai negative regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs. biological_process meiotic nuclear envelope breakdown meiotic nuclear envelope catabolism meiotic nuclear envelope degradation meiotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0051078 meiotic nuclear membrane disassembly GO:0051078 The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs. GOC:bf The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the second division of meiosis. biological_process meiosis II nuclear envelope breakdown meiosis II nuclear envelope catabolism meiosis II nuclear envelope degradation meiosis II nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0051080 meiosis II nuclear membrane disassembly GO:0051080 The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the second division of meiosis. GOC:bf The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division. biological_process nuclear envelope breakdown nuclear envelope catabolism nuclear envelope degradation nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0051081 nuclear membrane disassembly GO:0051081 The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). down regulation of developmental process down-regulation of developmental process downregulation of developmental process inhibition of developmental process biological_process GO:0051093 negative regulation of developmental process GO:0051093 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). up regulation of developmental process up-regulation of developmental process upregulation of developmental process activation of developmental process stimulation of developmental process biological_process GO:0051094 positive regulation of developmental process GO:0051094 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides. Reactome:R-HSA-428779 Reactome:R-HSA-8875902 Reactome:R-HSA-8876319 sugar/polyol channel activity molecular_function GO:0051119 sugar transmembrane transporter activity GO:0051119 Enables the transfer of a sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A sugar is any member of a class of sweet, water-soluble, crystallizable carbohydrates, which are the monosaccharides and smaller oligosaccharides. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_transport ISBN:0815340729 Reactome:R-HSA-428779 GLUT7 and GLUT11 transport glucose and fructose Reactome:R-HSA-8875902 SLC45A3 transports Glc from extracellular region to cytosol Reactome:R-HSA-8876319 SLC50A1 transports Glc from cytosol to extracellular region Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. regulation of cellular component organisation biological_process regulation of cell organisation regulation of cell organization regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051128 regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051128 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai regulation of cell organisation GOC:mah regulation of cell organization GOC:mah regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. down regulation of cell organization down-regulation of cell organization downregulation of cell organization inhibition of cell organization biological_process negative regulation of cell organisation negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051129 negative regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051129 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai negative regulation of cell organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. positive regulation of cell organisation up regulation of cell organization up-regulation of cell organization upregulation of cell organization activation of cell organization stimulation of cell organization biological_process positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051130 positive regulation of cellular component organization GO:0051130 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. nonstriated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051145 smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0051145 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. CL:0000192 GOC:ai The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. voluntary muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051146 striated muscle cell differentiation GO:0051146 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051147 regulation of muscle cell differentiation GO:0051147 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation downregulation of muscle cell differentiation inhibition of muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051148 negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation GO:0051148 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation upregulation of muscle cell differentiation activation of muscle cell differentiation stimulation of muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051149 positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation GO:0051149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051150 regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0051150 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051151 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0051151 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of smooth muscle cell differentiation stimulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051152 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0051152 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051153 regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation GO:0051153 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation downregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation inhibition of striated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051154 negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation GO:0051154 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation upregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation activation of striated muscle cell differentiation stimulation of striated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051155 positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation GO:0051155 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus. Wikipedia:Nuclear_transport nucleus transport biological_process GO:0051169 nuclear transport GO:0051169 The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. regulation of nitrogen metabolic process regulation of nitrogen metabolism biological_process GO:0051171 regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051171 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism inhibition of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051172 negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051172 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process activation of nitrogen metabolic process stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051173 positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0051173 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. regulation of phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0051174 regulation of phosphorus metabolic process GO:0051174 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. down regulation of sulfur metabolic process down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process downregulation of sulfur metabolic process negative regulation of sulfur metabolism negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process negative regulation of sulphur metabolism inhibition of sulfur metabolic process biological_process GO:0051175 negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process GO:0051175 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. positive regulation of sulfur metabolism positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process positive regulation of sulphur metabolism up regulation of sulfur metabolic process up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process upregulation of sulfur metabolic process activation of sulfur metabolic process stimulation of sulfur metabolic process biological_process GO:0051176 positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process GO:0051176 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. GOC:ai Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. jl 2013-12-18T13:51:04Z GO:1902578 establishment and maintenance of localization establishment and maintenance of position localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular component location establishment and maintenance of substance location establishment and maintenance of substrate location biological_process single organism localization single-organism localization GO:0051179 localization GO:0051179 Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos localisation GOC:mah single organism localization GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. Wikipedia:Chondrogenesis cartilage biogenesis cartilage biosynthesis cartilage element development cartilage formation cartilage organ development chondrogenesis biological_process GO:0051216 cartilage development GO:0051216 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:cjm PMID:23251424 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of protein transport up-regulation of protein transport upregulation of protein transport activation of protein transport stimulation of protein transport biological_process GO:0051222 positive regulation of protein transport GO:0051222 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051223 regulation of protein transport GO:0051223 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of protein transport down-regulation of protein transport downregulation of protein transport inhibition of protein transport biological_process GO:0051224 negative regulation of protein transport GO:0051224 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. establishment of localisation biological_process GO:0051234 establishment of localization GO:0051234 Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos establishment of localisation GOC:mah The directed movement of RNA to a specific location. RNA positioning RNA recruitment establishment of RNA localisation biological_process GO:0051236 establishment of RNA localization GO:0051236 The directed movement of RNA to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of RNA localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. biological_process GO:0051239 regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051239 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. up regulation of multicellular organismal process up-regulation of multicellular organismal process upregulation of multicellular organismal process activation of multicellular organismal process stimulation of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051240 positive regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051240 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. down regulation of multicellular organismal process down-regulation of multicellular organismal process downregulation of multicellular organismal process inhibition of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051241 negative regulation of multicellular organismal process GO:0051241 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0032268 regulation of protein metabolism biological_process regulation of cellular protein metabolic process regulation of cellular protein metabolism GO:0051246 regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051246 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0032270 positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism positive regulation of protein metabolism up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process up regulation of protein metabolic process up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process up-regulation of protein metabolic process upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process upregulation of protein metabolic process activation of cellular protein metabolic process activation of protein metabolic process stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process stimulation of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051247 positive regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051247 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23112 GO:0032269 down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process down regulation of protein metabolic process down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process down-regulation of protein metabolic process downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process downregulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism negative regulation of protein metabolism inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process inhibition of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051248 negative regulation of protein metabolic process GO:0051248 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. biological_process GO:0051249 regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051249 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. down regulation of lymphocyte activation down-regulation of lymphocyte activation downregulation of lymphocyte activation inhibition of lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0051250 negative regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051250 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. up regulation of lymphocyte activation up-regulation of lymphocyte activation upregulation of lymphocyte activation activation of lymphocyte activation stimulation of lymphocyte activation biological_process GO:0051251 positive regulation of lymphocyte activation GO:0051251 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. regulation of RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0051252 regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. down regulation of RNA metabolic process down-regulation of RNA metabolic process downregulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA metabolism inhibition of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051253 negative regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051253 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. positive regulation of RNA metabolism up regulation of RNA metabolic process up-regulation of RNA metabolic process upregulation of RNA metabolic process activation of RNA metabolic process stimulation of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051254 positive regulation of RNA metabolic process GO:0051254 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. protein polymer biosynthesis protein polymer biosynthetic process protein polymer formation biological_process GO:0051258 protein polymerization GO:0051258 The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. GOC:ai The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. protein polymer breakdown protein polymer catabolic process protein polymer catabolism protein polymer degradation biological_process GO:0051261 protein depolymerization GO:0051261 The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. GOC:ai A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22811 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/4585 GO:0006323 GO:0007001 GO:0051277 DNA condensation chromosome organisation DNA packaging biological_process chromosome organization and biogenesis maintenance of genome integrity nuclear genome maintenance GO:0051276 chromosome organization GO:0051276 A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. Wikipedia:Cell_division biological_process GO:0051301 Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division. cell division GO:0051301 The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. GOC:di GOC:go_curators GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0051302 regulation of cell division GO:0051302 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location. chromosome positioning establishment of chromosome localisation biological_process GO:0051303 establishment of chromosome localization GO:0051303 The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of chromosome localisation GOC:mah Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24599 GO:0007126 Wikipedia:Meiosis biological_process meiosis GO:0051321 Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle. meiotic cell cycle GO:0051321 Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. hydrolase regulator biological_process GO:0051336 regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051336 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. transferase regulator biological_process GO:0051338 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. regulation of transferase activity GO:0051338 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. hydrolase activator up regulation of hydrolase activity up-regulation of hydrolase activity upregulation of hydrolase activity activation of hydrolase activity stimulation of hydrolase activity biological_process GO:0051345 positive regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051345 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. down regulation of hydrolase activity down-regulation of hydrolase activity downregulation of hydrolase activity hydrolase inhibitor inhibition of hydrolase activity biological_process GO:0051346 negative regulation of hydrolase activity GO:0051346 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. transferase activator up regulation of transferase activity up-regulation of transferase activity upregulation of transferase activity activation of transferase activity stimulation of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051347 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. positive regulation of transferase activity GO:0051347 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. down regulation of transferase activity down-regulation of transferase activity downregulation of transferase activity transferase inhibitor inhibition of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051348 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. negative regulation of transferase activity GO:0051348 Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. apoptosis of neuronal cells apoptosis of neurons neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis neuronal cell apoptosis neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis programmed cell death, neuronal cells programmed cell death, neurons neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0051402 neuron apoptotic process GO:0051402 Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. CL:0000540 GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances. detoxification of nitrogenous compound nitric oxide (NO) detoxification biological_process GO:0051410 detoxification of nitrogen compound GO:0051410 Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. meiotic cell cycle modulation meiotic cell cycle regulation modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process meiotic cell cycle regulator GO:0051445 regulation of meiotic cell cycle GO:0051445 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0051446 positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle GO:0051446 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0051447 negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle GO:0051447 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0051450 myoblast proliferation GO:0051450 The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ai GOC:mtg_muscle The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0051451 myoblast migration GO:0051451 The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ai GOC:mtg_muscle The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole. GO:0042146 biological_process heterotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic) heterotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic GO:0051469 vesicle fusion with vacuole GO:0051469 The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. regulation of cytoskeleton organisation biological_process regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051493 regulation of cytoskeleton organization GO:0051493 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. down regulation of cytoskeleton organization down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization downregulation of cytoskeleton organization negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation inhibition of cytoskeleton organization biological_process negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051494 negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization GO:0051494 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation up regulation of cytoskeleton organization up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization upregulation of cytoskeleton organization activation of cytoskeleton organization stimulation of cytoskeleton organization biological_process positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051495 positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization GO:0051495 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051588 regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051588 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of neurotransmitter transport down-regulation of neurotransmitter transport downregulation of neurotransmitter transport inhibition of neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0051589 negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051589 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of neurotransmitter transport up-regulation of neurotransmitter transport upregulation of neurotransmitter transport activation of neurotransmitter transport stimulation of neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0051590 positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport GO:0051590 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. biological_process response to electricity GO:0051602 response to electrical stimulus GO:0051602 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. GOC:ai The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. stimulus detection biological_process perception of stimulus stimulus sensing GO:0051606 detection of stimulus GO:0051606 The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:add GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol reuptake levarterenol uptake noradrenaline reuptake noradrenaline uptake norepinephrine import norepinephrine reuptake biological_process GO:0051620 norepinephrine uptake GO:0051620 The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell. regulation of levarterenol uptake regulation of noradrenaline uptake regulation of norepinephrine import biological_process GO:0051621 regulation of norepinephrine uptake GO:0051621 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. down regulation of norepinephrine uptake down-regulation of norepinephrine uptake downregulation of norepinephrine uptake negative regulation of levarterenol uptake negative regulation of noradrenaline uptake negative regulation of norepinephrine import biological_process GO:0051622 negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake GO:0051622 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai negative regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. positive regulation of levarterenol uptake positive regulation of noradrenaline uptake positive regulation of norepinephrine import up regulation of norepinephrine uptake up-regulation of norepinephrine uptake upregulation of norepinephrine uptake activation of norepinephrine uptake stimulation of norepinephrine uptake biological_process GO:0051623 positive regulation of norepinephrine uptake GO:0051623 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai positive regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. acetylcholine import biological_process GO:0051630 acetylcholine uptake GO:0051630 The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:ai acetylcholine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into a cell. regulation of acetylcholine import biological_process GO:0051631 regulation of acetylcholine uptake GO:0051631 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into a cell. GOC:ai regulation of acetylcholine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell. down regulation of acetylcholine uptake down-regulation of acetylcholine uptake downregulation of acetylcholine uptake negative regulation of acetylcholine import biological_process GO:0051632 negative regulation of acetylcholine uptake GO:0051632 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell. GOC:ai negative regulation of acetylcholine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell. positive regulation of acetylcholine import up regulation of acetylcholine uptake up-regulation of acetylcholine uptake upregulation of acetylcholine uptake activation of acetylcholine uptake stimulation of acetylcholine uptake biological_process GO:0051633 positive regulation of acetylcholine uptake GO:0051633 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell. GOC:ai positive regulation of acetylcholine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19809 establishment and maintenance of organelle localization organelle localisation biological_process GO:0051640 organelle localization GO:0051640 Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai organelle localisation GOC:mah A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane. jl 2013-12-18T14:04:32Z GO:1902580 cellular localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular localization establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane single organism cellular localization intracellular localization localization within cell biological_process single-organism cellular localization GO:0051641 cellular localization GO:0051641 A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane. GOC:tb GOC:vw cellular localisation GOC:mah single organism cellular localization GOC:TermGenie Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. Golgi apparatus localization Golgi body localization Golgi localisation establishment and maintenance of Golgi localization biological_process GO:0051645 Golgi localization GO:0051645 Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai Golgi localisation GOC:mah Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. cell nucleus localization establishment and maintenance of nucleus localization localization of nucleus nucleus localisation biological_process GO:0051647 nucleus localization GO:0051647 Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai nucleus localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. cytoplasmic vesicle localization establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization vesicle localisation biological_process GO:0051648 vesicle localization GO:0051648 Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai vesicle localisation GOC:mah Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. establishment of localisation in cell establishment of intracellular localization establishment of localization within cell positioning within cell biological_process establishment of cellular localization GO:0051649 establishment of localization in cell GO:0051649 Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of localisation in cell GOC:mah establishment of cellular localization GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location. establishment of vesicle localisation biological_process GO:0051650 establishment of vesicle localization GO:0051650 The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of vesicle localisation GOC:mah The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location. establishment of organelle localisation biological_process GO:0051656 establishment of organelle localization GO:0051656 The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of organelle localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane establishment and maintenance of position in membrane localisation within membrane localization to membrane positioning within membrane biological_process GO:0051668 localization within membrane GO:0051668 Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. GOC:ai localisation within membrane GOC:mah Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. cell localization establishment and maintenance of cell localization establishment and maintenance of localization of cell localisation of cell biological_process GO:0051674 localization of cell GO:0051674 Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai localisation of cell GOC:mah The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location. establishment of Golgi apparatus localization establishment of Golgi body localization establishment of Golgi localisation biological_process GO:0051683 establishment of Golgi localization GO:0051683 The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of Golgi localisation GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GO:0009613 GO:0042828 biological_process GO:0051707 response to other organism GO:0051707 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GOC:ai Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. biological_process GO:0051716 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. cellular response to stimulus GO:0051716 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GO:0000074 GO:0007050 GO:0071156 GO:0071157 GO:0071158 GO:0071850 cell cycle modulation cell cycle regulation control of cell cycle progression modulation of cell cycle progression regulation of cell cycle progression regulation of progression through cell cycle arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression cell cycle arrest mitotic cell cycle arrest negative regulation of cell cycle arrest positive regulation of cell cycle arrest regulation of cell cycle arrest biological_process cell cycle regulator tumor suppressor GO:0051726 regulation of cell cycle GO:0051726 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. up regulation of cell division up-regulation of cell division upregulation of cell division activation of cell division stimulation of cell division biological_process GO:0051781 positive regulation of cell division GO:0051781 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. down regulation of cell division down-regulation of cell division downregulation of cell division inhibition of cell division biological_process GO:0051782 negative regulation of cell division GO:0051782 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. biological_process GO:0051783 regulation of nuclear division GO:0051783 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. down regulation of nuclear division down-regulation of nuclear division downregulation of nuclear division inhibition of nuclear division biological_process GO:0051784 negative regulation of nuclear division GO:0051784 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. up regulation of nuclear division up-regulation of nuclear division upregulation of nuclear division activation of nuclear division stimulation of nuclear division biological_process GO:0051785 positive regulation of nuclear division GO:0051785 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. pigment granule localisation biological_process GO:0051875 pigment granule localization GO:0051875 Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai pigment granule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. biological_process GO:0051890 regulation of cardioblast differentiation GO:0051890 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. up regulation of cardioblast differentiation up-regulation of cardioblast differentiation upregulation of cardioblast differentiation activation of cardioblast differentiation stimulation of cardioblast differentiation biological_process GO:0051891 positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation GO:0051891 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. down regulation of cardioblast differentiation down-regulation of cardioblast differentiation downregulation of cardioblast differentiation inhibition of cardioblast differentiation biological_process GO:0051892 negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation GO:0051892 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. pigment granule translocation biological_process GO:0051904 pigment granule transport GO:0051904 The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location. establishment of pigment granule localisation biological_process GO:0051905 establishment of pigment granule localization GO:0051905 The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of pigment granule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0051930 regulation of sensory perception of pain GO:0051930 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0051931 regulation of sensory perception GO:0051931 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0051937 catecholamine transport GO:0051937 The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051952 regulation of amine transport GO:0051952 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of amine transport down-regulation of amine transport downregulation of amine transport inhibition of amine transport biological_process GO:0051953 negative regulation of amine transport GO:0051953 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of amine transport up-regulation of amine transport upregulation of amine transport activation of amine transport stimulation of amine transport biological_process GO:0051954 positive regulation of amine transport GO:0051954 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051955 regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051955 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of amino acid transport down-regulation of amino acid transport downregulation of amino acid transport negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport inhibition of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051956 negative regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051956 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport up regulation of amino acid transport up-regulation of amino acid transport upregulation of amino acid transport activation of amino acid transport stimulation of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051957 positive regulation of amino acid transport GO:0051957 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. biological_process GO:0051960 regulation of nervous system development GO:0051960 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. down regulation of nervous system development down-regulation of nervous system development downregulation of nervous system development inhibition of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051961 negative regulation of nervous system development GO:0051961 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. up regulation of nervous system development up-regulation of nervous system development upregulation of nervous system development activation of nervous system development stimulation of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051962 positive regulation of nervous system development GO:0051962 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. regulation of synapse biogenesis regulation of synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0051963 regulation of synapse assembly GO:0051963 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. down regulation of synapse assembly down-regulation of synapse assembly downregulation of synapse assembly negative regulation of synapse biogenesis negative regulation of synaptogenesis inhibition of synapse assembly biological_process GO:0051964 negative regulation of synapse assembly GO:0051964 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. positive regulation of synapse biogenesis positive regulation of synaptogenesis up regulation of synapse assembly up-regulation of synapse assembly upregulation of synapse assembly activation of synapse assembly stimulation of synapse assembly biological_process GO:0051965 positive regulation of synapse assembly GO:0051965 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. regulation of conduction of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051969 regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051969 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse inhibition of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051970 negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051970 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse activation of transmission of nerve impulse stimulation of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051971 positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse GO:0051971 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. biological_process GO:0051983 regulation of chromosome segregation GO:0051983 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. up regulation of chromosome segregation up-regulation of chromosome segregation upregulation of chromosome segregation activation of chromosome segregation stimulation of chromosome segregation biological_process GO:0051984 positive regulation of chromosome segregation GO:0051984 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. down regulation of chromosome segregation down-regulation of chromosome segregation downregulation of chromosome segregation inhibition of chromosome segregation biological_process GO:0051985 negative regulation of chromosome segregation GO:0051985 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate. GO:0048747 muscle fiber development muscle fibre development myofiber development myofibre development biological_process GO:0055001 muscle cell development GO:0055001 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate. CL:0000187 GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0055002 striated muscle cell development GO:0055002 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. cardiac myofibril development cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process heart myofibril assembly GO:0055003 cardiac myofibril assembly GO:0055003 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. cardiocyte development biological_process heart cell development GO:0055006 cardiac cell development GO:0055006 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. GOC:devbiol cardiocyte development GOC:dph The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process heart muscle cell differentiation GO:0055007 cardiac muscle cell differentiation GO:0055007 The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. GOC:devbiol GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized. myocardium morphogenesis heart muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055008 cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0055008 The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized. GOC:devbiol myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized. atrial heart muscle morphogenesis atrial myocardium morphogenesis cardiac atrium muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055009 atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0055009 The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized. GOC:devbiol atrial myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. cardiac ventricle muscle morphogenesis ventricular heart muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055010 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0055010 The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GO:0048739 cardiac muscle fiber development cardiac muscle fibre development cardiomyocyte cell development heart muscle cell development biological_process heart muscle fiber development GO:0055013 cardiac muscle cell development GO:0055013 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:devbiol GOC:mtg_heart cardiomyocyte cell development GOC:mtg_muscle The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. heart muscle growth biological_process GO:0055017 cardiac muscle tissue growth GO:0055017 The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. GOC:devbiol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development regulation of heart muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0055018 regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development GO:0055018 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. down regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development down-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development downregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development negative regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development inhibition of cardiac muscle fiber development biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle fiber development GO:0055019 negative regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development GO:0055019 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. positive regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development positive regulation of heart muscle fiber development up regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development up-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development upregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development activation of cardiac muscle fiber development stimulation of cardiac muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0055020 positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development GO:0055020 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. biological_process GO:0055021 regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth GO:0055021 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. down regulation of cardiac muscle growth down-regulation of cardiac muscle growth downregulation of cardiac muscle growth inhibition of cardiac muscle growth biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle growth GO:0055022 negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth GO:0055022 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. positive regulation of heart muscle growth up regulation of cardiac muscle growth up-regulation of cardiac muscle growth upregulation of cardiac muscle growth activation of cardiac muscle growth stimulation of cardiac muscle growth biological_process GO:0055023 positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth GO:0055023 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. regulation of heart muscle development biological_process GO:0055024 regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0055024 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. positive regulation of heart muscle development up regulation of cardiac muscle development up-regulation of cardiac muscle development upregulation of cardiac muscle development activation of cardiac muscle development stimulation of cardiac muscle development biological_process GO:0055025 positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0055025 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. down regulation of cardiac muscle development down-regulation of cardiac muscle development downregulation of cardiac muscle development negative regulation of heart muscle development inhibition of cardiac muscle development biological_process GO:0055026 negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development GO:0055026 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. neuroblast cell division biological_process GO:0055057 neuroblast division GO:0055057 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. PMID:11163136 PMID:11250167 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. biological_process GO:0055059 asymmetric neuroblast division GO:0055059 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. GOC:dph The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. tb 2015-10-21T13:22:47Z GO:0090662 membrane transport ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0055085 Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. transmembrane transport GO:0055085 The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dph GOC:jid The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide. nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process GO:0055086 nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process GO:0055086 The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide. GOC:vw The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. biological_process GO:0055107 Golgi to secretory granule transport GO:0055107 The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a secretory granule. The secretory granule is a membrane-bounded particle, usually protein, formed in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. GOC:curators The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. biological_process GO:0055108 Golgi to transport vesicle transport GO:0055108 The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. GOC:jid The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. biological_process GO:0055111 ingression involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second GO:0055111 The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation. ISBN:0878932437 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0055117 regulation of cardiac muscle contraction GO:0055117 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:ecd Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0055118 negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction GO:0055118 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:ecd The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0055123 digestive system development GO:0055123 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:jid The transmission of vibrations via ossicles to the inner ear. jid 2009-10-13T10:59:39Z biological_process GO:0055127 vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear GO:0055127 The transmission of vibrations via ossicles to the inner ear. GOC:mh The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. biological_process GO:0060008 Sertoli cell differentiation GO:0060008 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate. biological_process GO:0060009 Sertoli cell development GO:0060009 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. biological_process GO:0060011 Sertoli cell proliferation GO:0060011 The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. palatum development biological_process GO:0060021 roof of mouth development GO:0060021 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. GOC:dph ISBN:0721662544 palatum development ISBN:0721662544 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes. palatum durum development biological_process GO:0060022 hard palate development GO:0060022 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes. GOC:dph ISBN:0721662544 palatum durum development ISBN:0721662544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. biological_process GO:0060037 pharyngeal system development GO:0060037 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. GOC:dph The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. cardiac myocyte proliferation heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process cardiomyocyte proliferation GO:0060038 cardiac muscle cell proliferation GO:0060038 The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. GOC:dph GOC:rph PMID:11161571 cardiomyocyte proliferation GOC:dph PMID:10074473 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery. biological_process GO:0060039 pericardium development GO:0060039 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery. GOC:dph GOC:rph PMID:15138308 PMID:16376438 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GO:0002073 retina development in camera-style eye biological_process retinal development GO:0060041 retina development in camera-type eye GO:0060041 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GOC:bf GOC:dph ISBN:0815340729 retinal development GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye retinogenesis biological_process GO:0060042 retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0060042 The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation GO:0060043 regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation GO:0060043 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. negative regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0060044 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation GO:0060044 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. biological_process positive regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation GO:0060045 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation GO:0060045 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. heart beating biological_process cardiac contraction hemolymph circulation GO:0060047 heart contraction GO:0060047 The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GOC:dph Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. heart muscle contraction biological_process GO:0060048 cardiac muscle contraction GO:0060048 Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. GOC:dph The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process Mullerian tract development GO:0060065 uterus development GO:0060065 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:ebc The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. fallopian tube development biological_process Mullerian tract development GO:0060066 oviduct development GO:0060066 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:ebc http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube development GOC:bf The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body. Wikipedia:Urination urination urine voiding biological_process GO:0060073 micturition GO:0060073 The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body. GOC:dph The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body. biological_process smooth muscle contraction involved in urination urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:0060083 smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:0060083 The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body. GOC:dph PMID:15827347 urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:dph The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. biological_process synaptic transmission involved in urination GO:0060084 synaptic transmission involved in micturition GO:0060084 The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body. GOC:dph PMID:15827347 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. biological_process serotonin release, neurotransmission GO:0060096 serotonin secretion, neurotransmission GO:0060096 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. GOC:dph serotonin release, neurotransmission GOC:tb A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it. biological_process GO:0060135 maternal process involved in female pregnancy GO:0060135 A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it. GOC:dph A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother. biological_process GO:0060136 embryonic process involved in female pregnancy GO:0060136 A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0060142 regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion GO:0060142 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:dph Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0060143 positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion GO:0060143 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion. biological_process GO:0060157 urinary bladder development GO:0060157 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion. GOC:dph GOC:ln GOC:mr PMID:11768524 PMID:18276178 PMID:538956 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22589 biological_process GO:0060166 olfactory pit development GO:0060166 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. GO:0020017 cilial membrane cilium membrane flagellar membrane flagellum membrane cellular_component GO:0060170 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. ciliary membrane GO:0060170 The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:rph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. Wikipedia:Limb_development paired limb/fin development limb bud development biological_process GO:0060173 limb development GO:0060173 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. GOC:dgh GOC:dph PMID:11487378 limb bud development GOC:dph The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. limb formation limbbud formation biological_process GO:0060174 limb bud formation GO:0060174 The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable. GOC:dgh GOC:dph Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. biological_process GO:0060214 endocardium formation GO:0060214 Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:17722983 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. haematopoietic stem cell differentiation haemopoietic stem cell differentiation hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060218 hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GO:0060218 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:BHF GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:rl PMID:15378083 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye. biological_process GO:0060219 camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0060219 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. biological_process GO:0060221 retinal rod cell differentiation GO:0060221 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. GOC:dph A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell. epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition biological_process GO:0060231 mesenchymal to epithelial transition GO:0060231 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:rl mesenchymal-epithelial transition GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060251 regulation of glial cell proliferation GO:0060251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060252 positive regulation of glial cell proliferation GO:0060252 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060253 negative regulation of glial cell proliferation GO:0060253 Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0060255 regulation of macromolecule metabolic process GO:0060255 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GO:0042384 Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2 ciliogenesis cilium formation microtubule-based flagellum assembly biological_process cilium biogenesis cilium morphogenesis cilium organization GO:0060271 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium assembly GO:0060271 The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:BHF GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:kmv GOC:pr GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 PMID:13978319 PMID:27350441 Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2 cilium biogenesis GOC:mah cilium organization GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060281 regulation of oocyte development GO:0060281 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:2394318 Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060282 positive regulation of oocyte development GO:0060282 Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060283 negative regulation of oocyte development GO:0060283 Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0060284 regulation of cell development GO:0060284 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GO:0071974 cilium cell motility microtubule-based flagellar cell motility biological_process ciliary cell motility GO:0060285 Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent. cilium-dependent cell motility GO:0060285 Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:cilia GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:krc GOC:mlg GOC:mtg_cambridge_2013 Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell. biological_process GO:0060294 cilium movement involved in cell motility GO:0060294 Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility. biological_process GO:0060295 regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility GO:0060295 Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060297 regulation of sarcomere organization GO:0060297 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. positive regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060298 positive regulation of sarcomere organization GO:0060298 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. negative regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060299 negative regulation of sarcomere organization GO:0060299 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. biological_process GO:0060322 head development GO:0060322 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. biological_process GO:0060323 head morphogenesis GO:0060323 The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. biological_process GO:0060324 face development GO:0060324 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head. biological_process GO:0060325 face morphogenesis GO:0060325 The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. regulation of cellular localisation biological_process GO:0060341 regulation of cellular localization GO:0060341 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cellular localisation GOC:mah The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabeculation biological_process trabecula biogenesis GO:0060343 trabecula formation GO:0060343 The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. GOC:dph trabeculation GOC:dph trabecula biogenesis GOC:dph The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. liver trabeculation biological_process liver trabecula biogenesis GO:0060344 liver trabecula formation GO:0060344 The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. GOC:dph liver trabeculation GOC:dph The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. spleen trabeculation biological_process spleen trabecula biogenesis GO:0060345 spleen trabecula formation GO:0060345 The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. GOC:dph spleen trabeculation GOC:dph spleen trabecula biogenesis GOC:dph The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. cardiac trabecula formation cardiac trabeculation heart trabeculation biological_process heart trabecula biogenesis GO:0060347 heart trabecula formation GO:0060347 The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod. GOC:dph cardiac trabecula formation GOC:dph cardiac trabeculation GOC:dph heart trabeculation GOC:dph heart trabecula biogenesis GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. biological_process GO:0060348 bone development GO:0060348 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. GOC:dph The process in which bones are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060349 bone morphogenesis GO:0060349 The process in which bones are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. biological_process GO:0060350 endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0060350 The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. GOC:dph PMID:11680679 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones. biological_process GO:0060351 cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:0060351 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones. GOC:dph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus. GO:1903717 response to ammonia biological_process GO:0060359 response to ammonium ion GO:0060359 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:23509267 The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060363 cranial suture morphogenesis GO:0060363 The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:pr GOC:sl The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized. interfrontal suture morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060364 frontal suture morphogenesis GO:0060364 The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:sl The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:0060379 cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation GO:0060379 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. GOC:dph GOC:tb myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules. biological_process GO:0060404 axonemal microtubule depolymerization GO:0060404 The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:krc GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. biological_process GO:0060408 regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process GO:0060408 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. biological_process GO:0060409 positive regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process GO:0060409 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. biological_process GO:0060410 negative regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process GO:0060410 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. GO:0003280 heart septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060411 cardiac septum morphogenesis GO:0060411 The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another. interventricular septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060412 ventricular septum morphogenesis GO:0060412 The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another. GOC:dph interventricular septum morphogenesis GOC:dph The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another. GO:0003287 interatrial septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060413 atrial septum morphogenesis GO:0060413 The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart interatrial septum morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. biological_process GO:0060414 aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0060414 The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh GOC:dph Wikipedia:Aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function. biological_process GO:0060415 muscle tissue morphogenesis GO:0060415 The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function. GOC:dph The increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060419 heart growth GO:0060419 The increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060420 regulation of heart growth GO:0060420 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060421 positive regulation of heart growth GO:0060421 Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060425 lung morphogenesis GO:0060425 The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs. pulmonary vasculature development biological_process GO:0060426 lung vasculature development GO:0060426 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary vasculature development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs. pulmonary connective tissue development biological_process GO:0060427 lung connective tissue development GO:0060427 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. pulmonary epithelium development biological_process GO:0060428 lung epithelium development GO:0060428 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary epithelium development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. biological_process GO:0060429 epithelium development GO:0060429 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds. lung formation biological_process GO:0060431 primary lung bud formation GO:0060431 The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung lung formation GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. biological_process GO:0060433 bronchus development GO:0060433 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. GOC:dph The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. biological_process GO:0060434 bronchus morphogenesis GO:0060434 The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi. biological_process GO:0060435 bronchiole development GO:0060435 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi. biological_process GO:0060436 bronchiole morphogenesis GO:0060436 The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi. GOC:dph The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. biological_process GO:0060437 lung growth GO:0060437 The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060438 trachea development GO:0060438 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060439 trachea morphogenesis GO:0060439 The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060440 trachea formation GO:0060440 The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. lung branching morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060441 epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0060441 The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung lung branching morphogenesis GOC:dph Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0060450 positive regulation of hindgut contraction GO:0060450 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0060451 negative regulation of hindgut contraction GO:0060451 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0060452 positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction GO:0060452 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060453 regulation of gastric acid secretion GO:0060453 Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060454 positive regulation of gastric acid secretion GO:0060454 Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060455 negative regulation of gastric acid secretion GO:0060455 Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0060456 positive regulation of digestive system process GO:0060456 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0060457 negative regulation of digestive system process GO:0060457 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:dph GOC:tb The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. right pulmonary development biological_process GO:0060458 right lung development GO:0060458 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung right pulmonary development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. left pulmonary development biological_process GO:0060459 left lung development GO:0060459 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung left pulmonary development GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060460 left lung morphogenesis GO:0060460 The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060461 right lung morphogenesis GO:0060461 The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth. biological_process pharyngeal development GO:0060465 pharynx development GO:0060465 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth. GOC:dph GOC:rk Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). biological_process GO:0060467 negative regulation of fertilization GO:0060467 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:dph The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg. negative regulation of fertilization involved in egg activation polyspermy block biological_process GO:0060468 prevention of polyspermy GO:0060468 The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg. GOC:dph negative regulation of fertilization involved in egg activation GOC:dph polyspermy block GOC:dph The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence. biological_process positive regulation of sperm motility involved in capacitation GO:0060474 positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation GO:0060474 The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:krc The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. pulmonary cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060479 lung cell differentiation GO:0060479 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary cell differentiation GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. mesenchymal development biological_process GO:0060485 mesenchyme development GO:0060485 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. GOC:dph mesenchymal development GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles. Clara cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060486 club cell differentiation GO:0060486 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung PMID:28144783 Clara cell differentiation PMID:28144783 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. biological_process pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation GO:0060487 lung epithelial cell differentiation GO:0060487 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. GOC:dph pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly. biological_process regulation of cell projection formation GO:0060491 regulation of cell projection assembly GO:0060491 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell projection formation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure. cell-cell signalling involved in lung development biological_process GO:0060495 cell-cell signaling involved in lung development GO:0060495 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung cell-cell signalling involved in lung development GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape. biological_process GO:0060501 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0060501 Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung. biological_process GO:0060502 epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0060502 The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2009-04-10T08:12:06Z pulmonary cartilage development biological_process GO:0060532 bronchus cartilage development GO:0060532 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. dph 2009-04-10T08:47:41Z biological_process GO:0060533 bronchus cartilage morphogenesis GO:0060533 The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2009-04-10T09:00:18Z biological_process GO:0060534 trachea cartilage development GO:0060534 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized. dph 2009-04-10T09:07:48Z biological_process GO:0060535 trachea cartilage morphogenesis GO:0060535 The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized. dph 2009-04-10T09:13:27Z biological_process GO:0060536 cartilage morphogenesis GO:0060536 The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized. GOC:dph The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. dph 2009-04-10T08:05:37Z biological_process GO:0060537 muscle tissue development GO:0060537 The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. GOC:dph The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue. dph 2009-04-10T08:25:12Z biological_process GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development GO:0060538 The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue. GOC:dph The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs. dph 2009-04-10T08:44:56Z biological_process GO:0060539 diaphragm development GO:0060539 The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized. dph 2009-04-10T08:47:51Z biological_process GO:0060540 diaphragm morphogenesis GO:0060540 The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized. GOC:dph The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. dph 2009-04-10T08:55:42Z biological_process GO:0060541 respiratory system development GO:0060541 The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:dph The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. dph 2009-04-28T08:42:53Z differential growth biological_process GO:0060560 developmental growth involved in morphogenesis GO:0060560 The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. GOC:dph differential growth GOC:dph Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure. dph 2009-04-28T09:17:27Z apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process apoptosis involved in development morphogenetic apoptosis GO:0060561 apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GO:0060561 Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. dph 2009-04-28T09:33:36Z biological_process GO:0060562 epithelial tube morphogenesis GO:0060562 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GOC:dph The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. dph 2009-04-29T01:50:05Z biological_process GO:0060563 neuroepithelial cell differentiation GO:0060563 The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. dph 2009-04-30T09:27:17Z epithelial folding biological_process folding of an epithelial sheet GO:0060571 morphogenesis of an epithelial fold GO:0060571 The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. GOC:dph epithelial folding GOC:dph folding of an epithelial sheet GOC:dph The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding. dph 2009-04-30T09:38:35Z biological_process GO:0060572 morphogenesis of an epithelial bud GO:0060572 The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus. dph 2009-05-06T08:10:41Z biological_process GO:0060574 intestinal epithelial cell maturation GO:0060574 The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus. GOC:dph PMID:18824147 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. dph 2009-05-06T08:17:56Z biological_process GO:0060575 intestinal epithelial cell differentiation GO:0060575 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-05-06T08:20:24Z biological_process GO:0060576 intestinal epithelial cell development GO:0060576 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart. dph 2009-05-06T08:44:04Z biological_process pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0060577 pulmonary vein morphogenesis GO:0060577 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart. GOC:dph pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart. dph 2009-05-06T08:47:21Z biological_process GO:0060578 superior vena cava morphogenesis GO:0060578 The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart. GOC:dph The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type. dph 2009-05-07T12:40:55Z biological_process GO:0060581 cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification GO:0060581 The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type. GOC:dph The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. dph 2009-05-11T07:47:36Z biological_process chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation GO:0060591 chondroblast differentiation GO:0060591 The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. GOC:dph chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. dph 2009-05-15T12:36:28Z biological_process adipogenesis GO:0060612 adipose tissue development GO:0060612 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. GOC:dph adipogenesis GOC:mah GOC:sl Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. dph 2009-05-18T02:12:13Z biological_process GO:0060623 regulation of chromosome condensation GO:0060623 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. dph 2009-05-18T02:29:43Z biological_process GO:0060627 regulation of vesicle-mediated transport GO:0060627 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. dph 2009-05-18T03:07:02Z biological_process GO:0060632 regulation of microtubule-based movement GO:0060632 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized. dph 2009-06-02T09:33:37Z biological_process GO:0060669 embryonic placenta morphogenesis GO:0060669 The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer. dph 2009-06-02T10:40:40Z biological_process GO:0060670 branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis GO:0060670 The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer. dph 2009-06-02T11:40:52Z biological_process GO:0060671 epithelial cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060671 The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. dph 2009-06-02T12:58:03Z cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development biological_process GO:0060673 cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development GO:0060673 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-06-02T01:09:43Z biological_process GO:0060674 placenta blood vessel development GO:0060674 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized. dph 2009-06-02T01:31:41Z biological_process GO:0060675 ureteric bud morphogenesis GO:0060675 The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud. dph 2009-06-02T01:47:23Z biological_process GO:0060676 ureteric bud formation GO:0060676 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud. GOC:dph PMID:16916378 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. dph 2009-06-05T12:41:44Z biological_process GO:0060688 regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure GO:0060688 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta. dph 2009-06-09T10:26:42Z biological_process GO:0060706 cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060706 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta. GOC:dph The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state. dph 2009-06-09T03:27:43Z biological_process GO:0060711 labyrinthine layer development GO:0060711 The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dph The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized. dph 2009-06-10T08:10:19Z biological_process GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer morphogenesis GO:0060713 The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized. GOC:dph The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. dph 2009-06-10T08:13:14Z biological_process GO:0060714 labyrinthine layer formation GO:0060714 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. dph 2009-06-11T09:04:38Z biological_process GO:0060716 labyrinthine layer blood vessel development GO:0060716 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane. dph 2009-06-11T02:37:50Z biological_process GO:0060717 chorion development GO:0060717 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane. GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. dph 2009-06-11T02:48:27Z biological_process GO:0060718 chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation GO:0060718 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. CL:0011101 GOC:dph PMID:16983341 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. dph 2009-06-11T02:58:45Z biological_process GO:0060719 chorionic trophoblast cell development GO:0060719 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. CL:0011101 GOC:16983341 GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta. dph 2009-06-12T12:46:04Z biological_process GO:0060722 cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060722 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development. dph 2009-06-12T12:50:23Z biological_process GO:0060723 regulation of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060723 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development. GOC:dph The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. dph 2009-08-04T12:15:57Z biological_process GO:0060788 ectodermal placode formation GO:0060788 The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process in which the tooth placode forms. A tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud. dph 2009-08-04T12:21:47Z biological_process GO:0060790 tooth placode formation GO:0060790 The developmental process in which the tooth placode forms. A tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation. dph 2009-08-04T03:11:22Z biological_process GO:0060795 cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer GO:0060795 The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. dph 2009-08-06T01:20:25Z biological_process GO:0060800 regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060800 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. dph 2009-08-06T02:02:18Z biological_process GO:0060806 negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development GO:0060806 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of mRNAs that contribute to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis. dph 2009-08-07T10:02:31Z biological_process GO:0060815 regulation of translation involved in anterior/posterior axis specification GO:0060815 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of mRNAs that contribute to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels. dph 2009-08-11T03:47:36Z biological_process GO:0060837 blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation GO:0060837 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed. dph 2009-08-12T10:10:51Z biological_process GO:0060840 artery development GO:0060840 The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed. dph 2009-08-12T10:14:07Z biological_process GO:0060841 venous blood vessel development GO:0060841 The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries. dph 2009-08-12T10:41:34Z biological_process GO:0060842 arterial endothelial cell differentiation GO:0060842 The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins. dph 2009-08-12T10:43:40Z biological_process GO:0060843 venous endothelial cell differentiation GO:0060843 The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. dph 2009-08-13T12:39:39Z biological_process GO:0060887 limb epidermis development GO:0060887 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. dph 2009-08-13T02:06:27Z biological_process GO:0060896 neural plate pattern specification GO:0060896 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. dph 2009-08-13T02:09:04Z biological_process GO:0060897 neural plate regionalization GO:0060897 The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape. dph 2009-08-13T02:26:54Z biological_process GO:0060900 embryonic camera-type eye formation GO:0060900 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. dph 2009-09-17T09:02:13Z biological_process cardiogenesis GO:0060914 heart formation GO:0060914 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. GOC:mtg_heart cardiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. dph 2009-09-18T11:45:33Z biological_process GO:0060915 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development GO:0060915 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. dph 2009-09-18T11:50:17Z biological_process GO:0060916 mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development GO:0060916 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. dph 2009-09-29T11:01:31Z pacemaker cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060920 cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation GO:0060920 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. dph 2009-09-29T11:03:30Z SA node cell differentiation SAN cell differentiation sinus node cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060921 sinoatrial node cell differentiation GO:0060921 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart SAN cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node. dph 2009-09-29T11:07:06Z biological_process AV node cell differentiation GO:0060922 atrioventricular node cell differentiation GO:0060922 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node. GOC:mtg_heart AV node cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. dph 2009-09-29T11:51:55Z pacemaker cell development biological_process GO:0060926 cardiac pacemaker cell development GO:0060926 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. dph 2009-09-29T11:59:26Z AV node cell development biological_process GO:0060928 atrioventricular node cell development GO:0060928 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_heart AV node cell development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. dph 2009-09-29T12:05:47Z SA node cell development SAN cell development sinus node cell development biological_process GO:0060931 sinoatrial node cell development GO:0060931 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node cell development GOC:mtg_heart SAN cell development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node cell development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-09-29T01:10:32Z biological_process GO:0060932 His-Purkinje system cell differentiation GO:0060932 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-09-29T01:15:02Z biological_process GO:0060933 His-Purkinje system cell development GO:0060933 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. dph 2009-09-29T01:20:04Z biological_process GO:0060935 cardiac fibroblast cell differentiation GO:0060935 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. dph 2009-09-29T01:23:03Z biological_process GO:0060936 cardiac fibroblast cell development GO:0060936 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T02:45:33Z heart neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0060945 cardiac neuron differentiation GO:0060945 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart neuron differentiation GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels. dph 2009-09-29T02:48:55Z biological_process GO:0060946 cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation GO:0060946 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T03:06:37Z biological_process GO:0060950 cardiac glial cell differentiation GO:0060950 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell. dph 2009-09-29T03:09:24Z biological_process GO:0060952 cardiac glial cell development GO:0060952 The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-09-29T03:20:39Z biological_process GO:0060956 endocardial cell differentiation GO:0060956 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T03:26:59Z biological_process GO:0060958 endocardial cell development GO:0060958 The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state. dph 2009-09-30T10:14:56Z heart neuron development biological_process GO:0060959 cardiac neuron development GO:0060959 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_heart heart neuron development GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ. dph 2009-10-06T10:53:49Z biological_process GO:0060973 cell migration involved in heart development GO:0060973 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells. dph 2009-10-06T10:56:33Z biological_process GO:0060974 cell migration involved in heart formation GO:0060974 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-06T12:15:23Z cardiac blood vessel development cardiac vasculature development coronary blood vessel development heart blood vessel development heart vasculature development biological_process GO:0060976 coronary vasculature development GO:0060976 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart cardiac vasculature development GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart heart blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart heart vasculature development GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. dph 2009-10-06T12:28:23Z cardiac blood vessel morphogenesis cardiac vasculature morphogenesis coronary blood vessel morphogenesis heart blood vessel morphogenesis heart vasculature morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060977 coronary vasculature morphogenesis GO:0060977 The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart cardiac vasculature morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart heart blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart heart vasculature morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. dph 2009-10-06T02:02:12Z angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis coronary blood vessel angiogenesis coronary vasculature angiogenesis biological_process GO:0060978 angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis GO:0060978 Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel angiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary vasculature angiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. dph 2009-10-06T02:19:42Z coronary vasculogenesis vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060979 vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis GO:0060979 The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. GOC:mtg_heart coronary vasculogenesis GOC:mtg_heart vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart. dph 2009-10-06T02:33:06Z biological_process GO:0060980 cell migration involved in coronary vasculogenesis GO:0060980 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels. dph 2009-10-06T02:49:12Z biological_process GO:0060981 cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis GO:0060981 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. dph 2010-01-11T09:03:48Z biological_process GO:0060986 endocrine hormone secretion GO:0060986 The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. GOC:dph Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. dph 2010-01-19T08:16:55Z biological_process GO:0060993 kidney morphogenesis GO:0060993 Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. dph 2010-01-19T08:33:40Z cell-cell signalling involved in kidney development biological_process GO:0060995 cell-cell signaling involved in kidney development GO:0060995 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell-cell signalling involved in kidney development GOC:mah Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. dph 2010-01-21T09:05:54Z kidney pattern specification biological_process kidney pattern formation pattern formation involved in kidney development GO:0061004 pattern specification involved in kidney development GO:0061004 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney pattern specification GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pattern formation involved in kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. dph 2010-01-21T09:13:55Z biological_process GO:0061005 cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:0061005 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney. dph 2010-01-21T11:25:23Z biological_process GO:0061006 regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney morphogenesis GO:0061006 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. dph 2010-01-22T09:09:10Z hepatobiliary system process biological_process GO:0061007 hepaticobiliary system process GO:0061007 An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. GOC:dph hepatobiliary system process GOC:dph The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. dph 2010-01-22T09:11:59Z hepatobiliary system development biological_process GO:0061008 hepaticobiliary system development GO:0061008 The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. GOC:dph hepatobiliary system development GOC:dph The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine. dph 2010-01-22T09:17:13Z EHBD development extrahepatic bile duct development CBD development bile duct development biological_process GO:0061009 common bile duct development GO:0061009 The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine. PMID:20614624 EHBD development PMID:20614624 extrahepatic bile duct development PMID:20614624 CBD development PMID:20614624 bile duct development GOC:dph The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile. dph 2010-01-22T09:38:44Z biological_process GO:0061010 gallbladder development GO:0061010 The progression of the gallbladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gallbladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile. GOC:dph The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct. dph 2010-01-22T09:44:39Z biological_process GO:0061011 hepatic duct development GO:0061011 The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct. GOC:dph PMID:20614624 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. dph 2010-02-02T09:08:03Z biological_process GO:0061017 hepatoblast differentiation GO:0061017 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. GOC:dph PMID:15226394 A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. jl 2010-02-08T02:43:11Z GO:0016044 GO:0044802 cellular membrane organisation cellular membrane organization membrane organisation biological_process membrane organization and biogenesis single-organism membrane organization GO:0061024 membrane organization GO:0061024 A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb membrane organisation GOC:mah membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. jl 2010-02-08T02:48:06Z GO:0006944 GO:0044801 Wikipedia:Lipid_bilayer_fusion cellular membrane fusion biological_process single-organism membrane fusion GO:0061025 membrane fusion GO:0061025 The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta. dph 2010-02-09T09:09:22Z biological_process GO:0061027 umbilical cord development GO:0061027 The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta. GOC:BHF GOC:dph The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium. dph 2010-02-09T09:52:49Z epicardium development biological_process GO:0061032 visceral serous pericardium development GO:0061032 The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium. GOC:dph GOC:yaf epicardium development GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061035 regulation of cartilage development GO:0061035 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061036 positive regulation of cartilage development GO:0061036 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061037 negative regulation of cartilage development GO:0061037 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized. dph 2010-02-22T11:12:35Z biological_process GO:0061038 uterus morphogenesis GO:0061038 The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized. dph 2010-02-22T11:29:28Z biological_process ovary morphogenesis GO:0061040 female gonad morphogenesis GO:0061040 The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph ovary morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:41:38Z biological_process GO:0061046 regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0061046 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:50:01Z biological_process GO:0061047 positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0061047 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:51:31Z biological_process GO:0061048 negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis GO:0061048 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T12:56:07Z biological_process cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy cardiomyocyte growth heart muscle cell growth GO:0061049 cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development GO:0061049 The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy GOC:dph cardiomyocyte growth GOC:dph heart muscle cell growth GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:05:16Z biological_process GO:0061050 regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development GO:0061050 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:08:08Z biological_process GO:0061051 positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development GO:0061051 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:11:30Z biological_process GO:0061052 negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development GO:0061052 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. dph 2010-03-02T12:05:13Z biological_process GO:0061053 somite development GO:0061053 The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. GOC:dph The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-03-02T12:07:37Z biological_process GO:0061054 dermatome development GO:0061054 The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:dph The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle. dph 2010-03-02T12:11:01Z biological_process GO:0061055 myotome development GO:0061055 The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle. GOC:dph The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-03-02T12:12:40Z biological_process GO:0061056 sclerotome development GO:0061056 The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:dph The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. dph 2010-03-09T08:55:14Z biological_process GO:0061061 muscle structure development GO:0061061 The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. dph 2010-03-11T12:59:21Z biological_process GO:0061062 regulation of nematode larval development GO:0061062 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GOC:dph GOC:kmv Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. dph 2010-03-11T01:03:34Z biological_process GO:0061063 positive regulation of nematode larval development GO:0061063 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GOC:dph GOC:kmv Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. dph 2010-03-11T01:04:39Z biological_process GO:0061064 negative regulation of nematode larval development GO:0061064 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GOC:dph GOC:kmv The progression of the urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. dph 2010-03-12T08:24:52Z biological_process GO:0061068 urethra development GO:0061068 The progression of the urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. GOC:dph The progression of the male urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The male urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder through the penis to outside the body. dph 2010-03-12T08:28:19Z biological_process GO:0061069 male urethra development GO:0061069 The progression of the male urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The male urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder through the penis to outside the body. GOC:dph The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening. dph 2010-03-12T08:29:43Z biological_process GO:0061070 female urethra development GO:0061070 The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening. GOC:dph The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes. dph 2010-03-12T08:36:53Z biological_process GO:0061071 urethra epithelium development GO:0061071 The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes. GOC:dph The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina. dph 2010-03-16T10:48:42Z biological_process GO:0061072 iris morphogenesis GO:0061072 The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina. GOC:dph The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. dph 2010-03-16T10:55:19Z biological_process GO:0061073 ciliary body morphogenesis GO:0061073 The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T11:47:05Z biological_process GO:0061074 regulation of neural retina development GO:0061074 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T11:59:48Z biological_process GO:0061075 positive regulation of neural retina development GO:0061075 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T12:46:11Z biological_process GO:0061076 negative regulation of neural retina development GO:0061076 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-04-08T02:45:10Z biological_process GO:0061080 right horn of sinus venosus development GO:0061080 The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium. dph 2010-04-27T03:28:46Z biological_process GO:0061100 lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061100 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium. GOC:dph PMID:9126746 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance. dph 2010-04-28T09:42:20Z biological_process GO:0061101 neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061101 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium. dph 2010-04-28T09:47:07Z biological_process gastric neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061102 stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061102 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium. GOC:dph PMID:18173746 gastric neuroendocrine cell differentiation GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. dph 2010-04-29T12:19:37Z biological_process GO:0061105 regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061105 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. dph 2010-04-29T12:23:05Z biological_process GO:0061106 negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061106 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. GOC:dph The progression of the seminal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes to the production of semen. dph 2010-04-30T10:17:30Z biological_process GO:0061107 seminal vesicle development GO:0061107 The progression of the seminal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes to the production of semen. GOC:dph The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-04-30T10:19:54Z biological_process GO:0061108 seminal vesicle epithelium development GO:0061108 The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. dph 2010-05-05T11:55:30Z biological_process GO:0061113 pancreas morphogenesis GO:0061113 Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized. dph 2010-05-05T12:03:04Z biological_process GO:0061114 branching involved in pancreas morphogenesis GO:0061114 The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. dph 2010-05-17T07:31:28Z biological_process GO:0061117 negative regulation of heart growth GO:0061117 Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:hjd The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud. dph 2010-05-17T09:33:40Z biological_process GO:0061130 pancreatic bud formation GO:0061130 The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. dph 2010-05-25T09:05:34Z biological_process GO:0061138 morphogenesis of a branching epithelium GO:0061138 The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part. dph 2010-05-25T09:28:53Z biological_process GO:0061140 lung secretory cell differentiation GO:0061140 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells. dph 2010-05-25T09:31:14Z biological_process GO:0061141 lung ciliated cell differentiation GO:0061141 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:krc The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2010-06-03T09:15:31Z biological_process GO:0061147 endocardial endothelium development GO:0061147 The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:dph A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2010-06-03T09:18:02Z extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development biological_process GO:0061148 extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development GO:0061148 A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:dph extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development GOC:mah The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea. dph 2010-06-07T09:58:40Z biological_process GO:0061152 trachea submucosa development GO:0061152 The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection. dph 2010-06-07T10:10:51Z biological_process GO:0061153 trachea gland development GO:0061153 The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2010-06-15T09:05:00Z biological_process GO:0061154 endothelial tube morphogenesis GO:0061154 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery. dph 2010-06-15T09:09:04Z biological_process GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis GO:0061155 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. dph 2010-06-15T09:13:47Z biological_process GO:0061156 pulmonary artery morphogenesis GO:0061156 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. dph 2010-07-14T08:28:52Z biological_process GO:0061181 regulation of chondrocyte development GO:0061181 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. dph 2010-07-14T08:33:05Z biological_process GO:0061182 negative regulation of chondrocyte development GO:0061182 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:40:26Z biological_process GO:0061183 regulation of dermatome development GO:0061183 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:42:03Z biological_process GO:0061184 positive regulation of dermatome development GO:0061184 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:43:08Z biological_process GO:0061185 negative regulation of dermatome development GO:0061185 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-07-14T09:17:23Z biological_process GO:0061189 positive regulation of sclerotome development GO:0061189 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-07-14T09:19:47Z biological_process GO:0061190 regulation of sclerotome development GO:0061190 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:dph The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. dph 2010-07-27T10:55:08Z biological_process GO:0061193 taste bud development GO:0061193 The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the taste bud are generated and organized. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. dph 2010-07-27T11:01:31Z biological_process GO:0061194 taste bud morphogenesis GO:0061194 The process in which the anatomical structures of the taste bud are generated and organized. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. GOC:dph The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. dph 2010-07-27T12:22:26Z biological_process GO:0061195 taste bud formation GO:0061195 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin. dph 2010-07-30T10:54:47Z Mullerian duct development biological_process GO:0061205 paramesonephric duct development GO:0061205 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Mullerian duct development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephros are generated and organized. dph 2010-08-17T03:11:10Z Wolffian body morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061206 mesonephros morphogenesis GO:0061206 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephros are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Wolffian body morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. dph 2010-08-17T03:21:23Z biological_process GO:0061208 cell differentiation involved in mesonephros development GO:0061208 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-17T03:22:46Z biological_process GO:0061209 cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development GO:0061209 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. dph 2010-08-17T03:24:08Z cell-cell signalling involved in mesonephros development biological_process GO:0061210 cell-cell signaling involved in mesonephros development GO:0061210 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell-cell signalling involved in mesonephros development GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. dph 2010-08-17T03:25:51Z biological_process GO:0061211 mesonephric collecting duct development GO:0061211 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. dph 2010-08-17T03:39:35Z biological_process GO:0061213 positive regulation of mesonephros development GO:0061213 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-08-17T03:29:54Z biological_process GO:0061214 mesonephric smooth muscle tissue development GO:0061214 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. dph 2010-08-17T03:31:08Z biological_process GO:0061215 mesonephric nephron development GO:0061215 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. dph 2010-08-17T03:35:31Z biological_process GO:0061217 regulation of mesonephros development GO:0061217 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. dph 2010-08-17T03:43:06Z biological_process GO:0061218 negative regulation of mesonephros development GO:0061218 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of mesonephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-17T03:45:44Z biological_process GO:0061219 mesonephric mesenchyme development GO:0061219 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of mesonephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-19T01:17:38Z biological_process GO:0061221 mesonephric mesenchyme morphogenesis GO:0061221 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. dph 2010-08-19T02:22:22Z mesonephros pattern specification biological_process mesonephros pattern formation GO:0061227 pattern specification involved in mesonephros development GO:0061227 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 mesonephros pattern specification GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 mesonephros pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric nephron are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron is the functional unit of the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-19T02:26:24Z biological_process GO:0061228 mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0061228 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric nephron are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron is the functional unit of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. dph 2010-08-19T02:57:11Z biological_process GO:0061235 mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0061235 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-19T03:11:59Z biological_process GO:0061241 mesonephric nephron epithelium development GO:0061241 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. dph 2010-08-19T03:20:21Z biological_process GO:0061243 mesonephric renal vesicle morphogenesis GO:0061243 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-30T02:35:15Z biological_process mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GO:0061261 mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis GO:0061261 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros. dph 2010-08-30T02:41:20Z mesonephros formation biological_process GO:0061262 mesonephric renal vesicle formation GO:0061262 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 mesonephros formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle. dph 2010-08-30T03:26:30Z biological_process GO:0061271 mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephric renal vesicle formation GO:0061271 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The progression of the mesonephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. dph 2010-09-02T01:50:06Z biological_process GO:0061285 mesonephric capsule development GO:0061285 The progression of the mesonephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. dph 2010-09-02T01:53:31Z biological_process GO:0061286 mesonephric capsule morphogenesis GO:0061286 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric capsule from unspecified parts. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. dph 2010-09-02T01:55:03Z biological_process GO:0061287 mesonephric capsule formation GO:0061287 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric capsule from unspecified parts. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. dph 2010-09-06T09:48:56Z regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061295 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0061295 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. dph 2010-09-06T09:54:49Z negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061296 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0061296 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. dph 2010-09-06T09:58:59Z positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061297 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0061297 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-09-06T03:27:06Z retinal vasculature development biological_process GO:0061298 retina vasculature development in camera-type eye GO:0061298 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:dph retinal vasculature development GOC:dph The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized. dph 2010-09-06T03:28:25Z retinal vasculature morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061299 retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye GO:0061299 The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph retinal vasculature morphogenesis GOC:dph The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye. dph 2010-09-14T02:09:08Z biological_process GO:0061303 cornea development in camera-type eye GO:0061303 The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-09-16T09:02:59Z biological_process GO:0061304 retinal blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0061304 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. dph 2010-09-23T08:50:56Z biological_process GO:0061307 cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development GO:0061307 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:19705442 The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart. dph 2010-09-23T09:01:49Z biological_process GO:0061308 cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development GO:0061308 The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. dph 2010-09-23T09:08:37Z biological_process GO:0061309 cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:0061309 The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2010-09-28T09:05:26Z biological_process GO:0061323 cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0061323 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. dph 2010-09-28T09:29:30Z biological_process GO:0061325 cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:0061325 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. dph 2010-09-28T12:50:43Z biological_process GO:0061326 renal tubule development GO:0061326 The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. dph 2010-09-28T01:43:04Z biological_process GO:0061333 renal tubule morphogenesis GO:0061333 The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles. dph 2010-09-29T08:46:05Z biological_process GO:0061337 cardiac conduction GO:0061337 Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles. GOC:dph The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2010-09-29T11:34:06Z biological_process GO:0061343 cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0061343 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:16860783 Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart. dph 2010-09-29T11:35:27Z biological_process GO:0061344 regulation of cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0061344 Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:16860783 The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell. dph 2010-10-01T11:06:04Z biological_process GO:0061351 neural precursor cell proliferation GO:0061351 The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. dph 2010-12-02T08:51:45Z biological_process GO:0061383 trabecula morphogenesis GO:0061383 The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. GOC:dph The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. dph 2010-12-02T08:54:20Z biological_process GO:0061384 heart trabecula morphogenesis GO:0061384 The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2011-02-10T01:41:59Z biological_process GO:0061385 fibroblast proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis GO:0061385 The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2012-03-08T12:16:24Z biological_process GO:0061437 renal system vasculature development GO:0061437 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:11891195 The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. dph 2012-03-08T12:21:56Z biological_process GO:0061438 renal system vasculature morphogenesis GO:0061438 The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:11891195 The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. dph 2012-03-08T12:30:11Z biological_process GO:0061439 kidney vasculature morphogenesis GO:0061439 The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2012-03-08T12:39:09Z biological_process GO:0061440 kidney vasculature development GO:0061440 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:11891195 The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood. dph 2012-03-08T12:42:09Z biological_process GO:0061441 renal artery morphogenesis GO:0061441 The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:11891195 The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2012-03-22T12:53:41Z biological_process GO:0061448 connective tissue development GO:0061448 The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst. dph 2012-07-10T08:38:37Z biological_process GO:0061450 trophoblast cell migration GO:0061450 Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction. dph 2012-07-20T08:20:50Z biological_process ICC differentiation GO:0061453 interstitial cell of Cajal differentiation GO:0061453 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction. GOC:dph ICC differentiation GOC:dph The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction. dph 2012-08-22T17:47:53Z biological_process GO:0061458 reproductive system development GO:0061458 The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. dph 2012-11-01T13:16:23Z biological_process GO:0061469 regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GO:0061469 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. GOC:dph Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells. dph 2012-12-04T09:41:02Z biological_process GO:0061484 hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis GO:0061484 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells. GOC:dph PMID:21508411 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. dph 2013-03-22T15:41:44Z biological_process GO:0061512 protein localization to cilium GO:0061512 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-04-18T13:03:16Z biological_process GO:0061515 myeloid cell development GO:0061515 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. dph 2013-04-18T14:59:59Z cilium resorption biological_process GO:0061523 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium disassembly GO:0061523 A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17604723 PMID:27350441 cilium resorption GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut. dph 2013-06-14T11:22:21Z biological_process GO:0061525 hindgut development GO:0061525 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut. GOC:dph The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. dph 2013-06-21T15:40:39Z biological_process GO:0061526 acetylcholine secretion GO:0061526 The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. GOC:dph The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter. dph 2013-06-21T16:05:08Z noradrenaline secretion, neurotransmission biological_process GO:0061533 norepinephrine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0061533 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter. GOC:dph noradrenaline secretion, neurotransmission GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:36:12Z gangliogenesis biological_process ganglia development GO:0061548 ganglion development GO:0061548 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph gangliogenesis GOC:BHF GOC:rl ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:38:01Z biological_process sympathetic ganglia development GO:0061549 sympathetic ganglion development GO:0061549 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:rl sympathetic ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:40:14Z biological_process cranial ganglia development GO:0061550 cranial ganglion development GO:0061550 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph cranial ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:42:19Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia development GO:0061551 trigeminal ganglion development GO:0061551 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T08:44:57Z biological_process ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061552 ganglion morphogenesis GO:0061552 The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized. GOC:dph ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:45:59Z biological_process ganglia maturation GO:0061553 ganglion maturation GO:0061553 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph ganglia maturation GOC:dph The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T08:51:50Z biological_process ganglia formation GO:0061554 ganglion formation GO:0061554 The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph ganglia formation GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T08:57:12Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061556 trigeminal ganglion morphogenesis GO:0061556 The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:58:24Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia maturation GO:0061557 trigeminal ganglion maturation GO:0061557 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia maturation GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:59:52Z biological_process cranial ganglia maturation GO:0061558 cranial ganglion maturation GO:0061558 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph cranial ganglia maturation GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T09:02:15Z biological_process cranial ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061559 cranial ganglion morphogenesis GO:0061559 The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized. GOC:dph cranial ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T09:07:27Z biological_process cranial ganglia formation GO:0061560 cranial ganglion formation GO:0061560 The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph cranial ganglia formation GOC:dph The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T09:08:13Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia formation GO:0061561 trigeminal ganglion formation GO:0061561 The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia formation GOC:dph The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation). dph 2013-07-18T14:43:01Z biological_process GO:0061564 axon development GO:0061564 The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation). GOC:dph GOC:pg GOC:pr A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle. dph 2013-08-02T11:24:11Z biological_process actin filament cable organization GO:0061572 actin filament bundle organization GO:0061572 A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle. GOC:dph actin filament cable organization GOC:dph The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. dph 2013-12-23T07:26:54Z biological_process GO:0061580 colon epithelial cell migration GO:0061580 The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph The orderly movement of a corneal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. dph 2013-12-23T07:28:29Z biological_process GO:0061581 corneal epithelial cell migration GO:0061581 The orderly movement of a corneal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. dph 2013-12-23T07:30:55Z biological_process GO:0061582 intestinal epithelial cell migration GO:0061582 The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. dph 2014-05-09T15:34:06Z aortic arch artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061626 pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis GO:0061626 The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. GOC:BHF GOC:dph PMID:20122914 aortic arch artery morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized. dph 2015-03-04T13:33:49Z biological_process GO:0061682 seminal vesicle morphogenesis GO:0061682 The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. dph 2015-03-04T13:39:47Z gonecyst branching morphogenesis seminal gland branching morphogenesis seminal vesicle branching seminal vesicle branching morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061683 branching involved in seminal vesicle morphogenesis GO:0061683 The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. GOC:dph PMID:16916376 gonecyst branching morphogenesis GOC:dph seminal gland branching morphogenesis GOC:dph seminal vesicle branching GOC:dph seminal vesicle branching morphogenesis GOC:dph Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds. dph 2015-03-09T09:16:23Z biological_process GO:0061687 detoxification of inorganic compound GO:0061687 Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds. GOC:vw A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). dph 2015-05-06T11:22:38Z cellular_component GO:0061695 transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups GO:0061695 A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:bhm GOC:dph Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling. dph 2016-09-09T13:24:34Z biological_process GO:0061792 secretory granule maturation GO:0061792 Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:16618809 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. dph 2017-03-08T18:17:07Z biological_process GO:0061853 regulation of neuroblast migration GO:0061853 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. PMID:23149556 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. dph 2017-03-08T18:22:30Z biological_process GO:0061854 positive regulation of neuroblast migration GO:0061854 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. PMID:23149556 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. dph 2017-03-08T18:26:21Z biological_process GO:0061855 negative regulation of neuroblast migration GO:0061855 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration. PMID:23149556 A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. dph 2017-06-13T13:06:23Z biological_process GO:0061900 glial cell activation GO:0061900 A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:18723082 A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment. dph 2017-09-08T13:22:26Z somatodendritic protein localization biological_process GO:0061938 protein localization to somatodendritic compartment GO:0061938 A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment. PMID:18341993 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane. dph 2017-10-26T12:55:15Z biological_process GO:0061951 establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:0061951 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane. GOC:dph GOC:vw The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone. dph 2018-02-12T18:10:59Z biological_process GO:0061971 replacement bone morphogenesis GO:0061971 The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone. PMID:29852585 The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized. dph 2018-02-12T18:16:21Z biological_process GO:0061972 dermal bone morphogenesis GO:0061972 The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized. PMID:12588850 PMID:15003632 The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized. dph 2018-02-12T18:21:09Z biological_process GO:0061973 membrane bone morphogenesis GO:0061973 The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized. PMID:14579374 A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes. dph 2018-02-14T22:37:44Z second meiotic division biological_process GO:0061983 meiosis II cell cycle process GO:0061983 A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes. PMID:29385397 second meiotic division PMID:29385397 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. dph 2018-02-26T22:55:20Z biological_process GO:0062009 secondary palate development GO:0062009 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. PMID:28784960 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:11:54Z regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062012 regulation of small molecule metabolic process GO:0062012 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:25:10Z positive regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062013 positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process GO:0062013 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:27:23Z negative regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062014 negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process GO:0062014 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. dph 2018-04-13T12:47:21Z cellular_component GO:0062023 collagen-containing extracellular matrix GO:0062023 An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. GOC:BHF GOC:rph PMID:21123617 Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. dph 2018-04-23T14:32:23Z biological_process GO:0062033 positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation GO:0062033 Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. PMID:12773390 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. dph 2018-11-20T18:15:45Z biological_process GO:0062094 stomach development GO:0062094 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. PMID:11967278 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. dph 2019-09-13T13:48:47Z biological_process GO:0062149 detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain GO:0062149 The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. PMID:19837031 Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. dph 2020-04-20T13:58:43Z biological_process GO:0062237 protein localization to postsynapse GO:0062237 Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. PMID:31189538 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. intracellular membrane translocation of a protein intracellular protein membrane transport intracellular protein transport across a membrane biological_process GO:0065002 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. intracellular protein transmembrane transport GO:0065002 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:isa_complete The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 GO:0006461 GO:0034622 GO:0043623 cellular protein complex assembly biological_process cellular macromolecule complex assembly cellular protein-containing complex assembly chaperone activity macromolecular complex assembly macromolecule complex assembly protein complex assembly protein complex formation GO:0065003 protein-containing complex assembly GO:0065003 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. GOC:jl The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex. DNA-protein complex assembly biological_process GO:0065004 protein-DNA complex assembly GO:0065004 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex. GOC:jl DNA-protein complex assembly GOC:mah Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function. regulation biological_process GO:0065007 biological regulation GO:0065007 Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah GOC:pr GOC:vw Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. regulation of biological attribute regulation of biological characteristic biological_process GO:0065008 regulation of biological quality GO:0065008 Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah GOC:pr GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. regulation of a molecular function biological_process GO:0065009 regulation of molecular function GO:0065009 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GOC:isa_complete Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0065010 extracellular membrane-bounded organelle GO:0065010 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. GOC:isa_complete An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. cellular_component GO:0070013 intracellular organelle lumen GO:0070013 An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. GOC:mah The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/24218 neuron maintenance biological_process GO:0070050 neuron cellular homeostasis GO:0070050 The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state. GOC:BHF GOC:mah A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. exosome extracellular vesicular exosome cellular_component GO:0070062 extracellular exosome GO:0070062 A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:vesicles PMID:15908444 PMID:17641064 PMID:19442504 PMID:19498381 PMID:22418571 PMID:24009894 exosome GOC:pr extracellular vesicular exosome GOC:vesicles The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). biological_process GO:0070091 glucagon secretion GO:0070091 The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). GOC:BHF GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. biological_process GO:0070092 regulation of glucagon secretion GO:0070092 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. down regulation of glucagon secretion down-regulation of glucagon secretion downregulation of glucagon secretion inhibition of glucagon secretion biological_process GO:0070093 negative regulation of glucagon secretion GO:0070093 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. up regulation of glucagon secretion up-regulation of glucagon secretion upregulation of glucagon secretion activation of glucagon secretion stimulation of glucagon secretion biological_process GO:0070094 positive regulation of glucagon secretion GO:0070094 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. anchoring cell junction cellular_component GO:0070161 anchoring junction GO:0070161 A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. ISBN:0815332181 anchoring cell junction GOC:mah A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. chromosome organisation involved in meiosis meiotic chromosome organization biological_process GO:0070192 chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle GO:0070192 A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. GOC:mah chromosome organisation involved in meiosis GOC:mah meiotic chromosome organization GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. establishment of protein localisation to chromosome biological_process GO:0070199 establishment of protein localization to chromosome GO:0070199 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:BHF GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. regulation of establishment of protein localisation biological_process GO:0070201 regulation of establishment of protein localization GO:0070201 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:BHF GOC:mah regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome biological_process GO:0070202 regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome GO:0070202 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:BHF GOC:mah regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. lymphocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0070227 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). lymphocyte apoptotic process GO:0070227 Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. CL:0000542 GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0070228 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process GO:0070228 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. down regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis down-regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis downregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0070229 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process GO:0070229 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 down regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add down-regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add downregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add inhibition of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. up regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis up-regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis upregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis activation of lymphocyte apoptosis positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis stimulation of lymphocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0070230 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process GO:0070230 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 up regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add up-regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add upregulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add activation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add stimulation of lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. T lymphocyte apoptosis T-cell apoptosis T-lymphocyte apoptosis programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis T cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0070231 T cell apoptotic process GO:0070231 Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. CL:0000084 GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 T lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add T-cell apoptosis GOC:add T-lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis GOC:add Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process. regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis regulation of T-cell apoptosis regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis regulation of T cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0070232 regulation of T cell apoptotic process GO:0070232 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add regulation of T-cell apoptosis GOC:add regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process. down regulation of T cell apoptosis down-regulation of T cell apoptosis downregulation of T cell apoptosis negative regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis negative regulation of T-cell apoptosis negative regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis inhibition of T cell apoptosis negative regulation of T cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0070233 negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process GO:0070233 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 down regulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add down-regulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add downregulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add negative regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add negative regulation of T-cell apoptosis GOC:add negative regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add negative regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis GOC:add inhibition of T cell apoptosis GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process. positive regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis positive regulation of T-cell apoptosis positive regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis positive regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis up regulation of T cell apoptosis up-regulation of T cell apoptosis upregulation of T cell apoptosis activation of T cell apoptosis positive regulation of T cell apoptosis stimulation of T cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0070234 positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process GO:0070234 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis ISBN:0781765196 positive regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add positive regulation of T-cell apoptosis GOC:add positive regulation of T-lymphocyte apoptosis GOC:add positive regulation of programmed cell death of T cells by apoptosis GOC:add up regulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add up-regulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add upregulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add activation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add stimulation of T cell apoptosis GOC:add The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. biological_process GO:0070253 somatostatin secretion GO:0070253 The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:mah The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function. mucus production biological_process GO:0070254 mucus secretion GO:0070254 The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0721662544 mucus production GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070255 regulation of mucus secretion GO:0070255 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add regulation of mucus production GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. negative regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070256 negative regulation of mucus secretion GO:0070256 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add negative regulation of mucus production GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. positive regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070257 positive regulation of mucus secretion GO:0070257 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add positive regulation of mucus production GOC:add The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate. biological_process GO:0070285 pigment cell development GO:0070285 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate. GOC:cvs The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte proliferation adipose cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070341 fat cell proliferation GO:0070341 The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. GOC:mah GOC:sl adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. regulation of adipocyte proliferation regulation of adipose cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070344 regulation of fat cell proliferation GO:0070344 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. down regulation of fat cell proliferation down-regulation of fat cell proliferation downregulation of fat cell proliferation negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation inhibition of fat cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070345 negative regulation of fat cell proliferation GO:0070345 Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl down regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah down-regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah downregulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl inhibition of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation up regulation of fat cell proliferation up-regulation of fat cell proliferation upregulation of fat cell proliferation activation of fat cell proliferation stimulation of fat cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070346 positive regulation of fat cell proliferation GO:0070346 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl up regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah up-regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah upregulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah activation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah stimulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver. liver cell differentiation biological_process GO:0070365 hepatocyte differentiation GO:0070365 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver. CL:0000182 PMID:7588884 liver cell differentiation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. regulation of liver cell differentiation biological_process GO:0070366 regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GO:0070366 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. GOC:mah GOC:sl regulation of liver cell differentiation GOC:sl Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. down regulation of hepatocyte differentiation down-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation downregulation of hepatocyte differentiation negative regulation of liver cell differentiation inhibition of hepatocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0070367 negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GO:0070367 Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. GOC:mah GOC:sl down regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah down-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah downregulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah negative regulation of liver cell differentiation GOC:sl inhibition of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. positive regulation of liver cell differentiation up regulation of hepatocyte differentiation up-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation upregulation of hepatocyte differentiation activation of hepatocyte differentiation stimulation of hepatocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0070368 positive regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GO:0070368 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation. GOC:mah GOC:sl positive regulation of liver cell differentiation GOC:sl up regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah up-regulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah upregulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah activation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah stimulation of hepatocyte differentiation GOC:mah A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. exocytic constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle exocytotic vesicle cellular_component GO:0070382 exocytic vesicle GO:0070382 A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. GOC:kad GOC:mah exocytotic vesicle GOC:kad The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation biological_process GO:0070444 oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation GO:0070444 The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. GOC:mah GOC:sl PMID:15504915 oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation biological_process GO:0070445 regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation GO:0070445 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation GOC:mah Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. negative regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation biological_process GO:0070446 negative regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation GO:0070446 Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl negative regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. positive regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation biological_process GO:0070447 positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation GO:0070447 Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl positive regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation regulation of microtubule dynamics biological_process GO:0070507 regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization GO:0070507 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of microtubule dynamics GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other. mah 2009-05-06T03:31:02Z biological_process GO:0070633 transepithelial transport GO:0070633 The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other. GOC:mah GOC:yaf ISBN:0716731363 The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. mah 2009-05-06T03:34:43Z biological_process GO:0070634 transepithelial ammonium transport GO:0070634 The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. GOC:mah GOC:yaf The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. mah 2009-05-28T05:25:28Z biological_process GO:0070661 leukocyte proliferation GO:0070661 The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:30:39Z biological_process GO:0070663 regulation of leukocyte proliferation GO:0070663 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:34:50Z down regulation of leukocyte proliferation down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation downregulation of leukocyte proliferation inhibition of leukocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0070664 negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation GO:0070664 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah down regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah downregulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah inhibition of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:36:46Z up regulation of leukocyte proliferation up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation upregulation of leukocyte proliferation activation of leukocyte proliferation stimulation of leukocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0070665 positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation GO:0070665 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah up regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah upregulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah activation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah stimulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. mah 2009-06-16T04:08:29Z cellular macromolecule localisation biological_process GO:0070727 cellular macromolecule localization GO:0070727 Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GOC:mah cellular macromolecule localisation GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. mah 2009-07-23T05:01:51Z biological_process GO:0070831 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane assembly ; GO:0071709' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane assembly GO:0070831 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. mah 2009-08-14T03:09:02Z regulation of bile acid anabolism regulation of bile acid biosynthesis regulation of bile acid formation regulation of bile acid synthesis biological_process GO:0070857 regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GO:0070857 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. GOC:BHF GOC:mah regulation of bile acid anabolism GOC:mah regulation of bile acid biosynthesis GOC:mah regulation of bile acid formation GOC:mah regulation of bile acid synthesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. mah 2009-08-14T03:16:40Z down regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process down-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process downregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process negative regulation of bile acid anabolism negative regulation of bile acid biosynthesis negative regulation of bile acid formation negative regulation of bile acid synthesis inhibition of bile acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0070858 negative regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GO:0070858 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. GOC:BHF GOC:mah down regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah down-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah downregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah negative regulation of bile acid anabolism GOC:mah negative regulation of bile acid biosynthesis GOC:mah negative regulation of bile acid formation GOC:mah negative regulation of bile acid synthesis GOC:mah inhibition of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. mah 2009-08-14T03:22:58Z positive regulation of bile acid anabolism positive regulation of bile acid biosynthesis positive regulation of bile acid formation positive regulation of bile acid synthesis up regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process up-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process upregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process activation of bile acid biosynthetic process stimulation of bile acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0070859 positive regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GO:0070859 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids. GOC:BHF GOC:mah positive regulation of bile acid anabolism GOC:mah positive regulation of bile acid biosynthesis GOC:mah positive regulation of bile acid formation GOC:mah positive regulation of bile acid synthesis GOC:mah up regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah up-regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah upregulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah activation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah stimulation of bile acid biosynthetic process GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. mah 2009-08-20T02:44:53Z regulation of glycogen metabolism biological_process GO:0070873 regulation of glycogen metabolic process GO:0070873 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. GOC:mah regulation of glycogen metabolism GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. mah 2009-08-20T02:50:41Z negative regulation of glycogen metabolism biological_process GO:0070874 negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process GO:0070874 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. GOC:mah negative regulation of glycogen metabolism GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. mah 2009-08-20T02:53:55Z positive regulation of glycogen metabolism biological_process GO:0070875 positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process GO:0070875 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen. GOC:mah positive regulation of glycogen metabolism GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. mah 2009-09-15T03:00:51Z biological_process GO:0070925 organelle assembly GO:0070925 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state. mah 2009-10-05T04:35:31Z biological_process GO:0070977 bone maturation GO:0070977 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph GOC:mah The process of cell death in a neuron. mah 2009-11-03T02:37:17Z neuron cell death neuronal cell death biological_process GO:0070997 This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide or use of neuron-specific markers) show that neuron death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the neuron death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'), and the cell type captured as an annotation extension; or the term GO:0051402 'neuron apoptotic process' may be considered, if appropriate. neuron death GO:0070997 The process of cell death in a neuron. GOC:BHF GOC:mah neuron cell death GOC:mah GOC:rl neuronal cell death GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2009-11-20T11:51:20Z protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0071168 protein localization to chromatin GO:0071168 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:mah protein localisation to chromatin GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2009-11-20T11:52:43Z establishment of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0071169 establishment of protein localization to chromatin GO:0071169 The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:mah The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. mah 2009-12-16T10:22:52Z hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:0071425 hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GO:0071425 The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. CL:0000037 GOC:BHF GOC:add GOC:mah GOC:rl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. mah 2010-02-04T04:07:17Z biological_process GO:0071599 otic vesicle development GO:0071599 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. mah 2010-02-04T04:07:27Z biological_process GO:0071600 otic vesicle morphogenesis GO:0071600 The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear. GOC:mah The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. mah 2010-02-10T11:19:48Z chewing biological_process GO:0071626 mastication GO:0071626 The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. GOC:gvg chewing GOC:mah The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2010-02-16T02:11:00Z biological_process GO:0071674 mononuclear cell migration GO:0071674 The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2010-02-16T02:11:53Z biological_process GO:0071675 regulation of mononuclear cell migration GO:0071675 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2010-02-16T02:13:55Z down regulation of mononuclear cell migration down-regulation of mononuclear cell migration downregulation of mononuclear cell migration inhibition of mononuclear cell migration biological_process GO:0071676 negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration GO:0071676 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:mah down regulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah down-regulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah downregulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah inhibition of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2010-02-16T02:15:29Z up regulation of mononuclear cell migration up-regulation of mononuclear cell migration upregulation of mononuclear cell migration activation of mononuclear cell migration stimulation of mononuclear cell migration biological_process GO:0071677 positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration GO:0071677 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:mah up regulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah up-regulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah upregulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah activation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah stimulation of mononuclear cell migration GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location. mah 2010-02-25T04:00:13Z protein localisation in extracellular region protein localization in extracellular region biological_process GO:0071692 protein localization to extracellular region GO:0071692 Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location. GOC:mah protein localisation in extracellular region GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. mah 2010-03-02T11:43:38Z biological_process GO:0071695 anatomical structure maturation GO:0071695 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. GOC:mah The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. mah 2010-03-02T11:48:01Z biological_process GO:0071696 ectodermal placode development GO:0071696 The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. mah 2010-03-02T11:49:51Z biological_process GO:0071697 ectodermal placode morphogenesis GO:0071697 The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:mah The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. mah 2010-03-02T12:45:14Z biological_process GO:0071698 olfactory placode development GO:0071698 The progression of the olfactory placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of the olfactory placode are generated and organized. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. mah 2010-03-02T12:45:45Z biological_process GO:0071699 olfactory placode morphogenesis GO:0071699 The process in which the anatomical structures of the olfactory placode are generated and organized. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory placode to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. mah 2010-03-02T01:10:54Z biological_process GO:0071700 olfactory placode maturation GO:0071700 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the olfactory placode to attain its fully functional state. The olfactory placode is a thickening of the neural ectoderm in the head region of the vertebrate embryo which develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. GOC:mah The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. mah 2010-03-08T02:15:14Z biological_process GO:0071702 organic substance transport GO:0071702 The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. mah 2010-03-08T03:32:18Z organic molecular entity metabolic process organic molecular entity metabolism organic substance metabolism biological_process GO:0071704 organic substance metabolic process GO:0071704 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. GOC:mah The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. mah 2010-03-08T03:56:28Z biological_process GO:0071705 nitrogen compound transport GO:0071705 The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane. mah 2010-03-10T11:19:17Z biological_process GO:0071709 membrane assembly GO:0071709 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. mah 2010-03-10T11:57:10Z basement membrane organisation biological_process GO:0071711 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane organization ; GO:0061024' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane organization GO:0071711 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. GOC:mah basement membrane organisation GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. mah 2010-03-29T03:59:35Z nuclear membrane organisation biological_process nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0071763 nuclear membrane organization GO:0071763 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. GOC:mah nuclear membrane organisation GOC:mah nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane. mah 2010-03-29T04:03:37Z nuclear outer membrane organisation biological_process nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0071764 nuclear outer membrane organization GO:0071764 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane. GOC:mah nuclear outer membrane organisation GOC:mah nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. mah 2010-09-03T02:54:26Z protein membrane transport biological_process GO:0071806 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. protein transmembrane transport GO:0071806 The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah GOC:vw Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex. mah 2010-09-08T10:03:26Z DNA-protein complex subunit organization protein-DNA complex subunit organisation protein-DNA complex subunit organization biological_process GO:0071824 protein-DNA complex organization GO:0071824 Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex. GOC:mah DNA-protein complex subunit organization GOC:mah protein-DNA complex subunit organisation GOC:mah Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/25143 mah 2010-09-08T10:10:35Z RNA-protein complex subunit organization protein-RNA complex subunit organization ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization biological_process GO:0071826 protein-RNA complex organization GO:0071826 Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:mah RNA-protein complex subunit organization GOC:mah protein-RNA complex subunit organization GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation GOC:mah A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. mah 2010-09-10T01:39:16Z GO:0071841 cellular component organisation or biogenesis cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level biological_process GO:0071840 cellular component organization or biogenesis GO:0071840 A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component organisation or biogenesis GOC:mah cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. mah 2010-09-13T02:36:37Z response to monoamine stimulus biological_process GO:0071867 response to monoamine GO:0071867 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. GOC:mah response to monoamine stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. mah 2010-09-13T02:51:13Z response to catecholamine stimulus biological_process GO:0071869 response to catecholamine GO:0071869 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. GOC:BHF GOC:mah response to catecholamine stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. mah 2010-09-13T03:31:53Z response to noradrenaline stimulus response to norepinephrine stimulus biological_process GO:0071873 Note that epinephrine and norepinephrine are ligands for the same receptors, and there are multiple adrenergic receptors. response to norepinephrine GO:0071873 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. GOC:BHF GOC:mah response to noradrenaline stimulus GOC:mah response to norepinephrine stimulus GOC:dos Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. mah 2010-09-14T12:44:09Z leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0071887 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). leukocyte apoptotic process GO:0071887 Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. CL:0000738 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin. mah 2010-09-14T04:00:40Z biological_process GO:0071895 odontoblast differentiation GO:0071895 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin. GOC:sl PMID:20425127 The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA. mah 2010-09-15T02:14:33Z DNA anabolism DNA biosynthesis DNA formation DNA synthesis biological_process GO:0071897 DNA biosynthetic process GO:0071897 The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA. GOC:mah DNA anabolism GOC:mah DNA biosynthesis GOC:mah DNA formation GOC:mah DNA synthesis GOC:mah The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. mah 2010-10-04T01:51:47Z cellular_component GO:0071944 cell periphery GO:0071944 The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. GOC:pdt An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. mah 2010-10-11T11:44:57Z elastic fibre elastin fiber cellular_component GO:0071953 elastic fiber GO:0071953 An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. GOC:BHF GOC:mah PMID:20236620 elastic fibre GOC:mah elastin fiber GOC:BHF The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. mah 2010-10-18T03:44:18Z extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:0071971 extracellular exosome assembly GO:0071971 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. GOC:mah GOC:tfm PMID:19442504 PMID:27462458 extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels. mah 2010-01-25T10:31:00Z urinary system development urinary tract development biological_process GO:0072001 renal system development GO:0072001 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System urinary system development GOC:yaf urinary tract development GOC:yaf PMID:17881463 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. mah 2010-01-25T11:18:58Z biological_process kidney anlage formation GO:0072003 kidney rudiment formation GO:0072003 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a kidney rudiment from unspecified parts. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anlage formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. mah 2010-01-25T01:37:16Z biological_process nephrogenesis GO:0072006 nephron development GO:0072006 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 nephrogenesis GOC:rph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. mah 2010-01-25T02:01:39Z biological_process GO:0072009 nephron epithelium development GO:0072009 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. mah 2010-01-25T02:45:52Z biological_process GO:0072028 nephron morphogenesis GO:0072028 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-01-25T02:57:03Z biological_process nephron epithelium formation GO:0072033 renal vesicle formation GO:0072033 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 nephron epithelium formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle. mah 2010-01-25T03:04:24Z biological_process GO:0072036 mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in renal vesicle formation GO:0072036 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-01-25T03:08:05Z biological_process GO:0072038 mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis GO:0072038 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. mah 2010-01-25T03:08:34Z regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072039 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis GO:0072039 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. mah 2010-01-25T03:09:30Z negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072040 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis GO:0072040 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. mah 2010-01-25T03:10:32Z positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072041 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis GO:0072041 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. mah 2010-01-25T03:18:06Z biological_process GO:0072044 collecting duct development GO:0072044 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system. mah 2010-01-25T03:31:51Z biological_process renal system pattern formation GO:0072048 renal system pattern specification GO:0072048 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 renal system pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney. mah 2010-01-25T04:01:12Z biological_process GO:0072055 renal cortex development GO:0072055 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. mah 2010-01-25T04:07:07Z biological_process GO:0072059 cortical collecting duct development GO:0072059 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblast of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. mah 2010-01-25T04:34:31Z kidney interstitial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0072071 kidney interstitial fibroblast differentiation GO:0072071 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblast of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney interstitial cell differentiation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. mah 2010-01-25T04:37:42Z biological_process GO:0072073 kidney epithelium development GO:0072073 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney. mah 2010-01-25T04:39:04Z biological_process GO:0072074 kidney mesenchyme development GO:0072074 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros. mah 2010-01-25T04:40:11Z biological_process GO:0072075 metanephric mesenchyme development GO:0072075 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephrogenic mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of nephrogenic mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. mah 2010-01-25T04:40:44Z biological_process GO:0072076 nephrogenic mesenchyme development GO:0072076 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephrogenic mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of nephrogenic mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-02-01T02:21:06Z biological_process GO:0072077 renal vesicle morphogenesis GO:0072077 The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. mah 2010-02-01T02:25:14Z biological_process GO:0072078 nephron tubule morphogenesis GO:0072078 The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephron tubule are generated and organized. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. mah 2010-02-01T02:29:26Z biological_process GO:0072079 nephron tubule formation GO:0072079 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. mah 2010-02-01T02:32:12Z biological_process GO:0072080 nephron tubule development GO:0072080 The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-02-08T01:18:31Z biological_process GO:0072087 renal vesicle development GO:0072087 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. mah 2010-02-08T01:19:06Z biological_process GO:0072088 nephron epithelium morphogenesis GO:0072088 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron epithelium are generated and organized. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. mah 2010-02-08T02:03:36Z biological_process GO:0072089 stem cell proliferation GO:0072089 The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. mah 2010-02-08T02:09:03Z biological_process GO:0072091 regulation of stem cell proliferation GO:0072091 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the metanephros. mah 2010-02-10T01:17:11Z metanephros formation biological_process GO:0072093 metanephric renal vesicle formation GO:0072093 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 metanephros formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. mah 2010-02-10T02:06:24Z kidney anterior/posterior pattern specification biological_process anterior/posterior pattern formation involved in kidney development kidney anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0072098 anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in kidney development GO:0072098 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anterior/posterior pattern specification GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 anterior/posterior pattern formation involved in kidney development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anterior/posterior pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. mah 2010-02-10T02:12:09Z biological_process ureteric bud anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0072099 anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in ureteric bud development GO:0072099 The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ureteric bud along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ureteric bud anterior/posterior pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder. mah 2010-02-10T03:07:54Z biological_process GO:0072105 ureteric peristalsis GO:0072105 A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. mah 2010-02-12T02:34:40Z biological_process GO:0072106 regulation of ureteric bud formation GO:0072106 Any process that modulates the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. mah 2010-02-12T02:37:28Z biological_process GO:0072107 positive regulation of ureteric bud formation GO:0072107 Any process that increases the rate or extent of the developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. mah 2010-02-12T02:45:57Z biological_process GO:0072108 positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis GO:0072108 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney. mah 2010-02-22T10:48:45Z biological_process GO:0072111 cell proliferation involved in kidney development GO:0072111 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. mah 2010-02-22T11:12:15Z pronephric kidney morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072114 pronephros morphogenesis GO:0072114 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephros are generated and organized. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pronephric kidney morphogenesis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pronephros. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. mah 2010-02-22T11:16:26Z pronephric kidney formation biological_process GO:0072116 pronephros formation GO:0072116 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pronephros. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pronephric kidney formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pronephros to attain its fully functional state. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. mah 2010-02-22T11:25:48Z pronephric kidney maturation biological_process GO:0072120 pronephros maturation GO:0072120 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pronephros to attain its fully functional state. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pronephric kidney maturation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. mah 2010-02-22T02:02:55Z biological_process GO:0072127 renal capsule development GO:0072127 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. mah 2010-02-22T02:06:19Z biological_process GO:0072128 renal capsule morphogenesis GO:0072128 The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a renal capsule from unspecified parts. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. mah 2010-02-22T02:08:14Z biological_process GO:0072129 renal capsule formation GO:0072129 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a renal capsule from unspecified parts. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney. mah 2010-02-22T02:16:43Z biological_process GO:0072131 kidney mesenchyme morphogenesis GO:0072131 The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. mah 2010-02-22T02:17:15Z biological_process GO:0072132 mesenchyme morphogenesis GO:0072132 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros. mah 2010-02-22T02:20:14Z biological_process GO:0072133 metanephric mesenchyme morphogenesis GO:0072133 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. mah 2010-02-22T02:21:16Z biological_process GO:0072134 nephrogenic mesenchyme morphogenesis GO:0072134 The process in which the anatomical structures of a nephrogenic mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development. mah 2010-02-22T02:40:38Z ureteric bud mesenchymal cell proliferation biological_process GO:0072138 mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development GO:0072138 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ureteric bud mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mah 2010-02-24T01:39:05Z kidney interstitial cell development biological_process GO:0072141 renal interstitial fibroblast development GO:0072141 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a renal interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney interstitial cell development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to nephron tubule morphogenesis. mah 2010-02-24T02:21:25Z biological_process GO:0072155 epithelial cell migration involved in nephron tubule morphogenesis GO:0072155 The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to nephron tubule morphogenesis. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. mah 2010-02-24T02:40:11Z biological_process GO:0072160 nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072160 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. mah 2010-02-26T01:31:49Z biological_process GO:0072161 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:0072161 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. mah 2010-02-26T01:40:43Z biological_process GO:0072163 mesonephric epithelium development GO:0072163 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T01:45:58Z biological_process GO:0072164 mesonephric tubule development GO:0072164 The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. mah 2010-02-26T01:58:18Z biological_process GO:0072170 metanephric tubule development GO:0072170 The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:02:13Z biological_process GO:0072171 mesonephric tubule morphogenesis GO:0072171 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:02:37Z biological_process GO:0072172 mesonephric tubule formation GO:0072172 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:06:42Z biological_process GO:0072173 metanephric tubule morphogenesis GO:0072173 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule. mah 2010-02-26T02:07:41Z biological_process GO:0072174 metanephric tubule formation GO:0072174 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22302 mah 2010-02-26T02:15:40Z biological_process GO:0072175 epithelial tube formation GO:0072175 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. mah 2010-02-26T02:27:31Z biological_process GO:0072176 nephric duct development GO:0072176 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:32:22Z Wolffian duct development biological_process GO:0072177 mesonephric duct development GO:0072177 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Wolffian duct development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. mah 2010-02-26T02:35:29Z biological_process GO:0072178 nephric duct morphogenesis GO:0072178 The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. mah 2010-02-26T02:35:55Z biological_process GO:0072179 nephric duct formation GO:0072179 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:37:13Z biological_process Wolffian duct morphogenesis GO:0072180 mesonephric duct morphogenesis GO:0072180 The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric duct are generated and organized. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Wolffian duct morphogenesis GOC:dph The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros. mah 2010-02-26T02:38:03Z Wolffian duct formation biological_process GO:0072181 mesonephric duct formation GO:0072181 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Wolffian duct formation GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. mah 2010-02-26T02:45:09Z biological_process GO:0072182 regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072182 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. mah 2010-02-26T02:47:25Z biological_process GO:0072183 negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072183 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. mah 2010-03-01T01:44:14Z biological_process GO:0072189 ureter development GO:0072189 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mah 2010-03-01T01:48:53Z biological_process GO:0072191 ureter smooth muscle development GO:0072191 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter. mah 2010-03-01T01:55:01Z biological_process GO:0072193 ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:0072193 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell in the ureter. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mah 2010-03-01T02:05:30Z biological_process GO:0072194 kidney smooth muscle tissue development GO:0072194 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. mah 2010-03-01T02:24:55Z biological_process GO:0072197 ureter morphogenesis GO:0072197 The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development. mah 2010-03-01T03:24:41Z biological_process ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0072198 mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development GO:0072198 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. mah 2010-03-01T03:38:13Z biological_process regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0072199 regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development GO:0072199 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. mah 2010-03-01T03:42:31Z biological_process negative regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation negative regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0072200 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development GO:0072200 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the ureter gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 negative regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 negative regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. mah 2010-03-01T03:43:29Z biological_process GO:0072201 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:0072201 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. mah 2010-03-18T10:40:14Z biological_process GO:0072202 cell differentiation involved in metanephros development GO:0072202 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros. mah 2010-03-18T10:42:27Z biological_process GO:0072203 cell proliferation involved in metanephros development GO:0072203 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. mah 2010-03-18T10:54:36Z cell-cell signalling involved in metanephros development biological_process GO:0072204 cell-cell signaling involved in metanephros development GO:0072204 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 cell-cell signalling involved in metanephros development GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. mah 2010-03-18T11:15:37Z biological_process GO:0072205 metanephric collecting duct development GO:0072205 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. mah 2010-03-18T11:50:37Z biological_process GO:0072207 metanephric epithelium development GO:0072207 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mah 2010-03-18T11:51:59Z biological_process GO:0072208 metanephric smooth muscle tissue development GO:0072208 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. mah 2010-03-18T12:52:57Z biological_process GO:0072210 metanephric nephron development GO:0072210 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. mah 2010-03-18T01:25:19Z biological_process GO:0072213 metanephric capsule development GO:0072213 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros. mah 2010-03-18T01:29:49Z biological_process GO:0072214 metanephric cortex development GO:0072214 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. biological_process GO:0072215 regulation of metanephros development GO:0072215 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. mah 2010-03-18T01:40:12Z biological_process GO:0072216 positive regulation of metanephros development GO:0072216 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. mah 2010-03-18T01:45:48Z biological_process GO:0072217 negative regulation of metanephros development GO:0072217 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. mah 2010-03-18T03:34:52Z biological_process GO:0072219 metanephric cortical collecting duct development GO:0072219 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric cortical collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros. mah 2010-03-18T03:41:23Z biological_process GO:0072234 metanephric nephron tubule development GO:0072234 The progression of a metanephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros. mah 2010-03-19T03:29:49Z biological_process GO:0072243 metanephric nephron epithelium development GO:0072243 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. mah 2010-03-19T04:11:02Z biological_process GO:0072257 metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072257 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric capsule are generated and organized. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. mah 2010-03-30T02:54:49Z biological_process GO:0072265 metanephric capsule morphogenesis GO:0072265 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric capsule are generated and organized. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. mah 2010-03-30T02:56:35Z biological_process GO:0072266 metanephric capsule formation GO:0072266 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. mah 2010-03-30T03:06:30Z metanephros pattern specification biological_process metanephros pattern formation pattern formation involved in metanephros development GO:0072268 pattern specification involved in metanephros development GO:0072268 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the metanephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 metanephros pattern specification GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 metanephros pattern formation GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 pattern formation involved in metanephros development GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros. mah 2010-03-30T03:33:19Z biological_process GO:0072273 metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0072273 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros. mah 2010-04-01T03:25:11Z biological_process GO:0072282 metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis GO:0072282 The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-04-01T03:28:00Z biological_process GO:0072283 metanephric renal vesicle morphogenesis GO:0072283 The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle. mah 2010-04-01T03:43:31Z biological_process GO:0072285 mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephric renal vesicle formation GO:0072285 A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros. mah 2010-04-09T03:47:44Z biological_process GO:0072289 metanephric nephron tubule formation GO:0072289 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis. mah 2010-04-09T03:52:29Z biological_process GO:0072290 epithelial cell migration involved in metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis GO:0072290 The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072304 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0072304 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072305 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0072305 Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis biological_process GO:0072306 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0072306 Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z biological_process GO:0072307 regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072307 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z biological_process GO:0072308 negative regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:0072308 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. mah 2010-04-09T05:03:41Z biological_process GO:0072309 mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:0072309 The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group. mah 2010-11-02T04:41:55Z biological_process GO:0072329 monocarboxylic acid catabolic process GO:0072329 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group. mah 2010-11-02T04:51:32Z monocarboxylic acid anabolism monocarboxylic acid biosynthesis monocarboxylic acid formation monocarboxylic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0072330 monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process GO:0072330 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group. GOC:mah monocarboxylic acid anabolism GOC:mah monocarboxylic acid biosynthesis GOC:mah monocarboxylic acid formation GOC:mah monocarboxylic acid synthesis GOC:mah The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. mah 2010-11-11T11:43:56Z sulfur-containing compound transport biological_process GO:0072348 sulfur compound transport GO:0072348 The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah sulfur-containing compound transport GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. mah 2010-11-16T11:27:39Z GO:0072358 cardiovascular system development biological_process GO:0072359 circulatory system development GO:0072359 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. GOC:mah UBERON:0001009 The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis. mah 2010-11-16T11:46:55Z biological_process GO:0072360 vascular cord development GO:0072360 The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis. GOC:mah PMID:7084422 ZFA:0005077 The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. mah 2010-12-01T04:59:11Z microtubule-based organelle localization biological_process GO:0072384 organelle transport along microtubule GO:0072384 The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. GOC:mah microtubule-based organelle localization GOC:rl The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22228 mah 2010-12-10T10:29:57Z GO:0015696 ammonia transport ammonium transport ammonium membrane transport biological_process GO:0072488 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. ammonium transmembrane transport GO:0072488 The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. GOC:mah The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. mah 2011-01-04T12:50:36Z biological_process GO:0072520 seminiferous tubule development GO:0072520 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. GOC:BHF GOC:mah UBERON:0001343 A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. mah 2011-01-14T04:35:08Z biological_process GO:0072537 fibroblast activation GO:0072537 A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. CL:0000057 GOC:BHF GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. mah 2011-01-27T01:57:14Z pancreatic B cell maturation pancreatic beta cell maturation biological_process GO:0072560 These processes continue to 60 DPA in Gossypium spp. type B pancreatic cell maturation GO:0072560 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. CL:0000169 GOC:BHF pancreatic B cell maturation CL:0000169 GOC:mah pancreatic beta cell maturation CL:0000169 GOC:mah The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver. mah 2011-02-02T03:37:50Z biological_process GO:0072575 epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis GO:0072575 The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver. GOC:BHF GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized. mah 2011-02-02T03:41:30Z biological_process GO:0072576 liver morphogenesis GO:0072576 The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized. GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. mah 2011-02-02T03:56:24Z apoptosis of endothelial cells endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis killing of endothelial cells programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, endothelial cells endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0072577 endothelial cell apoptotic process GO:0072577 Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. CL:0000115 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:mah endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:mah killing of endothelial cells GOC:mah programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:mah programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2). mah 2011-02-11T10:46:51Z diatomic oxygen metabolic process oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:0072592 oxygen metabolic process GO:0072592 The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2). GOC:mah diatomic oxygen metabolic process CHEBI:33263 oxygen metabolism GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle. mah 2011-02-14T01:56:51Z establishment of protein localisation to organelle biological_process GO:0072594 establishment of protein localization to organelle GO:0072594 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to organelle GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane. mah 2011-02-14T02:35:18Z protein localisation in membrane protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:0072657 protein localization to membrane GO:0072657 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane. GOC:mah protein localisation in membrane GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:29:23Z GO:0072661 GO:0090002 biological_process protein localisation in plasma membrane protein localization in plasma membrane protein targeting to plasma membrane protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:0072659 protein localization to plasma membrane GO:0072659 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. GOC:mah protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole. mah 2011-02-14T02:55:35Z protein localisation to vacuole biological_process GO:0072665 protein localization to vacuole GO:0072665 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole. GOC:ecd protein localisation to vacuole GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole. mah 2011-02-14T02:56:29Z establishment of protein localisation to vacuole biological_process GO:0072666 establishment of protein localization to vacuole GO:0072666 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to vacuole GOC:mah The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2011-02-22T03:38:12Z biological_process GO:0072676 lymphocyte migration GO:0072676 The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. CL:0000542 GOC:BHF GOC:mah The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. mah 2011-02-22T03:40:40Z T lymphocyte migration T-cell migration T-lymphocyte migration biological_process GO:0072678 T cell migration GO:0072678 The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. CL:0000084 GOC:BHF GOC:mah T lymphocyte migration CL:0000084 T-cell migration CL:0000084 T-lymphocyte migration CL:0000084 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex. mah 2012-04-11T01:16:33Z protein localisation to cell cortex biological_process GO:0072697 protein localization to cell cortex GO:0072697 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex. GOC:mah protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:mah A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton. mah 2012-04-11T01:19:35Z protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton biological_process GO:0072698 protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton GO:0072698 A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton. GOC:mah protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. dhl 2009-04-22T04:30:52Z biological_process GO:0080090 regulation of primary metabolic process GO:0080090 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. PMID:19211694 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). dhl 2009-05-06T04:51:28Z biological_process GO:0080134 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to stress GO:0080134 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:dhl Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). dhl 2010-09-01T03:44:27Z biological_process GO:0080154 regulation of fertilization GO:0080154 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:DHL PMID:20478994 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. jl 2010-07-14T12:52:49Z biological_process GO:0085029 extracellular matrix assembly GO:0085029 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. GOC:jl An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T07:45:11Z biological_process GO:0086001 cardiac muscle cell action potential GO:0086001 An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T08:50:15Z SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0086015 SA node cell action potential GO:0086015 An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0086016 AV node cell action potential GO:0086016 An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z biological_process GO:0086017 Purkinje myocyte action potential GO:0086017 An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. tb 2011-11-10T09:15:01Z SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signalling SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling biological_process GO:0086018 SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling GO:0086018 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium. dph 2011-11-16T03:43:52Z cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction biological_process GO:0086019 cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction GO:0086019 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. tb 2011-11-11T02:02:14Z AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling atrioventricular node to bundle of His cell signaling biological_process GO:0086027 AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling GO:0086027 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-11T02:02:14Z Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling biological_process GO:0086029 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling GO:0086029 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling GOC:mah Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T08:57:02Z biological_process GO:0086065 cell communication involved in cardiac conduction GO:0086065 Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:11:44Z atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication biological_process GO:0086067 AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication GO:0086067 The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:14:49Z biological_process GO:0086068 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication GO:0086068 The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:32:45Z SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication biological_process GO:0086070 SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication GO:0086070 The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis. tb 2009-07-29T10:31:31Z biological_process GO:0090009 primitive streak formation GO:0090009 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. tb 2009-08-12T11:33:09Z biological_process GO:0090063 positive regulation of microtubule nucleation GO:0090063 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. tb 2009-09-09T11:39:52Z biological_process GO:0090068 positive regulation of cell cycle process GO:0090068 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090069 regulation of ribosome biogenesis GO:0090069 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090070 positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis GO:0090070 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090071 negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis GO:0090071 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tb 2009-10-23T11:21:38Z biological_process GO:0090087 regulation of peptide transport GO:0090087 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. tb 2009-11-04T10:03:25Z biological_process GO:0090091 positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GO:0090091 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement. tb 2009-12-07T03:13:55Z biological_process GO:0090130 tissue migration GO:0090130 The process in which the population of cells that make up a tissue undergo directed movement. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement. tb 2009-12-07T03:15:17Z biological_process GO:0090131 mesenchyme migration GO:0090131 The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement. tb 2009-12-07T03:19:34Z biological_process GO:0090132 epithelium migration GO:0090132 The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. tb 2009-12-08T02:05:00Z regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation by cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0090138 regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion GO:0090138 Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation by cell-cell adhesion GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane. tb 2009-12-08T03:18:51Z establishment of protein localisation in membrane establishment of protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:0090150 establishment of protein localization to membrane GO:0090150 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of protein localisation in membrane GOC:mah The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. tb 2009-12-08T08:58:27Z biological_process GO:0090162 establishment of epithelial cell polarity GO:0090162 The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance. tb 2009-12-08T09:15:11Z Golgi apparatus disassembly biological_process GO:0090166 Golgi disassembly GO:0090166 A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance. tb 2009-12-08T09:15:11Z Golgi apparatus reassembly biological_process GO:0090168 Golgi reassembly GO:0090168 The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. tb 2009-12-11T10:21:59Z biological_process GO:0090170 regulation of Golgi inheritance GO:0090170 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte. tb 2009-12-11T10:36:02Z biological_process GO:0090171 chondrocyte morphogenesis GO:0090171 The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane. tb 2009-12-11T11:44:58Z biological_process GO:0090174 organelle membrane fusion GO:0090174 The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. tb 2009-12-18T10:50:56Z biological_process regulation of nephrogenesis GO:0090183 regulation of kidney development GO:0090183 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf regulation of nephrogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. tb 2009-12-18T10:52:01Z biological_process positive regulation of nephrogenesis GO:0090184 positive regulation of kidney development GO:0090184 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf positive regulation of nephrogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. tb 2009-12-18T10:58:45Z biological_process negative regulation of nephrogenesis GO:0090185 negative regulation of kidney development GO:0090185 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf negative regulation of nephrogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. tb 2009-12-18T11:11:17Z biological_process GO:0090189 regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis GO:0090189 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. tb 2009-12-18T11:11:17Z biological_process GO:0090190 positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis GO:0090190 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. tb 2009-12-18T11:11:17Z biological_process GO:0090191 negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis GO:0090191 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. GOC:dph GOC:tb GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. tb 2010-02-03T11:48:13Z biological_process GO:0090257 regulation of muscle system process GO:0090257 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090273 regulation of somatostatin secretion GO:0090273 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090274 positive regulation of somatostatin secretion GO:0090274 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090275 negative regulation of somatostatin secretion GO:0090275 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090276 regulation of peptide hormone secretion GO:0090276 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090277 positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion GO:0090277 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090278 negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion GO:0090278 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090299 regulation of neural crest formation GO:0090299 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds. GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090300 positive regulation of neural crest formation GO:0090300 Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090301 negative regulation of neural crest formation GO:0090301 Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:tb Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. tb 2010-04-07T10:18:47Z biological_process GO:0090304 nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0090304 Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. tb 2010-04-16T03:45:07Z biological_process GO:0090316 positive regulation of intracellular protein transport GO:0090316 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. tb 2010-04-16T03:45:07Z biological_process GO:0090317 negative regulation of intracellular protein transport GO:0090317 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. tb 2010-05-14T10:24:29Z biological_process GO:0090325 regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior GO:0090325 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:dph GOC:kmv GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. tb 2010-05-14T10:26:58Z biological_process GO:0090326 positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior GO:0090326 Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:dph GOC:kmv GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. tb 2010-05-14T10:26:58Z biological_process GO:0090327 negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior GO:0090327 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:dph GOC:kmv GOC:tb The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini. tb 2012-05-04T09:24:48Z biological_process GO:0090425 acinar cell differentiation GO:0090425 The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini. GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. tb 2012-07-30T01:50:41Z protein localization in nuclear envelope biological_process GO:0090435 protein localization to nuclear envelope GO:0090435 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. GOC:tb The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell. tb 2012-10-17T11:06:17Z biological_process GO:0090493 catecholamine uptake GO:0090493 The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb The migration of mesenchymal tissue that contributes to the formation of a limb bud. tb 2012-10-17T12:04:20Z biological_process GO:0090496 mesenchyme migration involved in limb bud formation GO:0090496 The migration of mesenchymal tissue that contributes to the formation of a limb bud. GOC:dph GOC:tb The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. tb 2012-10-17T12:08:17Z biological_process GO:0090497 mesenchymal cell migration GO:0090497 The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph GOC:tb Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. tb 2014-08-22T13:23:20Z biological_process GO:0090596 sensory organ morphogenesis GO:0090596 Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:kmv ISBN:978-0199210893 The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized. tb 2014-08-22T13:29:45Z biological_process GO:0090598 male anatomical structure morphogenesis GO:0090598 The processes by which anatomical structures that are only present in the male organism are generated and organized. GOC:kmv GOC:tb A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus. tb 2016-07-19T17:00:49Z RNA localisation to nucleus biological_process GO:0090685 RNA localization to nucleus GO:0090685 A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus. GOC:mah PMID:26305931 RNA localisation to nucleus GOC:mah Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule. tb 2017-05-16T22:33:39Z cellular_component GO:0090741 pigment granule membrane GO:0090741 Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule. PMID:11294610 All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium. pr 2011-03-23T01:52:31Z cilium plasm microtubule-based flagellar matrix microtubule-based flagellum matrix cellular_component cilial cytoplasm ciliary cytoplasm cilium cytoplasm microtubule-based flagellar cytoplasm microtubule-based flagellum cytoplasm GO:0097014 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term "ciliary plasm" is not linked to "cytoplasm". ciliary plasm GO:0097014 All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium. GOC:BHF GOC:cilia GOC:dos PMID:17895364 Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells. pr 2011-03-31T04:52:53Z dendritic extension biological_process GO:0097026 Note that dendrites of dendritic cells should not be confused with neuronal cell dendrites, which process electrical signals. dendritic cell dendrite assembly GO:0097026 Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells. CL:0000451 GOC:BHF PMID:12200351 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. pr 2011-04-01T10:08:42Z biological_process GO:0097028 Note that immunologists typically use the word 'maturation' to refer to dendritic cells undergoing the process that GO describes as 'cell differentiation'. dendritic cell differentiation GO:0097028 The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. CL:0000451 GOC:pr Any apoptotic process in a dendritic cell, a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. pr 2011-05-04T02:18:59Z dendritic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0097048 dendritic cell apoptotic process GO:0097048 Any apoptotic process in a dendritic cell, a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. CL:0000451 GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:15059845 Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. pr 2011-05-04T02:21:43Z motoneuron apoptosis motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0097049 motor neuron apoptotic process GO:0097049 Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. CL:0000100 GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:14523086 Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. pr 2011-05-04T02:24:38Z pancreatic B cell apoptosis pancreatic beta cell apoptosis type B pancreatic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0097050 type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process GO:0097050 Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. CL:0000169 GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16087305 A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. pr 2011-06-07T11:22:09Z cellular_component GO:0097060 synaptic membrane GO:0097060 A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. GOC:BHF PMID:20410104 The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. pr 2011-06-20T04:03:08Z vascular smooth muscle cell development biological_process GO:0097084 vascular associated smooth muscle cell development GO:0097084 The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. GOC:BHF The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized. pr 2011-07-05T02:51:54Z biological_process GO:0097094 craniofacial suture morphogenesis GO:0097094 The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized. GOC:pr GOC:sl Wikipedia:Cranial_sutures Wikipedia:Head_and_neck_anatomy#Musculoskeletal_system The process in which the frontonasal suture, between frontal and nasal bones, is generated and organized. pr 2011-07-05T02:57:46Z nasofrontal suture morphogenesis biological_process GO:0097095 frontonasal suture morphogenesis GO:0097095 The process in which the frontonasal suture, between frontal and nasal bones, is generated and organized. GOC:pr GOC:sl PMID:12416537 Wikipedia:Cranial_sutures Wikipedia:Head_and_neck_anatomy#Musculoskeletal_system The process in which any suture between facial bones is generated and organized. pr 2011-07-05T03:06:27Z biological_process GO:0097096 facial suture morphogenesis GO:0097096 The process in which any suture between facial bones is generated and organized. GOC:pr GOC:sl Wikipedia:Cranial_sutures Wikipedia:Head_and_neck_anatomy#Musculoskeletal_system The process in which the nasal suture is generated and organized. pr 2011-07-05T03:09:04Z internasal suture morphogenesis biological_process GO:0097097 nasal suture morphogenesis GO:0097097 The process in which the nasal suture is generated and organized. GOC:pr GOC:sl Wikipedia:Cranial_sutures Wikipedia:Head_and_neck_anatomy#Musculoskeletal_system Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. pr 2011-09-06T02:31:59Z mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0097152 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process GO:0097152 Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. CL:0000134 GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:yaf PMID:18231833 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion. pr 2011-09-28T04:21:30Z ammonium ion metabolism biological_process ammonium metabolic process GO:0097164 ammonium ion metabolic process GO:0097164 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion. GOC:dhl GOC:tb PMID:14671018 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage. pr 2011-11-21T09:01:24Z enamel development biological_process GO:0097186 amelogenesis GO:0097186 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage. GOC:cjm GOC:sl PMID:10206335 PMID:21196346 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin. pr 2011-11-21T09:04:17Z dentin development dentine development biological_process GO:0097187 dentinogenesis GO:0097187 The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin. GOC:cjm GOC:sl PMID:10206335 PMID:21196346 The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. pr 2011-11-23T09:30:23Z GO:0008624 apoptotic signalling pathway induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals biological_process GO:0097190 This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. apoptotic signaling pathway GO:0097190 The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. GOC:mtg_apoptosis apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. pr 2011-11-23T09:45:24Z execution phase of apoptotic process apoptosis biological_process GO:0097194 execution phase of apoptosis GO:0097194 A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:21760595 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. pr 2012-02-02T12:23:31Z biological_process GO:0097237 cellular response to toxic substance GO:0097237 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. GOC:pr Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. pr 2012-03-05T10:51:15Z oligodendrocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0097252 oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GO:0097252 Any apoptotic process in an oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes belong to a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, where they form the insulating myelin sheath of axons. CL:0000128 GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:yaf PMID:16723520 The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22368 pr 2012-03-05T02:03:58Z biological_process GO:0097254 renal tubular secretion GO:0097254 The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs. GOC:rph PMID:25287933 Wikipedia:Renal_secretion#Secretion Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver. pr 2012-03-29T10:23:21Z hepatocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0097284 hepatocyte apoptotic process GO:0097284 Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver. CL:0000182 GOC:jc GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:15856020 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin. pr 2012-07-03T03:19:07Z protein localisation to heterochromatin biological_process GO:0097355 protein localization to heterochromatin GO:0097355 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin. GOC:mah protein localisation to heterochromatin GOC:mah The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. pr 2012-07-19T10:17:37Z biological_process GO:0097360 chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GO:0097360 The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. CL:0011101 GOC:BHF PMID:15150278 A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell. pr 2012-10-22T13:55:54Z cellular_component glial process glial projection GO:0097386 glial cell projection GO:0097386 A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell. GOC:mc The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. pr 2012-10-29T08:24:37Z biological_process GO:0097402 neuroblast migration GO:0097402 The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. CL:0000031 GOC:jc PMID:15543145 An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other. pr 2012-11-07T15:01:27Z NIF_Subcellular:sao1872343973 microtubule fascicle cellular_component GO:0097427 microtubule bundle GO:0097427 An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other. NIF_Subcellular:sao1872343973 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. pr 2012-11-27T15:46:25Z GO:0043206 extracellular fibril organisation extracellular fibril organization extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis biological_process fibril organisation fibril organization GO:0097435 supramolecular fiber organization GO:0097435 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GOC:pr extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane. pr 2012-12-19T13:01:02Z NIF_Subcellular:sao1890444066 cellular_component GO:0097454 Schwann cell microvillus GO:0097454 Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao1890444066 PMID:15988042 Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. pr 2013-03-21T09:44:45Z rod photoreceptor apoptotic process biological_process GO:0097473 retinal rod cell apoptotic process GO:0097473 Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. CL:0000604 GOC:jc PMID:17202487 Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. pr 2013-03-21T09:46:22Z cone photoreceptor apoptotic process biological_process GO:0097474 retinal cone cell apoptotic process GO:0097474 Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. CL:0000573 GOC:jc The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. pr 2013-04-23T13:00:46Z biological_process GO:0097475 motor neuron migration GO:0097475 The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. CL:0000100 GOC:yaf PMID:20711475 The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. pr 2013-04-23T13:03:46Z biological_process GO:0097476 spinal cord motor neuron migration GO:0097476 The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. CL:0011001 GOC:yaf PMID:20711475 A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells. pr 2013-10-16T13:02:25Z cellular_component GO:0097511 dendritic cell dendrite GO:0097511 A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells. CL:0000451 GOC:BHF GOC:cjm PMID:12200351 A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. pr 2013-10-16T13:04:58Z cellular_component GO:0097512 cardiac myofibril GO:0097512 A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. GOC:cjm GOC:devbiol A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell. pr 2013-10-18T11:31:17Z cellular_component GO:0097524 sperm plasma membrane GO:0097524 A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell. GOC:cjm The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. pr 2013-11-11T13:59:43Z biological_process GO:0097529 myeloid leukocyte migration GO:0097529 The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body. GOC:cvs PMID:22342843 PMID:24157461 The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. pr 2013-11-28T10:47:15Z lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell migration biological_process GO:0097534 lymphoid lineage cell migration GO:0097534 The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage. GOC:pr PMID:22342843 Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole. pr 2014-02-28T09:49:31Z biological_process GO:0097576 vacuole fusion GO:0097576 Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole. GOC:pr GOC:vw Wikipedia:Vacuole Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region. pr 2016-03-29T17:39:45Z cellular_component GO:0097708 intracellular vesicle GO:0097708 Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region. GOC:vesicles The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane. pr 2016-08-05T16:12:33Z Reactome:R-HSA-5620912.1 ciliary basal body docking biological_process anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane GO:0097711 Basal bodies in jawed vertebrates appear to first attach to a ciliary vesicle. It is unclear how specific this is to jawed vertebrates or if other organisms also employ this sequence. Some species like Giardia intestinalis do not relocate their basal bodies to the plasma membrane, but have their axonemes extend through the cytosol to then protrude out of the cell to form flagella. ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking GO:0097711 The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane. GOC:cilia PMID:13978319 PMID:23348840 PMID:23530209 PMID:25686250 PMID:26981235 Reactome:R-HSA-5620912.1 The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. pr 2016-08-05T16:16:28Z biological_process GO:0097712 vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment GO:0097712 The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. GOC:cilia PMID:20106869 PMID:23351793 PMID:24814148 PMID:26485645 Reactome:R-HSA-5620920.1 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell. pr 2016-09-01T12:00:45Z sperm movement biological_process GO:0097722 sperm motility GO:0097722 Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell. GOC:cilia GOC:krc The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. pr 2016-10-03T14:35:25Z exosome assembly or secretion exosome biogenesis exosome production biological_process ILV assembly intraluminal vesicle assembly GO:0097734 extracellular exosome biogenesis GO:0097734 The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:bf PMID:19442504 PMID:25392495 A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. dos 2013-10-14T12:05:12Z cellular_component GO:0098523 In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting the myotubes of skeletal muscle (AKA skeletal muscle fibers). Neuromuscular junctions targeting other muscle cell types exist in invertebrates such as the mononucleate somatic muscles of nematodes. neuromuscular junction of myotube GO:0098523 A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. GOC:dos The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. dos 2013-10-15T14:00:34Z biological_process GO:0098528 skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GO:0098528 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. GOC:dos Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22173 dos 2013-11-11T12:59:11Z GO:0009814 defence response incompatible interaction defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction defense response, incompatible interaction resistance response to pathogen biological_process GO:0098542 defense response to other organism GO:0098542 Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism. GOC:dos The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. dos 2014-02-26T13:41:31Z cellular_component GO:0098588 Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes. bounding membrane of organelle GO:0098588 The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. GOC:dos A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. dos 2014-03-06T11:55:32Z region of plasma membrane cellular_component GO:0098590 Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass. plasma membrane region GO:0098590 A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. dos 2014-04-16T13:40:03Z GO:0016337 biological_process single organismal cell-cell adhesion GO:0098609 cell-cell adhesion GO:0098609 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion. cellular_component GO:0098635 protein complex involved in cell-cell adhesion GO:0098635 Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell-cell adhesion. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell. GO:1990307 cellular_component cell adhesion complex GO:0098636 protein complex involved in cell adhesion GO:0098636 Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell. GOC:dos A collagen trimer that forms networks. cellular_component GO:0098642 network-forming collagen trimer GO:0098642 A collagen trimer that forms networks. PMID:21421911 A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands). cellular_component GO:0098643 banded collagen fibril GO:0098643 A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands). GOC:dos PMID:21421911 A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network. Supramolecular aggregate of collagen Supramolecular collagen assembly cellular_component GO:0098644 complex of collagen trimers GO:0098644 A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network. GOC:dos Supramolecular aggregate of collagen PMID:19693541 Supramolecular collagen assembly PMID:21421911 A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network. cellular_component GO:0098645 collagen network GO:0098645 A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network. GOC:dos PMID:21421911 Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane. cellular_component GO:0098651 basement membrane collagen trimer GO:0098651 Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane. GOC:dos PMID:21421911 The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom. GO:0099132 cation transmembrane transport ATP hydrolysis coupled cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0098655 monoatomic cation transmembrane transport GO:0098655 The process in which a monoatomic cation is transported across a membrane. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:dos GOC:vw The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. uptake biological_process GO:0098657 import into cell GO:0098657 The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. GOC:dos The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. inorganic ion membrane transport transmembrane inorganic ion transport biological_process GO:0098660 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic ion transmembrane transport GO:0098660 The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. inorganic anion membrane transport transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:0098661 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic anion transmembrane transport GO:0098661 The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015672 GO:0072511 inorganic cation membrane transport transmembrane inorganic cation transport divalent inorganic cation transport monovalent inorganic cation transport biological_process GO:0098662 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic cation transmembrane transport GO:0098662 A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic cation transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity. biological_process GO:0098722 asymmetric stem cell division GO:0098722 Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity. GOC:dos PMID:18513950 A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber. cellular_component GO:0098723 skeletal muscle myofibril GO:0098723 A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber. GOC:dos Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained. biological_process GO:0098727 maintenance of cell number GO:0098727 Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained. GOC:dos The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes. biological_process GO:0098728 germline stem cell asymmetric division GO:0098728 The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes. GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0098751 Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific cell development term or if not possible, bone or bone tissue development. bone cell development GO:0098751 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dos Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. biological_process GO:0098754 detoxification GO:0098754 Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0098773 skin epidermis development GO:0098773 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dos The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. presynaptic terminal cellular_component GO:0098793 presynapse GO:0098793 The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. GOC:dos The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. cellular_component GO:0098794 postsynapse GO:0098794 The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is part of a membrane. cellular_component GO:0098796 membrane protein complex GO:0098796 Any protein complex that is part of a membrane. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0098797 plasma membrane protein complex GO:0098797 Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system. biological_process GO:0098801 regulation of renal system process GO:0098801 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system. GOC:dos The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. biological_process GO:0098813 nuclear chromosome segregation GO:0098813 The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. GOC:dos The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. microtubule-based protein transport biological_process GO:0098840 protein transport along microtubule GO:0098840 The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. PMID:25987607 A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules. cellular_component GO:0098858 actin-based cell projection GO:0098858 A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules. PMID:15661519 The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. biological_process GO:0098867 intramembranous bone growth GO:0098867 The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. PMID:26399686 The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. biological_process GO:0098868 bone growth GO:0098868 The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. GOC:dos The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. cellular_component GO:0098871 postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton GO:0098871 The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. GOC:dos The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis. biological_process GO:0098876 vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane GO:0098876 The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis. GOC:dos A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared. synapse clearance synapse disassembly synapse elimination synapse removal biological_process GO:0098883 synapse pruning GO:0098883 A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared. GOC:dos PMID:12062020 PMID:18083105 PMID:22632716 PMID:29844190 synapse clearance GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:22632716 synapse disassembly PMID:12062020 synapse elimination GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:18083105 PMID:29844190 synapse removal GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:22632716 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process GO:0098900 The ion channels through which current flows during an action potential should be annotated to the process 'action potential'. Gene products involved in modulating the characteristics of an action potential via changing the expression levels or the activity of these channels (e.g. modulating their kinetics or voltage sensitivity) should be annotated to this regulation term. regulation of action potential GO:0098900 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process GO:0098901 regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential GO:0098901 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dos GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0098904 regulation of AV node cell action potential GO:0098904 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z biological_process GO:0098906 regulation of Purkinje myocyte action potential GO:0098906 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:50:15Z regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0098907 regulation of SA node cell action potential GO:0098907 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process generation of action potential GO:0098908 regulation of neuronal action potential GO:0098908 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb generation of action potential GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0098916 anterograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:0098916 Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0098917 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:0098917 Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand. biological_process GO:0098920 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid GO:0098920 Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand. GOC:dos Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse. postsynaptic signaling pathway biological_process GO:0098926 postsynaptic signal transduction GO:0098926 Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse. GOC:dos postsynaptic signaling pathway Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse. presynaptic signaling pathway biological_process GO:0098928 presynaptic signal transduction GO:0098928 Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse. GOC:dos presynaptic signaling pathway The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons. Wikipedia:Axoplasmic_transport axon cargo transport axoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0098930 axonal transport GO:0098930 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons. ISBN:0815316194 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0098974 postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization GO:0098974 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. GOC:dos The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma. cellular_component GO:0098975 postsynapse of neuromuscular junction GO:0098975 The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma. GOC:dos Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction&oldid=723623502 A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. cellular_component GO:0098981 cholinergic synapse GO:0098981 A synapse that uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. GOC:dos Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse. biological_process GO:0099003 vesicle-mediated transport in synapse GO:0099003 Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse. GOC:dos The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse. presynapse biogenesis presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:0099054 presynapse assembly GO:0099054 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:24449494 presynapse biogenesis GOC:mah presynaptic terminal assembly PMID:24449494 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. postsynapse biogenesis biological_process GO:0099068 postsynapse assembly GO:0099068 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. GOC:bf GOC:dos GOCL:PARL postsynapse biogenesis GOC:mah A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber. cellular_component GO:0099080 supramolecular complex GO:0099080 A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber. GOC:dos A polymeric supramolecular structure. cellular_component GO:0099081 supramolecular polymer GO:0099081 A polymeric supramolecular structure. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide. biological_process GO:0099082 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GO:0099082 Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:19448629 Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide. biological_process GO:0099083 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099083 Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:19448629 The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization. biological_process GO:0099098 microtubule polymerization based movement GO:0099098 The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. biological_process GO:0099111 microtubule-based transport GO:0099111 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached. biological_process GO:0099112 microtubule polymerization based protein transport GO:0099112 The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached. GOC:dos GOC:vw PMID:11018050 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins. biological_process GO:0099118 microtubule-based protein transport GO:0099118 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins. GOC:vw A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. dos 2017-06-09T18:34:19Z biological_process GO:0099140 presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization GO:0099140 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. GOC:dos The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. dos 2017-06-09T18:36:19Z cellular_component GO:0099143 presynaptic actin cytoskeleton GO:0099143 The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome. dos 2017-07-05T16:40:45Z exosome mediated biological_process GO:0099156 cell-cell signaling via exosome GO:0099156 Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome. GOC:dos PMID:19837038 Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome. dos 2017-07-05T16:49:44Z exosome mediated transynaptic signalling biological_process GO:0099157 trans-synaptic signalling via exosome GO:0099157 Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome. GOC:dos PMID:19837038 The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. dos 2017-08-28T15:26:08Z cellular_component GO:0099160 postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton GO:0099160 The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. GOC:dos PMID:25869803 Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. dos 2017-09-11T17:09:17Z biological_process GO:0099170 postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission GO:0099170 Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. GOC:dos Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. dos 2017-09-11T17:09:31Z biological_process GO:0099171 presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission GO:0099171 Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse. presynapse development presynapse organisation biological_process presynapse morphogenesis presynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099172 presynapse organization GO:0099172 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse. GOC:dos presynapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF presynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse. postsynapse development postsynapse organisation biological_process postsynapse morphogenesis postsynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099173 postsynapse organization GO:0099173 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse. GOC:dos postsynapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF postsynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse. regulation of presynapse organisation regulation of presynapse structure biological_process regulation of presynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099174 regulation of presynapse organization GO:0099174 Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of presynapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of presynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse. regulation of postsynapse organisation regulation of postsynapse structure biological_process regulation of postsynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099175 regulation of postsynapse organization GO:0099175 Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of postsynapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of postsynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling. biological_process GO:0099177 regulation of trans-synaptic signaling GO:0099177 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling. GOC:dos The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. dos 2017-12-01T18:10:21Z cellular_component GO:0099182 presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton GO:0099182 The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprised of intermediate filament and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. dos 2017-12-20T13:47:30Z biological_process GO:0099185 postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization GO:0099185 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprised of intermediate filament and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton. dos 2017-12-20T15:05:34Z biological_process GO:0099187 presynaptic cytoskeleton organization GO:0099187 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. dos 2017-12-20T15:06:57Z biological_process GO:0099188 postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization GO:0099188 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. GOC:dos Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space. biological_process GO:0099500 vesicle fusion to plasma membrane GO:0099500 Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space. GOC:aruk GOC:bc ISBN:0071120009 PMID:18618940 The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle. secretory vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0099501 exocytic vesicle membrane GO:0099501 The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle. GOC:dos A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space. cellular_component GO:0099503 secretory vesicle GO:0099503 A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space. GOC:dos A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GO:0043205 cellular_component fibril GO:0099512 supramolecular fiber GO:0099512 A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GOC:dos A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits. cellular_component GO:0099513 polymeric cytoskeletal fiber GO:0099513 A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits. GOC:dos The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments. tb 2009-05-27T10:56:08Z biological_process GO:0099515 actin filament-based transport GO:0099515 The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization vesicle cytoskeletal transport biological_process GO:0099518 vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking GO:0099518 The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:ecd GOC:rl cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization GOC:rl The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission. biological_process GO:0099531 presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission GO:0099531 The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse. biological_process GO:0099536 synaptic signaling GO:0099536 Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0099537 trans-synaptic signaling GO:0099537 Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide. biological_process GO:0099538 synaptic signaling via neuropeptide GO:0099538 Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0099540 trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GO:0099540 Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid. biological_process GO:0099541 trans-synaptic signaling by lipid GO:0099541 Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid. GOC:dos Any protein degradation process, occurring at a presynapse, that regulates synaptic transmission. biological_process GO:0099546 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. protein catabolic process, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099546 Any protein degradation process, occurring at a presynapse, that regulates synaptic transmission. GOC:dos PMID:23083742 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse. biological_process GO:0099547 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099547 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099550 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099550 Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099551 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099551 Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099552 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling by lipid, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099552 Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos PMID:21531987 Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0099568 cytoplasmic region GO:0099568 Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm. GOC:dos The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse. cellular_component GO:0099569 presynaptic cytoskeleton GO:0099569 The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse. GOC:dos The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse. cellular_component GO:0099571 postsynaptic cytoskeleton GO:0099571 The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse. GOC:dos PMID:19889835 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating protein degradation at the synapse. biological_process GO:0099574 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of protein catabolic process at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099574 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating protein degradation at the synapse. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse. biological_process GO:0099575 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of protein catabolic process at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099575 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse. biological_process GO:0099576 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of protein catabolic process at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099576 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a postsynapse. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse. biological_process GO:0099577 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099577 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. biological_process GO:0099578 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission GO:0099578 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. GOC:dos A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon. biological_process GO:0099612 protein localization to axon GO:0099612 A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon. GOC:dos PMID:26157139 A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another. biological_process GO:0099632 protein transport within plasma membrane GO:0099632 A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another. GOC:dos The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections. axonal protein transport biological_process GO:0099640 axo-dendritic protein transport GO:0099640 The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. anterograde axon cargo transport biological_process GO:0099641 anterograde axonal protein transport GO:0099641 The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. GOC:dos The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. retrograde axon cargo transport biological_process GO:0099642 retrograde axonal protein transport GO:0099642 The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 Any signal release from a synapse. biological_process GO:0099643 signal release from synapse GO:0099643 Any signal release from a synapse. GOC:dos The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane. perimembrane region cellular_component GO:0099738 cell cortex region GO:0099738 The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction. cjm 2015-04-02T04:13:19Z biological_process GO:0100001 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potential GO:0100001 Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction. GOC:cjm GOC:obol The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0101023 vascular endothelial cell proliferation GO:0101023 The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:nc PMID:23201774 A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19949 nuclear membrane organization involved in mitotic nuclear division biological_process GO:0101024 This process only occurs in organisms which undergo 'closed mitosis' without nuclear breakdown. mitotic nuclear membrane organization GO:0101024 A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis. GOC:vw PMID:15147872 The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. biological_process GO:0101025 nuclear membrane biogenesis GO:0101025 The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. GOC:vw A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite. hjd 2017-06-23T18:30:18Z biological_process GO:0106027 neuron projection organization GO:0106027 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:11585923 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:12:22Z biological_process GO:0106214 regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus GO:0106214 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:17:17Z biological_process GO:0106215 negative regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus GO:0106215 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:20:59Z biological_process GO:0106216 positive regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus GO:0106216 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane. kmv biological_process GO:0110011 regulation of basement membrane organization GO:0110011 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane. GOC:ha PMID:27404358 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. kmv 2017-06-20T19:28:58Z biological_process GO:0110020 regulation of actomyosin structure organization GO:0110020 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. GOC:lf PMID:22790195 The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. kmv 2017-06-29T14:35:24Z biological_process GO:0110021 cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation GO:0110021 The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:11:47Z biological_process GO:0110022 regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation GO:0110022 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:18:30Z biological_process GO:0110023 negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation GO:0110023 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:24:16Z biological_process GO:0110024 positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation GO:0110024 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pharynx are generated and organized. kmv 2017-07-24T20:51:28Z biological_process GO:0110040 pharynx morphogenesis GO:0110040 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pharynx are generated and organized. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the pharynx is generated and organized. kmv 2017-07-24T21:00:20Z biological_process GO:0110041 regulation of pharynx morphogenesis GO:0110041 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the pharynx is generated and organized. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. kmv 2017-07-24T21:05:08Z biological_process GO:0110042 negative regulation of pharynx morphogenesis GO:0110042 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. kmv 2017-07-24T21:09:48Z biological_process GO:0110043 positive regulation of pharynx morphogenesis GO:0110043 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization. kmv 2017-09-20T19:52:57Z biological_process GO:0110053 regulation of actin filament organization GO:0110053 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization. GOC:kmv Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:32:09Z biological_process GO:0110057 regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation GO:0110057 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:38:19Z biological_process GO:0110058 positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation GO:0110058 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:47:29Z biological_process GO:0110059 negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation GO:0110059 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane. kmv 2018-01-29T14:46:52Z biological_process GO:0110077 vesicle-mediated intercellular transport GO:0110077 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane. GOC:sp PMID:29328915 PMID:29328916 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T14:49:12Z biological_process GO:0110079 regulation of placenta blood vessel development GO:0110079 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T14:55:30Z biological_process GO:0110080 positive regulation of placenta blood vessel development GO:0110080 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T15:01:11Z biological_process GO:0110081 negative regulation of placenta blood vessel development GO:0110081 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. kmv 2018-07-05T14:10:14Z biological_process GO:0110110 positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis GO:0110110 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:kmv Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. kmv 2018-07-05T14:25:21Z biological_process GO:0110111 negative regulation of animal organ morphogenesis GO:0110111 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:kmv Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. kmv 2018-07-06T18:53:55Z biological_process GO:0110112 regulation of lipid transporter activity GO:0110112 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27365390 Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. kmv 2018-07-06T19:14:13Z biological_process GO:0110113 positive regulation of lipid transporter activity GO:0110113 Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27365390 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. kmv 2018-07-06T19:21:44Z biological_process GO:0110114 negative regulation of lipid transporter activity GO:0110114 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27365390 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:08:49Z biological_process GO:0110116 regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0110116 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:13:28Z biological_process GO:0110117 positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0110117 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:15:52Z biological_process GO:0110118 negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation GO:0110118 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 The orderly movement of a myotube cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate, and fuse. kmv 2018-08-22T20:58:09Z biological_process GO:0110122 myotube cell migration GO:0110122 The orderly movement of a myotube cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate, and fuse. GOC:ha PMID:29122742 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. kmv 2018-08-22T21:06:53Z biological_process GO:0110123 regulation of myotube cell migration GO:0110123 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. GOC:ha PMID:29122742 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. kmv 2018-08-22T21:09:38Z biological_process GO:0110124 positive regulation of myotube cell migration GO:0110124 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. GOC:ha PMID:29122742 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. kmv 2018-08-22T21:12:47Z biological_process GO:0110125 negative regulation of myotube cell migration GO:0110125 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myotube cell migration. GOC:ha PMID:29122742 A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. kmv 2019-08-12T18:01:37Z cellular_component GO:0110165 cellular anatomical entity GO:0110165 A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. GOC:kmv A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13193 krc 2017-03-21T17:26:07Z cellular_component GO:0120025 plasma membrane bounded cell projection GO:0120025 A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. GOC:krc Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-24T23:56:08Z eupodium biological_process GO:0120031 plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly GO:0120031 Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. GOC:krc eupodium GOC:krc GOC:rjd PMID:10328951 PMID:9096956 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:27:04Z biological_process GO:0120032 regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly GO:0120032 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:34:31Z biological_process GO:0120033 negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly GO:0120033 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:34:45Z biological_process GO:0120034 positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly GO:0120034 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T16:02:06Z biological_process GO:0120035 regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization GO:0120035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections. GOC:krc A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T16:07:02Z biological_process GO:0120036 plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization GO:0120036 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon. GOC:krc The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-28T23:39:37Z biological_process GO:0120039 plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis GO:0120039 The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized. GOC:krc All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14472 krc 2017-11-01T18:58:12Z cellular_component GO:0120111 neuron projection cytoplasm GO:0120111 All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. GOC:ha Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15720 krc 2018-05-11T16:31:42Z positive regulation of collagen breakdown positive regulation of collagen catabolism positive regulation of collagen degradation up regulation of collagen catabolic process up-regulation of collagen catabolic process upregulation of collagen catabolic process activation of collagen catabolic process biological_process GO:0120158 positive regulation of collagen catabolic process GO:0120158 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of collagen breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of collagen catabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of collagen degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb up regulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb up-regulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb upregulation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb activation of collagen catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16000 krc 2019-05-20T22:34:00Z biological_process GO:0120178 steroid hormone biosynthetic process GO:0120178 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. GOC:krc GOC:nln Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16012 krc 2018-07-14T00:19:32Z negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0120186 negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin GO:0120186 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. PMID:20889714 PMID:29899453 negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:krc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16012 krc 2018-07-14T00:21:28Z positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0120187 positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin GO:0120187 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. PMID:20889714 PMID:29899453 positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:krc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16040 krc 2018-07-16T22:28:58Z biological_process GO:0120188 regulation of bile acid secretion GO:0120188 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:22767443 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16040 krc 2018-07-16T22:36:17Z biological_process GO:0120189 positive regulation of bile acid secretion GO:0120189 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:22767443 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16040 krc 2018-07-16T22:38:34Z biological_process GO:0120190 negative regulation of bile acid secretion GO:0120190 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:22767443 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18871 krc 2020-02-17T19:59:20Z biological_process GO:0120222 regulation of blastocyst development GO:0120222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development. GOC:krc PMID:29593216 The process in which the larynx is generated and organized. The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18924 krc 2020-02-22T01:42:04Z laryngeal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0120223 larynx morphogenesis GO:0120223 The process in which the larynx is generated and organized. The larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. GOC:krc PMID:28177282 laryngeal morphogenesis GOC:krc PMID:28177282 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a larynx from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the larynx and ends with the mature structure. A larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18924 krc 2020-02-24T17:13:10Z biological_process GO:0120224 larynx development GO:0120224 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a larynx from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the larynx and ends with the mature structure. A larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. GOC:krc PMID:28177282 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19588 krc 2020-06-05T23:43:04Z biological_process protein localization to nonmotile primary cilium GO:0120229 protein localization to motile cilium GO:0120229 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium. GOC:krc PMID:27486780 The flow of blood through the network of arteries and veins supplying the cerebrum, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20107 krc 2020-10-20T19:13:51Z cerebrum blood circulation telencephelon blood circulation biological_process GO:0120275 cerebral blood circulation GO:0120275 The flow of blood through the network of arteries and veins supplying the cerebrum, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. GOC:krc PMID:25397684 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20107 krc 2020-10-21T06:52:22Z regulation of cerebrum blood circulation regulation of telencephalon blood circulation biological_process GO:0120276 regulation of cerebral blood circulation GO:0120276 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. GOC:krc PMID:25397684 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20107 krc 2020-10-21T06:55:42Z positive regulation of cerebrum blood circulation positive regulation of telencephalon blood circulation up regulation of cerebral blood circulation up-regulation of cerebral blood circulation upregulation of cerebral blood circulation activation of cerebral blood circulation biological_process GO:0120277 positive regulation of cerebral blood circulation GO:0120277 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. GOC:krc PMID:25397684 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20107 krc 2020-10-21T07:02:05Z down regulation of cerebral blood circulation down-regulation of cerebral blood circulation downregulation of cerebral blood circulation negative regulation of cerebrum blood circulation negative regulation of telencephalon blood circulation inhibition of cerebral blood circulation biological_process GO:0120278 negative regulation of cerebral blood circulation GO:0120278 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cerebral blood circulation. GOC:krc PMID:25397684 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20524 krc 2021-02-09T19:37:35Z biological_process GO:0120305 regulation of pigmentation GO:0120305 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:krc The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21361 krc 2021-04-29T01:27:27Z biological_process GO:0120316 sperm flagellum assembly GO:0120316 The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium). GOC:krc PMID:32791035 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22302 krc 2022-05-25T16:17:59Z biological_process GO:0120331 endothelial tube formation GO:0120331 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube. GOC:sl PMID:23239824 One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19910 pg 2017-03-23T09:40:00Z meiosis biological_process GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division GO:0140013 One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. PMID:9334324 A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19910 pg 2017-03-23T14:44:23Z mitosis biological_process GO:0140014 mitotic nuclear division GO:0140014 A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. ISBN:0198547684 The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis. pg 2017-05-15T13:20:45Z biological_process GO:0140029 exocytic process GO:0140029 The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis. Wikipedia:Exocytosis The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other. pg 2017-06-27T09:58:51Z biological_process GO:0140056 organelle localization by membrane tethering GO:0140056 The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other. PMID:27875684 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 pg 2017-09-14T10:32:59Z molecular_function GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein GO:0140096 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 pg 2017-09-14T12:03:51Z molecular_function GO:0140097 catalytic activity, acting on DNA GO:0140097 Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21612 pg 2017-09-14T12:05:21Z molecular_function GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA GO:0140098 Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 pg 2017-09-15T19:27:54Z molecular_function GO:0140103 catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein GO:0140103 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14256 pg 2017-10-23T11:53:42Z extracellular vesicle assembly biological_process GO:0140112 extracellular vesicle biogenesis GO:0140112 The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content. PMID:28736435 Translation that occurs at the presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/216 pg 2018-07-13T13:00:33Z biological_process GO:0140236 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at presynapse GO:0140236 Translation that occurs at the presynapse. PMID:27321671 Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/216 pg 2018-07-13T13:07:23Z biological_process GO:0140237 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission GO:0140237 Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission. PMID:27321671 Translation that occurs at the synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:23:12Z biological_process GO:0140241 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at synapse GO:0140241 Translation that occurs at the synapse. PMID:23083742 Translation that occurs at the postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:26:27Z biological_process GO:0140242 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at postsynapse GO:0140242 Translation that occurs at the postsynapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:26Z biological_process GO:0140243 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at synapse GO:0140243 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:33Z biological_process GO:0140244 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at presynapse GO:0140244 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:54Z biological_process GO:0140245 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at postsynapse GO:0140245 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse. PMID:20427644 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T10:12:51Z biological_process GO:0140246 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. protein catabolic process at synapse GO:0140246 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a synapse. PMID:17062563 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/204 pg 2018-07-15T10:23:49Z biological_process GO:0140247 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. protein catabolic process at presynapse GO:0140247 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a presynapse. PMID:27764673 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/204 pg 2018-07-15T10:25:04Z biological_process GO:0140249 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. protein catabolic process at postsynapse GO:0140249 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse. PMID:17062563 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/204 pg 2018-07-15T10:34:56Z biological_process GO:0140250 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation protein catabolic process at synapse GO:0140250 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse. PMID:23083742 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/204 pg 2018-07-15T10:35:39Z biological_process GO:0140251 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation protein catabolic process at presynapse GO:0140251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the presynapse. PMID:27764673 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/204 pg 2018-07-15T10:35:56Z biological_process GO:0140252 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse GO:0140252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse. PMID:17062563 A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15939 pg 2018-08-13T18:38:18Z cell fusion cell cell fusion biological_process GO:0140253 cell-cell fusion GO:0140253 A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium. Wikipedia:Cell_fusion Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17073 pg 2019-04-01T10:41:38Z Reactome:R-HSA-9662747 Reactome:R-HSA-9662818 molecular_function protein carrier activity protein transport chaperone GO:0140318 Examples of protein carriers include the soluble TIM chaperone complexes of S. cerevisiae Tim9-Tim10 and Tim8-Tim13, that provide a shuttle system between TOM and the membrane insertases TIM22 and SAM and, thus, ensure that precursors are kept in a translocation-competent conformation. protein transporter activity GO:0140318 Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location. PMID:18706423 Reactome:R-HSA-9662747 iRHOM2 transports ADAM17 from ER to the Golgi-network Reactome:R-HSA-9662818 iRHOM2 transports ADAM17:Zn2+ from Golgi to the plasma membrane The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis. pg 2019-05-22T11:20:45Z efflux biological_process GO:0140352 export from cell GO:0140352 The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis. GOC:pg The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region. pg 2019-05-22T11:33:07Z lipid efflux biological_process GO:0140353 lipid export from cell GO:0140353 The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region. GOC:pg The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. pg 2019-05-22T11:38:15Z lipid uptake biological_process GO:0140354 lipid import into cell GO:0140354 The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. GOC:pg A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus. pg 2020-09-09T05:12:38Z nuclear complex cellular_component GO:0140513 nuclear protein-containing complex GO:0140513 A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus. GOC:pg The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20639 pg 2021-01-04T10:17:58Z biological_process GO:0140572 vacuole fission GO:0140572 The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles. PMID:19643199 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21402 pg 2021-05-11T06:31:07Z molecular_function GO:0140640 catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid GO:0140640 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid. GOC:pg The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21939 pg 2021-08-09T15:30:06Z non-membrane-bounded organelle formation non-membrane-enclosed organelle assembly non-membrane-enclosed organelle formation biological_process GO:0140694 non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly GO:0140694 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle. PMID:28225081 The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22368 pg 2021-11-24T17:55:51Z biological_process ammonia excretion GO:0140734 ammonium excretion GO:0140734 The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell. PMID:25740900 Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a metal ion. pg 2022-12-07T15:35:18Z cellular detoxification of metal cation biological_process GO:0140961 cellular detoxification of metal ion GO:0140961 Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a metal ion. PMID:26729300 PMID:33046888 PMID:34442707 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. bc 2018-05-08T16:38:55Z biological_process GO:0150052 regulation of postsynapse assembly GO:0150052 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:16394100 PMID:16672654 PMID:28185854 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways. bc 2018-07-23T10:31:58Z biological_process optic pathway development visual pathway development GO:0150063 visual system development GO:0150063 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:krc PMID:15004427 PMID:20647017 PMID:22632727 The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. bc 2018-07-26T12:25:34Z nerve tissue inflammatory response nervous tissue inflammatory response neural tissue inflammatory response biological_process GO:0150076 neuroinflammatory response GO:0150076 The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:10981966 PMID:11099416 PMID:18164423 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. bc 2018-07-26T12:32:18Z biological_process GO:0150077 regulation of neuroinflammatory response GO:0150077 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:10981966 PMID:11099416 PMID:18164423 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. bc 2018-07-26T12:35:50Z biological_process GO:0150078 positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response GO:0150078 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. GOC:aruk GOC:bc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. bc 2018-07-26T12:38:08Z biological_process GO:0150079 negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response GO:0150079 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:11099416 PMID:18164423 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum. bc 2018-12-17T12:28:09Z glia-neuron signaling glia-neuron signalling glia-neurone signaling glia-neurone signalling glial cell- neuron signalling glial cell-neurone signalling glial cell-neurone singaling biological_process GO:0150098 glial cell-neuron signaling GO:0150098 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:14980203 PMID:16144764 PMID:16547515 PMID:18685038 PMID:27788368 PMID:9459440 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signalling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine. bc 2018-12-17T12:30:12Z neuron-glia signaling neuron-glia signalling neuron-glial cell signalling neurone-glia signaling neurone-glia signalling neurone-glial cell signaling neurone-glial cell signalling biological_process GO:0150099 neuron-glial cell signaling GO:0150099 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signalling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:10195197 PMID:10196584 PMID:10377338 PMID:10493741 PMID:11356870 PMID:11399439 PMID:15252819 PMID:27788368 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:00:18Z biological_process GO:0150105 protein localization to cell-cell junction GO:0150105 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:17:15Z biological_process GO:0150106 regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction GO:0150106 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:23:58Z biological_process GO:0150107 positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction GO:0150107 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport. bc 2019-09-15T07:16:49Z biological_process GO:0150111 regulation of transepithelial transport GO:0150111 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport. GOC:aruk PMID:27593915 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-11-21T13:53:34Z negative regulation of protein localisation to cell-cell junction biological_process GO:0150119 negative regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction GO:0150119 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components. bc 2019-12-08T11:12:13Z biological_process GO:0150146 cell junction disassembly GO:0150146 The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components. GOC:aruk PMID:25490267 The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components. bc 2019-12-08T11:16:14Z biological_process GO:0150147 cell-cell junction disassembly GO:0150147 The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components. GOC:aruk PMID:25490267 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatic sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic sensory system is the sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. rynl 2022-07-07T16:49:26Z somatosensory system development biological_process GO:0160038 somatic sensory system development GO:0160038 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatic sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic sensory system is the sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. PMID:25832476 PMID:31399790 The regulated release of catecholamine by a cell in which the catecholamine acts as a neurotransmitter. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23804 rynl 2022-08-17T00:36:44Z biological_process GO:0160043 catecholamine secretion, neurotransmission GO:0160043 The regulated release of catecholamine by a cell in which the catecholamine acts as a neurotransmitter. PMID:10191060 The process of fusing together the edges of a craniofacial suture. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/23213 rynl 2022-08-19T23:18:54Z biological_process GO:0160048 craniofacial suture closure GO:0160048 The process of fusing together the edges of a craniofacial suture. PMID:33842480 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. rph 2012-01-11T09:34:27Z regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process GO:1900015 regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900015 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. GOC:TermGenie regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. rph 2012-01-11T09:34:31Z down regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response negative regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process down regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900016 negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900016 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. rph 2012-01-11T09:34:35Z up regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response positive regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response biological_process up regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900017 positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900017 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cytokine production involved in acute inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. kmv 2012-01-26T10:14:10Z biological_process GO:1900073 regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:1900073 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. kmv 2012-01-26T10:14:18Z biological_process down regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission down-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission downregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission inhibition of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:1900074 negative regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:1900074 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv down regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. kmv 2012-01-26T10:14:22Z biological_process activation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission up regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission up-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission upregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:1900075 positive regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GO:1900075 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv activation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission GOC:TermGenie Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region. bf 2012-02-22T10:21:48Z regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region biological_process GO:1900115 extracellular regulation of signal transduction GO:1900115 Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:signaling regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region. bf 2012-02-22T10:27:56Z down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region biological_process GO:1900116 extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction GO:1900116 Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:signaling down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway GOC:bf inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:20Z biological_process GO:1900117 regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GO:1900117 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:24Z down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis biological_process GO:1900118 negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GO:1900118 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:27Z up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis activation of execution phase of apoptosis biological_process GO:1900119 positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GO:1900119 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:21Z regulation of hyaluronan anabolism regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis regulation of hyaluronan formation regulation of hyaluronan synthesis biological_process GO:1900125 regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GO:1900125 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:29Z down regulation of hyaluronan anabolism down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process down regulation of hyaluronan formation down regulation of hyaluronan synthesis down-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process down-regulation of hyaluronan formation down-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis downregulation of hyaluronan anabolism downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process downregulation of hyaluronan formation downregulation of hyaluronan synthesis inhibition of hyaluronan anabolism inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis inhibition of hyaluronan formation inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis negative regulation of hyaluronan formation negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900126 negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GO:1900126 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf down regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:33Z activation of hyaluronan anabolism activation of hyaluronan biosynthesis activation of hyaluronan formation activation of hyaluronan synthesis positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis positive regulation of hyaluronan formation positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis up regulation of hyaluronan anabolism up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process up regulation of hyaluronan formation up regulation of hyaluronan synthesis up-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process up-regulation of hyaluronan formation up-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis upregulation of hyaluronan anabolism upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process upregulation of hyaluronan formation upregulation of hyaluronan synthesis activation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900127 positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GO:1900127 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf activation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. yaf 2012-03-06T10:22:45Z regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1900141 regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GO:1900141 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. yaf 2012-03-06T10:22:50Z down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptosis inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1900142 negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GO:1900142 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. yaf 2012-03-06T10:22:54Z up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process activation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis activation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1900143 positive regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GO:1900143 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. bf 2012-03-06T04:14:50Z biological_process GO:1900147 regulation of Schwann cell migration GO:1900147 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sjw Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. bf 2012-03-06T04:14:55Z down regulation of Schwann cell migration down-regulation of Schwann cell migration downregulation of Schwann cell migration inhibition of Schwann cell migration biological_process GO:1900148 negative regulation of Schwann cell migration GO:1900148 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sjw down regulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. bf 2012-03-06T04:14:58Z up regulation of Schwann cell migration up-regulation of Schwann cell migration upregulation of Schwann cell migration activation of Schwann cell migration biological_process GO:1900149 positive regulation of Schwann cell migration GO:1900149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sjw up regulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of Schwann cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus. dhl 2012-03-06T10:00:16Z GO:2000072 regulation of defence response to fungi regulation of defence response to fungus regulation of defense response to fungi regulation of defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction regulation of defense response to fungus, incompatible interaction regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungi regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungus regulation of response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction) biological_process GO:1900150 regulation of defense response to fungus GO:1900150 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dhl PMID:22242006 regulation of defence response to fungi GOC:TermGenie regulation of defence response to fungus GOC:TermGenie regulation of defense response to fungi GOC:TermGenie regulation of defense response to fungi, incompatible interaction GOC:obol regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungi GOC:obol regulation of resistance response to pathogenic fungus GOC:obol regulation of response to pathogenic fungus (incompatible interaction) GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:44Z regulation of protein localisation to nucleus regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus regulation of protein localization in nucleus biological_process GO:1900180 regulation of protein localization to nucleus GO:1900180 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:48Z down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus down regulation of protein localization in nucleus down regulation of protein localization to nucleus down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus downregulation of protein localization in nucleus downregulation of protein localization to nucleus negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus inhibition of protein localization in nucleus inhibition of protein localization to nucleus biological_process GO:1900181 negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus GO:1900181 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:52Z activation of protein localization in nucleus positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus up regulation of protein localization in nucleus up regulation of protein localization to nucleus up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus upregulation of protein localization in nucleus upregulation of protein localization to nucleus activation of protein localisation to nucleus activation of protein localization in cell nucleus activation of protein localization to nucleus biological_process GO:1900182 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus GO:1900182 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:18Z biological_process GO:1900193 regulation of oocyte maturation GO:1900193 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:27Z down regulation of oocyte maturation down-regulation of oocyte maturation downregulation of oocyte maturation inhibition of oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1900194 negative regulation of oocyte maturation GO:1900194 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv down regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:35Z up regulation of oocyte maturation up-regulation of oocyte maturation upregulation of oocyte maturation activation of oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1900195 positive regulation of oocyte maturation GO:1900195 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv up regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development. yaf 2012-03-21T11:58:05Z mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development biological_process GO:1900200 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development GO:1900200 Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric collecting duct development. yaf 2012-03-21T01:21:32Z apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development biological_process signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900204 apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900204 Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric collecting duct development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. yaf 2012-03-21T01:21:45Z apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development biological_process signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900205 apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900205 Any apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development. bf 2012-03-22T09:23:13Z biological_process GO:1900206 regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development GO:1900206 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development. bf 2012-03-22T09:23:23Z down regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development downregulation of pronephric nephron tubule development inhibition of pronephric nephron tubule development biological_process GO:1900207 negative regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development GO:1900207 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf PMID:9758706 down regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of pronephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of pronephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:52:50Z regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development biological_process GO:1900211 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development GO:1900211 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:00Z down regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development down-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development downregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development inhibition of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development biological_process GO:1900212 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development GO:1900212 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 down regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:09Z up regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development up-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development upregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development activation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development biological_process GO:1900213 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development GO:1900213 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 up regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie activation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis involved in metanephros development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:21Z regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development biological_process regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900214 regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900214 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:31Z down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development biological_process down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900215 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900215 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:39Z activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development activation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development activation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development activation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development biological_process activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900216 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GO:1900216 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric collecting duct development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:53:51Z regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development biological_process regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900217 regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900217 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:54:01Z down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development biological_process down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900218 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900218 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 down regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. yaf 2012-03-22T10:54:09Z activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development activation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development biological_process activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900219 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GO:1900219 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf PMID:17314325 activation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity of metanephric nephron tubule development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. dhl 2012-04-12T04:44:00Z down regulation of defense response to insect down regulation of physiological defense response to insect down-regulation of defense response to insect down-regulation of physiological defense response to insect downregulation of defense response to insect downregulation of physiological defense response to insect negative regulation of physiological defense response to insect inhibition of defense response to insect inhibition of physiological defense response to insect biological_process susceptibility to insect GO:1900366 negative regulation of defense response to insect GO:1900366 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22474183 down regulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie down regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie downregulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie downregulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie inhibition of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. dhl 2012-04-12T04:44:10Z positive regulation of physiological defense response to insect up regulation of defense response to insect up regulation of physiological defense response to insect up-regulation of defense response to insect up-regulation of physiological defense response to insect upregulation of defense response to insect upregulation of physiological defense response to insect activation of defense response to insect activation of physiological defense response to insect biological_process GO:1900367 positive regulation of defense response to insect GO:1900367 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22474183 positive regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie up regulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie up regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie upregulation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie upregulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie activation of defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie activation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. di 2012-04-17T01:55:23Z regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis biological_process GO:1900376 regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GO:1900376 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:di regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. di 2012-04-17T01:55:32Z down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthesis negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900377 negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GO:1900377 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:di down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. di 2012-04-17T01:55:41Z activation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process activation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900378 positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GO:1900378 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:di activation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. dhl 2012-04-24T10:12:43Z GO:1902477 regulation of defence response to bacteria regulation of defence response to bacterium regulation of defense response to bacteria regulation of defence response to bacterium, incompatible interaction regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium biological_process regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GO:1900424 regulation of defense response to bacterium GO:1900424 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22346749 regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie regulation of defence response to bacterium, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie regulation of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria GOC:TermGenie regulation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium GOC:TermGenie regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. dhl 2012-04-24T10:12:54Z GO:1902478 down regulation of defence response to bacteria down regulation of defence response to bacterium down regulation of defense response to bacteria down regulation of defense response to bacterium down-regulation of defence response to bacteria down-regulation of defence response to bacterium down-regulation of defense response to bacteria down-regulation of defense response to bacterium downregulation of defence response to bacteria downregulation of defence response to bacterium downregulation of defense response to bacteria downregulation of defense response to bacterium inhibition of defence response to bacteria inhibition of defence response to bacterium inhibition of defense response to bacteria negative regulation of defence response to bacteria negative regulation of defence response to bacterium negative regulation of defense response to bacteria inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction inhibition of defense response to bacterium inhibition of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium inhibition of response to pathogenic bacteria (incompatible interaction) inhibition of response to pathogenic bacterium (incompatible interaction) negative regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction biological_process down regulation of antibacterial peptide activity down-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity downregulation of antibacterial peptide activity inhibition of antibacterial peptide activity negative regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GO:1900425 negative regulation of defense response to bacterium GO:1900425 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22346749 down regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie down regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie down regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie down regulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie downregulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie downregulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacteria, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defence response to pathogenic bacterium, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria GOC:TermGenie inhibition of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of response to pathogenic bacteria (incompatible interaction) GOC:TermGenie inhibition of response to pathogenic bacterium (incompatible interaction) GOC:TermGenie down regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie downregulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie inhibition of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. dhl 2012-04-24T10:13:13Z GO:1902479 activation of defence response to bacteria activation of defence response to bacterium activation of defense response to bacteria positive regulation of defence response to bacteria positive regulation of defence response to bacterium positive regulation of defense response to bacteria up regulation of defence response to bacteria up regulation of defence response to bacterium up regulation of defense response to bacteria up regulation of defense response to bacterium up-regulation of defence response to bacteria up-regulation of defence response to bacterium up-regulation of defense response to bacteria up-regulation of defense response to bacterium upregulation of defence response to bacteria upregulation of defence response to bacterium upregulation of defense response to bacteria upregulation of defense response to bacterium activation of defense response to bacterium activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium positive regulation of defense response to bacterium, incompatible interaction biological_process activation of antibacterial peptide activity positive regulation of antibacterial peptide activity up regulation of antibacterial peptide activity up-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity upregulation of antibacterial peptide activity GO:1900426 positive regulation of defense response to bacterium GO:1900426 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22346749 activation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie activation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie activation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie up regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie up regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie up regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie up regulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of defence response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie upregulation of defence response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of defense response to bacteria GOC:TermGenie upregulation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie activation of defense response to bacterium GOC:TermGenie activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacteria GOC:TermGenie activation of resistance response to pathogenic bacterium GOC:TermGenie activation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie up regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie upregulation of antibacterial peptide activity GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. bf 2012-05-16T12:29:51Z acetate ester metabolism acetyl ester metabolic process acetyl ester metabolism biological_process GO:1900619 acetate ester metabolic process GO:1900619 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. GOC:TermGenie acetate ester metabolism GOC:TermGenie acetyl ester metabolic process CHEBI:47622 acetyl ester metabolism CHEBI:47622 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. bf 2012-05-16T12:30:12Z acetate ester anabolism acetate ester biosynthesis acetate ester formation acetate ester synthesis acetyl ester biosynthesis acetyl ester biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900620 acetate ester biosynthetic process GO:1900620 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetate esteran acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. GOC:TermGenie PMID:15042596 acetate ester anabolism GOC:TermGenie acetate ester biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie acetate ester formation GOC:TermGenie acetate ester synthesis GOC:TermGenie acetyl ester biosynthesis CHEBI:47622 acetyl ester biosynthetic process CHEBI:47622 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative. bf 2012-07-12T04:05:09Z carbohydrate derivative metabolism biological_process GO:1901135 carbohydrate derivative metabolic process GO:1901135 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative. GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative. bf 2012-07-12T04:05:31Z carbohydrate derivative breakdown carbohydrate derivative catabolism carbohydrate derivative degradation biological_process GO:1901136 carbohydrate derivative catabolic process GO:1901136 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative. GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative breakdown GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative catabolism GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative. bf 2012-07-12T04:05:39Z carbohydrate derivative anabolism carbohydrate derivative biosynthesis carbohydrate derivative formation carbohydrate derivative synthesis biological_process GO:1901137 carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process GO:1901137 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative. GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative anabolism GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative formation GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative synthesis GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin. pm 2012-07-13T12:32:40Z insulin metabolism biological_process GO:1901142 insulin metabolic process GO:1901142 The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin. GOC:TermGenie insulin metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin. pm 2012-07-13T12:33:03Z insulin breakdown insulin catabolism insulin degradation biological_process GO:1901143 insulin catabolic process GO:1901143 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin. GOC:TermGenie insulin breakdown GOC:TermGenie insulin catabolism GOC:TermGenie insulin degradation GOC:TermGenie Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis. pr 2012-07-13T01:43:51Z biological_process GO:1901145 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis GO:1901145 Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis. pr 2012-07-13T02:40:43Z biological_process GO:1901146 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis GO:1901146 Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis. pr 2012-07-13T02:41:12Z biological_process GO:1901147 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis GO:1901147 Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. bf 2012-07-16T03:29:30Z expression of extracellular matrix proteins biological_process extracellular matrix protein production GO:1901148 gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization GO:1901148 Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pg PMID:18668558 expression of extracellular matrix proteins GOC:bf extracellular matrix protein production GOC:pg The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound. bf 2012-07-18T04:44:39Z primary amino compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901160 primary amino compound metabolic process GO:1901160 The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound. GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound. bf 2012-07-18T04:45:06Z primary amino compound breakdown primary amino compound catabolism primary amino compound degradation biological_process GO:1901161 primary amino compound catabolic process GO:1901161 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound. GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound breakdown GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound catabolism GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound. bf 2012-07-18T04:45:14Z primary amino compound anabolism primary amino compound biosynthesis primary amino compound formation primary amino compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901162 primary amino compound biosynthetic process GO:1901162 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound. GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound formation GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. vk 2012-07-19T07:53:06Z biological_process GO:1901163 regulation of trophoblast cell migration GO:1901163 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. vk 2012-07-19T07:53:28Z down regulation of trophoblast cell migration down-regulation of trophoblast cell migration downregulation of trophoblast cell migration inhibition of trophoblast cell migration biological_process GO:1901164 negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration GO:1901164 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. vk 2012-07-19T07:53:35Z up regulation of trophoblast cell migration up-regulation of trophoblast cell migration upregulation of trophoblast cell migration activation of trophoblast cell migration biological_process GO:1901165 positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration GO:1901165 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of trophoblast cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development. vk 2012-07-19T08:39:56Z biological_process GO:1901166 neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development GO:1901166 Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:26:58Z regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly biological_process GO:1901190 regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GO:1901190 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:27:21Z down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex biological_process GO:1901191 negative regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GO:1901191 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:27:29Z activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex biological_process GO:1901192 positive regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GO:1901192 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:00Z biological_process GO:1901201 regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GO:1901201 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:24Z down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly biological_process GO:1901202 negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GO:1901202 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:32Z up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly activation of extracellular matrix assembly biological_process GO:1901203 positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GO:1901203 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:18:35Z regulation of heart chamber formation biological_process GO:1901210 regulation of cardiac chamber formation GO:1901210 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:18:57Z down regulation of cardiac chamber formation down regulation of heart chamber formation down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation down-regulation of heart chamber formation downregulation of cardiac chamber formation downregulation of heart chamber formation inhibition of heart chamber formation negative regulation of heart chamber formation inhibition of cardiac chamber formation biological_process GO:1901211 negative regulation of cardiac chamber formation GO:1901211 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:19:05Z activation of heart chamber formation positive regulation of heart chamber formation up regulation of cardiac chamber formation up regulation of heart chamber formation up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation up-regulation of heart chamber formation upregulation of cardiac chamber formation upregulation of heart chamber formation activation of cardiac chamber formation biological_process GO:1901212 positive regulation of cardiac chamber formation GO:1901212 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie activation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:57:41Z regulation of neuron cell death regulation of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901214 regulation of neuron death GO:1901214 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:58:07Z down regulation of neuron cell death down regulation of neuron death down regulation of neuronal cell death down-regulation of neuron cell death down-regulation of neuron death down-regulation of neuronal cell death downregulation of neuron cell death downregulation of neuron death downregulation of neuronal cell death negative regulation of neuron cell death negative regulation of neuronal cell death inhibition of neuron cell death inhibition of neuron death inhibition of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901215 negative regulation of neuron death GO:1901215 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph down regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuron death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:58:15Z positive regulation of neuron cell death positive regulation of neuronal cell death up regulation of neuron cell death up regulation of neuron death up regulation of neuronal cell death up-regulation of neuron cell death up-regulation of neuron death up-regulation of neuronal cell death upregulation of neuron cell death upregulation of neuron death upregulation of neuronal cell death activation of neuron cell death activation of neuron death activation of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901216 positive regulation of neuron death GO:1901216 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph positive regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:11Z regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901219 regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GO:1901219 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:34Z down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis inhibition of cardiac chamber morphogenesis inhibition of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901220 negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GO:1901220 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:42Z positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis activation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis activation of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901221 positive regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GO:1901221 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:58:34Z biological_process GO:1901246 regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GO:1901246 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:58:58Z down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation inhibition of lung ciliated cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901247 negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GO:1901247 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:59:05Z up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation activation of lung ciliated cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901248 positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GO:1901248 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bf 2012-08-16T14:51:22Z biological_process GO:1901264 carbohydrate derivative transport GO:1901264 The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. hjd 2012-08-22T20:50:14Z regulation of sperm motility regulation of sperm movement biological_process GO:1901317 regulation of flagellated sperm motility GO:1901317 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. hjd 2012-08-22T20:50:35Z down regulation of sperm motility down regulation of sperm movement down-regulation of sperm motility down-regulation of sperm movement downregulation of sperm motility downregulation of sperm movement inhibition of sperm movement negative regulation of sperm motility negative regulation of sperm movement inhibition of sperm motility biological_process GO:1901318 negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility GO:1901318 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc down regulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. hjd 2012-08-31T16:50:05Z biological_process GO:1901329 regulation of odontoblast differentiation GO:1901329 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. hjd 2012-08-31T16:50:27Z down regulation of odontoblast differentiation down-regulation of odontoblast differentiation downregulation of odontoblast differentiation inhibition of odontoblast differentiation biological_process GO:1901330 negative regulation of odontoblast differentiation GO:1901330 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. hjd 2012-08-31T16:50:35Z up regulation of odontoblast differentiation up-regulation of odontoblast differentiation upregulation of odontoblast differentiation activation of odontoblast differentiation biological_process GO:1901331 positive regulation of odontoblast differentiation GO:1901331 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation. GOC:TermGenie up regulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of odontoblast differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. bf 2012-09-06T09:16:15Z biological_process regulation of vascular system development GO:1901342 regulation of vasculature development GO:1901342 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. bf 2012-09-06T09:17:24Z down regulation of vasculature development down-regulation of vasculature development downregulation of vasculature development inhibition of vasculature development biological_process down regulation of vascular system development down-regulation of vascular system development downregulation of vascular system development inhibition of vascular system development negative regulation of vascular system development GO:1901343 negative regulation of vasculature development GO:1901343 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound. bf 2012-09-14T09:03:51Z organic cyclic compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901360 organic cyclic compound metabolic process GO:1901360 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound. GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound. bf 2012-09-14T09:05:04Z organic cyclic compound breakdown organic cyclic compound catabolism organic cyclic compound degradation biological_process GO:1901361 organic cyclic compound catabolic process GO:1901361 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound. GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound breakdown GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound catabolism GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound. bf 2012-09-14T09:05:22Z organic cyclic compound anabolism organic cyclic compound biosynthesis organic cyclic compound formation organic cyclic compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901362 organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process GO:1901362 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound. GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound formation GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bf 2012-09-28T10:42:13Z biological_process GO:1901374 acetate ester transport GO:1901374 The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:TermGenie Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other. bf 2012-09-28T10:47:08Z molecular_function GO:1901375 acetate ester transmembrane transporter activity GO:1901375 Enables the transfer of an acetate ester from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:03:13Z biological_process GO:1901382 regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GO:1901382 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:04:23Z down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation inhibition of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation biological_process GO:1901383 negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GO:1901383 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:04:41Z up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation activation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation biological_process GO:1901384 positive regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GO:1901384 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:34:03Z regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism biological_process GO:1901401 regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GO:1901401 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:35:11Z down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism inhibition of tetrapyrrole metabolism negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism inhibition of tetrapyrrole metabolic process biological_process GO:1901402 negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GO:1901402 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:35:29Z activation of tetrapyrrole metabolism positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism activation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process biological_process GO:1901403 positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GO:1901403 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators activation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:38:12Z regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation biological_process GO:1901404 regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GO:1901404 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:39:22Z down regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism down regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation down-regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism down-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation downregulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism downregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation inhibition of tetrapyrrole breakdown inhibition of tetrapyrrole catabolism inhibition of tetrapyrrole degradation negative regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown negative regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism negative regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation inhibition of tetrapyrrole catabolic process biological_process GO:1901405 negative regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GO:1901405 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators down regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. tt 2012-10-01T14:39:40Z activation of tetrapyrrole breakdown activation of tetrapyrrole catabolism activation of tetrapyrrole degradation positive regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown positive regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism positive regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation up regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism up regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation up-regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism up-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation upregulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown upregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process upregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism upregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation activation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process biological_process GO:1901406 positive regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GO:1901406 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators activation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole catabolic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. tt 2012-10-02T14:25:06Z biological_process GO:1901457 regulation of response to acetate GO:1901457 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. tt 2012-10-02T14:26:15Z down regulation of response to acetate down-regulation of response to acetate downregulation of response to acetate inhibition of response to acetate biological_process GO:1901458 negative regulation of response to acetate GO:1901458 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators down regulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie downregulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie inhibition of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. tt 2012-10-02T14:26:34Z up regulation of response to acetate up-regulation of response to acetate upregulation of response to acetate activation of response to acetate biological_process GO:1901459 positive regulation of response to acetate GO:1901459 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators up regulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie upregulation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie activation of response to acetate GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. tt 2012-10-02T14:34:14Z regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis regulation of tetrapyrrole formation regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis biological_process GO:1901463 regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GO:1901463 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. tt 2012-10-02T14:35:26Z down regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process down regulation of tetrapyrrole formation down regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis down-regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process down-regulation of tetrapyrrole formation down-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis downregulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process downregulation of tetrapyrrole formation downregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis inhibition of tetrapyrrole anabolism inhibition of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis inhibition of tetrapyrrole formation inhibition of tetrapyrrole synthesis negative regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism negative regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis negative regulation of tetrapyrrole formation negative regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis inhibition of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1901464 negative regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GO:1901464 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators down regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. tt 2012-10-02T14:35:43Z activation of tetrapyrrole anabolism activation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis activation of tetrapyrrole formation activation of tetrapyrrole synthesis positive regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis positive regulation of tetrapyrrole formation positive regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis up regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process up regulation of tetrapyrrole formation up regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis up-regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process up-regulation of tetrapyrrole formation up-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis upregulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process upregulation of tetrapyrrole formation upregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis activation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1901465 positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GO:1901465 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mengo_curators activation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tetrapyrrole synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other. pr 2012-10-17T10:31:22Z molecular_function carbohydrate derivative transporter activity GO:1901505 carbohydrate derivative transmembrane transporter activity GO:1901505 GO_REF:0000090 Enables the transfer of carbohydrate derivative from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. dph 2012-10-17T14:30:40Z biological_process GO:1901509 regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GO:1901509 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:01Z regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901532 regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901532 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:06Z down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process down regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901533 negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901533 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:14Z activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation activation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process activation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901534 positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901534 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:50Z biological_process GO:1901550 regulation of endothelial cell development GO:1901550 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:54Z down regulation of endothelial cell development down-regulation of endothelial cell development downregulation of endothelial cell development inhibition of endothelial cell development biological_process GO:1901551 negative regulation of endothelial cell development GO:1901551 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 down regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:58Z up regulation of endothelial cell development up-regulation of endothelial cell development upregulation of endothelial cell development activation of endothelial cell development biological_process GO:1901552 positive regulation of endothelial cell development GO:1901552 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 up regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie activation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound. pr 2012-11-04T15:17:52Z organonitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901564 organonitrogen compound metabolic process GO:1901564 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organonitrogen compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound. pr 2012-11-04T15:17:56Z organonitrogen compound breakdown organonitrogen compound catabolism organonitrogen compound degradation biological_process GO:1901565 organonitrogen compound catabolic process GO:1901565 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organonitrogen compound breakdown GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound catabolism GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound. pr 2012-11-04T15:18:00Z organonitrogen compound anabolism organonitrogen compound biosynthesis organonitrogen compound formation organonitrogen compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901566 organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process GO:1901566 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organonitrogen compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound formation GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. pr 2012-11-05T11:04:36Z organic molecular entity breakdown organic molecular entity catabolic process organic molecular entity catabolism organic molecular entity degradation organic substance breakdown organic substance catabolism organic substance degradation biological_process GO:1901575 organic substance catabolic process GO:1901575 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic molecular entity breakdown GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity catabolism GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. pr 2012-11-05T11:04:40Z organic molecular entity anabolism organic molecular entity biosynthesis organic molecular entity biosynthetic process organic molecular entity formation organic molecular entity synthesis organic substance anabolism organic substance biosynthesis organic substance formation organic substance synthesis biological_process GO:1901576 organic substance biosynthetic process GO:1901576 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic molecular entity anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity formation GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity synthesis GOC:TermGenie An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment. pr 2012-11-07T15:37:12Z NIF_Subcellular:sao707332678 axon microtubule fascicle microtubule bundle of axon microtubule fascicle of axon cellular_component GO:1901589 axon microtubule bundle GO:1901589 An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment. GOC:TermGenie NIF_Subcellular:sao707332678 microtubule bundle of axon GOC:TermGenie microtubule fascicle of axon GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid. tb 2012-11-08T17:39:50Z alpha-amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:1901605 alpha-amino acid metabolic process GO:1901605 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid. GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid. tb 2012-11-08T17:39:54Z alpha-amino acid breakdown alpha-amino acid catabolism alpha-amino acid degradation biological_process GO:1901606 alpha-amino acid catabolic process GO:1901606 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid. GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid breakdown GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid catabolism GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid. tb 2012-11-08T17:39:58Z alpha-amino acid anabolism alpha-amino acid biosynthesis alpha-amino acid formation alpha-amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:1901607 alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process GO:1901607 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid. GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid anabolism GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid formation GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:44Z regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization biological_process GO:1901608 regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GO:1901608 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:48Z down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule biological_process GO:1901609 negative regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GO:1901609 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:53Z activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule activation of vesicle transport along microtubule biological_process GO:1901610 positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GO:1901610 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie activation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound. pr 2012-11-13T12:54:27Z organic hydroxy compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901615 organic hydroxy compound metabolic process GO:1901615 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic hydroxy compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound. pr 2012-11-13T12:54:31Z organic hydroxy compound breakdown organic hydroxy compound catabolism organic hydroxy compound degradation biological_process GO:1901616 organic hydroxy compound catabolic process GO:1901616 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic hydroxy compound breakdown GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound catabolism GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound degradation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound. pr 2012-11-13T12:54:36Z organic hydroxy compound anabolism organic hydroxy compound biosynthesis organic hydroxy compound formation organic hydroxy compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901617 organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process GO:1901617 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic hydroxy compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound formation GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other. pr 2012-11-13T12:59:01Z molecular_function GO:1901618 organic hydroxy compound transmembrane transporter activity GO:1901618 Enables the transfer of organic hydroxy compound from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus. pr 2012-11-20T09:45:15Z biological_process GO:1901652 response to peptide GO:1901652 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone. pr 2012-11-20T10:55:47Z GO:1990369 process resulting in tolerance to ketone biological_process GO:1901654 response to ketone GO:1901654 A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone. GOC:mengo_curators PMID:23356676 Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other. pr 2012-11-26T20:45:29Z sulfur molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity molecular_function GO:1901682 sulfur compound transmembrane transporter activity GO:1901682 Enables the transfer of a sulfur compound from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:35Z biological_process GO:1901692 regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GO:1901692 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:40Z down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process inhibition of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process biological_process GO:1901693 negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GO:1901693 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:45Z GO:0046675 up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process activation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process biological_process induction of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:1901694 positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GO:1901694 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus. pr 2012-12-13T15:06:08Z response to nitrogen molecular entity biological_process GO:1901698 response to nitrogen compound GO:1901698 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus. pr 2012-12-13T15:11:37Z response to oxygen molecular entity biological_process GO:1901700 response to oxygen-containing compound GO:1901700 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other. pr 2012-12-13T15:14:47Z molecular_function GO:1901702 salt transmembrane transporter activity GO:1901702 Enables the transfer of salt from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. hjd 2012-12-14T16:04:16Z biological_process GO:1901706 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development GO:1901706 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:21571217 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. krc 2012-12-27T19:30:31Z biological_process GO:1901722 regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GO:1901722 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. GOC:TermGenie PMID:18182616 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. krc 2012-12-27T19:30:35Z down regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development down-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development downregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development inhibition of cell proliferation involved in kidney development biological_process GO:1901723 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GO:1901723 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. GOC:TermGenie PMID:18182616 down regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. krc 2012-12-27T19:30:40Z up regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development upregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development activation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development biological_process GO:1901724 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GO:1901724 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development. GOC:TermGenie PMID:18182616 up regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:47Z biological_process GO:1901861 regulation of muscle tissue development GO:1901861 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:52Z down regulation of muscle tissue development down-regulation of muscle tissue development downregulation of muscle tissue development inhibition of muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1901862 negative regulation of muscle tissue development GO:1901862 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 down regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:57Z up regulation of muscle tissue development up-regulation of muscle tissue development upregulation of muscle tissue development activation of muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1901863 positive regulation of muscle tissue development GO:1901863 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 up regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:23Z regulation of protein polymer breakdown regulation of protein polymer catabolic process regulation of protein polymer catabolism regulation of protein polymer degradation biological_process GO:1901879 regulation of protein depolymerization GO:1901879 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:28Z down regulation of protein depolymerization down regulation of protein polymer breakdown down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process down regulation of protein polymer catabolism down regulation of protein polymer degradation down-regulation of protein depolymerization down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism down-regulation of protein polymer degradation downregulation of protein depolymerization downregulation of protein polymer breakdown downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process downregulation of protein polymer catabolism downregulation of protein polymer degradation inhibition of protein polymer breakdown inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process inhibition of protein polymer catabolism inhibition of protein polymer degradation negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism negative regulation of protein polymer degradation inhibition of protein depolymerization biological_process GO:1901880 negative regulation of protein depolymerization GO:1901880 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 down regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:32Z activation of protein polymer breakdown activation of protein polymer catabolic process activation of protein polymer catabolism activation of protein polymer degradation positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism positive regulation of protein polymer degradation up regulation of protein depolymerization up regulation of protein polymer breakdown up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process up regulation of protein polymer catabolism up regulation of protein polymer degradation up-regulation of protein depolymerization up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism up-regulation of protein polymer degradation upregulation of protein depolymerization upregulation of protein polymer breakdown upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process upregulation of protein polymer catabolism upregulation of protein polymer degradation activation of protein depolymerization biological_process GO:1901881 positive regulation of protein depolymerization GO:1901881 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 activation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:32Z biological_process GO:1901888 regulation of cell junction assembly GO:1901888 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:41Z down regulation of cell junction assembly down-regulation of cell junction assembly downregulation of cell junction assembly inhibition of cell junction assembly biological_process GO:1901889 negative regulation of cell junction assembly GO:1901889 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:46Z up regulation of cell junction assembly up-regulation of cell junction assembly upregulation of cell junction assembly activation of cell junction assembly biological_process GO:1901890 positive regulation of cell junction assembly GO:1901890 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-02-20T20:30:26Z biological_process GO:1901963 regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1901963 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:21419760 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-02-20T20:30:31Z up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901964 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1901964 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:21419760 up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. dph 2013-03-26T18:10:51Z regulation of ciliogenesis biological_process regulation of cilium biogenesis GO:1902017 regulation of cilium assembly GO:1902017 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17719545 regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. dph 2013-03-26T18:10:56Z down regulation of ciliogenesis down regulation of cilium assembly down-regulation of ciliogenesis down-regulation of cilium assembly downregulation of ciliogenesis downregulation of cilium assembly inhibition of ciliogenesis negative regulation of ciliogenesis inhibition of cilium assembly biological_process down regulation of cilium biogenesis down-regulation of cilium biogenesis downregulation of cilium biogenesis inhibition of cilium biogenesis negative regulation of cilium biogenesis GO:1902018 negative regulation of cilium assembly GO:1902018 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17719545 down regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. jl 2013-03-27T14:42:38Z regulation of cilium cell motility biological_process regulation of ciliary cell motility GO:1902019 regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility GO:1902019 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. jl 2013-03-27T14:42:42Z down regulation of ciliary cell motility down-regulation of ciliary cell motility downregulation of ciliary cell motility negative regulation of cilium cell motility inhibition of ciliary cell motility biological_process negative regulation of ciliary cell motility GO:1902020 negative regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility GO:1902020 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:jl down regulation of ciliary cell motility GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ciliary cell motility GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ciliary cell motility GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ciliary cell motility GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:19Z regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902033 regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GO:1902033 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:24Z down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902034 negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GO:1902034 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:31Z positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation activation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation activation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902035 positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GO:1902035 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:09Z regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902036 regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GO:1902036 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:14Z down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902037 negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GO:1902037 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:19Z positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902038 positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GO:1902038 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus. mls 2013-04-22T15:41:57Z response to salinity biological_process GO:1902074 response to salt GO:1902074 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mls PMID:16666921 response to salinity GOC:mls Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. bf 2013-04-29T09:15:25Z activation of sperm movement positive regulation of sperm motility positive regulation of sperm movement up regulation of sperm motility up regulation of sperm movement up-regulation of sperm motility up-regulation of sperm movement upregulation of sperm motility upregulation of sperm movement activation of sperm motility biological_process GO:1902093 positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility GO:1902093 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:jh2 GOC:krc PMID:7513657 activation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sperm movement GOC:TermGenie activation of sperm motility GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:42Z regulation of immune cell differentiation regulation of leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902105 regulation of leukocyte differentiation GO:1902105 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:47Z down regulation of immune cell differentiation down regulation of leucocyte differentiation down regulation of leukocyte differentiation down-regulation of immune cell differentiation down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation downregulation of immune cell differentiation downregulation of leucocyte differentiation downregulation of leukocyte differentiation negative regulation of immune cell differentiation negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation inhibition of immune cell differentiation inhibition of leucocyte differentiation inhibition of leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902106 negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation GO:1902106 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add down regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:52Z positive regulation of immune cell differentiation positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation up regulation of immune cell differentiation up regulation of leucocyte differentiation up regulation of leukocyte differentiation up-regulation of immune cell differentiation up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation upregulation of immune cell differentiation upregulation of leucocyte differentiation upregulation of leukocyte differentiation activation of immune cell differentiation activation of leucocyte differentiation activation of leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902107 positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation GO:1902107 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add positive regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:21Z biological_process GO:1902115 regulation of organelle assembly GO:1902115 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:31Z down regulation of organelle assembly down-regulation of organelle assembly downregulation of organelle assembly inhibition of organelle assembly biological_process GO:1902116 negative regulation of organelle assembly GO:1902116 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr down regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:36Z up regulation of organelle assembly up-regulation of organelle assembly upregulation of organelle assembly activation of organelle assembly biological_process GO:1902117 positive regulation of organelle assembly GO:1902117 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr up regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte. rl 2013-06-13T10:02:29Z RBC apoptotic process red blood cell apoptotic process RBC apoptosis erythrocyte apoptosis red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902217 erythrocyte apoptotic process GO:1902217 Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:30:53Z regulation of RBC apoptotic process regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process regulation of RBC apoptosis regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis regulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902250 regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GO:1902250 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:30:59Z down regulation of RBC apoptotic process down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process downregulation of RBC apoptotic process downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process down regulation of RBC apoptosis down regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis down regulation of red blood cell apoptosis down-regulation of RBC apoptosis down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis down-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis downregulation of RBC apoptosis downregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis downregulation of red blood cell apoptosis inhibition of RBC apoptosis inhibition of RBC apoptotic process inhibition of erythrocyte apoptosis inhibition of erythrocyte apoptotic process inhibition of red blood cell apoptosis inhibition of red blood cell apoptotic process negative regulation of RBC apoptosis negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis negative regulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902251 negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GO:1902251 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 down regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:31:04Z positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process up regulation of RBC apoptotic process up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process up-regulation of RBC apoptotic process up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process upregulation of RBC apoptotic process upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process activation of RBC apoptosis activation of RBC apoptotic process activation of erythrocyte apoptosis activation of erythrocyte apoptotic process activation of red blood cell apoptosis activation of red blood cell apoptotic process positive regulation of RBC apoptosis positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis positive regulation of red blood cell apoptosis up regulation of RBC apoptosis up regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis up regulation of red blood cell apoptosis up-regulation of RBC apoptosis up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis up-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis upregulation of RBC apoptosis upregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis upregulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902252 positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GO:1902252 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:24Z regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902256 regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1902256 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:30Z down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis downregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis inhibition of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis inhibition of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902257 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1902257 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:42Z up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902258 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1902258 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-25T16:16:00Z apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels biological_process signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels GO:1902262 apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GO:1902262 Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16163358 apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. bf 2013-07-01T13:21:52Z GO:0001672 GO:1903308 regulation of chromatin organisation regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture biological_process regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly regulation of chromatin modification GO:1902275 regulation of chromatin organization GO:1902275 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18314879 regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. rl 2013-07-18T13:33:53Z regulation of sodium ion membrane transport biological_process GO:1902305 regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GO:1902305 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rl PMID:18591664 regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. rl 2013-07-18T13:34:01Z down regulation of sodium ion membrane transport down regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport down-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport down-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport downregulation of sodium ion membrane transport downregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of sodium ion membrane transport inhibition of sodium ion membrane transport inhibition of sodium ion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1902306 negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GO:1902306 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rl PMID:18591664 down regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. rl 2013-07-18T13:34:18Z positive regulation of sodium ion membrane transport up regulation of sodium ion membrane transport up regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport up-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport up-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport upregulation of sodium ion membrane transport upregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport activation of sodium ion membrane transport activation of sodium ion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1902307 positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GO:1902307 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rl PMID:18591664 positive regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of sodium ion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of sodium ion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:16Z regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process regulation of apoptosis involved in development regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902337 regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GO:1902337 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:25Z down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process down regulation of apoptosis involved in development down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis involved in development downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis involved in development inhibition of morphogenetic apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902338 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GO:1902338 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:33Z up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process activation of apoptosis involved in development activation of morphogenetic apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis up regulation of apoptosis involved in development up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis involved in development upregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902339 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GO:1902339 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie activation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. dgf 2013-07-29T20:54:14Z down regulation of chromosome condensation down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation down-regulation of chromosome condensation down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation downregulation of chromosome condensation downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation inhibition of chromosome condensation inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1902340 negative regulation of chromosome condensation GO:1902340 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23219725 down regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane. dph 2013-08-14T14:46:04Z biological_process GO:1902358 sulfate transmembrane transport GO:1902358 The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph PMID:9055073 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process. bf 2013-08-22T14:59:39Z down regulation of RNA breakdown down regulation of RNA catabolic process down regulation of RNA catabolism down regulation of RNA degradation down-regulation of RNA breakdown down-regulation of RNA catabolic process down-regulation of RNA catabolism down-regulation of RNA degradation downregulation of RNA breakdown downregulation of RNA catabolic process downregulation of RNA catabolism downregulation of RNA degradation negative regulation of RNA breakdown negative regulation of RNA catabolism negative regulation of RNA degradation inhibition of RNA breakdown inhibition of RNA catabolic process inhibition of RNA catabolism inhibition of RNA degradation biological_process GO:1902369 negative regulation of RNA catabolic process GO:1902369 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf PMID:16640457 down regulation of RNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA degradation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction. tb 2013-09-13T16:55:57Z protein localisation in cell junction protein localisation to cell junction protein localization in cell junction biological_process GO:1902414 protein localization to cell junction GO:1902414 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction. GOC:TermGenie PMID:18332111 protein localisation in cell junction GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to cell junction GOC:TermGenie protein localization in cell junction GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. cjm 2013-10-16T22:19:17Z down regulation of stem cell maintenance down-regulation of stem cell maintenance downregulation of stem cell maintenance inhibition of stem cell maintenance biological_process down regulation of maintenance of pluripotency down-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency downregulation of maintenance of pluripotency inhibition of maintenance of pluripotency negative regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GO:1902455 negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance GO:1902455 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:22969033 down regulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie downregulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie inhibition of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie down regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie downregulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie inhibition of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. cjm 2013-10-16T22:27:47Z up regulation of stem cell maintenance up-regulation of stem cell maintenance upregulation of stem cell maintenance activation of stem cell maintenance biological_process activation of maintenance of pluripotency positive regulation of maintenance of pluripotency up regulation of maintenance of pluripotency up-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency upregulation of maintenance of pluripotency GO:1902459 positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance GO:1902459 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:22969033 up regulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie upregulation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie activation of stem cell maintenance GOC:TermGenie activation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie up regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie upregulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge. jl 2013-10-22T12:36:07Z protein localisation in cell leading edge protein localisation to cell leading edge protein localization in cell leading edge biological_process GO:1902463 protein localization to cell leading edge GO:1902463 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GOC:lb PMID:21543326 protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. kmv 2013-10-25T15:09:09Z regulation of protein localisation to synapse biological_process GO:1902473 regulation of protein localization to synapse GO:1902473 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv PMID:22588719 regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. kmv 2013-10-25T15:09:18Z positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse up regulation of protein localisation to synapse up regulation of protein localization to synapse up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse up-regulation of protein localization to synapse upregulation of protein localisation to synapse upregulation of protein localization to synapse activation of protein localisation to synapse activation of protein localization to synapse biological_process GO:1902474 positive regulation of protein localization to synapse GO:1902474 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv PMID:22588719 positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a Sertoli cell. pr 2013-11-06T11:27:34Z Sertoli cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902484 Sertoli cell apoptotic process GO:1902484 Any apoptotic process in a Sertoli cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:ic PMID:17761895 Sertoli cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte. cls 2013-11-12T15:30:08Z epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process cholangiocyte apoptosis epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis biological_process GO:1902488 cholangiocyte apoptotic process GO:1902488 Any apoptotic process in a cholangiocyte. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22961800 epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a hepatoblast. cls 2013-11-12T17:02:52Z hepatoblast apoptosis biological_process GO:1902489 hepatoblast apoptotic process GO:1902489 Any apoptotic process in a hepatoblast. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22412967 hepatoblast apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. hjd 2013-11-12T21:17:03Z biological_process regulation of sperm activation GO:1902490 regulation of sperm capacitation GO:1902490 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:22539676 regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. hjd 2013-11-12T21:17:12Z down regulation of sperm capacitation down-regulation of sperm capacitation downregulation of sperm capacitation inhibition of sperm capacitation biological_process down regulation of sperm activation down-regulation of sperm activation downregulation of sperm activation inhibition of sperm activation negative regulation of sperm activation GO:1902491 negative regulation of sperm capacitation GO:1902491 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:22539676 down regulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. hjd 2013-11-12T21:17:21Z up regulation of sperm capacitation up-regulation of sperm capacitation upregulation of sperm capacitation activation of sperm capacitation biological_process activation of sperm activation positive regulation of sperm activation up regulation of sperm activation up-regulation of sperm activation upregulation of sperm activation GO:1902492 positive regulation of sperm capacitation GO:1902492 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:22539676 up regulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie activation of sperm capacitation GOC:TermGenie activation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sperm activation GOC:TermGenie A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19980 bhm 2013-11-13T16:18:47Z enzyme complex cellular_component GO:1902494 catalytic complex GO:1902494 A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm PMID:8077207 enzyme complex GOC:bhm GOC:jl A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. bhm 2013-11-13T16:23:04Z cellular_component GO:1902495 transmembrane transporter complex GO:1902495 A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm PMID:18024586 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. hjd 2013-11-15T18:28:32Z regulation of DNA fragmentation regulation of chromatinolysis regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:1902510 DNA fragmentation in response to apoptotic signals is achieved through the activity of apoptotic nucleases (see GO:0006309 'apoptotic DNA fragmentation'). Gene products involved in compartmentalization of such nucleases and in activation or repression of their enzymatic activity should be annotated to the regulation term GO:1902510 'regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation' or to one of its children (see PMID:15723341). regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GO:1902510 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:15572351 PMID:15723341 regulation of DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie regulation of chromatinolysis GOC:TermGenie regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. hjd 2013-11-15T18:28:41Z down regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis down regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis down regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change down regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation down regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis down-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis down-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis down-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change down-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation down-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis downregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis downregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis downregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change downregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation downregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis negative regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis negative regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis negative regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change negative regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis inhibition of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis inhibition of DNA catabolism during apoptosis inhibition of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation inhibition of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:1902511 negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GO:1902511 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:15572351 down regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. hjd 2013-11-15T18:28:50Z positive regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis positive regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis positive regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change positive regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis up regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis up regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis up regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change up regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation up regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis up-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis up-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis up-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change up-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation up-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis upregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis upregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis upregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change upregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation upregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis activation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis activation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis activation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change activation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation activation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:1902512 positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GO:1902512 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:15572351 positive regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA catabolic process during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA catabolism during apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation GOC:TermGenie activation of endonucleolytic DNA catabolic process involved in apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule. dph 2013-11-15T20:15:17Z regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization biological_process GO:1902513 regulation of organelle transport along microtubule GO:1902513 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph PMID:21147087 regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:32:52Z GO:0010627 regulation of intracellular signaling cascade regulation of intracellular signaling chain regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process regulation of intracellular signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902531 regulation of intracellular signal transduction GO:1902531 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:33:01Z GO:0010741 down regulation of intracellular signal transduction down regulation of intracellular signaling chain down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain downregulation of intracellular signal transduction downregulation of intracellular signaling chain negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade inhibition of intracellular signal transduction inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade inhibition of intracellular signaling chain inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902532 negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction GO:1902532 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb down regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:33:10Z GO:0010740 positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain up regulation of intracellular signal transduction up regulation of intracellular signaling chain up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain upregulation of intracellular signal transduction upregulation of intracellular signaling chain activation of intracellular signal transduction activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway activation of intracellular signaling cascade activation of intracellular signaling chain activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process activation of intracellular signaling pathway activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902533 positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction GO:1902533 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus. mah 2013-12-10T16:25:28Z protein localisation in nucleolus protein localisation to nucleolus protein localization in nucleolus biological_process GO:1902570 protein localization to nucleolus GO:1902570 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22809626 protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. jl 2014-02-05T16:32:01Z down regulation of RNA anabolism down regulation of RNA biosynthesis down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process down regulation of RNA formation down regulation of RNA synthesis down-regulation of RNA anabolism down-regulation of RNA biosynthesis down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process down-regulation of RNA formation down-regulation of RNA synthesis downregulation of RNA anabolism downregulation of RNA biosynthesis downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process downregulation of RNA formation downregulation of RNA synthesis negative regulation of RNA anabolism negative regulation of RNA biosynthesis negative regulation of RNA formation negative regulation of RNA synthesis inhibition of RNA anabolism inhibition of RNA biosynthesis inhibition of RNA biosynthetic process inhibition of RNA formation inhibition of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:1902679 negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GO:1902679 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GO:jl GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. jl 2014-02-05T16:32:10Z positive regulation of RNA anabolism positive regulation of RNA biosynthesis positive regulation of RNA formation positive regulation of RNA synthesis up regulation of RNA anabolism up regulation of RNA biosynthesis up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process up regulation of RNA formation up regulation of RNA synthesis up-regulation of RNA anabolism up-regulation of RNA biosynthesis up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process up-regulation of RNA formation up-regulation of RNA synthesis upregulation of RNA anabolism upregulation of RNA biosynthesis upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process upregulation of RNA formation upregulation of RNA synthesis activation of RNA anabolism activation of RNA biosynthesis activation of RNA biosynthetic process activation of RNA formation activation of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:1902680 positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GO:1902680 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GO:jl GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 positive regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation. rl 2014-02-18T10:03:31Z biological_process GO:1902692 regulation of neuroblast proliferation GO:1902692 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21168496 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. mr 2014-02-26T15:36:15Z biological_process GO:1902738 regulation of chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis GO:1902738 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8662546 Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development. pr 2014-02-28T13:09:43Z apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1902742 apoptotic process involved in development GO:1902742 Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:pg GO_REF:0000060 apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development. mr 2014-03-07T17:45:55Z up regulation of chondrocyte development up-regulation of chondrocyte development upregulation of chondrocyte development activation of chondrocyte development biological_process GO:1902761 positive regulation of chondrocyte development GO:1902761 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16575901 up regulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie activation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:26Z biological_process GO:1902809 regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GO:1902809 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:32Z down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation biological_process GO:1902810 negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GO:1902810 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:38Z up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation activation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation biological_process GO:1902811 positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GO:1902811 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. tb 2014-03-27T22:07:12Z regulation of protein localisation to microtubule biological_process GO:1902816 regulation of protein localization to microtubule GO:1902816 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. tb 2014-03-27T22:07:18Z down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule down regulation of protein localization to microtubule down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule downregulation of protein localization to microtubule negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule inhibition of protein localisation to microtubule inhibition of protein localization to microtubule biological_process GO:1902817 negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule GO:1902817 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:23Z regulation of nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated regulation of nucleus migration regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902838 regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GO:1902838 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 regulation of nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie regulation of nucleus migration GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:29Z down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning inhibition of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning inhibition of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning inhibition of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration inhibition of nuclear migration along microtubule inhibition of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated inhibition of transport of nucleus by microtubules inhibition of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902839 negative regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GO:1902839 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:35Z positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning activation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning activation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning activation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration activation of nuclear migration along microtubule activation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated activation of transport of nucleus by microtubules activation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902840 positive regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GO:1902840 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie activation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie activation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis. vw 2014-04-02T14:19:38Z microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis GO:1902850 microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis GO:1902850 Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000060 PMID:18799626 microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:00Z regulation of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902863 regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GO:1902863 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:06Z down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development down regulation of embryonic eye development down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development down-regulation of embryonic eye development downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development downregulation of embryonic eye development negative regulation of embryonic eye development inhibition of embryonic camera-type eye development inhibition of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902864 negative regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GO:1902864 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:12Z positive regulation of embryonic eye development up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development up regulation of embryonic eye development up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development up-regulation of embryonic eye development upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development upregulation of embryonic eye development activation of embryonic camera-type eye development activation of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902865 positive regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GO:1902865 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 positive regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie activation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie activation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:17Z regulation of retina development in camera-style eye biological_process regulation of retinal development GO:1902866 regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GO:1902866 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:23Z down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye inhibition of retina development in camera-style eye inhibition of retina development in camera-type eye biological_process down regulation of retinal development down-regulation of retinal development downregulation of retinal development inhibition of retinal development negative regulation of retinal development GO:1902867 negative regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GO:1902867 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie down regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retinal development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:29Z positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye activation of retina development in camera-style eye activation of retina development in camera-type eye biological_process activation of retinal development positive regulation of retinal development up regulation of retinal development up-regulation of retinal development upregulation of retinal development GO:1902868 positive regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GO:1902868 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. mr 2014-04-03T15:25:15Z regulation of embryonic pattern biosynthesis regulation of embryonic pattern formation biological_process regulation of ventral/lateral system GO:1902875 regulation of embryonic pattern specification GO:1902875 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 regulation of embryonic pattern biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of embryonic pattern formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. mr 2014-04-03T15:25:20Z down regulation of embryonic pattern specification down-regulation of embryonic pattern specification downregulation of embryonic pattern specification inhibition of embryonic pattern specification biological_process down regulation of ventral/lateral system down-regulation of ventral/lateral system downregulation of ventral/lateral system inhibition of ventral/lateral system negative regulation of ventral/lateral system GO:1902876 negative regulation of embryonic pattern specification GO:1902876 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 down regulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie downregulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie inhibition of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie down regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. mr 2014-04-03T15:25:26Z up regulation of embryonic pattern specification up-regulation of embryonic pattern specification upregulation of embryonic pattern specification activation of embryonic pattern specification biological_process activation of ventral/lateral system positive regulation of ventral/lateral system up regulation of ventral/lateral system up-regulation of ventral/lateral system upregulation of ventral/lateral system GO:1902877 positive regulation of embryonic pattern specification GO:1902877 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 up regulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie upregulation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie activation of embryonic pattern specification GOC:TermGenie activation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie up regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie upregulation of ventral/lateral system GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:36Z biological_process regulation of fibril organisation GO:1902903 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro regulation of supramolecular fiber organization GO:1902903 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:42Z inhibition of fibril organisation inhibition of fibril organization biological_process down regulation of fibril organisation down regulation of fibril organization down-regulation of fibril organisation down-regulation of fibril organization downregulation of fibril organisation downregulation of fibril organization negative regulation of fibril organisation GO:1902904 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization GO:1902904 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 inhibition of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:48Z activation of fibril organisation activation of fibril organization biological_process positive regulation of fibril organisation up regulation of fibril organisation up regulation of fibril organization up-regulation of fibril organisation up-regulation of fibril organization upregulation of fibril organisation upregulation of fibril organization GO:1902905 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization GO:1902905 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 activation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. mr 2014-04-18T21:06:42Z up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902913 positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GO:1902913 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16916506 up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components. jl 2014-05-13T12:36:03Z organelle degradation biological_process GO:1903008 organelle disassembly GO:1903008 The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000079 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:41:53Z biological_process GO:1903010 regulation of bone development GO:1903010 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:42:00Z down regulation of bone development down-regulation of bone development downregulation of bone development inhibition of bone development biological_process GO:1903011 negative regulation of bone development GO:1903011 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 down regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bone development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:42:06Z up regulation of bone development up-regulation of bone development upregulation of bone development activation of bone development biological_process GO:1903012 positive regulation of bone development GO:1903012 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 up regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie activation of bone development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:19Z regulation of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903018 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GO:1903018 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:25Z down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process inhibition of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903019 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GO:1903019 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:31Z positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process upregulation of glycoprotein metabolism activation of glycoprotein metabolic process activation of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903020 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GO:1903020 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. rl 2014-05-19T15:29:58Z regulation of leukocyte adhesion regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion biological_process GO:1903037 Exogenous expression of ASS1 or NOS3 in HUVECs enhances NO production and inhibits monocyte adhesion regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GO:1903037 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21106532 regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. rl 2014-05-19T15:30:05Z down regulation of leukocyte adhesion down regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion down regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion down-regulation of leukocyte adhesion down-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion down-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion downregulation of leukocyte adhesion downregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion downregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion negative regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion inhibition of leukocyte adhesion inhibition of leukocyte cell adhesion inhibition of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:1903038 Exogenous expression of ASS1 or NOS3 in HUVECs enhances NO production and inhibits monocyte adhesion negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GO:1903038 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21106532 down regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. rl 2014-05-19T15:30:15Z positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion positive regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion up regulation of leukocyte adhesion up regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion up regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion up-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion up-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion upregulation of leukocyte adhesion upregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion upregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion activation of leukocyte adhesion activation of leukocyte cell adhesion activation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:1903039 Exogenous expression of ASS1 or NOS3 in HUVECs enhances NO production and inhibits monocyte adhesion positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GO:1903039 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21106532 positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie activation of leukocyte adhesion GOC:TermGenie activation of leukocyte cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie activation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion GOC:TermGenie Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development. rl 2014-05-22T07:06:02Z biological_process GO:1903045 Sema3a (O08665, mouse) is involved in neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development neural crest cell migration involved in sympathetic nervous system development GO:1903045 Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in sympathetic nervous system development. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000060 PMID:19325129 A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle. jl 2014-05-22T14:22:28Z biological_process GO:1903046 meiotic cell cycle process GO:1903046 A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GO_REF:0000060 A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle. jl 2014-05-22T14:22:34Z biological_process GO:1903047 mitotic cell cycle process GO:1903047 A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GO_REF:0000060 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:41Z regulation of extracellular matrix organisation biological_process regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903053 regulation of extracellular matrix organization GO:1903053 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:47Z down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation down regulation of extracellular matrix organization down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation downregulation of extracellular matrix organization negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation inhibition of extracellular matrix organization biological_process down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903054 negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization GO:1903054 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:53Z positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up regulation of extracellular matrix organization up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation upregulation of extracellular matrix organization activation of extracellular matrix organisation activation of extracellular matrix organization biological_process activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903055 positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization GO:1903055 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:32:44Z GO:0090003 GO:1905963 regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane biological_process regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903076 regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903076 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2014-05-29T17:10:16Z GO:0090005 GO:1905964 down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localisation in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localization in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localization to plasma membrane inhibition of protein targeting to plasma membrane inhibition of protein-plasma membrane targeting biological_process down regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane down regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting down-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane down-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting downregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane downregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane negative regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane negative regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903077 negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903077 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah negative regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:34:17Z GO:0090004 GO:1905965 positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane activation of protein localisation in plasma membrane activation of protein localization in plasma membrane activation of protein localization to plasma membrane activation of protein targeting to plasma membrane activation of protein-plasma membrane targeting biological_process positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane positive regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane positive regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting up regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane up regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting up-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane up-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting upregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane upregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903078 positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GO:1903078 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah positive regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement. al 2014-06-12T16:55:57Z biological_process GO:1903115 regulation of actin filament-based movement GO:1903115 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24798735 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement. al 2014-06-12T16:56:04Z up regulation of actin filament-based movement up-regulation of actin filament-based movement upregulation of actin filament-based movement activation of actin filament-based movement biological_process GO:1903116 positive regulation of actin filament-based movement GO:1903116 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24798735 up regulation of actin filament-based movement GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of actin filament-based movement GOC:TermGenie upregulation of actin filament-based movement GOC:TermGenie activation of actin filament-based movement GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton. mah 2014-06-16T11:27:09Z protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton protein localization in actin cytoskeleton biological_process GO:1903119 protein localization to actin cytoskeleton GO:1903119 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:24798735 protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie protein localization in actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin filament bundle. mah 2014-06-16T11:27:16Z protein localisation in actin filament bundle protein localisation to actin filament bundle protein localization in actin filament bundle biological_process protein localization to actin cable GO:1903120 protein localization to actin filament bundle GO:1903120 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin filament bundle. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:24798735 protein localisation in actin filament bundle GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to actin filament bundle GOC:TermGenie protein localization in actin filament bundle GOC:TermGenie protein localization to actin cable GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell. cls 2014-06-25T15:47:09Z biological_process GO:1903131 mononuclear cell differentiation GO:1903131 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell. CL:0000842 GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000086 PMID:24759906 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:35Z regulation of endoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903224 regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GO:1903224 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:41Z down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation inhibition of endoderm cell differentiation inhibition of endodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903225 negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GO:1903225 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:47Z positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation activation of endoderm cell differentiation activation of endodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903226 positive regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GO:1903226 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell. tb 2014-08-05T19:21:21Z multiciliate cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903251 multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation GO:1903251 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sp GO_REF:0000086 PMID:22231168 PMID:24934224 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane. mah 2014-08-12T14:22:31Z protein localisation in Golgi membrane protein localisation to Golgi membrane protein localization in Golgi membrane biological_process GO:1903292 protein localization to Golgi membrane GO:1903292 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:11378902 protein localisation in Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:04Z biological_process GO:1903335 regulation of vacuolar transport GO:1903335 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:11Z down regulation of vacuolar transport down-regulation of vacuolar transport downregulation of vacuolar transport inhibition of vacuolar transport biological_process GO:1903336 negative regulation of vacuolar transport GO:1903336 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:19Z up regulation of vacuolar transport up-regulation of vacuolar transport upregulation of vacuolar transport activation of vacuolar transport biological_process GO:1903337 positive regulation of vacuolar transport GO:1903337 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 up regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization. hjd 2014-08-20T19:36:16Z regulation of nuclear organisation regulation of nuclear organization biological_process regulation of nuclear morphology regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis GO:1903353 regulation of nucleus organization GO:1903353 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16943282 regulation of nuclear organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear organization GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear morphology GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization. als 2014-08-21T10:22:22Z regulation of Golgi organisation biological_process regulation of Golgi organization and biogenesis GO:1903358 regulation of Golgi organization GO:1903358 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17562788 regulation of Golgi organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of Golgi organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. bf 2014-08-26T12:40:36Z acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex development acousticofacial ganglion development facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex development facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII development facio-acoustic ganglion development biological_process GO:1903375 facioacoustic ganglion development GO:1903375 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:mat GO_REF:0000094 PMID:18356247 acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex development UBERON:0012175 acousticofacial ganglion development GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex development GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII development GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic ganglion development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. al 2014-08-26T13:57:13Z biological_process GO:1903379 regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GO:1903379 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9490640 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. al 2014-08-26T13:57:29Z up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation activation of mitotic chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1903380 positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GO:1903380 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9490640 up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus. rl 2014-09-03T12:45:43Z biological_process GO:1903412 response to bile acid GO:1903412 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000071 PMID:21757002 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:23Z biological_process regulation of functional differentiation GO:1903429 regulation of cell maturation GO:1903429 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:32Z down regulation of cell maturation down-regulation of cell maturation downregulation of cell maturation inhibition of cell maturation biological_process down regulation of functional differentiation down-regulation of functional differentiation downregulation of functional differentiation inhibition of functional differentiation negative regulation of functional differentiation GO:1903430 negative regulation of cell maturation GO:1903430 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 down regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:41Z up regulation of cell maturation up-regulation of cell maturation upregulation of cell maturation activation of cell maturation biological_process activation of functional differentiation positive regulation of functional differentiation up regulation of functional differentiation up-regulation of functional differentiation upregulation of functional differentiation GO:1903431 positive regulation of cell maturation GO:1903431 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 up regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane. pr 2014-09-16T15:15:39Z protein localisation in ciliary membrane protein localisation to ciliary membrane protein localization in ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903441 protein localization to ciliary membrane GO:1903441 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000087 PMID:22139371 protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide. dph 2014-10-01T21:55:47Z mucopolysaccharide metabolism biological_process GO:1903510 mucopolysaccharide metabolic process GO:1903510 The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000068 PMID:4236091 mucopolysaccharide metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:38:56Z biological_process regulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903522 regulation of blood circulation GO:1903522 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:39:05Z down regulation of blood circulation down-regulation of blood circulation downregulation of blood circulation inhibition of blood circulation biological_process down regulation of hemolymph circulation down-regulation of hemolymph circulation downregulation of hemolymph circulation inhibition of hemolymph circulation negative regulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903523 negative regulation of blood circulation GO:1903523 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 down regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:39:13Z up regulation of blood circulation up-regulation of blood circulation upregulation of blood circulation activation of blood circulation biological_process activation of hemolymph circulation positive regulation of hemolymph circulation up regulation of hemolymph circulation up-regulation of hemolymph circulation upregulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903524 positive regulation of blood circulation GO:1903524 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 up regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:24:59Z regulation of cellular secretion biological_process GO:1903530 regulation of secretion by cell GO:1903530 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:25:08Z down regulation of cellular secretion down regulation of secretion by cell down-regulation of cellular secretion down-regulation of secretion by cell downregulation of cellular secretion downregulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of cellular secretion inhibition of cellular secretion inhibition of secretion by cell biological_process GO:1903531 negative regulation of secretion by cell GO:1903531 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 down regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:25:17Z positive regulation of cellular secretion up regulation of cellular secretion up regulation of secretion by cell up-regulation of cellular secretion up-regulation of secretion by cell upregulation of cellular secretion upregulation of secretion by cell activation of cellular secretion activation of secretion by cell biological_process GO:1903532 positive regulation of secretion by cell GO:1903532 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 positive regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation. pr 2014-10-09T10:46:14Z meiosis involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1903537 meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GO:1903537 Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:jz GO_REF:0000060 PMID:25212395 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. pr 2014-10-09T10:52:38Z regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1903538 regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GO:1903538 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:jz GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25212395 regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:38:52Z regulation of exosomal secretory pathway regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion regulation of secretion of exosome regulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903541 regulation of exosomal secretion GO:1903541 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:39:02Z down regulation of exosomal secretion down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion down regulation of secretion of exosome down-regulation of exosomal secretion down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion down-regulation of secretion of exosome downregulation of exosomal secretion downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion downregulation of secretion of exosome negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion negative regulation of secretion of exosome down regulation of exosomal protein secretion down-regulation of exosomal protein secretion downregulation of exosomal protein secretion inhibition of exosomal protein secretion inhibition of exosomal secretion inhibition of exosomal secretory pathway inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion inhibition of secretion of exosome negative regulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903542 negative regulation of exosomal secretion GO:1903542 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 down regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie down regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:39:10Z positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion positive regulation of secretion of exosome up regulation of exosomal secretion up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion up regulation of secretion of exosome up-regulation of exosomal secretion up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion up-regulation of secretion of exosome upregulation of exosomal secretion upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion upregulation of secretion of exosome activation of exosomal protein secretion activation of exosomal secretion activation of exosomal secretory pathway activation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion activation of secretion of exosome positive regulation of exosomal protein secretion up regulation of exosomal protein secretion up-regulation of exosomal protein secretion upregulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903543 positive regulation of exosomal secretion GO:1903543 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:25Z regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:1903551 regulation of extracellular exosome assembly GO:1903551 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:33Z down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:1903552 negative regulation of extracellular exosome assembly GO:1903552 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:42Z up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GO:1903553 positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly GO:1903553 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. jl 2014-10-22T14:26:11Z cellular_component microparticle GO:1903561 extracellular vesicle GO:1903561 Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000064 PMID:24769233 microparticle GOC:vesicles Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:11Z biological_process GO:1903564 regulation of protein localization to cilium GO:1903564 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:20Z down regulation of protein localization to cilium down-regulation of protein localization to cilium downregulation of protein localization to cilium inhibition of protein localization to cilium biological_process GO:1903565 negative regulation of protein localization to cilium GO:1903565 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 down regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:28Z up regulation of protein localization to cilium up-regulation of protein localization to cilium upregulation of protein localization to cilium activation of protein localization to cilium biological_process GO:1903566 positive regulation of protein localization to cilium GO:1903566 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 up regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:32:51Z regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903567 regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GO:1903567 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:32:59Z down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localisation in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localisation to ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localization in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localization to ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903568 negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GO:1903568 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:33:08Z positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane activation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane activation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane activation of protein localization in ciliary membrane activation of protein localization to ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903569 positive regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GO:1903569 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. sl 2014-11-19T22:36:35Z regulation of DNA breakdown regulation of DNA catabolism regulation of DNA degradation biological_process GO:1903624 regulation of DNA catabolic process GO:1903624 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:2001740 regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. sl 2014-11-19T22:36:43Z down regulation of DNA breakdown down regulation of DNA catabolic process down regulation of DNA catabolism down regulation of DNA degradation down-regulation of DNA breakdown down-regulation of DNA catabolic process down-regulation of DNA catabolism down-regulation of DNA degradation downregulation of DNA breakdown downregulation of DNA catabolic process downregulation of DNA catabolism downregulation of DNA degradation negative regulation of DNA breakdown negative regulation of DNA catabolism negative regulation of DNA degradation inhibition of DNA breakdown inhibition of DNA catabolic process inhibition of DNA catabolism inhibition of DNA degradation biological_process GO:1903625 negative regulation of DNA catabolic process GO:1903625 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:2001740 down regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. sl 2014-11-19T22:36:51Z positive regulation of DNA breakdown positive regulation of DNA catabolism positive regulation of DNA degradation up regulation of DNA breakdown up regulation of DNA catabolic process up regulation of DNA catabolism up regulation of DNA degradation up-regulation of DNA breakdown up-regulation of DNA catabolic process up-regulation of DNA catabolism up-regulation of DNA degradation upregulation of DNA breakdown upregulation of DNA catabolic process upregulation of DNA catabolism upregulation of DNA degradation activation of DNA breakdown activation of DNA catabolic process activation of DNA catabolism activation of DNA degradation biological_process GO:1903626 positive regulation of DNA catabolic process GO:1903626 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:2001740 positive regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA catabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of DNA degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly. als 2014-12-03T11:45:08Z down regulation of microvillus assembly down-regulation of microvillus assembly downregulation of microvillus assembly inhibition of microvillus assembly biological_process down regulation of microvillus biogenesis down-regulation of microvillus biogenesis downregulation of microvillus biogenesis inhibition of microvillus biogenesis negative regulation of microvillus biogenesis GO:1903697 negative regulation of microvillus assembly GO:1903697 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22797597 down regulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly. als 2014-12-03T11:45:17Z up regulation of microvillus assembly up-regulation of microvillus assembly upregulation of microvillus assembly activation of microvillus assembly biological_process activation of microvillus biogenesis positive regulation of microvillus biogenesis up regulation of microvillus biogenesis up-regulation of microvillus biogenesis upregulation of microvillus biogenesis GO:1903698 positive regulation of microvillus assembly GO:1903698 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microvillus assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22797597 up regulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of microvillus assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microvillus biogenesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-03T13:12:09Z corneal stroma development stroma of cornea development biological_process substantia propria development GO:1903701 substantia propria of cornea development GO:1903701 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:12556382 corneal stroma development GOC:TermGenie stroma of cornea development GOC:TermGenie substantia propria development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-03T14:41:30Z esophageal development gullet development oesophagus development biological_process GO:1903702 esophagus development GO:1903702 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 ISBN:0-683-40008-8 esophageal development MGI:csmith gullet development GOC:TermGenie oesophagus development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:13Z regulation of blood cell biosynthesis regulation of blood cell formation regulation of haemopoiesis regulation of hematopoiesis biological_process GO:1903706 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. regulation of hemopoiesis GO:1903706 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:21Z down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis down regulation of blood cell formation down regulation of haemopoiesis down regulation of hematopoiesis down regulation of hemopoiesis down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis down-regulation of blood cell formation down-regulation of haemopoiesis down-regulation of hematopoiesis down-regulation of hemopoiesis downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis downregulation of blood cell formation downregulation of haemopoiesis downregulation of hematopoiesis downregulation of hemopoiesis negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis negative regulation of blood cell formation negative regulation of haemopoiesis negative regulation of hematopoiesis inhibition of blood cell biosynthesis inhibition of blood cell formation inhibition of haemopoiesis inhibition of hematopoiesis inhibition of hemopoiesis biological_process GO:1903707 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. negative regulation of hemopoiesis GO:1903707 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:30Z positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis positive regulation of blood cell formation positive regulation of haemopoiesis positive regulation of hematopoiesis up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis up regulation of blood cell formation up regulation of haemopoiesis up regulation of hematopoiesis up regulation of hemopoiesis up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis up-regulation of blood cell formation up-regulation of haemopoiesis up-regulation of hematopoiesis up-regulation of hemopoiesis upregulation of blood cell biosynthesis upregulation of blood cell formation upregulation of haemopoiesis upregulation of hematopoiesis upregulation of hemopoiesis activation of blood cell biosynthesis activation of blood cell formation activation of haemopoiesis activation of hematopoiesis activation of hemopoiesis biological_process GO:1903708 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. positive regulation of hemopoiesis GO:1903708 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-04T18:57:21Z endometrial gland development endometrium gland development uterine glands development uterine glands set development biological_process glandulae uterinae development glandular part of endometrium development set of uterine glands development GO:1903709 uterine gland development GO:1903709 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:23619340 endometrial gland development GOC:TermGenie endometrium gland development GOC:TermGenie uterine glands development GOC:TermGenie uterine glands set development GOC:TermGenie glandulae uterinae development GOC:TermGenie glandular part of endometrium development GOC:TermGenie set of uterine glands development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization. al 2014-12-10T18:59:44Z regulation of plasma membrane organisation biological_process regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GO:1903729 regulation of plasma membrane organization GO:1903729 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24514900 regulation of plasma membrane organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane. mah 2015-01-07T13:15:54Z protein localisation in vacuolar membrane protein localisation to vacuolar membrane protein localization in vacuolar membrane biological_process GO:1903778 protein localization to vacuolar membrane GO:1903778 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:25378562 protein localisation in vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:11Z biological_process GO:1903779 regulation of cardiac conduction GO:1903779 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:20Z down regulation of cardiac conduction down-regulation of cardiac conduction downregulation of cardiac conduction inhibition of cardiac conduction biological_process GO:1903780 negative regulation of cardiac conduction GO:1903780 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 down regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:28Z up regulation of cardiac conduction up-regulation of cardiac conduction upregulation of cardiac conduction activation of cardiac conduction biological_process GO:1903781 positive regulation of cardiac conduction GO:1903781 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 up regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport. al 2015-01-08T17:42:18Z regulation of amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:1903789 regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport GO:1903789 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16115814 regulation of amino acid membrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:44:49Z regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903795 regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GO:1903795 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:44:59Z down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport inhibition of inorganic anion membrane transport inhibition of inorganic anion transmembrane transport inhibition of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903796 negative regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GO:1903796 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:45:08Z positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport activation of inorganic anion membrane transport activation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport activation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903797 positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GO:1903797 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie activation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane. vw 2015-01-20T10:20:58Z biological_process GO:1903825 organic acid transmembrane transport GO:1903825 The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000069 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:24Z down regulation of cellular protein localisation down regulation of cellular protein localization down-regulation of cellular protein localisation down-regulation of cellular protein localization downregulation of cellular protein localisation downregulation of cellular protein localization negative regulation of cellular protein localisation negative regulation of cellular protein localization inhibition of cellular protein localisation inhibition of cellular protein localization biological_process GO:1903828 negative regulation of protein localization GO:1903828 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:33Z positive regulation of cellular protein localisation positive regulation of cellular protein localization up regulation of cellular protein localisation up regulation of cellular protein localization up-regulation of cellular protein localisation up-regulation of cellular protein localization upregulation of cellular protein localisation upregulation of cellular protein localization biological_process GO:1903829 positive regulation of protein localization GO:1903829 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 positive regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:00:51Z biological_process GO:1903847 regulation of aorta morphogenesis GO:1903847 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:01:01Z down regulation of aorta morphogenesis down-regulation of aorta morphogenesis downregulation of aorta morphogenesis inhibition of aorta morphogenesis biological_process GO:1903848 negative regulation of aorta morphogenesis GO:1903848 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 down regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:01:09Z up regulation of aorta morphogenesis up-regulation of aorta morphogenesis upregulation of aorta morphogenesis activation of aorta morphogenesis biological_process GO:1903849 positive regulation of aorta morphogenesis GO:1903849 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 up regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cjm 2015-02-05T00:42:16Z biological_process GO:1903867 extraembryonic membrane development GO:1903867 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 ISBN:0073040584 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. als 2015-02-09T10:50:21Z regulation of T cell polarization regulation of T lymphocyte polarization regulation of T-cell polarization regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity biological_process GO:1903903 regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GO:1903903 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575248 regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. als 2015-02-09T10:50:30Z down regulation of T cell polarization down regulation of T lymphocyte polarization down regulation of T-cell polarization down regulation of establishment of T cell polarity down regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity down regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity down regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity down-regulation of T cell polarization down-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization down-regulation of T-cell polarization down-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity down-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity down-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity down-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity downregulation of T cell polarization downregulation of T lymphocyte polarization downregulation of T-cell polarization downregulation of establishment of T cell polarity downregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity downregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity downregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity negative regulation of T cell polarization negative regulation of T lymphocyte polarization negative regulation of T-cell polarization negative regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity negative regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity negative regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity inhibition of T cell polarization inhibition of T lymphocyte polarization inhibition of T-cell polarization inhibition of establishment of T cell polarity inhibition of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity inhibition of establishment of T-cell polarity inhibition of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity biological_process GO:1903904 negative regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GO:1903904 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575248 down regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie downregulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie inhibition of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. als 2015-02-09T10:50:40Z positive regulation of T cell polarization positive regulation of T lymphocyte polarization positive regulation of T-cell polarization positive regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity positive regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity positive regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity up regulation of T cell polarization up regulation of T lymphocyte polarization up regulation of T-cell polarization up regulation of establishment of T cell polarity up regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity up regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity up regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity up-regulation of T cell polarization up-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization up-regulation of T-cell polarization up-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity up-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity up-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity up-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity upregulation of T cell polarization upregulation of T lymphocyte polarization upregulation of T-cell polarization upregulation of establishment of T cell polarity upregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity upregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity upregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity activation of T cell polarization activation of T lymphocyte polarization activation of T-cell polarization activation of establishment of T cell polarity activation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity activation of establishment of T-cell polarity activation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity biological_process GO:1903905 positive regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GO:1903905 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575248 positive regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie up regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie upregulation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie activation of T cell polarization GOC:TermGenie activation of T lymphocyte polarization GOC:TermGenie activation of T-cell polarization GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of T cell polarity GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of T lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of T-cell polarity GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of T-lymphocyte polarity GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. sl 2015-02-17T20:26:24Z down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange inhibition of respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:1903941 negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GO:1903941 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22819705 down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie inhibition of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. sl 2015-02-17T20:26:35Z up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange activation of respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:1903942 positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GO:1903942 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22819705 up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie activation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-02-19T12:54:40Z regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1903943 regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GO:1903943 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8649852 regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-02-19T12:54:50Z down regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process downregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process down regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis downregulation of hepatocyte apoptosis inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis inhibition of hepatocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1903944 negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GO:1903944 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8649852 down regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-02-19T12:54:59Z up regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process upregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process activation of hepatocyte apoptosis activation of hepatocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis up regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis upregulation of hepatocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1903945 positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GO:1903945 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8649852 up regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of hepatocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hepatocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. nc 2015-02-20T14:59:41Z down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential down regulation of AV node cell action potential down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential down-regulation of AV node cell action potential down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential downregulation of AV node cell action potential downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential inhibition of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential inhibition of AV node cell action potential inhibition of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:1903950 negative regulation of AV node cell action potential GO:1903950 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25281747 down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. nc 2015-02-20T14:59:50Z positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential up regulation of AV node cell action potential up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential up-regulation of AV node cell action potential up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential upregulation of AV node cell action potential upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential activation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential activation of AV node cell action potential activation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:1903951 positive regulation of AV node cell action potential GO:1903951 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25281747 positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. nc 2015-03-02T15:13:31Z regulation of glia cell migration biological_process GO:1903975 regulation of glial cell migration GO:1903975 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19100238 regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. nc 2015-03-02T15:13:38Z down regulation of glia cell migration down regulation of glial cell migration down-regulation of glia cell migration down-regulation of glial cell migration downregulation of glia cell migration downregulation of glial cell migration negative regulation of glia cell migration inhibition of glia cell migration inhibition of glial cell migration biological_process GO:1903976 negative regulation of glial cell migration GO:1903976 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19100238 down regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie down regulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. nc 2015-03-02T15:13:43Z positive regulation of glia cell migration up regulation of glia cell migration up regulation of glial cell migration up-regulation of glia cell migration up-regulation of glial cell migration upregulation of glia cell migration upregulation of glial cell migration activation of glia cell migration activation of glial cell migration biological_process GO:1903977 positive regulation of glial cell migration GO:1903977 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19100238 positive regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of glia cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of glial cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus. sl 2015-03-06T19:33:54Z biological_process GO:1904014 response to serotonin GO:1904014 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:1505525 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. sl 2015-03-06T22:17:04Z up regulation of vasculature development up-regulation of vasculature development upregulation of vasculature development activation of vasculature development biological_process activation of vascular system development positive regulation of vascular system development up regulation of vascular system development up-regulation of vascular system development upregulation of vascular system development GO:1904018 positive regulation of vasculature development GO:1904018 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21472453 up regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie activation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell. sl 2015-03-06T22:27:17Z epitheliocyte apoptotic process epithelial cell apoptosis epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904019 epithelial cell apoptotic process GO:1904019 Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000085 PMID:19137015 epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:36:52Z regulation of collagen fibril organisation regulation of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis GO:1904026 regulation of collagen fibril organization GO:1904026 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:36:59Z down regulation of collagen fibril organisation down regulation of collagen fibril organization down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation down-regulation of collagen fibril organization down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization downregulation of collagen fibril organisation downregulation of collagen fibril organization downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization inhibition of collagen fibril organisation inhibition of collagen fibril organization inhibition of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:1904027 negative regulation of collagen fibril organization GO:1904027 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 down regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:37:06Z positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization up regulation of collagen fibril organisation up regulation of collagen fibril organization up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation up-regulation of collagen fibril organization up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization upregulation of collagen fibril organisation upregulation of collagen fibril organization upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization activation of collagen fibril organisation activation of collagen fibril organization activation of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:1904028 positive regulation of collagen fibril organization GO:1904028 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie activation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie activation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:41Z regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904035 regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GO:1904035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:47Z down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process down regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis downregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis inhibition of epithelial cell apoptotic process inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptosis inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904036 negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GO:1904036 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:53Z positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process activation of epithelial cell apoptosis activation of epithelial cell apoptotic process activation of epitheliocyte apoptosis activation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis up regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis upregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904037 positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GO:1904037 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. sl 2015-03-18T17:56:14Z regulation of hepatoblast proliferation biological_process GO:1904054 regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GO:1904054 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24434010 regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. sl 2015-03-18T17:56:20Z down regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation down regulation of hepatoblast proliferation down-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation down-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation downregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation downregulation of hepatoblast proliferation negative regulation of hepatoblast proliferation inhibition of cholangiocyte proliferation inhibition of hepatoblast proliferation biological_process GO:1904055 negative regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GO:1904055 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24434010 down regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. sl 2015-03-18T17:56:26Z positive regulation of hepatoblast proliferation up regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation up regulation of hepatoblast proliferation up-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation up-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation upregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation upregulation of hepatoblast proliferation activation of cholangiocyte proliferation activation of hepatoblast proliferation biological_process GO:1904056 positive regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GO:1904056 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24434010 positive regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of cholangiocyte proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of hepatoblast proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain. sl 2015-03-18T20:33:57Z down regulation of nociception down regulation of sensory perception of pain down-regulation of nociception down-regulation of sensory perception of pain downregulation of nociception downregulation of sensory perception of pain negative regulation of nociception down regulation of perception of physiological pain down-regulation of perception of physiological pain downregulation of perception of physiological pain inhibition of nociception inhibition of perception of physiological pain inhibition of sensory perception of pain negative regulation of perception of physiological pain biological_process GO:1904057 negative regulation of sensory perception of pain GO:1904057 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17167094 down regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie down regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nociception GOC:TermGenie inhibition of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain. sl 2015-03-18T20:34:03Z positive regulation of nociception up regulation of nociception up regulation of sensory perception of pain up-regulation of nociception up-regulation of sensory perception of pain upregulation of nociception upregulation of sensory perception of pain activation of nociception activation of perception of physiological pain activation of sensory perception of pain positive regulation of perception of physiological pain up regulation of perception of physiological pain up-regulation of perception of physiological pain upregulation of perception of physiological pain biological_process GO:1904058 positive regulation of sensory perception of pain GO:1904058 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17167094 positive regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nociception GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie activation of nociception GOC:TermGenie activation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie activation of sensory perception of pain GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie up regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of perception of physiological pain GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:43Z regulation of cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1904062 regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport GO:1904062 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:50Z down regulation of cation transmembrane transport down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport downregulation of cation transmembrane transport inhibition of cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1904063 negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport GO:1904063 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 down regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:55Z up regulation of cation transmembrane transport up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport upregulation of cation transmembrane transport activation of cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1904064 positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport GO:1904064 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 up regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:55:56Z regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904073 regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GO:1904073 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:56:02Z down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation inhibition of trophectoderm cell proliferation inhibition of trophectodermal cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904074 negative regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GO:1904074 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:56:08Z positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation activation of trophectoderm cell proliferation activation of trophectodermal cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904075 positive regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GO:1904075 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus. kmv 2015-04-01T18:14:41Z protein localisation in microvillus protein localisation to microvillus protein localization in microvillus biological_process GO:1904106 protein localization to microvillus GO:1904106 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GO_REF:0000087 PMID:25335890 protein localisation in microvillus GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to microvillus GOC:TermGenie protein localization in microvillus GOC:TermGenie Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14472 sl 2015-04-06T18:13:14Z axoplasm cellular_component GO:1904115 axon cytoplasm GO:1904115 Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000064 PMID:18667152 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. pga 2015-04-07T14:00:56Z biological_process GO:1904118 regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GO:1904118 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25677106 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. pga 2015-04-07T14:01:02Z down regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis down-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis downregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis inhibition of otic vesicle morphogenesis biological_process GO:1904119 negative regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GO:1904119 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25677106 down regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. pga 2015-04-07T14:01:08Z up regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis up-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis upregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis activation of otic vesicle morphogenesis biological_process GO:1904120 positive regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GO:1904120 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of otic vesicle morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25677106 up regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of otic vesicle morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. tb 2015-04-14T15:59:22Z down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1904145 negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GO:1904145 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22674394 down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. tb 2015-04-14T15:59:28Z up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1904146 positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GO:1904146 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22674394 up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:19Z regulation of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904170 regulation of bleb assembly GO:1904170 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:25Z down regulation of bleb assembly down regulation of cell blebbing down-regulation of bleb assembly down-regulation of cell blebbing downregulation of bleb assembly downregulation of cell blebbing negative regulation of cell blebbing inhibition of bleb assembly inhibition of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904171 negative regulation of bleb assembly GO:1904171 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 down regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:31Z positive regulation of cell blebbing up regulation of bleb assembly up regulation of cell blebbing up-regulation of bleb assembly up-regulation of cell blebbing upregulation of bleb assembly upregulation of cell blebbing activation of bleb assembly activation of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904172 positive regulation of bleb assembly GO:1904172 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 positive regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie up regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie activation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:01Z biological_process regulation of adipogenesis GO:1904177 regulation of adipose tissue development GO:1904177 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:07Z down regulation of adipose tissue development down-regulation of adipose tissue development downregulation of adipose tissue development inhibition of adipose tissue development biological_process down regulation of adipogenesis down-regulation of adipogenesis downregulation of adipogenesis inhibition of adipogenesis negative regulation of adipogenesis GO:1904178 negative regulation of adipose tissue development GO:1904178 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 down regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:13Z up regulation of adipose tissue development up-regulation of adipose tissue development upregulation of adipose tissue development activation of adipose tissue development biological_process activation of adipogenesis positive regulation of adipogenesis up regulation of adipogenesis up-regulation of adipogenesis upregulation of adipogenesis GO:1904179 positive regulation of adipose tissue development GO:1904179 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 up regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-05-06T15:25:48Z regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis biological_process GO:1904192 regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GO:1904192 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24498161 regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-05-06T15:25:55Z down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis inhibition of cholangiocyte apoptosis inhibition of cholangiocyte apoptotic process inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis biological_process GO:1904193 negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GO:1904193 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24498161 down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. sl 2015-05-06T15:26:00Z positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process activation of cholangiocyte apoptosis activation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis biological_process GO:1904194 positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GO:1904194 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholangiocyte apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24498161 positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of cholangiocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cholangiocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell of bile duct apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:13Z biological_process GO:1904204 regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GO:1904204 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:19Z down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy inhibition of skeletal muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1904205 negative regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GO:1904205 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie inhibition of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:25Z up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy activation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1904206 positive regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GO:1904206 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie activation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. bf 2015-05-20T11:04:28Z regulation of bile acid metabolism biological_process GO:1904251 regulation of bile acid metabolic process GO:1904251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. bf 2015-05-20T11:04:35Z down regulation of bile acid metabolic process down regulation of bile acid metabolism down-regulation of bile acid metabolic process down-regulation of bile acid metabolism downregulation of bile acid metabolic process downregulation of bile acid metabolism negative regulation of bile acid metabolism inhibition of bile acid metabolic process inhibition of bile acid metabolism biological_process GO:1904252 negative regulation of bile acid metabolic process GO:1904252 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. bf 2015-05-20T11:04:40Z positive regulation of bile acid metabolism up regulation of bile acid metabolic process up regulation of bile acid metabolism up-regulation of bile acid metabolic process up-regulation of bile acid metabolism upregulation of bile acid metabolic process upregulation of bile acid metabolism activation of bile acid metabolic process activation of bile acid metabolism biological_process GO:1904253 positive regulation of bile acid metabolic process GO:1904253 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 positive regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of bile acid metabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of bile acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell. kmv 2015-05-28T19:16:03Z cell cortex of cell leading edge cell cortex of front of cell cell cortex of leading edge of cell cellular_component cell periphery of cell leading edge cell periphery of front of cell cell periphery of leading edge of cell peripheral cytoplasm of cell leading edge peripheral cytoplasm of front of cell peripheral cytoplasm of leading edge of cell GO:1904269 cell leading edge cell cortex GO:1904269 The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GO_REF:0000064 PMID:25843030 cell cortex of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie cell cortex of front of cell GOC:TermGenie cell cortex of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of front of cell GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of front of cell GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:42Z biological_process GO:1904304 regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GO:1904304 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:48Z down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction inhibition of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904305 negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GO:1904305 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:54Z up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction activation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904306 positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GO:1904306 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie activation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. sl 2015-06-10T18:46:11Z biological_process regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904318 regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904318 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18562635 regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. sl 2015-06-10T18:46:17Z down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition biological_process down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination down regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination down-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination downregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination inhibition of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination negative regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904319 negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904319 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18562635 down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie down regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie down regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie downregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie inhibition of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. sl 2015-06-10T18:46:23Z up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition biological_process activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination activation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination positive regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination up regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination up-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination upregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904320 positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GO:1904320 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18562635 up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie activation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie up regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie up regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in urination GOC:TermGenie upregulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:16:58Z biological_process GO:1904341 regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GO:1904341 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:17:05Z down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction inhibition of colon smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904342 negative regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GO:1904342 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:17:11Z up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction activation of colon smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904343 positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GO:1904343 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie activation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:31Z regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904344 regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GO:1904344 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:44Z down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation inhibition of gastric mucosal blood circulation inhibition of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904345 negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GO:1904345 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:50Z positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation activation of gastric mucosal blood circulation activation of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904346 positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GO:1904346 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:37:34Z biological_process GO:1904347 regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GO:1904347 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11991626 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:37:40Z down regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction downregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction inhibition of small intestine smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904348 negative regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GO:1904348 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11991626 down regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:37:46Z up regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction upregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction activation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904349 positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GO:1904349 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11991626 up regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie activation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. rl 2015-06-12T09:10:36Z biological_process regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GO:1904350 regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GO:1904350 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25635054 regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. rl 2015-06-12T09:10:42Z down regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole down-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole downregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole inhibition of protein catabolic process in the vacuole biological_process down regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism down regulation of vacuolar protein degradation down-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism down-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation downregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism downregulation of vacuolar protein degradation inhibition of vacuolar protein breakdown inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolic process inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolism inhibition of vacuolar protein degradation negative regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism negative regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GO:1904351 negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GO:1904351 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25635054 down regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. rl 2015-06-12T09:10:49Z up regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole up-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole upregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole activation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole biological_process activation of vacuolar protein breakdown activation of vacuolar protein catabolic process activation of vacuolar protein catabolism activation of vacuolar protein degradation positive regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism positive regulation of vacuolar protein degradation up regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism up regulation of vacuolar protein degradation up-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism up-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation upregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism upregulation of vacuolar protein degradation GO:1904352 positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GO:1904352 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25635054 up regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie activation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar protein degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:25Z biological_process GO:1904375 regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GO:1904375 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:32Z down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery inhibition of protein localization to cell periphery biological_process GO:1904376 negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GO:1904376 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:37Z up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery activation of protein localization to cell periphery biological_process GO:1904377 positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GO:1904377 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:42Z regulation of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process regulation of NMJ stability regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904396 regulation of neuromuscular junction development GO:1904396 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:48Z down regulation of neuromuscular junction development down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization downregulation of neuromuscular junction development downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization inhibition of neuromuscular junction development inhibition of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process down regulation of NMJ stability down regulation of neuromuscular junction stability down-regulation of NMJ stability down-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability downregulation of NMJ stability downregulation of neuromuscular junction stability inhibition of NMJ stability inhibition of neuromuscular junction stability negative regulation of NMJ stability negative regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904397 negative regulation of neuromuscular junction development GO:1904397 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 down regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie downregulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie inhibition of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:54Z positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization up regulation of neuromuscular junction development up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization upregulation of neuromuscular junction development upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization activation of neuromuscular junction development activation of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process activation of NMJ stability activation of neuromuscular junction stability positive regulation of NMJ stability positive regulation of neuromuscular junction stability up regulation of NMJ stability up regulation of neuromuscular junction stability up-regulation of NMJ stability up-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability upregulation of NMJ stability upregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904398 positive regulation of neuromuscular junction development GO:1904398 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie activation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie up regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie upregulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. sl 2015-06-25T19:40:42Z regulation of secretory granule organisation biological_process regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GO:1904409 regulation of secretory granule organization GO:1904409 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15039777 regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. sl 2015-06-25T19:40:49Z down regulation of secretory granule organisation down regulation of secretory granule organization down-regulation of secretory granule organisation down-regulation of secretory granule organization downregulation of secretory granule organisation downregulation of secretory granule organization negative regulation of secretory granule organisation inhibition of secretory granule organisation inhibition of secretory granule organization biological_process down regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis down-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis downregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis inhibition of secretory granule organization and biogenesis negative regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GO:1904410 negative regulation of secretory granule organization GO:1904410 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15039777 down regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. sl 2015-06-25T19:40:55Z positive regulation of secretory granule organisation up regulation of secretory granule organisation up regulation of secretory granule organization up-regulation of secretory granule organisation up-regulation of secretory granule organization upregulation of secretory granule organisation upregulation of secretory granule organization activation of secretory granule organisation activation of secretory granule organization biological_process activation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis positive regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis up regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis up-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis upregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GO:1904411 positive regulation of secretory granule organization GO:1904411 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15039777 positive regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie activation of secretory granule organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of secretory granule organization GOC:TermGenie activation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:15Z biological_process GO:1904412 regulation of cardiac ventricle development GO:1904412 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:21Z down regulation of cardiac ventricle development down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development downregulation of cardiac ventricle development inhibition of cardiac ventricle development biological_process GO:1904413 negative regulation of cardiac ventricle development GO:1904413 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 down regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:27Z up regulation of cardiac ventricle development up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development upregulation of cardiac ventricle development activation of cardiac ventricle development biological_process GO:1904414 positive regulation of cardiac ventricle development GO:1904414 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 up regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. sl 2015-07-09T18:02:40Z down regulation of neuronal action potential down-regulation of neuronal action potential downregulation of neuronal action potential inhibition of neuronal action potential biological_process down regulation of generation of action potential down-regulation of generation of action potential downregulation of generation of action potential inhibition of generation of action potential negative regulation of generation of action potential GO:1904456 negative regulation of neuronal action potential GO:1904456 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25126967 down regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. sl 2015-07-09T18:02:46Z up regulation of neuronal action potential up-regulation of neuronal action potential upregulation of neuronal action potential activation of neuronal action potential biological_process activation of generation of action potential positive regulation of generation of action potential up regulation of generation of action potential up-regulation of generation of action potential upregulation of generation of action potential GO:1904457 positive regulation of neuronal action potential GO:1904457 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25126967 up regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mr 2015-07-15T22:14:39Z biological_process GO:1904484 cloacal gland development GO:1904484 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000094 PMID:18805421 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone. kmv 2015-07-17T20:43:21Z protein localisation in ciliary transition zone protein localisation to ciliary transition zone protein localization in ciliary transition zone biological_process GO:1904491 protein localization to ciliary transition zone GO:1904491 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GO_REF:0000087 PMID:21422230 protein localisation in ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie protein localization in ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus. sl 2015-08-20T16:46:24Z response to glycoproteins biological_process GO:1904587 response to glycoprotein GO:1904587 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:14597422 Any apoptotic process in a fat cell. sl 2015-08-27T18:13:06Z adipocyte apoptotic process adipose cell apoptotic process adipocyte apoptosis adipose cell apoptosis fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904606 fat cell apoptotic process GO:1904606 Any apoptotic process in a fat cell. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000085 PMID:17024416 adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:28Z regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process regulation of adipocyte apoptosis regulation of adipose cell apoptosis regulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904649 regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GO:1904649 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:34Z down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down regulation of adipocyte apoptosis down regulation of adipose cell apoptosis down regulation of fat cell apoptosis down-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis down-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis down-regulation of fat cell apoptosis downregulation of adipocyte apoptosis downregulation of adipose cell apoptosis downregulation of fat cell apoptosis inhibition of adipocyte apoptosis inhibition of adipocyte apoptotic process inhibition of adipose cell apoptosis inhibition of adipose cell apoptotic process inhibition of fat cell apoptosis inhibition of fat cell apoptotic process negative regulation of adipocyte apoptosis negative regulation of adipose cell apoptosis negative regulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904650 negative regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GO:1904650 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:40Z positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process activation of adipocyte apoptosis activation of adipocyte apoptotic process activation of adipose cell apoptosis activation of adipose cell apoptotic process activation of fat cell apoptosis activation of fat cell apoptotic process positive regulation of adipocyte apoptosis positive regulation of adipose cell apoptosis positive regulation of fat cell apoptosis up regulation of adipocyte apoptosis up regulation of adipose cell apoptosis up regulation of fat cell apoptosis up-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis up-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis up-regulation of fat cell apoptosis upregulation of adipocyte apoptosis upregulation of adipose cell apoptosis upregulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904651 positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GO:1904651 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane. vw 2015-09-04T17:20:16Z GO:0015758 biological_process glucose transport GO:1904659 glucose transmembrane transport GO:1904659 The process in which glucose is transported across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000069 PMID:9090050 Any negative regulation of cell differentiation that is involved in stem cell population maintenance. tb 2015-09-12T00:46:08Z down regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance downregulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance inhibition of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance biological_process down regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency downregulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency inhibition of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GO:1904671 negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance GO:1904671 Any negative regulation of cell differentiation that is involved in stem cell population maintenance. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000060 PMID:19409607 down regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell differentiation involved in stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in maintenance of pluripotency GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. rph 2015-09-14T08:40:19Z biological_process GO:1904672 regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GO:1904672 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. rph 2015-09-14T08:40:25Z down regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance down-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance downregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance inhibition of somatic stem cell population maintenance biological_process GO:1904673 negative regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GO:1904673 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 down regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie downregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie inhibition of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. rph 2015-09-14T08:40:32Z up regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance up-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance upregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance activation of somatic stem cell population maintenance biological_process GO:1904674 positive regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GO:1904674 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 up regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie upregulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie activation of somatic stem cell population maintenance GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:22Z regulation of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904675 regulation of somatic stem cell division GO:1904675 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:28Z down regulation of somatic stem cell division down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal down-regulation of somatic stem cell division down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal downregulation of somatic stem cell division downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal inhibition of somatic stem cell division inhibition of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904676 negative regulation of somatic stem cell division GO:1904676 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 down regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie downregulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie inhibition of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie inhibition of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:34Z positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal up regulation of somatic stem cell division up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal up-regulation of somatic stem cell division up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal upregulation of somatic stem cell division upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal activation of somatic stem cell division activation of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904677 positive regulation of somatic stem cell division GO:1904677 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie up regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie upregulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie activation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie activation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other. tb 2015-09-22T18:50:41Z GO:0015197 GO:0015637 Reactome:R-HSA-1500817 molecular_function peptide transporter activity peptide uptake permease activity GO:1904680 peptide transmembrane transporter activity GO:1904680 Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000070 Reactome:R-HSA-1500817 Glutathione is taken up by the bacterium Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. sl 2015-09-25T15:23:38Z down regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation down regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation down regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation down-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation down-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation down-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation downregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation downregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation downregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation negative regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation inhibition of pancreatic B cell proliferation inhibition of pancreatic beta cell proliferation inhibition of type B pancreatic cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904691 negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GO:1904691 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24055447 down regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. sl 2015-09-25T15:23:44Z positive regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation up regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation up regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation up regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation up-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation up-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation up-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation upregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation upregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation upregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation activation of pancreatic B cell proliferation activation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation activation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904692 positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GO:1904692 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24055447 positive regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of pancreatic B cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of pancreatic beta cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized. bf 2015-09-29T09:15:28Z MB morphogenesis biological_process mesencephalon morphogenesis GO:1904693 midbrain morphogenesis GO:1904693 The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000083 PMID:21347250 MB morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie mesencephalon morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. sl 2015-09-30T15:19:50Z regulation of acinic cell proliferation regulation of acinous cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904697 regulation of acinar cell proliferation GO:1904697 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9788538 regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. sl 2015-09-30T15:19:57Z down regulation of acinar cell proliferation down regulation of acinic cell proliferation down regulation of acinous cell proliferation down-regulation of acinar cell proliferation down-regulation of acinic cell proliferation down-regulation of acinous cell proliferation downregulation of acinar cell proliferation downregulation of acinic cell proliferation downregulation of acinous cell proliferation negative regulation of acinic cell proliferation negative regulation of acinous cell proliferation inhibition of acinar cell proliferation inhibition of acinic cell proliferation inhibition of acinous cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904698 negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation GO:1904698 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9788538 down regulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. sl 2015-09-30T15:20:03Z positive regulation of acinic cell proliferation positive regulation of acinous cell proliferation up regulation of acinar cell proliferation up regulation of acinic cell proliferation up regulation of acinous cell proliferation up-regulation of acinar cell proliferation up-regulation of acinic cell proliferation up-regulation of acinous cell proliferation upregulation of acinar cell proliferation upregulation of acinic cell proliferation upregulation of acinous cell proliferation activation of acinar cell proliferation activation of acinic cell proliferation activation of acinous cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904699 positive regulation of acinar cell proliferation GO:1904699 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9788538 positive regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of acinar cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of acinic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of acinous cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:20Z regulation of VSMC proliferation regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904705 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:1904705 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:26Z down regulation of VSMC proliferation down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation down-regulation of VSMC proliferation down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation downregulation of VSMC proliferation downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of VSMC proliferation negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition of VSMC proliferation inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904706 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:1904706 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 down regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:32Z positive regulation of VSMC proliferation positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation up regulation of VSMC proliferation up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation up-regulation of VSMC proliferation up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation upregulation of VSMC proliferation upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation activation of VSMC proliferation activation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904707 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:1904707 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 positive regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another. rph 2015-10-15T09:56:00Z vascular smooth muscle cell migration biological_process GO:1904738 vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GO:1904738 The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000091 PMID:20693317 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T14:12:27Z down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904746 U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GO:1904746 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T14:12:34Z positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic process involved in development activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904747 U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GO:1904747 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T15:02:28Z regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904748 Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GO:1904748 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:17Z regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus regulation of protein localization in nucleolus biological_process GO:1904749 regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GO:1904749 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:24Z down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus inhibition of protein localisation in nucleolus inhibition of protein localisation to nucleolus inhibition of protein localization in nucleolus inhibition of protein localization to nucleolus biological_process GO:1904750 negative regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GO:1904750 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:30Z positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus activation of protein localisation in nucleolus activation of protein localisation to nucleolus activation of protein localization in nucleolus activation of protein localization to nucleolus biological_process GO:1904751 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GO:1904751 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. rph 2015-10-19T15:49:52Z regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration biological_process GO:1904752 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GO:1904752 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20693317 regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. rph 2015-10-19T15:49:58Z down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration biological_process GO:1904753 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GO:1904753 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20693317 down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. rph 2015-10-19T15:50:05Z positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration activation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration biological_process GO:1904754 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GO:1904754 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20693317 positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized. dos 2015-10-28T11:46:04Z biological_process intramembranous bones morphogenesis membrane bone morphogenesis GO:1904770 intramembranous bone morphogenesis GO:1904770 The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000083 PMID:26399686 intramembranous bones morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie membrane bone morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:01Z regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904776 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GO:1904776 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:08Z down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex inhibition of protein localisation to cell cortex inhibition of protein localization to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904777 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. negative regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GO:1904777 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:15Z positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex activation of protein localisation to cell cortex activation of protein localization to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904778 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GO:1904778 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:01Z tunica serosa development wall of serous sac development biological_process serosa development GO:1904817 serous membrane development GO:1904817 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 tunica serosa development GOC:TermGenie wall of serous sac development GOC:TermGenie serosa development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:17Z biological_process GO:1904818 visceral peritoneum development GO:1904818 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:24Z peritoneal cavity lining development biological_process GO:1904819 parietal peritoneum development GO:1904819 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 peritoneal cavity lining development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-18T17:23:51Z biological_process peritonaeum development GO:1904820 peritoneum development GO:1904820 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 peritonaeum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:40Z biological_process GO:1904829 regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1904829 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:47Z down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1904830 negative regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1904830 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:54Z up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1904831 positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1904831 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex is generated and organized. bf 2015-12-01T17:02:06Z acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis acousticofacial ganglion morphogenesis facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII morphogenesis facio-acoustic ganglion morphogenesis biological_process facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis facio-acoustic ganglion complex morphogenesis GO:1904836 facioacoustic ganglion morphogenesis GO:1904836 The developmental process by which an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex is generated and organized. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:mat GO_REF:0000083 PMID:18356247 acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis UBERON:0012175 acousticofacial ganglion morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic ganglion morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie facio-acoustic ganglion complex morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. bf 2016-01-07T13:45:06Z cranial skeleton development craniofacial development osteocranium development biological_process cranium development GO:1904888 cranial skeletal system development GO:1904888 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000094 PMID:11262227 cranial skeleton development GOC:TermGenie craniofacial development PMID:11262227 osteocranium development GOC:TermGenie cranium development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:11Z regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon biological_process regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904933 regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GO:1904933 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18953410 PMID:24431302 regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:19Z down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon inhibition of cell proliferation in mesencephalon inhibition of cell proliferation in midbrain biological_process down regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation down-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation downregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation inhibition of mesencepahalic cell proliferation negative regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904934 negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GO:1904934 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18953410 PMID:24431302 down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:27Z positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain activation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon activation of cell proliferation in midbrain biological_process activation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation positive regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation up regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation up-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation upregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904935 positive regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GO:1904935 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24431302 positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie activation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another. ah 2016-02-01T14:04:32Z inter neuron migration inter-neuron migration biological_process GO:1904936 interneuron migration GO:1904936 The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another. GOC:TermGenie GOC:ah GO_REF:0000091 PMID:18622031 inter neuron migration GOC:ah inter-neuron migration GOC:ah The orderly movement of a sensory neuron from one site to another. ah 2016-02-01T14:15:50Z biological_process GO:1904937 sensory neuron migration GO:1904937 The orderly movement of a sensory neuron from one site to another. GOC:TermGenie GOC:ah GO_REF:0000091 PMID:18622031 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:16Z biological_process GO:1904942 regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GO:1904942 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:24Z down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation inhibition of cardiac ventricle formation biological_process GO:1904943 negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GO:1904943 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:31Z up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation activation of cardiac ventricle formation biological_process GO:1904944 positive regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GO:1904944 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. mec 2016-02-05T09:59:24Z down regulation of establishment of protein localisation down regulation of establishment of protein localization down regulation of protein positioning down regulation of protein recruitment down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation down-regulation of establishment of protein localization down-regulation of protein positioning down-regulation of protein recruitment downregulation of establishment of protein localisation downregulation of establishment of protein localization downregulation of protein positioning downregulation of protein recruitment negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation negative regulation of protein positioning negative regulation of protein recruitment inhibition of establishment of protein localisation inhibition of establishment of protein localization inhibition of protein positioning inhibition of protein recruitment biological_process GO:1904950 negative regulation of establishment of protein localization GO:1904950 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22761445 down regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. mec 2016-02-05T09:59:32Z positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation positive regulation of protein positioning positive regulation of protein recruitment up regulation of establishment of protein localisation up regulation of establishment of protein localization up regulation of protein positioning up regulation of protein recruitment up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation up-regulation of establishment of protein localization up-regulation of protein positioning up-regulation of protein recruitment upregulation of establishment of protein localisation upregulation of establishment of protein localization upregulation of protein positioning upregulation of protein recruitment activation of establishment of protein localisation activation of establishment of protein localization activation of protein positioning activation of protein recruitment biological_process GO:1904951 positive regulation of establishment of protein localization GO:1904951 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22761445 positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie activation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. bc 2016-02-29T16:16:09Z biological_process GO:1904987 regulation of endothelial cell activation GO:1904987 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24255059 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. bc 2016-02-29T16:16:18Z down regulation of endothelial cell activation down-regulation of endothelial cell activation downregulation of endothelial cell activation inhibition of endothelial cell activation biological_process GO:1904988 negative regulation of endothelial cell activation GO:1904988 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24255059 down regulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. bc 2016-02-29T16:16:25Z up regulation of endothelial cell activation up-regulation of endothelial cell activation upregulation of endothelial cell activation activation of endothelial cell activation biological_process GO:1904989 positive regulation of endothelial cell activation GO:1904989 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell activation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24255059 up regulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie activation of endothelial cell activation GOC:TermGenie The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. vw 2016-03-09T15:33:53Z biological_process GO:1905039 carboxylic acid transmembrane transport GO:1905039 The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000069 PMID:10869563 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. bf 2016-03-10T09:30:20Z placoda otica development biological_process auditory placode development ear placode development ear/otic placode development octaval VIII placode development octaval placode development GO:1905040 otic placode development GO:1905040 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:mat GO_REF:0000094 PMID:18356247 placoda otica development GOC:TermGenie auditory placode development GOC:TermGenie ear placode development GOC:TermGenie ear/otic placode development GOC:TermGenie octaval VIII placode development GOC:TermGenie octaval placode development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:14:53Z regulation of VSMC differentiation regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905063 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1905063 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:15:03Z down regulation of VSMC differentiation down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of VSMC differentiation down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of VSMC differentiation downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation negative regulation of VSMC differentiation negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of VSMC differentiation inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905064 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1905064 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 down regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:15:13Z positive regulation of VSMC differentiation positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation up regulation of VSMC differentiation up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of VSMC differentiation up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of VSMC differentiation upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of VSMC differentiation activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905065 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:1905065 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 positive regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2016-03-21T15:18:21Z biological_process allantoic bud development GO:1905069 allantois development GO:1905069 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:17440924 PMID:21470579 allantoic bud development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:31Z regulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905126 regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GO:1905126 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:40Z down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport down regulation of axonal protein transport down-regulation of axonal protein transport downregulation of axonal protein transport inhibition of axo-dendritic protein transport inhibition of axonal protein transport negative regulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905127 negative regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GO:1905127 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:48Z up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport activation of axo-dendritic protein transport activation of axonal protein transport positive regulation of axonal protein transport up regulation of axonal protein transport up-regulation of axonal protein transport upregulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905128 positive regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GO:1905128 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie activation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie activation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2016-04-13T11:46:40Z apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process AER formation crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905139 apical ectodermal ridge formation GO:1905139 The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000081 PMID:18359901 PMID:9323126 PMID:9596583 apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie AER formation GOC:TermGenie crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:40Z regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process regulation of AER formation regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905140 regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GO:1905140 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:48Z down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation inhibition of apical ectodermal ridge formation inhibition of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process down regulation of AER formation down regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation down-regulation of AER formation down-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation downregulation of AER formation downregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation inhibition of AER formation inhibition of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation negative regulation of AER formation negative regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905141 negative regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GO:1905141 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AER formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:57Z positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process activation of AER formation positive regulation of AER formation positive regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation up regulation of AER formation up regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation up-regulation of AER formation up-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation upregulation of AER formation upregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905142 positive regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GO:1905142 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie activation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus. dos 2016-04-14T08:54:49Z biological_process GO:1905144 response to acetylcholine GO:1905144 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:21238497 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:07Z biological_process GO:1905147 regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GO:1905147 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:16Z down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy inhibition of smooth muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1905148 negative regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GO:1905148 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:24Z up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy activation of smooth muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1905149 positive regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GO:1905149 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:01Z regulation of cardiac cell differentiation regulation of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905207 regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GO:1905207 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:09Z down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation down regulation of heart cell differentiation down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation down-regulation of heart cell differentiation downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation downregulation of heart cell differentiation negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation negative regulation of heart cell differentiation inhibition of cardiac cell differentiation inhibition of cardiocyte differentiation inhibition of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905208 negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GO:1905208 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:16Z positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation positive regulation of heart cell differentiation up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation up regulation of heart cell differentiation up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation up-regulation of heart cell differentiation upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation upregulation of heart cell differentiation activation of cardiac cell differentiation activation of cardiocyte differentiation activation of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905209 positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GO:1905209 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. vw 2016-06-03T08:41:08Z biological_process GO:1905213 negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GO:1905213 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23219725 The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized. rl 2016-06-07T10:02:32Z heart epicardium morphogenesis visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis biological_process pericardium visceral mesothelium morphogenesis GO:1905223 epicardium morphogenesis GO:1905223 The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000083 PMID:18718461 heart epicardium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie pericardium visceral mesothelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22766 pr 2016-06-15T20:14:47Z GO:0045798 GO:1903309 down regulation of chromatin organisation down regulation of chromatin organization down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture down-regulation of chromatin organisation down-regulation of chromatin organization down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture downregulation of chromatin organisation downregulation of chromatin organization downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly negative regulation of chromatin organisation negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture inhibition of chromatin assembly or disassembly inhibition of chromatin organisation inhibition of chromatin organization inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture biological_process down regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly down-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly downregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly negative regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly negative regulation of chromatin modification GO:1905268 negative regulation of chromatin organization GO:1905268 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:654321 down regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22766 pr 2016-06-15T20:14:56Z GO:0045799 GO:1903310 positive regulation of chromatin organisation positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture up regulation of chromatin organisation up regulation of chromatin organization up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture up-regulation of chromatin organisation up-regulation of chromatin organization up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly upregulation of chromatin organisation upregulation of chromatin organization upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture activation of chromatin assembly or disassembly activation of chromatin organisation activation of chromatin organization activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture stimulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly biological_process positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly positive regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly positive regulation of chromatin modification up regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly up-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly GO:1905269 positive regulation of chromatin organization GO:1905269 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:654321 positive regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie activation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:41Z biological_process GO:1905276 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). regulation of epithelial tube formation GO:1905276 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:49Z down regulation of epithelial tube formation down-regulation of epithelial tube formation downregulation of epithelial tube formation inhibition of epithelial tube formation biological_process GO:1905277 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). negative regulation of epithelial tube formation GO:1905277 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 down regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:57Z up regulation of epithelial tube formation up-regulation of epithelial tube formation upregulation of epithelial tube formation activation of epithelial tube formation biological_process GO:1905278 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). positive regulation of epithelial tube formation GO:1905278 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 up regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell. rph 2016-06-23T13:24:20Z VSMC apoptotic process vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process VSMC apoptosis vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905288 vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:1905288 Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000085 PMID:26493107 VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:01Z biological_process GO:1905292 regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GO:1905292 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:09Z down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905293 negative regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GO:1905293 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:16Z up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation activation of neural crest cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905294 positive regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GO:1905294 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:40:47Z biological_process GO:1905298 regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GO:1905298 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:40:55Z down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell development biological_process GO:1905299 negative regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GO:1905299 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:41:02Z up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development activation of intestinal epithelial cell development biological_process GO:1905300 positive regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GO:1905300 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie activation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:01:49Z regulation of cardiac myofibril development regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process regulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905304 regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GO:1905304 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:01:58Z down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly down regulation of cardiac myofibril development down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly downregulation of cardiac myofibril development downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis inhibition of cardiac myofibril assembly inhibition of cardiac myofibril development inhibition of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process down regulation of heart myofibril assembly down-regulation of heart myofibril assembly downregulation of heart myofibril assembly inhibition of heart myofibril assembly negative regulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905305 negative regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GO:1905305 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:02:07Z positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly up regulation of cardiac myofibril development up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly upregulation of cardiac myofibril development upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis activation of cardiac myofibril assembly activation of cardiac myofibril development activation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process activation of heart myofibril assembly positive regulation of heart myofibril assembly up regulation of heart myofibril assembly up-regulation of heart myofibril assembly upregulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905306 positive regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GO:1905306 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. rl 2016-07-11T17:34:26Z biological_process GO:1905310 regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1905310 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17628518 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. rl 2016-07-11T17:34:35Z down regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis downregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis inhibition of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905311 negative regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1905311 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17628518 down regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. rl 2016-07-11T17:34:43Z up regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905312 positive regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GO:1905312 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17628518 up regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis. rl 2016-07-12T13:56:36Z biological_process GO:1905315 cell proliferation involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis GO:1905315 Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000060 PMID:20652948 The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another. sl 2016-07-14T17:13:02Z biological_process GO:1905319 mesenchymal stem cell migration GO:1905319 The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000091 PMID:24924806 PMID:25181476 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. sl 2016-07-15T22:19:14Z biological_process GO:1905320 regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GO:1905320 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26846297 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. sl 2016-07-15T22:19:22Z down regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration down-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration downregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration inhibition of mesenchymal stem cell migration biological_process GO:1905321 negative regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GO:1905321 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26846297 down regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. sl 2016-07-15T22:19:29Z up regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration up-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration upregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration activation of mesenchymal stem cell migration biological_process GO:1905322 positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GO:1905322 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26846297 up regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie activation of mesenchymal stem cell migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:13:49Z regulation of epithelium morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905330 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:1905330 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:13:57Z down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis inhibition of epithelium morphogenesis inhibition of morphogenesis of an epithelium biological_process GO:1905331 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:1905331 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:14:05Z positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium activation of epithelium morphogenesis activation of morphogenesis of an epithelium biological_process GO:1905332 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GO:1905332 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone. pr 2016-08-04T14:49:43Z cilial transition zone assembly cilial transition zone formation ciliary transition zone formation cilium transition zone assembly cilium transition zone formation biological_process GO:1905349 ciliary transition zone assembly GO:1905349 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GO_REF:0000079 PMID:21725307 PMID:23644468 PMID:24448408 PMID:26595381 PMID:26982032 cilial transition zone assembly GOC:TermGenie cilial transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie ciliary transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie cilium transition zone assembly GOC:TermGenie cilium transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:42:59Z protein localisation in presynapse protein localisation to presynapse protein localization in presynapse recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905383 protein localization to presynapse GO:1905383 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:24449494 protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie recruitment of presynaptic proteins PMID:24449494 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:00Z regulation of protein localisation in presynapse regulation of protein localisation to presynapse regulation of protein localization in presynapse regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905384 regulation of protein localization to presynapse GO:1905384 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:08Z down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse down regulation of protein localization in presynapse down regulation of protein localization to presynapse down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse downregulation of protein localization in presynapse downregulation of protein localization to presynapse downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins inhibition of protein localisation in presynapse inhibition of protein localisation to presynapse inhibition of protein localization in presynapse inhibition of protein localization to presynapse inhibition of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905385 negative regulation of protein localization to presynapse GO:1905385 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:21Z positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse up regulation of protein localization in presynapse up regulation of protein localization to presynapse up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse upregulation of protein localization in presynapse upregulation of protein localization to presynapse upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins activation of protein localisation in presynapse activation of protein localisation to presynapse activation of protein localization in presynapse activation of protein localization to presynapse activation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905386 positive regulation of protein localization to presynapse GO:1905386 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth. dph 2016-09-07T18:15:01Z intracellular signal transduction involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in stimulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in activation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth biological_process intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GO:1905427 intracellular signal transduction involved in positive regulation of cell growth GO:1905427 Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth. GOC:TermGenie GOC:al GOC:vw GO_REF:0000060 PMID:15917811 intracellular signal transduction involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:56:47Z biological_process regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905432 regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GO:1905432 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:56:55Z down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide inhibition of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide biological_process inhibition of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling negative regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905433 negative regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GO:1905433 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf negative regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:57:02Z up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide activation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide biological_process positive regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905434 positive regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GO:1905434 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie activation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:18Z biological_process GO:1905453 regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905453 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:26Z down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905454 negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905454 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:33Z up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation activation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905455 positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905455 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:40Z biological_process GO:1905456 regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905456 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:48Z down regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905457 negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905457 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 down regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:55Z up regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation activation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905458 positive regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GO:1905458 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 up regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:33:54Z regulation of VSMC apoptotic process regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process regulation of VSMC apoptosis regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905459 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:1905459 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:34:03Z down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down regulation of VSMC apoptosis down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of VSMC apoptosis down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of VSMC apoptosis downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of VSMC apoptosis inhibition of VSMC apoptotic process inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of VSMC apoptosis negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905460 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:1905460 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:34:10Z positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up regulation of VSMC apoptotic process up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process upregulation of VSMC apoptotic process upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process activation of VSMC apoptosis activation of VSMC apoptotic process activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process positive regulation of VSMC apoptosis positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis up regulation of VSMC apoptosis up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of VSMC apoptosis up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of VSMC apoptosis upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905461 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GO:1905461 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:03Z regulation of protein localisation in membrane regulation of protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:1905475 regulation of protein localization to membrane GO:1905475 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:10Z down regulation of protein localisation in membrane down regulation of protein localization in membrane down regulation of protein localization to membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane down-regulation of protein localization in membrane down-regulation of protein localization to membrane downregulation of protein localisation in membrane downregulation of protein localization in membrane downregulation of protein localization to membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane negative regulation of protein localization in membrane inhibition of protein localisation in membrane inhibition of protein localization in membrane inhibition of protein localization to membrane biological_process GO:1905476 negative regulation of protein localization to membrane GO:1905476 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 down regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:18Z positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane positive regulation of protein localization in membrane up regulation of protein localisation in membrane up regulation of protein localization in membrane up regulation of protein localization to membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane up-regulation of protein localization in membrane up-regulation of protein localization to membrane upregulation of protein localisation in membrane upregulation of protein localization in membrane upregulation of protein localization to membrane activation of protein localisation in membrane activation of protein localization in membrane activation of protein localization to membrane biological_process GO:1905477 positive regulation of protein localization to membrane GO:1905477 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. hbye 2016-09-23T12:49:54Z biological_process GO:1905483 regulation of motor neuron migration GO:1905483 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16516839 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. hbye 2016-09-23T12:50:11Z down regulation of motor neuron migration down-regulation of motor neuron migration downregulation of motor neuron migration inhibition of motor neuron migration biological_process GO:1905484 negative regulation of motor neuron migration GO:1905484 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16516839 down regulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. hbye 2016-09-23T12:50:19Z up regulation of motor neuron migration up-regulation of motor neuron migration upregulation of motor neuron migration activation of motor neuron migration biological_process GO:1905485 positive regulation of motor neuron migration GO:1905485 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron migration. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16516839 up regulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie activation of motor neuron migration GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. hbye 2016-09-23T14:11:52Z up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve activation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve biological_process GO:1905492 positive regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GO:1905492 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16516839 up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie activation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. krc 2016-09-27T18:27:47Z biological_process regulation of motile primary cilia assembly regulation of motile primary cilia formation regulation of motile primary cilium assembly regulation of motile primary cilium formation regulation of nodal cilium assembly regulation of nodal cilium formation GO:1905503 regulation of motile cilium assembly GO:1905503 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25294941 regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. krc 2016-09-27T18:27:55Z inhibition of motile primary cilia assembly inhibition of motile primary cilia formation inhibition of motile primary cilium assembly inhibition of motile primary cilium formation biological_process down regulation of motile primary cilia assembly down regulation of motile primary cilia formation down regulation of motile primary cilium assembly down regulation of motile primary cilium formation down regulation of nodal cilium assembly down regulation of nodal cilium formation down-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly down-regulation of motile primary cilia formation down-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly down-regulation of motile primary cilium formation down-regulation of nodal cilium assembly down-regulation of nodal cilium formation downregulation of motile primary cilia assembly downregulation of motile primary cilia formation downregulation of motile primary cilium assembly downregulation of motile primary cilium formation downregulation of nodal cilium assembly downregulation of nodal cilium formation inhibition of nodal cilium assembly inhibition of nodal cilium formation negative regulation of motile primary cilia assembly negative regulation of motile primary cilia formation negative regulation of motile primary cilium assembly negative regulation of motile primary cilium formation negative regulation of nodal cilium assembly negative regulation of nodal cilium formation GO:1905504 negative regulation of motile cilium assembly GO:1905504 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25294941 inhibition of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. krc 2016-09-27T18:28:03Z activation of motile primary cilia assembly activation of motile primary cilia formation activation of motile primary cilium assembly activation of motile primary cilium formation biological_process activation of nodal cilium assembly activation of nodal cilium formation positive regulation of motile primary cilia assembly positive regulation of motile primary cilia formation positive regulation of motile primary cilium assembly positive regulation of motile primary cilium formation positive regulation of nodal cilium assembly positive regulation of nodal cilium formation up regulation of motile primary cilia assembly up regulation of motile primary cilia formation up regulation of motile primary cilium assembly up regulation of motile primary cilium formation up regulation of nodal cilium assembly up regulation of nodal cilium formation up-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly up-regulation of motile primary cilia formation up-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly up-regulation of motile primary cilium formation up-regulation of nodal cilium assembly up-regulation of nodal cilium formation upregulation of motile primary cilia assembly upregulation of motile primary cilia formation upregulation of motile primary cilium assembly upregulation of motile primary cilium formation upregulation of nodal cilium assembly upregulation of nodal cilium formation GO:1905505 positive regulation of motile cilium assembly GO:1905505 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motile cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25294941 activation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie activation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie activation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of motile primary cilia assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of motile primary cilia formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of motile primary cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of motile primary cilium formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nodal cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nodal cilium formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization. pr 2016-09-30T14:32:32Z positive regulation of syngamy up regulation of fertilization up regulation of syngamy up-regulation of fertilization up-regulation of syngamy upregulation of fertilization upregulation of syngamy activation of fertilization activation of syngamy biological_process GO:1905516 positive regulation of fertilization GO:1905516 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hbye GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27564576 positive regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie activation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie activation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:33Z regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905553 regulation of blood vessel branching GO:1905553 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:41Z down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis down regulation of patterning of blood vessels down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis downregulation of patterning of blood vessels negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis inhibition of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis inhibition of patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:1905554 negative regulation of vessel branching GO:1905554 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:49Z positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up regulation of patterning of blood vessels up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis upregulation of patterning of blood vessels activation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis activation of patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:1905555 positive regulation of blood vessel branching GO:1905555 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie activation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:14:57Z regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation biological_process GO:1905557 regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:1905557 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:15:08Z down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly biological_process GO:1905558 negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:1905558 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:15:17Z positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly biological_process GO:1905559 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:1905559 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:17Z biological_process GO:1905562 regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GO:1905562 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:26Z down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905563 negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GO:1905563 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:35Z up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905564 positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GO:1905564 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:13Z regulation of presynapse biogenesis regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905606 regulation of presynapse assembly GO:1905606 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:20Z down regulation of presynapse assembly down regulation of presynapse biogenesis down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly down-regulation of presynapse assembly down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly downregulation of presynapse assembly downregulation of presynapse biogenesis downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly inhibition of presynapse assembly inhibition of presynapse biogenesis inhibition of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905607 negative regulation of presynapse assembly GO:1905607 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 down regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:28Z positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly up regulation of presynapse assembly up regulation of presynapse biogenesis up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly up-regulation of presynapse assembly up-regulation of presynapse biogenesis up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly upregulation of presynapse assembly upregulation of presynapse biogenesis upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly activation of presynapse assembly activation of presynapse biogenesis activation of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905608 positive regulation of presynapse assembly GO:1905608 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:20Z regulation of serotonin anabolism regulation of serotonin biosynthesis regulation of serotonin formation regulation of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905627 regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GO:1905627 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:28Z down regulation of serotonin anabolism down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process down regulation of serotonin formation down regulation of serotonin synthesis down-regulation of serotonin anabolism down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process down-regulation of serotonin formation down-regulation of serotonin synthesis downregulation of serotonin anabolism downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process downregulation of serotonin formation downregulation of serotonin synthesis negative regulation of serotonin anabolism negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis negative regulation of serotonin formation negative regulation of serotonin synthesis inhibition of serotonin anabolism inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process inhibition of serotonin formation inhibition of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905628 negative regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GO:1905628 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 down regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:36Z positive regulation of serotonin anabolism positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis positive regulation of serotonin formation positive regulation of serotonin synthesis up regulation of serotonin anabolism up regulation of serotonin biosynthesis up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process up regulation of serotonin formation up regulation of serotonin synthesis up-regulation of serotonin anabolism up-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process up-regulation of serotonin formation up-regulation of serotonin synthesis upregulation of serotonin anabolism upregulation of serotonin biosynthesis upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process upregulation of serotonin formation upregulation of serotonin synthesis activation of serotonin anabolism activation of serotonin biosynthesis activation of serotonin biosynthetic process activation of serotonin formation activation of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905629 positive regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GO:1905629 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 positive regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. pga 2016-11-01T16:33:52Z regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:1905634 regulation of protein localization to chromatin GO:1905634 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20889714 regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:19:37Z regulation of arterial morphogenesis regulation of arteriogenesis biological_process GO:1905651 regulation of artery morphogenesis GO:1905651 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:19:53Z down regulation of arterial morphogenesis down regulation of arteriogenesis down regulation of artery morphogenesis down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis down-regulation of arteriogenesis down-regulation of artery morphogenesis downregulation of arterial morphogenesis downregulation of arteriogenesis downregulation of artery morphogenesis negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis negative regulation of arteriogenesis inhibition of arterial morphogenesis inhibition of arteriogenesis inhibition of artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905652 negative regulation of artery morphogenesis GO:1905652 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 down regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:20:01Z positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis positive regulation of arteriogenesis up regulation of arterial morphogenesis up regulation of arteriogenesis up regulation of artery morphogenesis up-regulation of arterial morphogenesis up-regulation of arteriogenesis up-regulation of artery morphogenesis upregulation of arterial morphogenesis upregulation of arteriogenesis upregulation of artery morphogenesis activation of arterial morphogenesis activation of arteriogenesis activation of artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905653 positive regulation of artery morphogenesis GO:1905653 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components. pr 2016-11-14T13:38:57Z cell nucleus disassembly biological_process GO:1905690 nucleus disassembly GO:1905690 The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components. GOC:TermGenie GOC:autophagy GOC:pr GO_REF:0000079 cell nucleus disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm. mah 2016-11-24T16:52:02Z microtubule bundle of cytoplasm microtubule fascicle of cytoplasm cellular_component GO:1905720 cytoplasmic microtubule bundle GO:1905720 Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000064 PMID:11007487 PMID:26124291 microtubule bundle of cytoplasm GOC:TermGenie microtubule fascicle of cytoplasm GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which a hard palate is generated and organized. pga 2016-12-09T12:22:24Z palatum durum morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905748 hard palate morphogenesis GO:1905748 The developmental process by which a hard palate is generated and organized. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000083 PMID:23419067 palatum durum morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule. mah 2016-12-12T15:31:07Z protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule biological_process GO:1905755 protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule GO:1905755 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:15177031 protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:13Z regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905770 regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GO:1905770 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:23Z down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation inhibition of mesoderm cell differentiation inhibition of mesodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905771 negative regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GO:1905771 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:32Z positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation activation of mesoderm cell differentiation activation of mesodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905772 positive regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GO:1905772 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. hbye 2017-01-09T15:11:04Z regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus biological_process GO:1905787 regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GO:1905787 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8692859 regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. hbye 2017-01-09T15:11:14Z down regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch down regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus down regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus down regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus down regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch down regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch down regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus down-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch down-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus down-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch down-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch down-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus downregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch downregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus downregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus downregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus downregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch downregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch downregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus negative regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus negative regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch negative regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch negative regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus inhibition of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch inhibition of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus inhibition of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus inhibition of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus inhibition of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch inhibition of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch inhibition of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus biological_process GO:1905788 negative regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GO:1905788 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8692859 down regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie downregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie downregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie downregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie inhibition of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie inhibition of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie inhibition of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. hbye 2017-01-09T15:11:23Z positive regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus positive regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch positive regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch positive regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus up regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch up regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus up regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus up regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus up regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch up regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch up regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus up-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch up-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus up-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch up-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch up-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus upregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch upregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus upregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus upregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus upregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch upregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch upregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus activation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch activation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus activation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus activation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus activation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch activation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch activation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus biological_process GO:1905789 positive regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GO:1905789 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8692859 positive regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie upregulation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie upregulation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie upregulation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie activation of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch GOC:TermGenie activation of perception of touch, detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie activation of perception of touch, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie activation of perception of touch, sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie activation of sensory detection of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie activation of sensory transduction of mechanical stimulus during perception of touch GOC:TermGenie activation of tactition, sensory detection of mechanical stimulus GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:15Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal biological_process GO:1905806 regulation of synapse pruning GO:1905806 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 regulation of synapse disassembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:24Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal down regulation of synapse disassembly down-regulation of synapse disassembly downregulation of synapse disassembly inhibition of synapse disassembly biological_process GO:1905807 negative regulation of synapse pruning GO:1905807 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 down regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:33Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal up regulation of synapse disassembly up-regulation of synapse disassembly upregulation of synapse disassembly activation of synapse disassembly biological_process GO:1905808 positive regulation of synapse pruning GO:1905808 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 up regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie activation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:41Z down regulation of synapse development down regulation of synapse organisation down regulation of synapse organization down-regulation of synapse development down-regulation of synapse organisation down-regulation of synapse organization downregulation of synapse development downregulation of synapse organisation downregulation of synapse organization negative regulation of synapse development negative regulation of synapse organisation inhibition of synapse development inhibition of synapse organisation inhibition of synapse organization biological_process down regulation of synapse morphogenesis down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis downregulation of synapse morphogenesis downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis inhibition of synapse morphogenesis inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GO:1905809 negative regulation of synapse organization GO:1905809 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 down regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. bhm 2017-01-13T14:13:44Z positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation up regulation of chromosome condensation up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation up-regulation of chromosome condensation up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation upregulation of chromosome condensation upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation activation of chromosome condensation activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation activation of nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1905821 positive regulation of chromosome condensation GO:1905821 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17268547 positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation. hbye 2017-01-17T12:00:56Z down regulation of microtubule nucleation down-regulation of microtubule nucleation downregulation of microtubule nucleation inhibition of microtubule nucleation biological_process GO:1905833 negative regulation of microtubule nucleation GO:1905833 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27689799 down regulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epididymis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sl 2017-01-27T00:00:33Z epididymus development biological_process GO:1905867 epididymis development GO:1905867 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epididymis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:12388089 epididymus development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:34:55Z regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905871 regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GO:1905871 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:35:04Z down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localisation in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localisation to cell leading edge inhibition of protein localization in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localization to cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905872 negative regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GO:1905872 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:35:13Z positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge activation of protein localisation in cell leading edge activation of protein localisation to cell leading edge activation of protein localization in cell leading edge activation of protein localization to cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905873 positive regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GO:1905873 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:05Z regulation of ovum development biological_process GO:1905879 regulation of oogenesis GO:1905879 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:15Z down regulation of oogenesis down regulation of ovum development down-regulation of oogenesis down-regulation of ovum development downregulation of oogenesis downregulation of ovum development negative regulation of ovum development inhibition of oogenesis inhibition of ovum development biological_process GO:1905880 negative regulation of oogenesis GO:1905880 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 down regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:23Z positive regulation of ovum development up regulation of oogenesis up regulation of ovum development up-regulation of oogenesis up-regulation of ovum development upregulation of oogenesis upregulation of ovum development activation of oogenesis activation of ovum development biological_process GO:1905881 positive regulation of oogenesis GO:1905881 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 positive regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie activation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:16Z biological_process GO:1905899 regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GO:1905899 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:24Z down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development inhibition of smooth muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1905900 negative regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GO:1905900 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:33Z up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development activation of smooth muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1905901 positive regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GO:1905901 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:20Z biological_process GO:1905902 regulation of mesoderm formation GO:1905902 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:29Z down regulation of mesoderm formation down-regulation of mesoderm formation downregulation of mesoderm formation inhibition of mesoderm formation biological_process GO:1905903 negative regulation of mesoderm formation GO:1905903 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 down regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:38Z up regulation of mesoderm formation up-regulation of mesoderm formation upregulation of mesoderm formation activation of mesoderm formation biological_process GO:1905904 positive regulation of mesoderm formation GO:1905904 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 up regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which a pharyngeal gland is generated and organized. rz 2017-02-03T14:39:10Z pharynx gland morphogenesis biological_process glandulae pharyngeae morphogenesis GO:1905905 pharyngeal gland morphogenesis GO:1905905 The developmental process by which a pharyngeal gland is generated and organized. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000083 PMID:21868609 pharynx gland morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie glandulae pharyngeae morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. bc 2017-02-08T13:08:30Z regulation of acetylcholine anabolism regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis regulation of acetylcholine formation regulation of acetylcholine synthesis biological_process GO:1905921 regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GO:1905921 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:aruk GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20164328 regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. bc 2017-02-08T13:08:39Z down regulation of acetylcholine anabolism down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process down regulation of acetylcholine formation down regulation of acetylcholine synthesis down-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process down-regulation of acetylcholine formation down-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis downregulation of acetylcholine anabolism downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process downregulation of acetylcholine formation downregulation of acetylcholine synthesis negative regulation of acetylcholine anabolism negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis negative regulation of acetylcholine formation negative regulation of acetylcholine synthesis inhibition of acetylcholine anabolism inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthesis inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthetic process inhibition of acetylcholine formation inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis biological_process GO:1905922 negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GO:1905922 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:aruk GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20164328 down regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. bc 2017-02-08T13:08:48Z positive regulation of acetylcholine anabolism positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis positive regulation of acetylcholine formation positive regulation of acetylcholine synthesis up regulation of acetylcholine anabolism up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process up regulation of acetylcholine formation up regulation of acetylcholine synthesis up-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process up-regulation of acetylcholine formation up-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis upregulation of acetylcholine anabolism upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process upregulation of acetylcholine formation upregulation of acetylcholine synthesis activation of acetylcholine anabolism activation of acetylcholine biosynthesis activation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process activation of acetylcholine formation activation of acetylcholine synthesis biological_process GO:1905923 positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GO:1905923 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of acetylcholine biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:aruk GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20164328 positive regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of acetylcholine anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of acetylcholine biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of acetylcholine biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of acetylcholine formation GOC:TermGenie activation of acetylcholine synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:31Z biological_process GO:1905936 regulation of germ cell proliferation GO:1905936 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:41Z down regulation of germ cell proliferation down-regulation of germ cell proliferation downregulation of germ cell proliferation inhibition of germ cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905937 negative regulation of germ cell proliferation GO:1905937 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 down regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:51Z up regulation of germ cell proliferation up-regulation of germ cell proliferation upregulation of germ cell proliferation activation of germ cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905938 positive regulation of germ cell proliferation GO:1905938 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 up regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:01:50Z regulation of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905939 regulation of gonad development GO:1905939 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:01:59Z down regulation of gonad development down regulation of gonadogenesis down-regulation of gonad development down-regulation of gonadogenesis downregulation of gonad development downregulation of gonadogenesis negative regulation of gonadogenesis inhibition of gonad development inhibition of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905940 negative regulation of gonad development GO:1905940 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 down regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gonad development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:02:08Z positive regulation of gonadogenesis up regulation of gonad development up regulation of gonadogenesis up-regulation of gonad development up-regulation of gonadogenesis upregulation of gonad development upregulation of gonadogenesis activation of gonad development activation of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905941 positive regulation of gonad development GO:1905941 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 positive regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie activation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:22Z regulation of lipid localisation biological_process GO:1905952 regulation of lipid localization GO:1905952 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:41Z down regulation of lipid localisation down regulation of lipid localization down-regulation of lipid localisation down-regulation of lipid localization downregulation of lipid localisation downregulation of lipid localization negative regulation of lipid localisation inhibition of lipid localisation inhibition of lipid localization biological_process GO:1905953 negative regulation of lipid localization GO:1905953 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 down regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:49Z positive regulation of lipid localisation up regulation of lipid localisation up regulation of lipid localization up-regulation of lipid localisation up-regulation of lipid localization upregulation of lipid localisation upregulation of lipid localization activation of lipid localisation activation of lipid localization biological_process GO:1905954 positive regulation of lipid localization GO:1905954 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 positive regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie activation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie activation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. rph 2017-02-21T15:17:31Z down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis inhibition of endothelial tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905955 negative regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GO:1905955 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25961718 down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. rph 2017-02-21T15:17:39Z up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis activation of endothelial tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905956 positive regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GO:1905956 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25961718 up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell. pr 2012-12-12T10:15:08Z GO:0046674 biological_process induction of retinal programmed cell death GO:1990009 retinal cell apoptotic process GO:1990009 Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:15558487 PMID:24664675 Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell. pr 2012-12-12T10:21:07Z biological_process GO:1990010 compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GO:1990010 Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. hjd 2013-09-04T21:08:14Z exosomal secretory pathway extracellular vesicular exosome secretion multi-vesicular body fusion with plasma membrane secretion of exosome exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1990182 exosomal secretion GO:1990182 The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. GOC:hjd PMID:10572093 PMID:12154376 PMID:16773132 PMID:18617898 exosomal secretory pathway PMID:18617898 extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:hjd secretion of exosome PMID:18617898 exosomal protein secretion PMID:18617898 A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). bhm 2013-11-12T13:20:12Z cellular_component GO:1990234 transferase complex GO:1990234 A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). GOC:bhm PMID:16540464 A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2014-01-30T15:55:34Z RNA localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:1990280 RNA localization to chromatin GO:1990280 A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:dos GOC:mah PMID:22582262 A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. bhm 2014-03-26T14:23:27Z cellular_component GO:1990351 An example of this is GTR1 in human (UniProt symbol P11166) in PMID:15449578 (inferred from direct assay). transporter complex GO:1990351 A protein complex facilitating transport of molecules (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. GOC:bhm PMID:15449578 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the baculum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sl 2014-05-01T23:59:13Z os penis development penile bone development penis bone development biological_process GO:1990375 baculum development GO:1990375 The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the baculum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:sl PMID:21471296 os penis development GOC:sl penile bone development GOC:sl penis bone development GOC:sl The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. 2015-03-16T23:23:50Z hepatoblast proliferation biological_process GO:1990705 cholangiocyte proliferation GO:1990705 The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. PMID:24434010 Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. vw 2015-05-18T16:17:46Z biological_process GO:1990748 cellular detoxification GO:1990748 Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance. GOC:vw A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum. sl 2015-06-10T18:29:21Z biological_process GO:1990765 colon smooth muscle contraction GO:1990765 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum. PMID:24170253 The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products. sl 2015-06-10T20:11:09Z stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1990768 gastric mucosal blood circulation GO:1990768 The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products. PMID:10807413 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine. sl 2015-06-11T18:02:33Z biological_process GO:1990770 small intestine smooth muscle contraction GO:1990770 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry in the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine. PMID:11991626 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery. 2015-06-18T22:37:39Z biological_process GO:1990778 protein localization to cell periphery GO:1990778 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery. PMID:18216290 Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22182 mcc 2015-09-10T08:16:02Z maintenance of vacuolar localization maintenance of vacuole localization maintenance of vacuole location maintenance of vacuolar location biological_process GO:1990849 vacuolar localization GO:1990849 Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. PMID:26283797 The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). sl 2015-09-25T14:26:09Z acinic cell proliferation acinous cell proliferation biological_process GO:1990863 acinar cell proliferation GO:1990863 The multiplication or reproduction of acinar cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. An acinar cell is a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus). PMID:9788538 The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. sl 2015-09-29T16:34:59Z VSMC proliferation vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1990874 vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation GO:1990874 The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. PMID:23246467 A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules. pr 2015-11-19T12:26:37Z GO:0030529 GO:1990903 Wikipedia:Ribonucleoprotein RNA-protein complex RNP protein-RNA complex extracellular ribonucleoprotein complex intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex cellular_component GO:1990904 ribonucleoprotein complex GO:1990904 A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules. GOC:krc GOC:vesicles The cytoplasm of an ovum. sl 2015-12-10T21:40:16Z cellular_component GO:1990917 ooplasm GO:1990917 The cytoplasm of an ovum. PMID:19022436 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. jl 2010-07-15T03:29:05Z regulation of testicular development regulation of testis development biological_process GO:2000018 regulation of male gonad development GO:2000018 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. GOC:obol GOC:yaf regulation of testicular development GOC:obol regulation of testis development GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. jl 2010-07-15T03:29:10Z negative regulation of testicular development negative regulation of testis development biological_process GO:2000019 negative regulation of male gonad development GO:2000019 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. GOC:obol GOC:yaf negative regulation of testicular development GOC:obol negative regulation of testis development GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. jl 2010-07-15T03:29:13Z positive regulation of testicular development positive regulation of testis development biological_process GO:2000020 positive regulation of male gonad development GO:2000020 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development. GOC:obol positive regulation of testicular development GOC:obol positive regulation of testis development GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. tb 2010-08-05T11:25:59Z biological_process GO:2000026 regulation of multicellular organismal development GO:2000026 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. tb 2010-08-05T11:26:27Z biological_process regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis GO:2000027 regulation of animal organ morphogenesis GO:2000027 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:obol regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division. tb 2010-08-05T11:34:53Z regulation of stem cell renewal biological_process GO:2000035 regulation of stem cell division GO:2000035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division. GOC:obol regulation of stem cell renewal GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. tb 2010-08-05T11:35:25Z biological_process regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GO:2000036 regulation of stem cell population maintenance GO:2000036 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. GOC:obol regulation of maintenance of pluripotency GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. jl 2010-08-20T01:44:16Z biological_process GO:2000061 regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:2000061 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. jl 2010-08-20T01:44:23Z biological_process GO:2000062 negative regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:2000062 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. jl 2010-08-20T01:44:28Z biological_process GO:2000063 positive regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation GO:2000063 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. tb 2010-08-23T09:30:00Z regulation of physiological defense response to insect biological_process GO:2000068 regulation of defense response to insect GO:2000068 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to insect. GOC:obol regulation of physiological defense response to insect GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. tb 2010-08-27T11:19:37Z regulation of pancreatic B cell development regulation of pancreatic beta cell development biological_process GO:2000074 regulation of type B pancreatic cell development GO:2000074 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. GOC:obol GOC:yaf regulation of pancreatic B cell development GOC:mah regulation of pancreatic beta cell development GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. tb 2010-08-27T11:21:17Z negative regulation of pancreatic B cell development negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell development biological_process GO:2000077 negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development GO:2000077 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. GOC:obol GOC:yaf negative regulation of pancreatic B cell development GOC:mah negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell development GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. tb 2010-08-27T11:21:19Z positive regulation of pancreatic B cell development positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell development biological_process GO:2000078 positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell development GO:2000078 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development. GOC:obol GOC:yaf positive regulation of pancreatic B cell development GOC:mah positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell development GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-03T06:06:41Z biological_process regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GO:2000084 regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis GO:2000084 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-03T06:08:21Z biological_process negative regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GO:2000085 negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis GO:2000085 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 negative regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-03T06:08:24Z biological_process positive regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GO:2000086 positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis GO:2000086 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 positive regulation of mesonephric mesenchyme to epithelial transition GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:05Z regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000106 regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process GO:2000106 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:09Z negative regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000107 negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process GO:2000107 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:12Z positive regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000108 positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process GO:2000108 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity. dph 2010-09-16T01:22:36Z regulation of cell polarization biological_process regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity GO:2000114 regulation of establishment of cell polarity GO:2000114 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity. GOC:dph regulation of cell polarization GOC:obol regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:53Z biological_process GO:2000136 regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis GO:2000136 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:55Z biological_process GO:2000137 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis GO:2000137 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:57Z biological_process GO:2000138 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis GO:2000138 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:21Z regulation of cell locomotion regulation of movement of a cell biological_process regulation of cell movement GO:2000145 regulation of cell motility GO:2000145 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:26Z negative regulation of cell locomotion negative regulation of movement of a cell biological_process negative regulation of cell movement GO:2000146 negative regulation of cell motility GO:2000146 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah negative regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol negative regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol negative regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:30Z positive regulation of cell locomotion positive regulation of movement of a cell biological_process positive regulation of cell movement GO:2000147 positive regulation of cell motility GO:2000147 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah positive regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol positive regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol positive regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. mah 2010-10-04T12:41:05Z biological_process positive regulation of ciliary cell motility GO:2000155 positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility GO:2000155 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility. GOC:cilia GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. rl 2010-10-07T12:07:54Z biological_process GO:2000172 regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GO:2000172 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. rl 2010-10-07T12:07:56Z biological_process GO:2000173 negative regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GO:2000173 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. mah 2010-10-11T10:24:30Z regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:2000174 regulation of pro-T cell differentiation GO:2000174 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. GOC:BHF regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. mah 2010-10-11T10:24:33Z negative regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:2000175 negative regulation of pro-T cell differentiation GO:2000175 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. GOC:BHF negative regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. mah 2010-10-11T10:24:35Z positive regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation biological_process GO:2000176 positive regulation of pro-T cell differentiation GO:2000176 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation. GOC:BHF positive regulation of pro-T lymphocyte differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:41Z biological_process GO:2000177 regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation GO:2000177 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:43Z biological_process GO:2000178 negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation GO:2000178 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:45Z biological_process GO:2000179 positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation GO:2000179 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis. dph 2010-10-13T12:46:31Z biological_process GO:2000181 negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis GO:2000181 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:04Z regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000185 regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport GO:2000185 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:08Z negative regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000186 negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport GO:2000186 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:10Z positive regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000187 positive regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport GO:2000187 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:34Z regulation of ovarian development regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000194 regulation of female gonad development GO:2000194 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:38Z negative regulation of ovarian development negative regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000195 negative regulation of female gonad development GO:2000195 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol negative regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol negative regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:41Z positive regulation of ovarian development positive regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000196 positive regulation of female gonad development GO:2000196 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol positive regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol positive regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. mah 2010-11-09T03:43:37Z regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation biological_process GO:2000226 regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation GO:2000226 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. GOC:mah regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. mah 2010-11-09T03:43:40Z negative regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation biological_process GO:2000227 negative regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation GO:2000227 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. GOC:mah negative regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. mah 2010-11-09T03:43:42Z positive regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation biological_process GO:2000228 positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation GO:2000228 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation. GOC:mah positive regulation of pancreatic alpha cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:02Z biological_process GO:2000241 regulation of reproductive process GO:2000241 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:05Z biological_process GO:2000242 negative regulation of reproductive process GO:2000242 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:08Z biological_process GO:2000243 positive regulation of reproductive process GO:2000243 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity. vw 2010-11-11T11:40:34Z negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:2000248 negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity GO:2000248 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity. GOC:obol negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. dph 2010-11-18T09:29:44Z biological_process GO:2000254 regulation of male germ cell proliferation GO:2000254 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. dph 2010-11-18T09:29:47Z biological_process GO:2000255 negative regulation of male germ cell proliferation GO:2000255 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. dph 2010-11-18T09:29:50Z biological_process GO:2000256 positive regulation of male germ cell proliferation GO:2000256 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:23Z regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000269 regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process GO:2000269 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:27Z negative regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000270 negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process GO:2000270 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:29Z positive regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000271 positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process GO:2000271 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. yaf 2010-12-08T04:48:15Z regulation of DNA anabolism regulation of DNA biosynthesis regulation of DNA formation regulation of DNA synthesis biological_process GO:2000278 regulation of DNA biosynthetic process GO:2000278 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. GOC:obol regulation of DNA anabolism GOC:obol regulation of DNA biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of DNA formation GOC:obol regulation of DNA synthesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. yaf 2010-12-08T04:48:20Z negative regulation of DNA anabolism negative regulation of DNA biosynthesis negative regulation of DNA formation negative regulation of DNA synthesis biological_process GO:2000279 negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process GO:2000279 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. GOC:obol negative regulation of DNA anabolism GOC:obol negative regulation of DNA biosynthesis GOC:obol negative regulation of DNA formation GOC:obol negative regulation of DNA synthesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:19Z regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis regulation of cellular amino acid formation regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:2000282 regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process GO:2000282 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid formation GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:23Z negative regulation of amino acid anabolism negative regulation of amino acid biosynthesis negative regulation of amino acid formation negative regulation of amino acid synthesis negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:2000283 negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GO:2000283 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol negative regulation of amino acid anabolism GOC:obol negative regulation of amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol negative regulation of amino acid formation GOC:obol negative regulation of amino acid synthesis GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:27Z positive regulation of amino acid anabolism positive regulation of amino acid biosynthesis positive regulation of amino acid formation positive regulation of amino acid synthesis positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:2000284 positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GO:2000284 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol positive regulation of amino acid anabolism GOC:obol positive regulation of amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol positive regulation of amino acid formation GOC:obol positive regulation of amino acid synthesis GOC:obol positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. rl 2010-12-16T05:17:15Z biological_process GO:2000287 positive regulation of myotome development GO:2000287 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. rl 2010-12-16T05:20:52Z biological_process GO:2000288 positive regulation of myoblast proliferation GO:2000288 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. mah 2010-12-20T10:22:05Z biological_process GO:2000290 regulation of myotome development GO:2000290 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. mah 2010-12-20T10:34:26Z biological_process GO:2000291 regulation of myoblast proliferation GO:2000291 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:08Z biological_process GO:2000292 regulation of defecation GO:2000292 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:13Z biological_process GO:2000293 negative regulation of defecation GO:2000293 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:16Z biological_process GO:2000294 positive regulation of defecation GO:2000294 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:16Z regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis regulation of killing of endothelial cells regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000351 regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process GO:2000351 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:20Z negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000352 negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process GO:2000352 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:23Z positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000353 positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process GO:2000353 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:32Z regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000374 regulation of oxygen metabolic process GO:2000374 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:44Z negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process negative regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000375 negative regulation of oxygen metabolic process GO:2000375 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol negative regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:52Z positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process positive regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000376 positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process GO:2000376 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol positive regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:09:46Z biological_process GO:2000380 regulation of mesoderm development GO:2000380 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:10:02Z biological_process GO:2000381 negative regulation of mesoderm development GO:2000381 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:10:12Z biological_process GO:2000382 positive regulation of mesoderm development GO:2000382 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:10Z biological_process GO:2000383 regulation of ectoderm development GO:2000383 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:27Z biological_process GO:2000384 negative regulation of ectoderm development GO:2000384 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:39Z biological_process GO:2000385 positive regulation of ectoderm development GO:2000385 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:45:19Z biological_process GO:2000401 regulation of lymphocyte migration GO:2000401 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:45:47Z biological_process GO:2000402 negative regulation of lymphocyte migration GO:2000402 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:46:06Z biological_process GO:2000403 positive regulation of lymphocyte migration GO:2000403 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:48:24Z regulation of T lymphocyte migration regulation of T-cell migration regulation of T-lymphocyte migration biological_process GO:2000404 regulation of T cell migration GO:2000404 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. GOC:mah regulation of T lymphocyte migration GOC:obol regulation of T-cell migration GOC:obol regulation of T-lymphocyte migration GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:48:52Z negative regulation of T lymphocyte migration negative regulation of T-cell migration negative regulation of T-lymphocyte migration biological_process GO:2000405 negative regulation of T cell migration GO:2000405 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. GOC:mah negative regulation of T lymphocyte migration GOC:obol negative regulation of T-cell migration GOC:obol negative regulation of T-lymphocyte migration GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. mah 2011-02-23T10:49:12Z positive regulation of T lymphocyte migration positive regulation of T-cell migration positive regulation of T-lymphocyte migration biological_process GO:2000406 positive regulation of T cell migration GO:2000406 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. GOC:mah positive regulation of T lymphocyte migration GOC:obol positive regulation of T-cell migration GOC:obol positive regulation of T-lymphocyte migration GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. bf 2011-03-09T09:34:08Z regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration biological_process GO:2000471 regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration GO:2000471 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. GOC:obol regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. bf 2011-03-09T09:34:54Z negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration biological_process GO:2000472 negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration GO:2000472 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. GOC:obol negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. bf 2011-03-09T09:35:25Z positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration biological_process GO:2000473 positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration GO:2000473 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration. GOC:obol positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell migration GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:18:34Z biological_process GO:2000495 regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis GO:2000495 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:19:22Z biological_process GO:2000496 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis GO:2000496 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:19:54Z biological_process GO:2000497 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis GO:2000497 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. yaf 2011-04-01T04:10:08Z biological_process GO:2000542 negative regulation of gastrulation GO:2000542 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. yaf 2011-04-01T04:10:15Z biological_process GO:2000543 positive regulation of gastrulation GO:2000543 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. ebc 2011-04-03T07:21:55Z biological_process regulation of dendritic extension GO:2000547 regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly GO:2000547 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. GOC:obol regulation of dendritic extension GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. ebc 2011-04-03T07:22:01Z biological_process negative regulation of dendritic extension GO:2000548 negative regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly GO:2000548 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. GOC:obol negative regulation of dendritic extension GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. ebc 2011-04-03T07:22:06Z biological_process positive regulation of dendritic extension GO:2000549 positive regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly GO:2000549 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly. GOC:obol positive regulation of dendritic extension GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. yaf 2011-04-04T10:01:20Z positive regulation of DNA anabolism positive regulation of DNA biosynthesis positive regulation of DNA formation positive regulation of DNA synthesis biological_process GO:2000573 positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process GO:2000573 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process. GOC:obol positive regulation of DNA anabolism GOC:obol positive regulation of DNA biosynthesis GOC:obol positive regulation of DNA formation GOC:obol positive regulation of DNA synthesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. yaf 2011-04-18T08:42:19Z biological_process GO:2000606 regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development GO:2000606 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. yaf 2011-04-18T08:42:23Z biological_process GO:2000607 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development GO:2000607 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. yaf 2011-04-18T08:42:25Z biological_process GO:2000608 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development GO:2000608 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. dph 2011-04-27T01:04:22Z biological_process GO:2000647 negative regulation of stem cell proliferation GO:2000647 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. dph 2011-04-27T01:04:25Z biological_process GO:2000648 positive regulation of stem cell proliferation GO:2000648 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. yaf 2011-04-28T08:42:53Z regulation of sodium transporter activity biological_process GO:2000649 regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:2000649 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. GOC:obol regulation of sodium transporter activity GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. yaf 2011-04-28T08:42:57Z negative regulation of sodium transporter activity biological_process GO:2000650 negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:2000650 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. GOC:obol negative regulation of sodium transporter activity GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. yaf 2011-04-28T08:43:00Z positive regulation of sodium transporter activity biological_process GO:2000651 positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:2000651 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity. GOC:obol positive regulation of sodium transporter activity GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T07:34:16Z regulation of dendritic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000668 regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process GO:2000668 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T07:34:21Z negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000669 negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process GO:2000669 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T07:34:26Z positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000670 positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process GO:2000670 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:17Z regulation of motoneuron apoptosis regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000671 regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process GO:2000671 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:21Z negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis negative regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000672 negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process GO:2000672 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:24Z positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis positive regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000673 positive regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process GO:2000673 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T11:51:09Z regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000674 regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process GO:2000674 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T11:51:12Z negative regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000675 negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process GO:2000675 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T11:51:15Z positive regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000676 positive regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process GO:2000676 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of pancreatic B cell apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of pancreatic beta cell apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:01Z regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000690 regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation GO:2000690 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:06Z negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process negative regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000691 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation GO:2000691 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol negative regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. bf 2011-05-16T04:23:52Z biological_process GO:2000696 regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:2000696 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. bf 2011-05-16T04:23:55Z biological_process GO:2000697 negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:2000697 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. bf 2011-05-16T04:23:57Z biological_process GO:2000698 positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development GO:2000698 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:09Z positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000700 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation GO:2000700 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol positive regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:06Z regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000725 regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation GO:2000725 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:11Z negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000726 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation GO:2000726 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol negative regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:15Z positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process positive regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000727 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation GO:2000727 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol positive regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development. yaf 2011-06-10T02:27:19Z biological_process positive regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation positive regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GO:2000729 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development GO:2000729 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development. GOC:obol positive regulation of ureter mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:obol positive regulation of ureteral mesenchymal cell proliferation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:16Z biological_process GO:2000736 regulation of stem cell differentiation GO:2000736 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:20Z biological_process GO:2000737 negative regulation of stem cell differentiation GO:2000737 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:23Z biological_process GO:2000738 positive regulation of stem cell differentiation GO:2000738 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-22T11:55:06Z biological_process GO:2000768 positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation GO:2000768 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:50Z biological_process GO:2000790 regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development GO:2000790 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:53Z biological_process GO:2000791 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development GO:2000791 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:56Z biological_process GO:2000792 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development GO:2000792 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. pr 2011-06-25T07:22:38Z biological_process GO:2000794 regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis GO:2000794 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. pr 2011-06-25T07:22:42Z biological_process GO:2000795 negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis GO:2000795 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. pr 2011-07-12T03:06:04Z biological_process GO:2000818 negative regulation of myoblast proliferation GO:2000818 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis. vk 2011-07-19T10:08:58Z biological_process regulation of cardiac morphogenesis GO:2000826 regulation of heart morphogenesis GO:2000826 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis. GOC:BHF regulation of cardiac morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:46Z biological_process GO:2000831 regulation of steroid hormone secretion GO:2000831 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:50Z biological_process GO:2000832 negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion GO:2000832 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:51Z biological_process GO:2000833 positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion GO:2000833 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:45Z biological_process GO:2000834 regulation of androgen secretion GO:2000834 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:48Z biological_process GO:2000835 negative regulation of androgen secretion GO:2000835 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:51Z biological_process GO:2000836 positive regulation of androgen secretion GO:2000836 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. yaf 2011-08-03T12:09:12Z biological_process GO:2000977 regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation GO:2000977 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. yaf 2011-08-03T12:09:16Z biological_process GO:2000978 negative regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation GO:2000978 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. yaf 2011-08-03T12:09:19Z biological_process GO:2000979 positive regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation GO:2000979 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation. GOC:obol The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. yaf 2011-08-09T04:05:14Z biological_process mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary system development mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary tract development GO:2001012 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development GO:2001012 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:obol GOC:yaf mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary system development GOC:obol mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary tract development GOC:obol Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis. yaf 2011-08-12T11:37:29Z biological_process GO:2001013 epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis GO:2001013 Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:37Z biological_process GO:2001014 regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation GO:2001014 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:41Z biological_process GO:2001015 negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation GO:2001015 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:44Z biological_process GO:2001016 positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation GO:2001016 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. kmv 2011-08-11T09:44:42Z regulation of retrograde axonal transport biological_process GO:2001017 regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport GO:2001017 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. GOC:obol regulation of retrograde axonal transport GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. kmv 2011-08-11T09:44:46Z negative regulation of retrograde axonal transport biological_process GO:2001018 negative regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport GO:2001018 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. GOC:obol negative regulation of retrograde axonal transport GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. kmv 2011-08-11T09:44:49Z positive regulation of retrograde axonal transport biological_process GO:2001019 positive regulation of retrograde axon cargo transport GO:2001019 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde axon cargo transport. GOC:obol positive regulation of retrograde axonal transport GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-24T11:10:16Z biological_process GO:2001035 regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation GO:2001035 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-24T11:10:20Z biological_process GO:2001036 negative regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation GO:2001036 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-24T11:10:22Z biological_process GO:2001037 positive regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation GO:2001037 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:49:59Z regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001053 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process GO:2001053 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:50:05Z negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001054 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process GO:2001054 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:50:09Z positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001055 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process GO:2001055 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. dph 2011-10-17T11:36:25Z regulation of RNA anabolism regulation of RNA biosynthesis regulation of RNA formation regulation of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:2001141 regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GO:2001141 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GOC:dph regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:obol regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of RNA formation GOC:obol regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. yaf 2011-11-04T02:01:27Z biological_process GO:2001198 regulation of dendritic cell differentiation GO:2001198 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. yaf 2011-11-04T02:01:33Z biological_process GO:2001199 negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation GO:2001199 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. yaf 2011-11-04T02:01:36Z biological_process GO:2001200 positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation GO:2001200 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:31Z regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001212 regulation of vasculogenesis GO:2001212 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:36Z negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001213 negative regulation of vasculogenesis GO:2001213 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:39Z positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001214 positive regulation of vasculogenesis GO:2001214 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. kmv 2011-11-17T10:01:38Z regulation of neuron chemotaxis regulation of neuronal migration biological_process regulation of neuron guidance GO:2001222 regulation of neuron migration GO:2001222 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. GOC:obol regulation of neuron chemotaxis GOC:obol regulation of neuronal migration GOC:obol regulation of neuron guidance GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. kmv 2011-11-17T10:01:45Z negative regulation of neuron chemotaxis negative regulation of neuronal migration biological_process negative regulation of neuron guidance GO:2001223 negative regulation of neuron migration GO:2001223 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. GOC:obol negative regulation of neuron chemotaxis GOC:obol negative regulation of neuronal migration GOC:obol negative regulation of neuron guidance GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. kmv 2011-11-17T10:01:49Z positive regulation of neuron chemotaxis positive regulation of neuronal migration biological_process positive regulation of neuron guidance GO:2001224 positive regulation of neuron migration GO:2001224 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. GOC:obol positive regulation of neuron chemotaxis GOC:obol positive regulation of neuronal migration GOC:obol positive regulation of neuron guidance GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:49Z regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001233 regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway GO:2001233 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:54Z negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001234 negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway GO:2001234 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:58Z positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001235 positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway GO:2001235 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. yaf 2011-12-02T02:01:20Z negative regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GO:2001251 negative regulation of chromosome organization GO:2001251 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. GOC:obol negative regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:obol negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:obol negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity GOC:obol negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. yaf 2011-12-02T02:01:26Z positive regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GO:2001252 positive regulation of chromosome organization GO:2001252 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. GOC:obol positive regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:obol positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:obol positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity GOC:obol positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GOC:obol IAO:0000005 objective specification In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Barry Smith PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel goal specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 objective specification IAO:0000007 Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take. Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification IAO:0000027 data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data data item IAO:0000030 information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity IAO:0000033 An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters directive information entity IAO:0000078 curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification IAO:0000102 data about an ontology part Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part IAO:0000104 plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification IAO:0000178 material information bearer A page of a paperback novel with writing on it. The paper itself is a material information bearer, the pattern of ink is the information carrier. a brain a hard drive A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres. GROUP: IAO material information bearer IAO:0000225 obsolescence reason specification The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot obsolescence reason specification IAO:0000409 denotator type The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Alan Ruttenberg Alan Ruttenberg Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type denotator type NBO:0000001 A change of place or position of part of an organism that does not involve the entire organism [NBO:SMAC] 2011-04-14T01:03:39Z George Gkoutos stationary movement behavior_ontology body part movement NBO:0000007 The act of moving any of the tissues and hard structures surrounding the mouth other than teeth, jaws or filter structures [NBO:AC] 2011-04-14T01:03:39Z George Gkoutos mouth part movement other moved mouth parts behavior_ontology mouth movement NBO:0000073 The act of repeated grinding, tearing, and or crushing with teeth or jaws [NBO:SMAC] 2011-04-14T01:20:02Z George Gkoutos chew gnaw mastication behavior_ontology chewing NBO:0000313 "The action, reaction, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:GO\:0007610] 2011-04-05T09:53:10Z George Gkoutos NBO:0000000 behavior behaviour behavior_ontology GO:0007610 behavior process NBO:0000338 "Movement behavior of the body or its parts." 2011-04-05T02:08:47Z George Gkoutos behavior_ontology kinesthetic behavior NBO:0000747 2012-03-17T09:51:17Z gkoutos behavior_ontology jaw movement NBO:0001786 "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:0050795] George Gkoutos GO:0050795 regulation of behavior GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy all NCBITaxon:1 root NCBITaxon:1 all GC_ID:1 PMID:15371245 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10066 Muridae NCBITaxon:10066 GC_ID:1 Mus mice mouse ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10088 Mus <genus> NCBITaxon:10088 Mus mice mouse NCBITaxon:85055 GC_ID:1 house mouse mouse ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10090 Mus musculus NCBITaxon:10090 house mouse mouse GC_ID:1 rat rats ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10114 Rattus NCBITaxon:10114 rat rats NCBITaxon:10239 Viruses Viruses GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Palpata NCBITaxon:105389 Sedentaria NCBITaxon:105389 Palpata GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:105391 Canalipalpata NCBITaxon:105391 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:110814 Xenoturbellida NCBITaxon:110814 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:110815 Xenoturbella NCBITaxon:110815 GC_ID:1 fish fishes ncbi_taxonomy Agnatha Hyperotreti NCBITaxon:117565 Myxini NCBITaxon:117565 fish fishes Agnatha Hyperotreti GC_ID:1 fish fishes ncbi_taxonomy Agnatha Cephalaspidomorphi Monorhina NCBITaxon:117569 Hyperoartia NCBITaxon:117569 fish fishes Agnatha Cephalaspidomorphi Monorhina GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:117570 Teleostomi NCBITaxon:117570 NCBITaxon:40673 GC_ID:1 bony vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:117571 Euteleostomi NCBITaxon:117571 bony vertebrates NCBITaxon:27837 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Adenophorea NCBITaxon:119089 Chromadorea NCBITaxon:119089 Adenophorea GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1206794 Ecdysozoa NCBITaxon:1206794 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1206795 Lophotrochozoa NCBITaxon:1206795 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:123365 Neoteleostei NCBITaxon:123365 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Eurypterygii NCBITaxon:123366 Eurypterygia NCBITaxon:123366 Eurypterygii GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:123367 Ctenosquamata NCBITaxon:123367 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Acanthomorpha NCBITaxon:123368 Acanthomorphata NCBITaxon:123368 Acanthomorpha GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Euacanthomorpha NCBITaxon:123369 Euacanthomorphacea NCBITaxon:123369 Euacanthomorpha GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:124129 Acipenserinae NCBITaxon:124129 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:124130 Acipenserini NCBITaxon:124130 GC_ID:1 gamophytes ncbi_taxonomy Conjugatophyceae Gamophyceae Gamophyta Zygnematophyceae NCBITaxon:131209 Zygnemophyceae NCBITaxon:131209 gamophytes Conjugatophyceae Gamophyceae Gamophyta Zygnematophyceae GC_ID:1 charophyte/embryophyte group ncbi_taxonomy Charophyta/Embryophyta group NCBITaxon:131221 Streptophytina NCBITaxon:131221 charophyte/embryophyte group Charophyta/Embryophyta group GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1312402 Xenacoelomorpha NCBITaxon:1312402 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy biota NCBITaxon:131567 cellular organisms NCBITaxon:131567 biota GC_ID:1 PMID:22839753 PMID:25450099 ncbi_taxonomy Archosauria-Testudines Testudines + Archosauria group NCBITaxon:1329799 Archelosauria NCBITaxon:1329799 Archosauria-Testudines Testudines + Archosauria group GC_ID:1 PMID:16286089 PMID:19281946 PMID:22982760 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1329911 Toxicofera NCBITaxon:1329911 GC_ID:1 PMID:16286089 PMID:22982760 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1329912 Episquamata NCBITaxon:1329912 GC_ID:1 PMID:22982760 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1329950 Unidentata NCBITaxon:1329950 GC_ID:1 PMID:22982760 split-tongued squamates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1329961 Bifurcata NCBITaxon:1329961 split-tongued squamates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1338369 Dipnotetrapodomorpha NCBITaxon:1338369 GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:9342353 ncbi_taxonomy Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1884 Mycetozoa mycetozoans NCBITaxon:142796 Eumycetozoa NCBITaxon:142796 Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1884 Mycetozoa mycetozoans GC_ID:1 PMID:11743200 PMID:11791233 ncbi_taxonomy Boreotheria NCBITaxon:1437010 Boreoeutheria NCBITaxon:1437010 Boreotheria GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1437180 Acrogymnospermae NCBITaxon:1437180 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1445966 Gnetidae NCBITaxon:1445966 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:147099 Acoelomorpha NCBITaxon:147099 GC_ID:1 true yeasts ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:147537 Saccharomycotina NCBITaxon:147537 true yeasts GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Archiascomycota NCBITaxon:147554 Schizosaccharomycetes NCBITaxon:147554 Archiascomycota GC_ID:1 jawless vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy Agnatha NCBITaxon:1476529 Cyclostomata NCBITaxon:1476529 jawless vertebrates Agnatha GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1489340 Elopocephalai NCBITaxon:1489340 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1489341 Osteoglossocephalai NCBITaxon:1489341 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1489388 Euteleosteomorpha NCBITaxon:1489388 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1489872 Percomorphaceae NCBITaxon:1489872 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Percomorpharia NCBITaxon:1489922 Eupercaria NCBITaxon:1489922 Percomorpharia GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1547233 Xenoturbellidae NCBITaxon:1547233 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:182222 Muraeninae NCBITaxon:182222 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:186622 Acipenseroidei NCBITaxon:186622 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:186623 Actinopteri NCBITaxon:186623 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:186624 Elopocephala NCBITaxon:186624 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:186625 Clupeocephala NCBITaxon:186625 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Otophysa NCBITaxon:186626 Otophysi NCBITaxon:186626 Otophysa GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Cypriniphysi NCBITaxon:186627 Cypriniphysae NCBITaxon:186627 Cypriniphysi GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Ostarioclupeomorpha Otocephala NCBITaxon:186634 Otomorpha NCBITaxon:186634 Ostarioclupeomorpha Otocephala GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:189497 Echidna NCBITaxon:189497 GC_ID:1 mice and others ncbi_taxonomy Sciurognathi NCBITaxon:1963758 Myomorpha NCBITaxon:1963758 mice and others Sciurognathi GC_ID:1 PMID:10874751 PMID:11557979 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:197562 Pancrustacea NCBITaxon:197562 GC_ID:1 PMID:11557979 PMID:9727836 mandibulates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:197563 Mandibulata NCBITaxon:197563 mandibulates Bacteria eubacteria GC_ID:11 PMID:10425795 PMID:10425796 PMID:10425797 PMID:10490293 PMID:10843050 PMID:10939651 PMID:10939673 PMID:10939677 PMID:11211268 PMID:11321083 PMID:11321113 PMID:11411719 PMID:11540071 PMID:11542017 PMID:11542087 PMID:11760965 PMID:12054223 PMID:2112744 PMID:270744 PMID:7520741 PMID:8123559 PMID:8186100 PMID:8590690 PMID:9103655 PMID:9336922 eubacteria ncbi_taxonomy Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria prokaryote prokaryotes NCBITaxon:2 Bacteria NCBITaxon:2 eubacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria prokaryote prokaryotes GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2058185 Dictyosteliaceae NCBITaxon:2058185 GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2058949 Dictyosteliales NCBITaxon:2058949 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Homo/Pan/Gorilla group NCBITaxon:207598 Homininae NCBITaxon:207598 Homo/Pan/Gorilla group Archaea GC_ID:11 PMID:10425795 PMID:10425796 PMID:10425797 PMID:10490293 PMID:10843050 PMID:10939651 PMID:10939673 PMID:10939677 PMID:11211268 PMID:11321083 PMID:11321113 PMID:11411719 PMID:11540071 PMID:11541975 PMID:11542064 PMID:11542149 PMID:11760965 PMID:12054223 PMID:2112744 PMID:25527841 PMID:270744 PMID:8123559 PMID:8590690 PMID:9103655 PMID:9336922 ncbi_taxonomy Archaebacteria Mendosicutes Metabacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae archaea prokaryote prokaryotes NCBITaxon:2157 Archaea NCBITaxon:2157 Archaebacteria Mendosicutes Metabacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae archaea prokaryote prokaryotes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2301116 Rhabditina NCBITaxon:2301116 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2301119 Rhabditomorpha NCBITaxon:2301119 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2605435 Evosea NCBITaxon:2605435 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2611352 Discoba NCBITaxon:2611352 GC_ID:1 Xenopus ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:262014 Xenopus <subgenus> NCBITaxon:262014 Xenopus GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2653789 Whippomorpha NCBITaxon:2653789 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2684882 Zygnematophycidae NCBITaxon:2684882 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2697495 Spiralia NCBITaxon:2697495 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy SAR supergroup NCBITaxon:2698737 Sar NCBITaxon:2698737 SAR supergroup GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2743709 Danionidae NCBITaxon:2743709 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2743711 Danioninae NCBITaxon:2743711 Eukaryota eucaryotes eukaryotes GC_ID:1 PMID:23020233 PMID:30257078 eucaryotes eukaryotes ncbi_taxonomy Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae eukaryotes NCBITaxon:2759 Eukaryota NCBITaxon:2759 eucaryotes eukaryotes Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae eukaryotes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:27592 Bovinae NCBITaxon:27592 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2841271 Testudinata NCBITaxon:2841271 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:30319 Pipoidea NCBITaxon:30319 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Cyprinoidea NCBITaxon:30727 Cyprinoidei NCBITaxon:30727 Cyprinoidea GC_ID:1 pufferfishes and others ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:31022 Tetraodontiformes NCBITaxon:31022 pufferfishes and others GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:31028 Tetraodontoidei NCBITaxon:31028 GC_ID:1 puffer fishes puffers ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:31031 Tetraodontidae NCBITaxon:31031 puffer fishes puffers GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Fugu NCBITaxon:31032 Takifugu NCBITaxon:31032 Fugu GC_ID:1 tiger puffer torafugu ncbi_taxonomy Fugu rubripes Sphaeroides rubripes Tetraodon rubripes NCBITaxon:31033 Takifugu rubripes NCBITaxon:31033 tiger puffer torafugu Fugu rubripes Sphaeroides rubripes Tetraodon rubripes GC_ID:1 PMID:11114173 PMID:11214319 PMID:12128031 PMID:12878460 PMID:15306319 PMID:9214502 PMID:9667998 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:311790 Afrotheria NCBITaxon:311790 GC_ID:1 PMID:11214318 PMID:11214319 PMID:12878460 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314145 Laurasiatheria NCBITaxon:314145 GC_ID:1 PMID:11214319 PMID:12082125 PMID:12878460 PMID:15522813 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314146 Euarchontoglires NCBITaxon:314146 GC_ID:1 PMID:11214319 PMID:12082125 PMID:15522813 Rodents and rabbits ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314147 Glires NCBITaxon:314147 Rodents and rabbits GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Anthropoidea NCBITaxon:314293 Simiiformes NCBITaxon:314293 Anthropoidea GC_ID:1 ape apes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314295 Hominoidea NCBITaxon:314295 ape apes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:3176 Zygnematales NCBITaxon:3176 GC_ID:1 higher plants land plants plants ncbi_taxonomy land plants NCBITaxon:3193 Embryophyta NCBITaxon:3193 higher plants land plants plants land plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32341 Sophophora NCBITaxon:32341 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32346 melanogaster group NCBITaxon:32346 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32351 melanogaster subgroup NCBITaxon:32351 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32440 Chondrostei NCBITaxon:32440 GC_ID:1 teleost fishes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32443 Teleostei NCBITaxon:32443 teleost fishes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32517 Tetradontoidea NCBITaxon:32517 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32519 Ostariophysi NCBITaxon:32519 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32521 Elopomorpha NCBITaxon:32521 GC_ID:1 tetrapods ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32523 Tetrapoda NCBITaxon:32523 tetrapods GC_ID:1 amniotes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32524 Amniota NCBITaxon:32524 amniotes GC_ID:1 Theria ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32525 Theria <mammals> NCBITaxon:32525 Theria GC_ID:1 diapsids ncbi_taxonomy Diapsida NCBITaxon:32561 Sauria NCBITaxon:32561 diapsids Diapsida GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:29367151 PMID:9342353 dictyostelid cellular slime molds ncbi_taxonomy Dictyostelida Dictyostelids Dictyosteliida cellular slime molds NCBITaxon:33083 Dictyostelia NCBITaxon:33083 dictyostelid cellular slime molds Dictyostelida Dictyostelids Dictyosteliida cellular slime molds GC_ID:1 PMID:16248873 PMID:30257078 Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants ncbi_taxonomy Chlorobionta Chloroplastida green plants NCBITaxon:33090 Viridiplantae NCBITaxon:33090 Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants Chlorobionta Chloroplastida green plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy conifers NCBITaxon:3312 Coniferophyta NCBITaxon:3312 conifers GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts NCBITaxon:33154 Opisthokonta NCBITaxon:33154 Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts GC_ID:1 metazoans multicellular animals ncbi_taxonomy Animalia animals NCBITaxon:33208 Metazoa NCBITaxon:33208 metazoans multicellular animals Animalia animals GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33213 Bilateria NCBITaxon:33213 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33317 Protostomia NCBITaxon:33317 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33340 Neoptera NCBITaxon:33340 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Holometabola NCBITaxon:33392 Endopterygota NCBITaxon:33392 Holometabola GC_ID:1 deuterostomes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33511 Deuterostomia NCBITaxon:33511 deuterostomes GC_ID:1 carnivores ncbi_taxonomy carnivores NCBITaxon:33554 Carnivora NCBITaxon:33554 carnivores carnivores GC_ID:1 alveolates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33630 Alveolata NCBITaxon:33630 alveolates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Euglenozoans NCBITaxon:33682 Euglenozoa NCBITaxon:33682 Euglenozoans GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Chlamydospermopsida Gneticae NCBITaxon:3372 Gnetopsida NCBITaxon:3372 Chlamydospermopsida Gneticae GC_ID:1 PMID:15019624 PMID:15371245 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:337687 Muroidea NCBITaxon:337687 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:3378 Gnetales NCBITaxon:3378 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:338152 Felinae NCBITaxon:338152 GC_ID:1 PMID:25249442 angiosperms flowering plants ncbi_taxonomy Angiospermae Magnoliophyta flowering plants NCBITaxon:3398 Magnoliopsida NCBITaxon:3398 angiosperms flowering plants Angiospermae Magnoliophyta flowering plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:34346 Schizosaccharomycetales NCBITaxon:34346 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:34878 Cervinae NCBITaxon:34878 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:35493 Streptophyta NCBITaxon:35493 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Suiformes NCBITaxon:35497 Suina NCBITaxon:35497 Suiformes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:35500 Pecora NCBITaxon:35500 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:376913 Haplorrhini NCBITaxon:376913 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:379583 Feliformia NCBITaxon:379583 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:379584 Caniformia NCBITaxon:379584 GC_ID:1 glaucocystophytes ncbi_taxonomy Glaucophyceae Glaucophyta algae NCBITaxon:38254 Glaucocystophyceae NCBITaxon:38254 glaucocystophytes Glaucophyceae Glaucophyta algae NCBITaxon:109679 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:39107 Murinae NCBITaxon:39107 GC_ID:1 mammals ncbi_taxonomy mammals NCBITaxon:40674 Mammalia NCBITaxon:40674 mammals mammals NCBITaxon:167797 NCBITaxon:27906 NCBITaxon:29174 NCBITaxon:41329 NCBITaxon:54122 NCBITaxon:55674 NCBITaxon:55678 NCBITaxon:6422 GC_ID:1 pogonophores vestimentiferans ncbi_taxonomy Frenulata Lamellibrachiidae Obturata Oligobrachiidae Perviata Pogonophora Polybrachiidae Sclerolinidae Vestimentifera tube worms NCBITaxon:41324 Siboglinidae NCBITaxon:41324 pogonophores vestimentiferans Frenulata Lamellibrachiidae Obturata Oligobrachiidae Perviata Pogonophora Polybrachiidae Sclerolinidae Vestimentifera tube worms GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Neopterygi NCBITaxon:41665 Neopterygii NCBITaxon:41665 Neopterygi GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:41666 Batrachia NCBITaxon:41666 GC_ID:1 dinosaur dinosaurs ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436486 Dinosauria NCBITaxon:436486 dinosaur dinosaurs GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436489 Saurischia NCBITaxon:436489 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436491 Theropoda NCBITaxon:436491 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436492 Coelurosauria NCBITaxon:436492 NCBITaxon:43732 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Asilomorpha NCBITaxon:43733 Muscomorpha NCBITaxon:43733 Asilomorpha GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:43738 Schizophora NCBITaxon:43738 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:43741 Acalyptratae NCBITaxon:43741 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:43746 Ephydroidea NCBITaxon:43746 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:43845 Drosophilinae NCBITaxon:43845 GC_ID:1 PMID:15689432 PMID:16151185 PMID:17010206 PMID:17051209 PMID:17572334 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:451864 Dikarya NCBITaxon:451864 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:451866 Taphrinomycotina NCBITaxon:451866 GC_ID:1 moray eels ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:46660 Muraenidae NCBITaxon:46660 moray eels GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:46877 Drosophilini NCBITaxon:46877 GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:12684019 ncbi_taxonomy Mycota fungi NCBITaxon:4751 Fungi NCBITaxon:4751 Mycota fungi GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:480117 Cyclorrhapha NCBITaxon:480117 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:480118 Eremoneura NCBITaxon:480118 GC_ID:1 PMID:17572334 ascomycetes sac fungi ncbi_taxonomy ascomycete fungi NCBITaxon:4890 Ascomycota NCBITaxon:4890 ascomycetes sac fungi ascomycete fungi GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Hemiascomycetes NCBITaxon:4891 Saccharomycetes NCBITaxon:4891 Hemiascomycetes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Endomycetales budding yeasts NCBITaxon:4892 Saccharomycetales NCBITaxon:4892 Endomycetales budding yeasts NCBITaxon:221665 NCBITaxon:44280 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:4893 Saccharomycetaceae NCBITaxon:4893 GC_ID:1 fission yeasts ncbi_taxonomy Schizosaccharomycetoideae NCBITaxon:4894 Schizosaccharomycetaceae NCBITaxon:4894 fission yeasts Schizosaccharomycetoideae GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:4895 Schizosaccharomyces NCBITaxon:4895 NCBITaxon:45042 GC_ID:1 fission yeast ncbi_taxonomy Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans NCBITaxon:4896 Schizosaccharomyces pombe NCBITaxon:4896 fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans NCBITaxon:36915 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Pachytichospora NCBITaxon:4930 Saccharomyces NCBITaxon:4930 Pachytichospora GC_ID:1 S. cerevisiae baker's yeast brewer's yeast ncbi_taxonomy Candida robusta Mycoderma cerevisiae Saccharomyces capensis Saccharomyces italicus Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus NCBITaxon:4932 Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCBITaxon:4932 S. cerevisiae baker's yeast brewer's yeast Candida robusta Mycoderma cerevisiae Saccharomyces capensis Saccharomyces italicus Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus GC_ID:1 true insects ncbi_taxonomy insects NCBITaxon:50557 Insecta NCBITaxon:50557 true insects insects GC_ID:1 PMID:23020233 PMID:30257078 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:554915 Amoebozoa NCBITaxon:554915 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:55879 Rhabditoidea NCBITaxon:55879 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:55885 Peloderinae NCBITaxon:55885 GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy Hyalostilbum NCBITaxon:5782 Dictyostelium NCBITaxon:5782 Hyalostilbum GC_ID:1 vascular plants ncbi_taxonomy vascular plants NCBITaxon:58023 Tracheophyta NCBITaxon:58023 vascular plants vascular plants GC_ID:1 seed plants ncbi_taxonomy seed plants NCBITaxon:58024 Spermatophyta NCBITaxon:58024 seed plants seed plants GC_ID:1 sponges ncbi_taxonomy Parazoa sponges NCBITaxon:6040 Porifera NCBITaxon:6040 sponges Parazoa sponges GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6072 Eumetazoa NCBITaxon:6072 GC_ID:1 cnidarians coelenterates ncbi_taxonomy Coelenterata cnidarians NCBITaxon:6073 Cnidaria NCBITaxon:6073 cnidarians coelenterates Coelenterata cnidarians GC_ID:1 flatworm flatworms ncbi_taxonomy flatworms NCBITaxon:6157 Platyhelminthes NCBITaxon:6157 flatworm flatworms flatworms GC_ID:1 nematode nematodes roundworm roundworms ncbi_taxonomy Nemata nematodes NCBITaxon:6231 Nematoda NCBITaxon:6231 nematode nematodes roundworm roundworms Nemata nematodes NCBITaxon:33251 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6236 Rhabditida NCBITaxon:6236 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6237 Caenorhabditis NCBITaxon:6237 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Rhabditis elegans NCBITaxon:6239 Caenorhabditis elegans NCBITaxon:6239 Rhabditis elegans NCBITaxon:54603 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6243 Rhabditidae NCBITaxon:6243 GC_ID:1 annelid worms ncbi_taxonomy segmented worms NCBITaxon:6340 Annelida NCBITaxon:6340 annelid worms segmented worms GC_ID:1 polychaetes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6341 Polychaeta NCBITaxon:6341 polychaetes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6362 Sabellida NCBITaxon:6362 GC_ID:1 arthropods ncbi_taxonomy arthropods NCBITaxon:6656 Arthropoda NCBITaxon:6656 arthropods arthropods GC_ID:1 insects ncbi_taxonomy Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia hexapods NCBITaxon:6960 Hexapoda NCBITaxon:6960 insects Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia hexapods GC_ID:1 flies ncbi_taxonomy flies NCBITaxon:7147 Diptera NCBITaxon:7147 flies flies GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:716545 saccharomyceta NCBITaxon:716545 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7203 Brachycera NCBITaxon:7203 GC_ID:1 pomace flies ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7214 Drosophilidae NCBITaxon:7214 pomace flies NCBITaxon:7326 GC_ID:1 Drosophila fruit flies fruit fly ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7215 Drosophila <flies,genus> NCBITaxon:7215 Drosophila fruit flies fruit fly NCBITaxon:2267365 GC_ID:1 fruit fly ncbi_taxonomy Sophophora melanogaster NCBITaxon:7227 Drosophila melanogaster NCBITaxon:7227 fruit fly Sophophora melanogaster GC_ID:1 Pterygota winged insects ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7496 Pterygota <insects> NCBITaxon:7496 Pterygota winged insects GC_ID:1 echinoderms ncbi_taxonomy echinoderms NCBITaxon:7586 Echinodermata NCBITaxon:7586 echinoderms echinoderms GC_ID:1 chordates ncbi_taxonomy chordates NCBITaxon:7711 Chordata NCBITaxon:7711 chordates chordates GC_ID:1 tunicates ncbi_taxonomy Urochordata tunicates NCBITaxon:7712 Tunicata NCBITaxon:7712 tunicates Urochordata tunicates GC_ID:1 Vertebrata vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy vertebrates NCBITaxon:7742 Vertebrata <vertebrates> NCBITaxon:7742 Vertebrata vertebrates vertebrates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Petromyzoniformes lampreys NCBITaxon:7745 Petromyzontiformes NCBITaxon:7745 Petromyzoniformes lampreys GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Myxinoidea hagfishes NCBITaxon:7761 Myxiniformes NCBITaxon:7761 Myxinoidea hagfishes GC_ID:1 hagfishes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7762 Myxinidae NCBITaxon:7762 hagfishes GC_ID:1 Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7776 Gnathostomata <vertebrates> NCBITaxon:7776 Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates GC_ID:1 cartilaginous fishes fish fishes ncbi_taxonomy cartilaginous fishes NCBITaxon:7777 Chondrichthyes NCBITaxon:7777 cartilaginous fishes fish fishes cartilaginous fishes GC_ID:1 elasmobranchs ncbi_taxonomy sharks and rays NCBITaxon:7778 Elasmobranchii NCBITaxon:7778 elasmobranchs sharks and rays GC_ID:1 euphyllophytes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:78536 Euphyllophyta NCBITaxon:78536 euphyllophytes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7863 Holocephali NCBITaxon:7863 GC_ID:1 chimaeras ncbi_taxonomy chimaeras NCBITaxon:7864 Chimaeriformes NCBITaxon:7864 chimaeras chimaeras GC_ID:1 dipnoans fish fishes lungfishes ncbi_taxonomy Choanichthyes Dipneusti Dipnoi Osteichthyes lungfishes NCBITaxon:7878 Dipnomorpha NCBITaxon:7878 dipnoans fish fishes lungfishes Choanichthyes Dipneusti Dipnoi Osteichthyes lungfishes GC_ID:1 fish fishes ray-finned fishes ncbi_taxonomy Actinopterygi Osteichthyes bony fishes NCBITaxon:7898 Actinopterygii NCBITaxon:7898 fish fishes ray-finned fishes Actinopterygi Osteichthyes bony fishes GC_ID:1 sturgeons and paddlefish ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7899 Acipenseriformes NCBITaxon:7899 sturgeons and paddlefish GC_ID:1 sturgeons ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7900 Acipenseridae NCBITaxon:7900 sturgeons GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7901 Acipenser NCBITaxon:7901 NCBITaxon:30678 GC_ID:1 true eels ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7933 Anguilliformes NCBITaxon:7933 true eels GC_ID:1 carps and others ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7952 Cypriniformes NCBITaxon:7952 carps and others NCBITaxon:46777 NCBITaxon:487617 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Brachydanio Celestichthys NCBITaxon:7954 Danio NCBITaxon:7954 Brachydanio Celestichthys NCBITaxon:27702 NCBITaxon:37966 GC_ID:1 leopard danio zebra danio zebra fish zebrafish ncbi_taxonomy Brachydanio rerio Brachydanio rerio frankei Cyprinus rerio Danio frankei Danio rerio frankei NCBITaxon:7955 Danio rerio NCBITaxon:7955 leopard danio zebra danio zebra fish zebrafish Brachydanio rerio Brachydanio rerio frankei Cyprinus rerio Danio frankei Danio rerio frankei GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8287 Sarcopterygii NCBITaxon:8287 GC_ID:1 amphibians ncbi_taxonomy amphibians NCBITaxon:8292 Amphibia NCBITaxon:8292 amphibians amphibians GC_ID:1 anurans frogs frogs and toads ncbi_taxonomy Salientia frogs & toads NCBITaxon:8342 Anura NCBITaxon:8342 anurans frogs frogs and toads Salientia frogs & toads GC_ID:1 PMID:2385174 pipid frogs tongueless frogs ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8352 Pipidae NCBITaxon:8352 pipid frogs tongueless frogs GC_ID:1 PMID:2385174 Xenopus ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8353 Xenopus <genus> NCBITaxon:8353 Xenopus GC_ID:1 African clawed frog clawed frog common platanna platanna ncbi_taxonomy Bufo laevis NCBITaxon:8355 Xenopus laevis NCBITaxon:8355 African clawed frog clawed frog common platanna platanna Bufo laevis GC_ID:1 PMID:2385174 ncbi_taxonomy Siluraninae NCBITaxon:8360 Xenopodinae NCBITaxon:8360 Siluraninae GC_ID:1 sauropsids ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8457 Sauropsida NCBITaxon:8457 sauropsids GC_ID:1 PMID:22839753 PMID:25450099 anapsid reptiles turtles ncbi_taxonomy Anapsida Reptilia reptiles turtles NCBITaxon:8459 Testudines NCBITaxon:8459 anapsid reptiles turtles Anapsida Reptilia reptiles turtles GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8492 Archosauria NCBITaxon:8492 GC_ID:1 PMID:22982760 lepidosaurs ncbi_taxonomy Reptilia lizards & snakes reptiles NCBITaxon:8504 Lepidosauria NCBITaxon:8504 lepidosaurs Reptilia lizards & snakes reptiles GC_ID:1 beaked reptiles rhynchocephalians ncbi_taxonomy Rhynchocephalia Rhynchosauria NCBITaxon:8505 Sphenodontia NCBITaxon:8505 beaked reptiles rhynchocephalians Rhynchocephalia Rhynchosauria GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8506 Sphenodontidae NCBITaxon:8506 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8507 Sphenodon NCBITaxon:8507 GC_ID:1 PMID:16286089 PMID:22982760 PMID:23627680 squamates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8509 Squamata NCBITaxon:8509 squamates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:85512 Dicondylia NCBITaxon:85512 GC_ID:1 PMID:19281946 snakes ncbi_taxonomy Ophidia snakes NCBITaxon:8570 Serpentes NCBITaxon:8570 snakes Ophidia snakes GC_ID:1 Mus ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:862507 Mus <subgenus> NCBITaxon:862507 Mus GC_ID:1 birds ncbi_taxonomy avian birds NCBITaxon:8782 Aves NCBITaxon:8782 birds avian birds GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8783 Palaeognathae NCBITaxon:8783 GC_ID:1 ostriches ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8798 Struthioniformes NCBITaxon:8798 ostriches GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8799 Struthionidae NCBITaxon:8799 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8800 Struthio NCBITaxon:8800 GC_ID:1 African ostrich ostrich ncbi_taxonomy Struthio camelus domesticus NCBITaxon:8801 Struthio camelus NCBITaxon:8801 African ostrich ostrich Struthio camelus domesticus GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8825 Neognathae NCBITaxon:8825 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:88770 Panarthropoda NCBITaxon:88770 GC_ID:1 pigeons and others ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8929 Columbiformes NCBITaxon:8929 pigeons and others GC_ID:1 pigeons ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8930 Columbidae NCBITaxon:8930 pigeons GC_ID:1 Craniata ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:89593 Craniata <chordates> NCBITaxon:89593 Craniata GC_ID:1 whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc. ncbi_taxonomy Cetartiodactyla even-toed ungulates NCBITaxon:91561 Artiodactyla NCBITaxon:91561 whales, hippos, ruminants, pigs, camels etc. Cetartiodactyla even-toed ungulates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9254 Prototheria NCBITaxon:9254 GC_ID:1 egg-laying mammals ncbi_taxonomy monotremes NCBITaxon:9255 Monotremata NCBITaxon:9255 egg-laying mammals monotremes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9256 Ornithorhynchidae NCBITaxon:9256 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9257 Ornithorhynchus NCBITaxon:9257 GC_ID:1 echidnas ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9259 Tachyglossidae NCBITaxon:9259 echidnas GC_ID:1 eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals ncbi_taxonomy Placentalia placentals NCBITaxon:9347 Eutheria NCBITaxon:9347 eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals Placentalia placentals GC_ID:1 PMID:11214319 armadillos and others ncbi_taxonomy Edentata NCBITaxon:9348 Xenarthra NCBITaxon:9348 armadillos and others Edentata GC_ID:1 armadillo armadillos ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9359 Dasypodidae NCBITaxon:9359 armadillo armadillos GC_ID:1 primate ncbi_taxonomy Primata primates NCBITaxon:9443 Primates NCBITaxon:9443 primate Primata primates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:948951 Cingulata NCBITaxon:948951 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9526 Catarrhini NCBITaxon:9526 NCBITaxon:317028 NCBITaxon:445518 GC_ID:1 chimpanzees ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9596 Pan NCBITaxon:9596 chimpanzees GC_ID:1 great apes ncbi_taxonomy Pongidae NCBITaxon:9604 Hominidae NCBITaxon:9604 great apes Pongidae GC_ID:1 humans ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9605 Homo NCBITaxon:9605 humans GC_ID:1 human ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9606 Homo sapiens NCBITaxon:9606 human GC_ID:1 dog, coyote, wolf, fox ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9608 Canidae NCBITaxon:9608 dog, coyote, wolf, fox GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9611 Canis NCBITaxon:9611 GC_ID:1 bears ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9632 Ursidae NCBITaxon:9632 bears NCBITaxon:29068 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9639 Ursus NCBITaxon:9639 GC_ID:1 cat family ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9681 Felidae NCBITaxon:9681 cat family GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9682 Felis NCBITaxon:9682 GC_ID:1 crawling seals earless seals seal seals true seals ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9709 Phocidae NCBITaxon:9709 crawling seals earless seals seal seals true seals GC_ID:1 cetaceans whale whales whales, dolphins, and porpoises ncbi_taxonomy whales & dolphins NCBITaxon:9721 Cetacea NCBITaxon:9721 cetaceans whale whales whales, dolphins, and porpoises whales & dolphins GC_ID:1 baleen whales ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9761 Mysticeti NCBITaxon:9761 baleen whales GC_ID:1 odd-toed ungulates ncbi_taxonomy odd-toed ungulates NCBITaxon:9787 Perissodactyla NCBITaxon:9787 odd-toed ungulates odd-toed ungulates GC_ID:1 horses ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9788 Equidae NCBITaxon:9788 horses NCBITaxon:1225530 NCBITaxon:35506 NCBITaxon:35507 NCBITaxon:35508 NCBITaxon:35509 NCBITaxon:35510 NCBITaxon:475184 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Amerhippus Asinus Dolichohippus Equus subg. Amerhippus Equus subg. Asinus Equus subg. Dolichohippus Equus subg. Equus Equus subg. Hemionus Equus subg. Hippotigris Equus subgen. Sussemionus Hemionus Hippotigris Sussemionus NCBITaxon:9789 Equus NCBITaxon:9789 Amerhippus Asinus Dolichohippus Equus subg. Amerhippus Equus subg. Asinus Equus subg. Dolichohippus Equus subg. Equus Equus subg. Hemionus Equus subg. Hippotigris Equus subgen. Sussemionus Hemionus Hippotigris Sussemionus GC_ID:1 aardvarks ncbi_taxonomy Edentata NCBITaxon:9815 Tubulidentata NCBITaxon:9815 aardvarks Edentata GC_ID:1 aardvark aardvarks ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9816 Orycteropodidae NCBITaxon:9816 aardvark aardvarks NCBITaxon:39423 GC_ID:1 boars pigs ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9821 Suidae NCBITaxon:9821 boars pigs GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9822 Sus NCBITaxon:9822 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9834 Tylopoda NCBITaxon:9834 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9835 Camelidae NCBITaxon:9835 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9836 Camelus NCBITaxon:9836 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9845 Ruminantia NCBITaxon:9845 GC_ID:1 deer ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9850 Cervidae NCBITaxon:9850 deer GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9859 Cervus NCBITaxon:9859 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9895 Bovidae NCBITaxon:9895 GC_ID:1 oxen, cattle ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9903 Bos NCBITaxon:9903 oxen, cattle GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9922 Capra NCBITaxon:9922 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9935 Ovis NCBITaxon:9935 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9963 Caprinae NCBITaxon:9963 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy rabbits & hares NCBITaxon:9975 Lagomorpha NCBITaxon:9975 rabbits & hares GC_ID:1 rabbits and hares ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9979 Leporidae NCBITaxon:9979 rabbits and hares GC_ID:1 hares ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9980 Lepus NCBITaxon:9980 hares GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:9984 Oryctolagus NCBITaxon:9984 GC_ID:1 rodent ncbi_taxonomy rodents NCBITaxon:9989 Rodentia NCBITaxon:9989 rodent rodents NCBITaxon_Union:0000023 NCBITaxon_Union:0000030 OBA:0002017 The size of a gonad. size of gonad gonad size The size of a gonad. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of gonad AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002161 The length of a diaphysis. length of diaphysis diaphysis length The length of a diaphysis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of diaphysis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002162 The size of a ilium. size of ilium ilium size The size of a ilium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of ilium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002188 The size of a manus. size of manus manus size The size of a manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002195 The size of a metacarpal bone. size of metacarpal bone metacarpal bone size The size of a metacarpal bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of metacarpal bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002225 The length of a diastema between upper central incisors. length of diastema between upper central incisors diastema between upper central incisors length The length of a diastema between upper central incisors. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of diastema between upper central incisors AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002251 The size of a metatarsal bone. size of metatarsal bone metatarsal bone size The size of a metatarsal bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of metatarsal bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002265 The morphology of a calcaneus. morphology of calcaneus calcaneus morphology The morphology of a calcaneus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of calcaneus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0002267 The length of a distal phalanx of pes. length of distal phalanx of pes distal phalanx of pes length The length of a distal phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002346 The size of a foramen magnum. size of foramen magnum foramen magnum size The size of a foramen magnum. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of foramen magnum AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002374 The size of a radius bone. size of radius bone radius bone size The size of a radius bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of radius bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002379 The size of a ulna. size of ulna ulna size The size of a ulna. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of ulna AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002384 The size of a fibula. size of fibula fibula size The size of a fibula. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of fibula AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002386 The size of a patella. size of patella patella size The size of a patella. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of patella AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002389 The size of a proximal epiphysis of femur. size of proximal epiphysis of femur proximal epiphysis of femur size The size of a proximal epiphysis of femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal epiphysis of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002391 The size of a ischium. size of ischium ischium size The size of a ischium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of ischium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002395 The size of a pubic symphysis. size of pubic symphysis pubic symphysis size The size of a pubic symphysis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pubic symphysis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002412 The size of a acetabular part of hip bone. size of acetabular part of hip bone acetabular part of hip bone size The size of a acetabular part of hip bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of acetabular part of hip bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002413 The size of a pelvic girdle bone/zone. size of pelvic girdle bone/zone pelvic girdle bone/zone size The size of a pelvic girdle bone/zone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pelvic girdle bone/zone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002452 The length of a middle phalanx of pes. length of middle phalanx of pes middle phalanx of pes length The length of a middle phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002474 The size of a humerus diaphysis. size of humerus diaphysis humerus diaphysis size The size of a humerus diaphysis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of humerus diaphysis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002514 The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. length of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal phalanx of manual digit 3 length The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002517 The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. length of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 middle phalanx of manual digit 5 length The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002519 The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. length of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal phalanx of manual digit 5 length The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002546 The size of a facial skeleton. size of facial skeleton viscerocranium size facial skeleton size The size of a facial skeleton. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of facial skeleton AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002556 The size of a fused sacrum. size of fused sacrum fused sacrum size The size of a fused sacrum. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of fused sacrum AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002565 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. length of metatarsal bone of digit 3 metatarsal bone of digit 3 greatest length (GL) metatarsal bone of digit 3 maximal length (M1) metatarsal III greatest length (GL) third metatarsal maximal length (M1) metatarsal bone of digit 3 length The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone of digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metatarsal III greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 third metatarsal maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0002567 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. length of metatarsal bone of digit 4 metatarsal bone of digit 4 greatest length (GL) metatarsal bone of digit 4 maximal length (M1) metatarsal IV greatest length (GL) metatarsal IV maximal length (M1) metatarsal bone of digit 4 length The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone of digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metatarsal IV greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal IV maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0002569 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 5. length of metatarsal bone of digit 5 metatarsal bone of digit 5 greatest length (GL) metatarsal bone of digit 5 maximal length (M1) metatarsal bone of digit 5 length The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone of digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002587 The size of a diaphysis. size of diaphysis diaphysis size The size of a diaphysis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of diaphysis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002588 The length of a phalanx of pes. length of phalanx of pes phalanx of pes length The length of a phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002620 The size of a chest. size of chest chest size The size of a chest. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of chest AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002661 The length of a middle phalanx of manus. length of middle phalanx of manus middle phalanx of manus length The length of a middle phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002674 The size of a phalanx. size of phalanx phalanx size The size of a phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002676 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 2. length of metacarpal bone of digit 2 metacarpal II length metacarpal bone of digit 2 greatest length (GL) metacarpal bone of digit 2 maximal length (M1) metacarpal II greatest length (GL) metacarpal II maximal length (M1) metacarpal bone of digit 2 length The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone of digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metacarpal II greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal II maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0002681 The length of a proximal phalanx of manus. length of proximal phalanx of manus proximal phalanx of manus length The length of a proximal phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002683 The length of a phalanx of manus. length of phalanx of manus phalanx of manus length The length of a phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002703 The size of a primary dentition. size of primary dentition primary dentition size The size of a primary dentition. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of primary dentition AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002710 The size of a premolar tooth. size of premolar tooth premolar tooth size The size of a premolar tooth. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of premolar tooth AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002716 The size of a distal epiphysis of radius. size of distal epiphysis of radius distal epiphysis of radius size The size of a distal epiphysis of radius. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal epiphysis of radius AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002726 The size of a distal epiphysis of femur. size of distal epiphysis of femur distal epiphysis of femur size The size of a distal epiphysis of femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal epiphysis of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002741 The size of a glenoid fossa. size of glenoid fossa glenoid fossa size The size of a glenoid fossa. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of glenoid fossa AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002823 The size of a vertebra. size of vertebra vertebra size The size of a vertebra. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of vertebra AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002828 The size of a lumbar vertebra 5. size of lumbar vertebra 5 lumbar vertebra 5 size The size of a lumbar vertebra 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of lumbar vertebra 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002830 The size of a cervical vertebra. size of cervical vertebra cervical vertebra size The size of a cervical vertebra. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of cervical vertebra AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002845 The morphology of a external ear. morphology of external ear external ear morphology The morphology of a external ear. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of external ear obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0002863 The size of a lesser trochanter. size of lesser trochanter lesser trochanter size The size of a lesser trochanter. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of lesser trochanter AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002864 The size of a head of femur. size of head of femur head of femur size The size of a head of femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of head of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002895 The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. size of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 middle phalanx of manual digit 5 size The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002903 The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 length The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002904 The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 size The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002909 The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. size of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal phalanx of manual digit 5 size The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002918 The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. length of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal phalanx of manual digit 4 length The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002919 The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. size of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal phalanx of manual digit 4 size The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002920 The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. size of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 middle phalanx of manual digit 4 size The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002921 The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. length of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 middle phalanx of manual digit 4 length The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002923 The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 length The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002927 The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 size The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002931 The size of a manual digit 5 phalanx. size of manual digit 5 phalanx manual digit 5 phalanx size The size of a manual digit 5 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of manual digit 5 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002936 The size of a manual digit 4 phalanx. size of manual digit 4 phalanx manual digit 4 phalanx size The size of a manual digit 4 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of manual digit 4 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002939 The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. size of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal phalanx of manual digit 3 size The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002943 The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. size of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 middle phalanx of manual digit 3 size The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002947 The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. length of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 middle phalanx of manual digit 3 length The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002948 The size of a manual digit 3 phalanx. size of manual digit 3 phalanx manual digit 3 phalanx size The size of a manual digit 3 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of manual digit 3 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002952 The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 size The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002956 The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 length The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002962 The size of a manual digit 2 phalanx. size of manual digit 2 phalanx manual digit 2 phalanx size The size of a manual digit 2 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of manual digit 2 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002966 The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. size of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal phalanx of manual digit 2 size The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002970 The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. length of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal phalanx of manual digit 2 length The length of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002971 The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. size of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 middle phalanx of manual digit 2 size The size of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002975 The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. length of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 middle phalanx of manual digit 2 length The length of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002976 The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 size The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002980 The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 length The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002986 The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 size The size of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002989 The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 length The length of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002990 The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1. size of distal phalanx of manual digit 1 distal phalanx of manual digit 1 size The size of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manual digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0002999 The size of a phalanx of manus. size of phalanx of manus phalanx of manus size The size of a phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003006 The size of a distal phalanx of manus. size of distal phalanx of manus distal phalanx of manus size The size of a distal phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003009 The size of a middle phalanx of manus. size of middle phalanx of manus middle phalanx of manus size The size of a middle phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003012 The size of a proximal phalanx of manus. size of proximal phalanx of manus proximal phalanx of manus size The size of a proximal phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003016 The length of a distal phalanx of manus. length of distal phalanx of manus distal phalanx of manus length The length of a distal phalanx of manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of distal phalanx of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003040 The size of a metacarpal bone of digit 1. size of metacarpal bone of digit 1 metacarpal bone of digit 1 size The size of a metacarpal bone of digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of metacarpal bone of digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003043 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 1. length of metacarpal bone of digit 1 metacarpal I length metacarpal bone of digit 1 greatest length (GL) metacarpal bone of digit 1 maximal length (M1) metacarpal bone of digit 1 length The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone of digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003044 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. length of metacarpal bone of digit 3 metacarpal III length metacarpal bone of digit 3 greatest length (GL) metacarpal bone of digit 3 maximal length (M1) metacarpa III greatest length (GL) third metacarpal maximal length (M1) metacarpal bone of digit 3 length The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone of digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metacarpa III greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 third metacarpal maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0003045 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 4. length of metacarpal bone of digit 4 metacarpal IV length metacarpal bone of digit 4 greatest length (GL) metacarpal bone of digit 4 maximal length (M1) metacarpal IV greatest length (GL) metacarpal IV maximal length (M1) metacarpal bone of digit 4 length The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone of digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metacarpal IV greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 metacarpal IV maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0003046 The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. length of metacarpal bone of digit 5 metacarpal V length metacarpal bone of digit 5 greatest length (GL) metacarpal bone of digit 5 maximal length (M1) metacarpal V greatest length metacarpal bone of digit 5 length The length of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone of digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metacarpal V greatest length ISBN:9780873659505 OBA:0003047 The length of a metacarpal bone. length of metacarpal bone metacarpal bone length The length of a metacarpal bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metacarpal bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003049 The size of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. size of pedal digit 1 phalanx pedal digit 1 phalanx size The size of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pedal digit 1 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003053 The size of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. size of metatarsal bone of digit 1 metatarsal bone of digit 1 size The size of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of metatarsal bone of digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003057 The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 size The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003061 The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 size The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003066 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. length of metatarsal bone of digit 1 metatarsal bone of digit 1 greatest length (GL) metatarsal bone of digit 1 maximal length (M1) metatarsal bone of digit 1 length The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone of digit 1 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003067 The length of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. length of pedal digit 1 phalanx pedal digit 1 phalanx length The length of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of pedal digit 1 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003075 The size of a phalanx of pes. size of phalanx of pes phalanx of pes size The size of a phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003079 The size of a distal phalanx of pes. size of distal phalanx of pes distal phalanx of pes size The size of a distal phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003083 The size of a middle phalanx of pes. size of middle phalanx of pes middle phalanx of pes size The size of a middle phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003087 The size of a proximal phalanx of pes. size of proximal phalanx of pes proximal phalanx of pes size The size of a proximal phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003100 The size of a hard palate. size of hard palate hard palate size The size of a hard palate. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of hard palate AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003105 The length of a chest. length of chest chest length The length of a chest. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of chest AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003111 The size of a pedal digit 2 phalanx. size of pedal digit 2 phalanx pedal digit 2 phalanx size The size of a pedal digit 2 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pedal digit 2 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003115 The size of a pedal digit 3 phalanx. size of pedal digit 3 phalanx pedal digit 3 phalanx size The size of a pedal digit 3 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pedal digit 3 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003119 The size of a pedal digit 4 phalanx. size of pedal digit 4 phalanx pedal digit 4 phalanx size The size of a pedal digit 4 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pedal digit 4 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003123 The size of a pedal digit 5 phalanx. size of pedal digit 5 phalanx pedal digit 5 phalanx size The size of a pedal digit 5 phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pedal digit 5 phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003127 The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 size The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003131 The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2. size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 size The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003135 The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 size The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003215 The morphology of a premolar tooth. morphology of premolar tooth premolar tooth morphology The morphology of a premolar tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of premolar tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0003272 The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. length of metatarsal bone of digit 2 metatarsal bone of digit 2 greatest length (GL) metatarsal bone of digit 2 maximal length (M1) metatarsal II greatest length (GL) metatarsal II maximal length (M1) metatarsal bone of digit 2 length The length of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone of digit 2 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute metatarsal II greatest length (GL) ISBN:9780873659505 metatarsal II maximal length (M1) ISBN:9004086161, 9789004086166 OBA:0003281 The length of a proximal phalanx of pes. length of proximal phalanx of pes proximal phalanx of pes length The length of a proximal phalanx of pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of proximal phalanx of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003298 The size of a proximal epiphysis of tibia. size of proximal epiphysis of tibia proximal epiphysis of tibia size The size of a proximal epiphysis of tibia. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal epiphysis of tibia AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003330 The size of a calcaneus. size of calcaneus calcaneus size The size of a calcaneus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of calcaneus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003356 The morphology of a pelvic girdle bone/zone. morphology of pelvic girdle bone/zone pelvic girdle bone/zone morphology The morphology of a pelvic girdle bone/zone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of pelvic girdle bone/zone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0003366 The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 size The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003367 The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 size The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003368 The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 size The size of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003369 The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3. size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 size The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003370 The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4. size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 size The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003371 The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5. size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 size The size of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003372 The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3. size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 size The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003373 The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 size The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003374 The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 size The size of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003407 The height of a ilium. height of ilium ilium height The height of a ilium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute height of ilium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003426 The length of a external ear. ear length length of external ear external ear length The length of a external ear. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of external ear AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003439 The size of a ear. size of ear ear size The size of a ear. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of ear AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003618 The size of a zone of skin. size of zone of skin zone of skin size The size of a zone of skin. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of zone of skin AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003722 The size of a jaw skeleton. size of jaw skeleton jaw skeleton size The size of a jaw skeleton. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of jaw skeleton AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0003760 The morphology of a cervical vertebra. morphology of cervical vertebra cervical vertebra morphology The morphology of a cervical vertebra. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of cervical vertebra obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0003763 The morphology of a metacarpal bone. morphology of metacarpal bone metacarpal bone morphology The morphology of a metacarpal bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of metacarpal bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0003917 The morphology of a chest. morphology of chest chest morphology The morphology of a chest. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of chest obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0003980 The size of a supraoccipital bone. size of supraoccipital bone supraoccipital bone size The size of a supraoccipital bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of supraoccipital bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004026 The morphology of a vertebral bone 1. morphology of vertebral bone 1 vertebral bone 1 morphology The morphology of a vertebral bone 1. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of vertebral bone 1 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0004027 The morphology of a vertebral bone 2. morphology of vertebral bone 2 vertebral bone 2 morphology The morphology of a vertebral bone 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of vertebral bone 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0004033 The length of a metatarsal bone. length of metatarsal bone metatarsal bone length The length of a metatarsal bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of metatarsal bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004048 The length of a lumbar vertebra. length of lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra length The length of a lumbar vertebra. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of lumbar vertebra AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004075 The length of a incisor tooth. length of incisor tooth incisor tooth length The length of a incisor tooth. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of incisor tooth AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004257 The size of a molar tooth. size of molar tooth molar tooth size The size of a molar tooth. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of molar tooth AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004448 The height of a cranium. height of cranium cranium height The height of a cranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute height of cranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004782 The morphology of a pubic symphysis. morphology of pubic symphysis pubic symphysis morphology The morphology of a pubic symphysis. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of pubic symphysis obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0004840 The morphology of a navicular bone of pes. morphology of navicular bone of pes navicular bone of pes morphology The morphology of a navicular bone of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of navicular bone of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0004900 The size of a vomer. size of vomer vomer size The size of a vomer. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of vomer AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0004993 The morphology of a fused sacrum. morphology of fused sacrum fused sacrum morphology The morphology of a fused sacrum. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of fused sacrum obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0005278 The morphology of a foramen magnum. morphology of foramen magnum foramen magnum morphology The morphology of a foramen magnum. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of foramen magnum obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:0005564 The length of a cranium. length of cranium cranium length The length of a cranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of cranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0006029 The size of a horn. size of horn horn size The size of a horn. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of horn AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:0006030 The morphology of a horn. morphology of horn horn morphology The morphology of a horn. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of horn obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of The length of a manus. cjmungall 2014-01-27T23:51:00Z hand length length of manus manus length trait oba OBA:1000048 manus length OBA:1000048 The length of a manus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of manus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute manus length trait GOC:TermGenie The length of a pes. cjmungall 2014-01-27T23:51:06Z foot length hindfoot length length of pes pes length trait oba OBA:1000049 pes length OBA:1000049 The length of a pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute pes length trait GOC:TermGenie The size of a calcareous tooth. cjmungall 2014-07-27T01:19:07Z calcareous tooth size trait size of calcareous tooth oba OBA:1000112 tooth size OBA:1000112 The size of a calcareous tooth. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute calcareous tooth size trait GOC:TermGenie size of calcareous tooth AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute The size of a incisor tooth. cjmungall 2014-07-27T01:19:11Z incisor tooth size trait size of incisor tooth oba OBA:1000113 incisor size OBA:1000113 The size of a incisor tooth. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute incisor tooth size trait GOC:TermGenie size of incisor tooth AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:1000148 The quality of a proximal epiphysis of tibia. quality of proximal epiphysis of tibia proximal epiphysis of tibia quality The quality of a proximal epiphysis of tibia. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal epiphysis of tibia obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000150 The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000158 The quality of a manual digit 4 phalanx. quality of manual digit 4 phalanx manual digit 4 phalanx quality The quality of a manual digit 4 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of manual digit 4 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000161 The quality of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. quality of pedal digit 1 phalanx pedal digit 1 phalanx quality The quality of a pedal digit 1 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of pedal digit 1 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000170 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000175 The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5. quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000177 The quality of a ilium. quality of ilium ilium quality The quality of a ilium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of ilium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000178 The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000180 The quality of a distal epiphysis of femur. quality of distal epiphysis of femur distal epiphysis of femur quality The quality of a distal epiphysis of femur. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal epiphysis of femur obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000189 The quality of a navicular bone of pes. quality of navicular bone of pes navicular bone of pes quality The quality of a navicular bone of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of navicular bone of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000190 The quality of a distal phalanx of manus. quality of distal phalanx of manus distal phalanx of manus quality The quality of a distal phalanx of manus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of manus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000196 The quality of a distal epiphysis of tibia. quality of distal epiphysis of tibia distal epiphysis of tibia quality The quality of a distal epiphysis of tibia. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal epiphysis of tibia obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000204 The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000208 The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 middle phalanx of manual digit 4 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000210 The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 distal phalanx of manual digit 3 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000212 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pes. quality of proximal phalanx of pes proximal phalanx of pes quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000215 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000228 The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000240 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000249 The quality of a basicranium. quality of basicranium basicranium quality The quality of a basicranium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of basicranium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000254 The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 5. quality of metatarsal bone of digit 5 metatarsal bone of digit 5 quality The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of metatarsal bone of digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000271 The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 distal phalanx of manual digit 5 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000283 The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000291 The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 distal phalanx of manual digit 4 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000299 The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4. quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000300 The quality of a ulna. quality of ulna ulna quality The quality of a ulna. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of ulna obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000304 The quality of a proximal epiphysis of radius. quality of proximal epiphysis of radius proximal epiphysis of radius quality The quality of a proximal epiphysis of radius. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal epiphysis of radius obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000325 The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 distal phalanx of manual digit 2 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000326 The quality of a humerus. quality of humerus humerus quality The quality of a humerus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of humerus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000328 The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000329 The quality of a pedal digit 5 phalanx. quality of pedal digit 5 phalanx pedal digit 5 phalanx quality The quality of a pedal digit 5 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of pedal digit 5 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000334 The quality of a acetabular part of hip bone. quality of acetabular part of hip bone acetabular part of hip bone quality The quality of a acetabular part of hip bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of acetabular part of hip bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000335 The quality of a cuspid. quality of cuspid cuspid quality The quality of a cuspid. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of cuspid obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000340 The quality of a tibia. quality of tibia tibia quality The quality of a tibia. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of tibia obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000353 The quality of a pedal digit 2 phalanx. quality of pedal digit 2 phalanx pedal digit 2 phalanx quality The quality of a pedal digit 2 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of pedal digit 2 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000378 The quality of a pedal digit 3 phalanx. quality of pedal digit 3 phalanx pedal digit 3 phalanx quality The quality of a pedal digit 3 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of pedal digit 3 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000380 The quality of a diaphysis of radius. quality of diaphysis of radius diaphysis of radius quality The quality of a diaphysis of radius. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of diaphysis of radius obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000382 The quality of a middle phalanx of manus. quality of middle phalanx of manus middle phalanx of manus quality The quality of a middle phalanx of manus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of manus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000389 The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2. quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000394 The quality of a proximal epiphysis of humerus. quality of proximal epiphysis of humerus proximal epiphysis of humerus quality The quality of a proximal epiphysis of humerus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal epiphysis of humerus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000409 The quality of a glenoid fossa. quality of glenoid fossa glenoid fossa quality The quality of a glenoid fossa. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of glenoid fossa obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000413 The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. quality of metatarsal bone of digit 3 metatarsal bone of digit 3 quality The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of metatarsal bone of digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000416 The quality of a ischium. quality of ischium ischium quality The quality of a ischium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of ischium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000419 The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3. quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of pedal digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000422 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3. quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000427 The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000429 The quality of a skull. quality of skull skull quality The quality of a skull. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of skull obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000436 The quality of a molar tooth. quality of molar tooth molar tooth quality The quality of a molar tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of molar tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000449 The quality of a talus. quality of talus talus quality The quality of a talus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of talus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000450 The quality of a facial skeleton. quality of facial skeleton viscerocranium quality facial skeleton quality The quality of a facial skeleton. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of facial skeleton obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000461 The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000462 The quality of a hard palate. quality of hard palate hard palate quality The quality of a hard palate. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of hard palate obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000468 The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000491 The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. quality of metatarsal bone of digit 2 metatarsal bone of digit 2 quality The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of metatarsal bone of digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000492 The quality of a middle phalanx of pes. quality of middle phalanx of pes middle phalanx of pes quality The quality of a middle phalanx of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000501 The quality of a phalanx of pes. quality of phalanx of pes phalanx of pes quality The quality of a phalanx of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of phalanx of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000510 The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 middle phalanx of manual digit 2 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000526 The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 middle phalanx of manual digit 3 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000545 The quality of a ovary. quality of ovary ovary quality The quality of a ovary. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of ovary obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000552 The quality of a diaphysis. quality of diaphysis diaphysis quality The quality of a diaphysis. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of diaphysis obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000555 The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 middle phalanx of manual digit 5 quality The quality of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000568 The quality of a distal epiphysis of humerus. quality of distal epiphysis of humerus distal epiphysis of humerus quality The quality of a distal epiphysis of humerus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal epiphysis of humerus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000571 The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000572 The quality of a fibula. quality of fibula fibula quality The quality of a fibula. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of fibula obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000575 The quality of a pedal digit 4 phalanx. quality of pedal digit 4 phalanx pedal digit 4 phalanx quality The quality of a pedal digit 4 phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of pedal digit 4 phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000578 The quality of a incisor tooth. quality of incisor tooth incisor tooth quality The quality of a incisor tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of incisor tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000591 The quality of a radius bone. quality of radius bone radius bone quality The quality of a radius bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of radius bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000593 The quality of a premolar tooth. quality of premolar tooth premolar tooth quality The quality of a premolar tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of premolar tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000597 The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. quality of metatarsal bone of digit 1 metatarsal bone of digit 1 quality The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 1. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of metatarsal bone of digit 1 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000600 The quality of a distal epiphysis of radius. quality of distal epiphysis of radius distal epiphysis of radius quality The quality of a distal epiphysis of radius. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal epiphysis of radius obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000610 The quality of a proximal phalanx of manus. quality of proximal phalanx of manus proximal phalanx of manus quality The quality of a proximal phalanx of manus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of proximal phalanx of manus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000611 The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. quality of metatarsal bone of digit 4 metatarsal bone of digit 4 quality The quality of a metatarsal bone of digit 4. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of metatarsal bone of digit 4 obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000621 The quality of a femur. quality of femur femur quality The quality of a femur. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of femur obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000628 The quality of a distal phalanx of pes. quality of distal phalanx of pes distal phalanx of pes quality The quality of a distal phalanx of pes. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of distal phalanx of pes obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000632 The quality of a phalanx of manus. quality of phalanx of manus phalanx of manus quality The quality of a phalanx of manus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of phalanx of manus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:1000675 The quality of a transverse process of vertebra. quality of transverse process of vertebra transverse process of vertebra quality The quality of a transverse process of vertebra. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of quality of transverse process of vertebra obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000017 The size of a external ear. size of external ear outer ear size trait The size of a external ear. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of external ear AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0000074 The morphology of a neurocranium. morphology of neurocranium neurocranium morphology trait The morphology of a neurocranium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of neurocranium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000078 The morphology of a supraoccipital bone. morphology of supraoccipital bone supraoccipital bone morphology trait The morphology of a supraoccipital bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of supraoccipital bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000098 The morphology of a vomer. morphology of vomer vomer bone morphology trait The morphology of a vomer. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of vomer obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000137 The morphology of a vertebra. morphology of vertebra vertebra morphology trait The morphology of a vertebra. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of vertebra obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000149 The morphology of a scapula. morphology of scapula scapula morphology trait The morphology of a scapula. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of scapula obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000438 The morphology of a skull. morphology of skull skull morphology trait The morphology of a skull. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of skull obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000443 The morphology of a snout. morphology of snout snout morphology trait The morphology of a snout. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of snout obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000446 The length of a snout. length of snout muzzle length snout length The length of a snout. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of snout AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0000454 The morphology of a jaw skeleton. morphology of jaw skeleton jaw morphology trait The morphology of a jaw skeleton. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of jaw skeleton obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000458 The morphology of a lower jaw region. morphology of lower jaw region mandible morphology trait The morphology of a lower jaw region. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of lower jaw region obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000482 The length of a fibula. fibula greatest length (GL) length of fibula fibula length The length of a fibula. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of fibula AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0000550 The morphology of a forelimb. morphology of forelimb forelimb morphology trait The morphology of a forelimb. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of forelimb obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000552 The morphology of a radius bone. morphology of radius bone radius morphology trait The morphology of a radius bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of radius bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000558 The morphology of a tibia. morphology of tibia tibia morphology trait The morphology of a tibia. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of tibia obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000559 The morphology of a femur. morphology of femur femur morphology trait The morphology of a femur. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of femur obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0000573 The size of a pes. size of pes hind paw size trait The size of a pes. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of pes AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0000588 The diameter of a tail. diameter of tail tail diameter The diameter of a tail. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute diameter of tail AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0001126 The morphology of a ovary. morphology of ovary ovary morphology trait The morphology of a ovary. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of ovary obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0001127 The size of a ovary. size of ovary ovary size trait The size of a ovary. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of ovary AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0001146 The morphology of a testis. morphology of testis testes morphology trait The morphology of a testis. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of testis obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0001148 The size of a testis. size of testis testes size trait The size of a testis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of testis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0001253 The height of a multicellular organism. height of multicellular organism body height The height of a multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute height of multicellular organism AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0001256 The length of a multicellular organism. length of multicellular organism body length The length of a multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of multicellular organism AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0001259 The mass of a multicellular organism. mass of multicellular organism body mass The mass of a multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of multicellular organism AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0002096 The morphology of a zone of skin. morphology of zone of skin skin morphology trait The morphology of a zone of skin. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of zone of skin obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002100 The morphology of a calcareous tooth. morphology of calcareous tooth tooth morphology trait The morphology of a calcareous tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of calcareous tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002102 The morphology of a ear. morphology of ear ear morphology trait The morphology of a ear. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of ear obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002111 The morphology of a tail. morphology of tail tail morphology trait The morphology of a tail. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of tail obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002187 The morphology of a fibula. morphology of fibula fibula morphology trait The morphology of a fibula. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of fibula obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002236 The morphology of a posterior nasal aperture. morphology of posterior nasal aperture internal nares morphology trait The morphology of a posterior nasal aperture. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of posterior nasal aperture obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002543 The length of a phalanx. length of phalanx phalanx length The length of a phalanx. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of phalanx AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0002689 The morphology of a molar tooth. morphology of molar tooth molar morphology trait The morphology of a molar tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of molar tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0002758 The length of a tail. length of tail tail length The length of a tail. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of tail AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0003047 The morphology of a thoracic vertebra. morphology of thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra morphology trait The morphology of a thoracic vertebra. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of thoracic vertebra obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0003072 The morphology of a metatarsal bone. morphology of metatarsal bone metatarsus morphology trait The morphology of a metatarsal bone. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of metatarsal bone obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0003104 The size of a skull. size of skull skull size trait The size of a skull. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of skull AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0003456 The size of a tail. size of tail tail size trait The size of a tail. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of tail AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0003756 The morphology of a hard palate. morphology of hard palate hard palate morphology trait The morphology of a hard palate. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of hard palate obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0004214 The morphology of a diaphysis. morphology of diaphysis long bone diaphysis morphology trait The morphology of a diaphysis. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of diaphysis obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0004340 The length of a scapula. length of scapula scapula diagonal height(DHA) scapula maximal length (M1) scapula length The length of a scapula. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of scapula AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004343 The size of a scapula. size of scapula scapula size trait The size of a scapula. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of scapula AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004347 The morphology of a scapula spine. morphology of scapula spine scapular spine morphology trait The morphology of a scapula spine. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of scapula spine obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0004348 The length of a femur. length of femur femur length The length of a femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004350 The length of a humerus. length of humerus humerus length The length of a humerus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of humerus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004355 The length of a radius bone. length of radius bone radius greatest length (GL) radius maximal length (M1) radius length The length of a radius bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of radius bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004357 The length of a tibia. length of tibia tibia greatest length (GL) tibia maximal length (M1) tibia length The length of a tibia. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of tibia AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0004370 The length of a ulna. length of ulna ulna greatest length (GL) ulna maximal length (M1) ulna length The length of a ulna. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of ulna AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0005108 The morphology of a ulna. morphology of ulna ulna morphology trait The morphology of a ulna. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of ulna obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005109 The morphology of a talus. astragalus morphology trait morphology of talus talus morphology trait The morphology of a talus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of talus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005110 The size of a talus. astragalus size trait astragalus size trait size of talus talus size trait The size of a talus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of talus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0005273 The morphology of a basicranium. morphology of basicranium cranial base morphology trait The morphology of a basicranium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of basicranium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005274 The morphology of a facial skeleton. morphology of facial skeleton viscerocranium morphology trait facial skeleton morphology The morphology of a facial skeleton. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of facial skeleton obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005296 The morphology of a humerus. morphology of humerus humerus morphology trait The morphology of a humerus. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of humerus obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005306 The morphology of a phalanx. morphology of phalanx phalanx morphology trait The morphology of a phalanx. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of phalanx obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005353 The morphology of a patella. morphology of patella patella morphology trait The morphology of a patella. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of patella obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005354 The morphology of a ilium. morphology of ilium ilium morphology trait The morphology of a ilium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of ilium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0005358 The morphology of a incisor tooth. morphology of incisor tooth incisor morphology trait The morphology of a incisor tooth. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of incisor tooth obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0010009 The mass of a femur. mass of femur femur mass The mass of a femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010013 The mass of a humerus. mass of humerus humerus mass The mass of a humerus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of humerus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010014 The circumference of a femur. circumference of femur femur circumference The circumference of a femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute circumference of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010015 The mass of a tibia. mass of tibia tibia mass The mass of a tibia. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of tibia AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010023 The length of a forelimb. length of forelimb forelimb length The length of a forelimb. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute length of forelimb AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010087 The morphology of a ischium. morphology of ischium ischium morphology trait The morphology of a ischium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of ischium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0010375 The diameter of a ovary. diameter of ovary ovary diameter The diameter of a ovary. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute diameter of ovary AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010454 The quality when measured in multicellular organism. multicellular organism quality organism trait The quality when measured in multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/attribute_location multicellular organism quality AUTO:patterns/patterns/attribute_location OBA:VT0010494 The morphology of a lumbar vertebra. morphology of lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra morphology trait The morphology of a lumbar vertebra. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of lumbar vertebra obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0010508 The mass of a neurocranium. mass of neurocranium neurocranium mass The mass of a neurocranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of neurocranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010510 The mass of a lumbar vertebra. mass of lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra mass The mass of a lumbar vertebra. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of lumbar vertebra AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010517 The size of a neurocranium. size of neurocranium neurocranium size trait The size of a neurocranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of neurocranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010518 The size of a lumbar vertebra. size of lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra size trait The size of a lumbar vertebra. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of lumbar vertebra AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010612 The morphology of a cranium. morphology of cranium cranium morphology The morphology of a cranium. obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of morphology of cranium obo:oba/patterns/entity_attribute_part_of OBA:VT0010613 The size of a cranium. size of cranium cranium size The size of a cranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of cranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0010614 The mass of a cranium. mass of cranium cranium mass The mass of a cranium. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of cranium AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0015039 The width of a multicellular organism. width of multicellular organism body width The width of a multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute width of multicellular organism AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0100000 The size of a humerus. size of humerus humerus size trait The size of a humerus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of humerus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0100001 The size of a tibia. size of tibia tibia size trait The size of a tibia. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of tibia AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT0100005 The size of a multicellular organism. size of multicellular organism body size trait The size of a multicellular organism. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of multicellular organism AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000062 The circumference of a chest. chest girth circumference of chest girth of chest chest circumference The circumference of a chest. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute circumference of chest AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000280 The width of a humerus. humerus breadth width of humerus humerus width The width of a humerus. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute width of humerus AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000289 The width of a tibia. tibia breadth width of tibia tibia width The width of a tibia. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute width of tibia AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000361 The circumference of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. circumference of metacarpal bone of digit 3 cannon bone circumference The circumference of a metacarpal bone of digit 3. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute circumference of metacarpal bone of digit 3 AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000369 The size of a femur. size of femur femur size trait The size of a femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute size of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000425 The mass of a zone of skin. mass of zone of skin skin mass The mass of a zone of skin. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of zone of skin AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000641 The mass of a ovary. mass of ovary ovary mass The mass of a ovary. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of ovary AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000644 The mass of a testis. mass of testis testes mass The mass of a testis. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of testis AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000666 The width of a femur. femur breadth width of femur femur width The width of a femur. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute width of femur AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000687 The mass of a forelimb. mass of forelimb forelimb mass The mass of a forelimb. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of forelimb AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000688 The mass of a metatarsal bone. mass of metatarsal bone metatarsus mass The mass of a metatarsal bone. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute mass of metatarsal bone AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000731 The width of a chest. width of chest chest width The width of a chest. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute width of chest AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBA:VT1000732 The depth of a chest. depth of chest chest depth The depth of a chest. AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute depth of chest AUTO:patterns/patterns/entity_attribute OBI:0000011 planned process planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) planned process OBI:0000112 specimen role liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient. a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation 22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen. parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject. GROUP: Role Branch material sample OBI specimen role OBI:0000245 organization PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON: Susanna Sansone GROUP: OBI organization OBI:0000659 specimen collection process specimen collection process drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role. Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process. label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/ Bjoern Peters specimen collection 5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession 6/9/09: used at workshop specimen collection process OBI:0000684 specimen collection objective The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient. A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters specimen collection objective OBI:0002076 collection of specimens Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study. A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng OBIB, OBI Biobank collection of specimens OBI:0100026 organism animal fungus plant virus A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. 10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms') 13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI. GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism organism OBI:0100051 specimen A herbarium or museum specimen. A jar of water, the microbes that were filtered from that water, the DNA extracted from those microbes, a subsample of that DNA. Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen. A material entity that has the specimen role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch specimen A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATO:0000072 quality PATO:0000001 quality PATO:0000001 A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATOC:GVG A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. PATO:0002015 composed of compositionality content structure, composition quality PATO:0000025 For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood). composition PATO:0000025 A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. PATOC:GVG morphology A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. quality PATO:0000051 morphology PATO:0000051 A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. PATOC:GVG A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATO:0001647 relational shape quality quality PATO:0000052 Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects. shape PATO:0000052 A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATOC:GVG quality PATO:0000068 TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else. qualitative PATO:0000068 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. quality PATO:0000069 deviation (from_normal) PATO:0000069 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. PATOC:GVG A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. quality PATO:0000117 size PATO:0000117 A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. WordNet:WordNet A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical dimension of extension. quality PATO:0000119 height PATO:0000119 A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical dimension of extension. PATOC:GVG length A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 quality PATO:0000122 Length often refers to the longer or longest dimension of an object, however, this is not always true. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 for full discussion. length PATO:0000122 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. PATOC:GVG A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. quality PATO:0000125 For any biological use of PATO, the concept that should be used is 'mass' and not 'weight'. For example, increased weight of an organism. mass PATO:0000125 A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body. Important usage note: Note that this ontology has a class for a similar concept, mass (PATO:0000125). Mass and weight are not equivalent. For most use cases, the class mass is strongly preferred over weight. quality PATO:0000128 For any biological use of PATO, the concept that should be used is 'mass' and not 'weight'. For example, increased weight of an organism. weight PATO:0000128 A physical quality inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body. Important usage note: Note that this ontology has a class for a similar concept, mass (PATO:0000125). Mass and weight are not equivalent. For most use cases, the class mass is strongly preferred over weight. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass#Weight_vs._mass A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. quality PATO:0000136 closure PATO:0000136 A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. PATOC:CJM PATOC:GVG A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATO:0001452 conformation relational structural quality quality PATO:0000141 structure PATO:0000141 A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATOC:GVG conformation VT:1000738 A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics. quality PATO:0000150 texture PATO:0000150 A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics. PATOC:GVG A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development. quality PATO:0000261 maturity PATO:0000261 A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development. Merriam-Webster:Merriam-Webster A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. ramified ramiform quality PATO:0000402 branched PATO:0000402 A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. WordNet:WordNet A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. bowing quality curled PATO:0000406 curved PATO:0000406 A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. WordNet:WordNet A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. quality plate-like PATO:0000407 flat PATO:0000407 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. web:http://www.merriam-webster.com/ A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. quality round rounded PATO:0000411 circular PATO:0000411 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. thefreedictionary.com:thefreedictionary.com A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. quality average PATO:0000461 normal PATO:0000461 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. PATOC:GVG A height which is relatively high. quality tall PATO:0000570 increased height PATO:0000570 A height which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A length quality which is relatively large. long quality PATO:0000573 increased length PATO:0000573 A length quality which is relatively large. PATOC:GVG A weight which is relatively high. heavy high weight quality PATO:0000582 increased weight PATO:0000582 A weight which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A size quality which is relatively high. PATO:0001202 quality big enlarged expanded great large PATO:0000586 increased size PATO:0000586 A size quality which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A width which is relatively large. quality broad wide wide/broad PATO:0000600 increased width PATO:0000600 A width which is relatively large. PATOC:GVG A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. quality blocked PATO:0000608 closed PATO:0000608 A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. answers.com:answers.com A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view. quality PATO:0000610 open PATO:0000610 A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view. answers.com:answers.com A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 quality breadth PATO:0000921 Width often refers to the dimension that is greater than the extent in only one of the other two orthogonal dimensions, however, this is not always true. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 for full discussion. width PATO:0000921 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point. apiculate quality PATO:0000944 sharpness PATO:0000944 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point. PATOC:GVG A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. ellipse-shaped ellipsoid elliptical quality oval ovoid PATO:0000947 elliptic PATO:0000947 A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. PATOC:GVG An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. quality PATO:0000957 opacity PATO:0000957 An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. PATOC:GVG A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. non-transparent quality clouding cloudy PATO:0000963 opaque PATO:0000963 A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. PATOC:GVG A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. clear hyaline quality PATO:0000964 transparent PATO:0000964 A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. PATOC:GVG A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. quality PATO:0000992 viscosity PATO:0000992 A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. PATOC:GVG A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. quality PATO:0000998 viscous PATO:0000998 A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. PATOC:GVG A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property relational physical quality quality PATO:0001018 physical quality PATO:0001018 A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. quality PATO:0001031 elasticity PATO:0001031 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum. force amplitude quality PATO:0001035 force PATO:0001035 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum. thesaurus.maths:thesaurus.maths An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. quality PATO:0001171 elastic PATO:0001171 An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis. quality PATO:0001185 larval PATO:0001185 A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larval A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed. quality PATO:0001190 juvenile PATO:0001190 A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed. thefreedictionary.com:thefreedictionary.com physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 snap:Quality monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant quality PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. physical object quality PATO:0001241 A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATOC:GVG An EM radiation quality that is independent of the EM wavelength range. quality PATO:0001292 full-spectrum EM radiation quality PATO:0001292 An EM radiation quality that is independent of the EM wavelength range. PATOC:GVG A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to scatter or reflect radiation. quality PATO:0001294 radiation reflective quality PATO:0001294 A scalar EM radiation quality which obtains by the capacity of the bearer to scatter or reflect radiation. PATOC:GVG A radiation reflective quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the ratio of the energy of a wave reflected from its surface to the energy possessed by the wave striking the bearer's surface. quality PATO:0001297 reflectivity PATO:0001297 A radiation reflective quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the ratio of the energy of a wave reflected from its surface to the energy possessed by the wave striking the bearer's surface. PATOC:GVG An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. quality PATO:0001300 optical quality PATO:0001300 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. PATOC:GVG A length quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. quality PATO:0001334 diameter PATO:0001334 A length quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. quality PATO:0001374 ploidy PATO:0001374 A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. quality PATO:0001375 haploid PATO:0001375 A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. quality PATO:0001393 euploid PATO:0001393 A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. quality PATO:0001394 The exact number may be one or two different from the 2n number and still be classified as diploidy (although with aneuploidy). Nearly all mammals are diploid organisms, although all individuals have some small fraction of cells that are polyploidy. diploid PATO:0001394 A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two copies (homologs) of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. quality PATO:0001396 cellular quality PATO:0001396 A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. PATOC:GVG A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. quality PATO:0001397 cellular potency PATO:0001397 A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. PATOC:GVG A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. quality PATO:0001400 Unipotent cells have the quality of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells. unipotent PATO:0001400 A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. quality PATO:0001401 Less potent than multipotent, often thought of as precursor or progenitor cell status. oligopotent PATO:0001401 A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. PATOC:MAH A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. quality PATO:0001402 multipotent PATO:0001402 A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotent A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. quality PATO:0001404 nucleate quality PATO:0001404 A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. PATOC:GVG A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. quality PATO:0001405 anucleate PATO:0001405 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. quality PATO:0001406 binucleate PATO:0001406 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. Biology-online:Biology-online A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. quality PATO:0001407 mononucleate PATO:0001407 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body. quality PATO:0001408 ciliatedness PATO:0001408 A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliated A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel. quality PATO:0001410 striated PATO:0001410 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel. Biology-online:Biology-online A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge. quality PATO:0001419 sharp PATO:0001419 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end. taper quality PATO:0001500 tapered PATO:0001500 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end. WordNet:WordNet A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development. quality underdeveloped PATO:0001501 immature PATO:0001501 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development. Merriam-Webster:Merriam-Webster A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. quality PATO:0001543 flexibility PATO:0001543 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. bendy quality PATO:0001544 flexible PATO:0001544 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. solidity quality PATO:0001546 quality of a solid PATO:0001546 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. Chemistry:http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/soliddefinition.htm A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. gaseous quality PATO:0001547 quality of a gas PATO:0001547 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. Chemistry:http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/gasdefinition.htm PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. liquidity quality PATO:0001548 quality of a liquid PATO:0001548 A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. url:http://www.chemistry-dictionary.com/definition/liquid.php A mass which is higher than normal or average. PATO:0000578 high mass large mass quality PATO:0001563 increased mass PATO:0001563 A mass which is higher than normal or average. PATO:GVG A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink. quality PATO:0001579 contractility PATO:0001579 A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink. WordNet:WordNet A contractility which is relatively high. high contractility quality PATO:0001580 increased contractility PATO:0001580 A contractility which is relatively high. PATO:GVG A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. quality PATO:0001591 curvature PATO:0001591 A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. WordNet:WordNet A curvature which is relatively high. quality PATO:0001592 increased curvature PATO:0001592 A curvature which is relatively high. PATO:GVG A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimension. quality PATO:0001595 depth PATO:0001595 A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimension. WordNet:WordNet A depth quality which is relatively high. PATO:0001666 deep quality PATO:0001596 increased depth PATO:0001596 A depth quality which is relatively high. PATO:GVG An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle. quality PATO:0001648 circumference PATO:0001648 An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle. WordNet:WordNet A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted. quality PATO:0001690 This refers to the disposition of the bearer. contractile PATO:0001690 A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted. PATOC:GVG A viscosity which relatively high. high viscosity quality PATO:0001693 increased viscosity PATO:0001693 A viscosity which relatively high. PATOC:GVG A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. 1-D size quality PATO:0001708 1-D extent PATO:0001708 A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. PATOC:GVG An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it. quality PATO:0001711 perimeter PATO:0001711 An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter A perimeter which is relatively high. quality PATO:0001712 increased perimeter PATO:0001712 A perimeter which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A diameter which is relatively large. quality PATO:0001714 increased diameter PATO:0001714 A diameter which is relatively large. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of liquids. liquid quality PATO:0001735 liquid configuration PATO:0001735 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of liquids. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids. solid quality PATO:0001736 solid configuration PATO:0001736 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids. PATOC:GVG A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave. quality PATO:0001748 invaginated PATO:0001748 A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave. PATOC:GVG A flexibility which is relatively high. high flexibility quality PATO:0001776 increased flexibility PATO:0001776 A flexibility which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. quality PATO:0001789 domed PATO:0001789 A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. PATOC:GVG A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. quality PATO:0001857 concave PATO:0001857 A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. WordNet:WordNet A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATO:0001203 rod-like rod-shaped tubulate quality PATO:0001873 cylindrical PATO:0001873 A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATOC:MAH A circumference which is relatively high. quality PATO:0001898 increased circumference PATO:0001898 A circumference which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. quality PATO:0001908 multinucleate PATO:0001908 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being tapering gradually into a rigid point. quality PATO:0001973 cuspidate PATO:0001973 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being tapering gradually into a rigid point. ISBN:0881923214 A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. sacular quality PATO:0001987 saccular PATO:0001987 A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. PATOC:MAH An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells. quality PATO:0001992 cellularity PATO:0001992 An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells. PATOC:GVG A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell. quality PATO:0001993 multicellular PATO:0001993 A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell. PATOC:GVG A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. quality PATO:0001995 organismal quality PATO:0001995 A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. PATOC:CJM Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. quality PATO:0002005 concavity PATO:0002005 Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. PATOC:MAH A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. quality 2-D projection cross-sectional PATO:0002006 2-D shape PATO:0002006 A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:CJM A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Convex_polygon_illustration1.png quality PATO:0002007 Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known. convex 3-D shape PATO:0002007 A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. PATOC:CJM A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. quality PATO:0002009 branchiness PATO:0002009 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. PATOC:MAH A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. quality PATO:0002014 structure, cavities PATO:0002014 A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. PATOC:GVG A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. quality PATO:0002039 biconcave PATO:0002039 A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. PATOC:GVG A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure. 2009-02-15T08:11:41Z dendriform dendroid dendroidal quality PATO:0002045 dendritic PATO:0002045 A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure. PATOC:cvs A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. 2009-09-18T02:19:20Z quality PATO:0002078 hollow PATO:0002078 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. url:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hollow An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. 2009-10-05T12:05:23Z quality PATO:0002094 basophilic PATO:0002094 An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. 2009-10-06T04:37:14Z quality PATO:0002124 laminar PATO:0002124 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. 2010-03-15T04:35:27Z quality PATO:0002198 quality of a substance PATO:0002198 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. PATOC:GVG A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical. 2010-07-13T04:22:30Z quality PATO:0002226 subcylindrical PATO:0002226 A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical. url:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Subcylindrical A force which relative high. 2010-08-04T11:12:20Z increased force amplitude quality PATO:0002245 increased force PATO:0002245 A force which relative high. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. 2010-08-16T03:59:34Z quality compressed PATO:0002254 Becoming flat but not necessarily completely flat. flattened PATO:0002254 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. PATOC:CVS Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels. 2010-09-01T10:27:48Z quality channeled creased PATO:0002255 grooved PATO:0002255 Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels. PATOC:JE A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. 2010-10-05T12:31:16Z quality PATO:0002266 3-D shape PATO:0002266 A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:OREGON An elasticity which is relatively high. 2011-03-30T11:50:21Z quality PATO:0002287 increased elasticity PATO:0002287 An elasticity which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A cylindrical shape that is hollow. 2011-06-08T06:33:50Z tube like tube-shaped tubulate quality PATO:0002299 tubular PATO:0002299 A cylindrical shape that is hollow. PATOC:GVG A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:39:43Z quality PATO:0002300 increased quality PATO:0002300 A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:54:01Z quality PATO:0002305 increased object quality PATO:0002305 A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter. 2011-09-09T04:50:10Z quality PATO:0002309 Note that a fiber shaped object may take any circuitous or straight path through space (think of a length of string or rope). fiber shaped PATO:0002309 A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter. PATOC:DC A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt 2011-10-12T12:45:16Z Lamé curve quality PATO:0002318 superelliptic PATO:0002318 A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt wiktionary:superellipse An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions. 2012-12-17T03:01:19Z eosinophilic quality PATO:0002418 Eosin stains acidophilic structures, hence eosinophilic is the same as acidophilic. acidophilic PATO:0002418 An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions. PATOC:GVG Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry. 2012-12-17T03:11:10Z quality PATO:0002422 Acinus is Latin for berry. acinar PATO:0002422 Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry. wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinus A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being composed of or possessing inorganic material. 2013-01-29T11:03:49Z quality PATO:0002444 mineralized PATO:0002444 A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being composed of or possessing inorganic material. PATOC:WC A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen. 2013-09-15T11:34:15Z quality PATO:0002462 collagenous PATO:0002462 A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen. PATOC:WD A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of swelling or stretching. 2013-09-15T11:48:26Z quality PATO:0002468 distensible PATO:0002468 A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of swelling or stretching. PATOC:WD A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer. 2013-09-15T12:29:15Z quality PATO:0002478 transversely striated PATO:0002478 A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer. PATOC:DS A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus. 2013-10-21T05:44:34Z quality PATO:0002505 nucleated PATO:0002505 A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus. PATOC:GVG A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of keratin. 2014-02-04T12:38:14Z quality PATO:0002507 keratinous PATO:0002507 A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of keratin. PATOC:EJS Cuspidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing a single cusp. 2014-10-17T14:14:04Z quality PATO:0005021 unicuspidate PATO:0005021 Cuspidate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing a single cusp. PATOC:WD A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other. 2014-12-12T08:43:17Z quality PATO:0010001 disconnected PATO:0010001 A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other. GOC:dos A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array. quality PATO:0015006 A complete coverage of this domain would subclasses homopolymeric, copolymeric, crystalline. polymeric PATO:0015006 A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array. GOC:DOS https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/78 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the extent to which the bearer is capable of being stretched or swollen. quality PATO:0015008 distensibility PATO:0015008 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the extent to which the bearer is capable of being stretched or swollen. GOC:CJM A quality of continuant that exist at the anatomical level of organisation and anything under it. This includes, but is not limited to, cells , tissues, and components. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070044 anatomical structure quality PATO:0070044 A quality inhering in an anotomical structure by virtue of its capacity to be stained by specific histological dyes. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070045 anatomical histological quality PATO:0070045 An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction that stains and colors, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070046 neutrophillic PATO:0070046 An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction that stains and colors, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain. GOC:add An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070047 polychromatophilic PATO:0070047 An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. GOC:add A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. quality PATO:0070060 quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation PATO:0070060 A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof. natural protein native protein protein PR:000000001 The definition above excludes protein complexes, which some also consider a protein. Those who wish to refer to a class representing both senses of the word are directed to CHEBI:36080. Note that the definition allows for experimentally-manipulated genes, and allows for artifically-produced derivatives that mimic those found naturally. Proteins (in the sense defined here) that descended from a common ancestor can be classified into families and superfamilies composed of products of evolutionarily-related genes. The domain architecture of a protein is described by the order of its constituent domains. Proteins with the same domains in the same order are defined as homeomorphic [PRO:WCB]. protein PR:000000001 An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof. PRO:DAN PRO:WCB natural protein PRO:DAN native protein IEDB:BP A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. IUPHARobj:2764 PIRSF:PIRSF016630 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4 CD19 T-cell surface antigen Leu-12 differentiation antigen CD19 protein PR:000001002 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD19 molecule PR:000001002 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. PMID:15778510 CD19 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. PIRSF:PIRSF028749 CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 protein PR:000001003 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD34 molecule PR:000001003 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. PMID:16720896 PMID:8983065 CD34 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. PIRSF:PIRSF001977 CD4 T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 protein PR:000001004 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD4 molecule PR:000001004 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. PMID:15326605 CD4 PRO:DNx An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 integrin alpha with I domain protein PR:000001005 Category=family. integrin alpha with A domain PR:000001005 An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. IUPHARobj:2452 CD11 antigen-like family member B CD11b CR-3 alpha chain ITGAM cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 neutrophil adherence receptor protein CD11B CR3A PR:000001012 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. integrin alpha-M PR:000001012 An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. UniProtKB:P11215 ITGAM PRO:DNx CD11B CR3A A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. PIRSF:PIRSF001993 CD3 subunit with Ig-like domain protein PR:000001018 Category=family. CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain PR:000001018 A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. PMID:16473826 PMID:1724736 A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2742 CD3E CD3e T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain protein T3E PR:000001020 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD3 epsilon PR:000001020 A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA CD3E PRO:DNx T3E A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. PIRSF:PIRSF002507 protein PR:000001022 Category=family. neural cell adhesion molecule PR:000001022 A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. PRO:CNA A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. PIRSF:PIRSF501037 protein PR:000001023 Category=family. neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM PR:000001023 A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. PMID:17975827 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2769 CD56 N-CAM-1 NCAM-1 NCAM1 protein NCAM PR:000001024 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. neural cell adhesion molecule 1 PR:000001024 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA NCAM1 PRO:DNx NCAM A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2600 PIRSF:PIRSF001984 CD2 LFA-2 LFA-3 receptor T-cell surface antigen CD2 T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD2 erythrocyte receptor ly-37 lymphocyte antigen 37 rosette receptor protein SRBC PR:000001083 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD2 molecule PR:000001083 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA CD2 PRO:DNx SRBC A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. CD8A CD8a T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 protein Lyt-2 Lyt2 MAL PR:000001084 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain PR:000001084 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. PMID:11114424 PRO:CNA Wikipedia:CD8 CD8A PRO:DNx Lyt-2 Lyt2 MAL A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2628 PIRSF:PIRSF001995 B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 B-cell surface antigen CD20 B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1 Bp35 MS4A1 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 lymphocyte antigen 44 protein CD20 Ly-44 Ms4a2 PR:000001289 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 PR:000001289 A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB MS4A1 PRO:DNx CD20 Ly-44 Ms4a2 A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. PIRSF:PIRSF002504 protein PR:000001327 Category=family. cadherin PR:000001327 A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. PRO:WCB A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. 7B4 antigen CD144 CDH5 VE-cadherin vascular endothelial cadherin protein PR:000001444 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. cadherin-5 PR:000001444 A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CDH5 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD5 Lyt-1 ly-1 lymphocyte antigen 1 lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 protein LEU1 PR:000001839 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 PR:000001839 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD5 PRO:DNx LEU1 A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:1698 PIRSF:PIRSF001960 CD127 CDw127 IL-7 receptor subunit alpha IL-7R subunit alpha IL-7R-alpha IL-7RA IL7R protein PR:000001869 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha PR:000001869 A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB IL7R PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PIRSF:PIRSF002017 CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein protein PR:000001889 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD14 molecule PR:000001889 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD14 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. p90 CD71 T9 TFRC TfR TfR1 protein TR Trfr PR:000001945 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. transferrin receptor protein 1 PR:000001945 A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB p90 PRO:DNx TFRC PRO:DNx Trfr A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. PIRSF:PIRSF038502 protein PR:000001971 Category=family. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor PR:000001971 A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. PRO:WCB A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:1813 CD309 FLK-1 KDR VEGFR-2 fetal liver kinase 1 kinase NYK kinase insert domain receptor protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 protein FLK1 VEGFR2 PR:000002112 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 PR:000002112 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB KDR PRO:DNx FLK1 VEGFR2 A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). PIRSF:PIRSF002021 protein PR:000002976 Category=family. Ly-6-like protein PR:000002976 A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). PRO:CNA An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Ly-6G Ly-6G.1 Ly6g protein PR:000002978 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. lymphocyte antigen 6G PR:000002978 An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA Ly6g PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse. mLy76 ter-119 ter119 protein PR:000002981 Category=organism-gene. Requested by=CL. lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) PR:000002981 A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse. PMID:10848813 PRO:DAN mLy76 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. FGF-8 FGF8 androgen-induced growth factor protein AIGF HBGF-8 heparin-binding growth factor 8 PR:000007499 Category=gene. fibroblast growth factor 8 PR:000007499 A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx FGF8 PRO:DNx AIGF An insulin family protein that is a translation product of the human INS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. insulin INS protein PR:000009054 Category=gene. insulin gene translation product PR:000009054 An insulin family protein that is a translation product of the human INS gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx insulin PRO:DAN INS PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. HHG-1 SHH Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains ShhNC protein Hhg1 PR:000014841 Category=gene. sonic hedgehog protein PR:000014841 A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx SHH PRO:DNx Hhg1 A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 TAL-1 TAL1 bHLHa17 class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 stem cell protein protein BHLHA17 SCL TCL5 PR:000016043 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 PR:000016043 A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx TAL1 PRO:DNx BHLHA17 SCL TCL5 2 An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds. peptide polypeptide protein PR:000018263 Category=polymer. amino acid chain PR:000018263 An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds. PRO:DAN PRO:JSG peptide PRO:DAN polypeptide PRO:DAN A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. protein PR:000025796 Category=family. Integrins are heterodimeric complexes of an alpha and a beta subunit. They are a structurally elaborate family of adhesion molecules that transmit signals bidirectionally across the plasma membrane by undergoing large-scale structural rearrangements. By regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts, integrins participate in a wide-range of biological interactions including development, tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation and hemostasis. [PMID:10402956, PMID:11988479, PMID:9676575]. integrin alpha PR:000025796 A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. PMID:19693543 A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus. mouse protein protein PR:000029032 Mus musculus protein PR:000029032 A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus. PRO:DAN mouse protein PRO:DAN A protein that is encoded in the genome of Homo sapiens. human protein protein PR:000029067 Homo sapiens protein PR:000029067 A protein that is encoded in the genome of Homo sapiens. PRO:DAN human protein PRO:DAN A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota. Eukaryota protein protein PR:000036194 eukaryotic protein PR:000036194 A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota. PRO:DAN Eukaryota protein PRO:DAN A protein that is a translation product of a gene that encodes a standalone Insulin (Pfam:PF00049) domain preceded by a signal peptide. fam:INS protein PR:000045358 Category=family. insulin family protein PR:000045358 A protein that is a translation product of a gene that encodes a standalone Insulin (Pfam:PF00049) domain preceded by a signal peptide. PRO:DAN fam:INS PRO:DAN A material entity that minimally consists of a protein. protein protein aggregate protein complex protein-containing complex protein PR:000050567 Note: This includes single proteins and derivatives thereof (PR:000000001), protein-containing complexes (GO:0032991), and protein aggregates (PR:000050566). protein-containing material entity PR:000050567 A material entity that minimally consists of a protein. PRO:DAN protein PRO:DAN protein aggregate PRO:DAN protein complex PRO:DAN protein-containing complex PRO:DAN An insulin gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P01308 hINS protein PR:P01308 Category=organism-gene. insulin gene translation product (human) PR:P01308 An insulin gene translation product that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DAN UniProtKB:P01308 hINS PRO:DNx A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P01730 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (human) hCD4 protein CD4 PR:P01730 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (human) PR:P01730 A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P01730 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (human) UniProtKB:P01730 hCD4 PRO:DNx CD4 UniProtKB:P01730 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P01731 CD8a (mouse) T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse) mCD8A protein Cd8a Lyt-2 Lyt2 PR:P01731 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (mouse) PR:P01731 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P01731 PRO:DNx CD8a (mouse) UniProtKB:P01731 T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P01731 mCD8A PRO:DNx Cd8a UniProtKB:P01731 Lyt-2 UniProtKB:P01731 Lyt2 UniProtKB:P01731 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P01732 CD8a (human) T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 (human) hCD8A protein CD8A MAL PR:P01732 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (human) PR:P01732 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P01732 CD8a (human) UniProtKB:P01732 T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 (human) UniProtKB:P01732 hCD8A PRO:DNx CD8A UniProtKB:P01732 MAL UniProtKB:P01732 A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. TR (human) p90 (human) Reactome:R-HSA-434196 Reactome:R-HSA-434330 Reactome:R-HSA-8869124 Reactome:R-HSA-8961829 Reactome:R-HSA-917983 UniProtKB:P02786 CD71 (human) T9 (human) TfR (human) TfR1 (human) Trfr (human) hTFRC protein TFRC PR:P02786 Category=organism-gene. transferrin receptor protein 1 (human) PR:P02786 A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P02786 TR (human) UniProtKB:P02786 p90 (human) UniProtKB:P02786 Reactome:R-HSA-434196 PR:P02786 located_in GO:0030659 Reactome:R-HSA-434330 PR:P02786 located_in GO:0000139 Reactome:R-HSA-8869124 PR:P02786 located_in GO:0030665 Reactome:R-HSA-8961829 PR:P02786 located_in GO:0010008 Reactome:R-HSA-917983 PR:P02786 located_in GO:0005886 CD71 (human) UniProtKB:P02786 T9 (human) UniProtKB:P02786 TfR (human) UniProtKB:P02786 TfR1 (human) UniProtKB:P02786 Trfr (human) UniProtKB:P02786 hTFRC PRO:DNx TFRC UniProtKB:P02786 An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P05555 CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse) CD11b (mouse) CR-3 alpha chain (mouse) cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse) leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (mouse) mITGAM protein Itgam PR:P05555 Category=organism-gene. integrin alpha-M (mouse) PR:P05555 An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P05555 CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 CD11b (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 CR-3 alpha chain (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 mITGAM PRO:DNx Itgam UniProtKB:P05555 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P06127 hCD5 lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 (human) protein CD5 LEU1 PR:P06127 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 (human) PR:P06127 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P06127 hCD5 PRO:DNx lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 (human) UniProtKB:P06127 CD5 UniProtKB:P06127 LEU1 UniProtKB:P06127 A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P06332 CD4 (mouse) T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (mouse) mCD4 protein Cd4 PR:P06332 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (mouse) PR:P06332 A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P06332 PRO:DNx CD4 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 mCD4 PRO:DNx Cd4 UniProtKB:P06332 A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P06729 LFA-2 (human) LFA-3 receptor (human) T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (human) erythrocyte receptor (human) hCD2 rosette receptor (human) protein CD2 SRBC PR:P06729 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface antigen CD2 (human) PR:P06729 A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P06729 LFA-2 (human) UniProtKB:P06729 LFA-3 receptor (human) UniProtKB:P06729 T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (human) UniProtKB:P06729 erythrocyte receptor (human) UniProtKB:P06729 hCD2 PRO:DNx rosette receptor (human) UniProtKB:P06729 CD2 UniProtKB:P06729 SRBC UniProtKB:P06729 A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P07766 CD3e (human) T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (human) hCD3E protein CD3E T3E PR:P07766 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (human) PR:P07766 A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P07766 CD3e (human) UniProtKB:P07766 T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (human) UniProtKB:P07766 hCD3E PRO:DNx CD3E UniProtKB:P07766 T3E UniProtKB:P07766 A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P08571 hCD14 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (human) protein CD14 PR:P08571 Category=organism-gene. monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (human) PR:P08571 A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P08571 hCD14 PRO:DNx myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (human) UniProtKB:P08571 CD14 UniProtKB:P08571 A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P08920 CD2 (mouse) LFA-2 (mouse) LFA-3 receptor (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 37 (mouse) mCD2 protein Cd2 Ly-37 PR:P08920 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface antigen CD2 (mouse) PR:P08920 A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P08920 PRO:DNx CD2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 LFA-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 LFA-3 receptor (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 lymphocyte antigen 37 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 mCD2 PRO:DNx Cd2 UniProtKB:P08920 Ly-37 UniProtKB:P08920 A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P10810 CD14 (mouse) mCD14 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse) protein Cd14 PR:P10810 Category=organism-gene. monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (mouse) PR:P10810 A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P10810 PRO:WCB CD14 (mouse) UniProtKB:P10810 mCD14 PRO:DNx myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse) UniProtKB:P10810 Cd14 UniProtKB:P10810 An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P11215 CD11 antigen-like family member B (human) CR-3 alpha chain (human) cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (human) hITGAM leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (human) neutrophil adherence receptor (human) protein CD11B CR3A ITGAM PR:P11215 Category=organism-gene. integrin alpha-M (human) PR:P11215 An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P11215 CD11 antigen-like family member B (human) UniProtKB:P11215 CR-3 alpha chain (human) UniProtKB:P11215 cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (human) UniProtKB:P11215 hITGAM PRO:DNx leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (human) UniProtKB:P11215 neutrophil adherence receptor (human) UniProtKB:P11215 CD11B UniProtKB:P11215 CR3A UniProtKB:P11215 ITGAM UniProtKB:P11215 A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P11836 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1 (human) Bp35 (human) hMS4A1 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 (human) membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (human) protein CD20 MS4A1 PR:P11836 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 (human) PR:P11836 A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P11836 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1 (human) UniProtKB:P11836 Bp35 (human) UniProtKB:P11836 hMS4A1 PRO:DNx leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 (human) UniProtKB:P11836 membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (human) UniProtKB:P11836 CD20 UniProtKB:P11836 MS4A1 UniProtKB:P11836 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P13379 CD5 (mouse) Lyt-1 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 1 (mouse) mCD5 protein Cd5 Ly-1 PR:P13379 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 (mouse) PR:P13379 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P13379 PRO:DNx CD5 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 Lyt-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 lymphocyte antigen 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 mCD5 PRO:DNx Cd5 UniProtKB:P13379 Ly-1 UniProtKB:P13379 A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P13591 CD56 (human) N-CAM-1 (human) NCAM-1 (human) hNCAM1 protein NCAM NCAM1 PR:P13591 Category=organism-gene. neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (human) PR:P13591 A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P13591 CD56 (human) UniProtKB:P13591 N-CAM-1 (human) UniProtKB:P13591 NCAM-1 (human) UniProtKB:P13591 hNCAM1 PRO:DNx NCAM UniProtKB:P13591 NCAM1 UniProtKB:P13591 A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P13595 CD56 (mouse) N-CAM-1 (mouse) NCAM-1 (mouse) mNCAM1 protein Ncam Ncam1 PR:P13595 Category=organism-gene. neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) PR:P13595 A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P13595 PRO:DNx CD56 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 N-CAM-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 NCAM-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 mNCAM1 PRO:DNx Ncam UniProtKB:P13595 Ncam1 UniProtKB:P13595 A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P15391 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4 (human) T-cell surface antigen Leu-12 (human) differentiation antigen CD19 (human) hCD19 protein CD19 PR:P15391 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 (human) PR:P15391 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4 (human) UniProtKB:P15391 T-cell surface antigen Leu-12 (human) UniProtKB:P15391 differentiation antigen CD19 (human) UniProtKB:P15391 hCD19 PRO:DNx CD19 UniProtKB:P15391 An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P16871 CD127 (human) CDw127 (human) IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (human) IL-7R subunit alpha (human) IL-7R-alpha (human) IL-7RA (human) hIL7R protein IL7R PR:P16871 Category=organism-gene. interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (human) PR:P16871 An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P16871 CD127 (human) UniProtKB:P16871 CDw127 (human) UniProtKB:P16871 IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (human) UniProtKB:P16871 IL-7R subunit alpha (human) UniProtKB:P16871 IL-7R-alpha (human) UniProtKB:P16871 IL-7RA (human) UniProtKB:P16871 hIL7R PRO:DNx IL7R UniProtKB:P16871 An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P16872 CD127 (mouse) IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) IL-7R subunit alpha (mouse) IL-7R-alpha (mouse) IL-7RA (mouse) mIL7R protein Il7r PR:P16872 Category=organism-gene. interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) PR:P16872 An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P16872 PRO:DNx CD127 (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7R subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7R-alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7RA (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 mIL7R PRO:DNx Il7r UniProtKB:P16872 A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. Reactome:R-HSA-8956511 UniProtKB:P17542 Stem cell protein (human) T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 (human) TAL-1 (human) class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 (human) hTAL1 protein BHLHA17 SCL TAL1 TCL5 PR:P17542 Category=organism-gene. T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 (human) PR:P17542 A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P17542 Reactome:R-HSA-8956511 PR:P17542 located_in GO:0005654 Stem cell protein (human) UniProtKB:P17542 T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 (human) UniProtKB:P17542 TAL-1 (human) UniProtKB:P17542 class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 (human) UniProtKB:P17542 hTAL1 PRO:DNx BHLHA17 UniProtKB:P17542 SCL UniProtKB:P17542 TAL1 UniProtKB:P17542 TCL5 UniProtKB:P17542 A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P19437 B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse) CD20 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 44 (mouse) mMS4A1 membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse) protein Cd20 Ly-44 Ms4a1 Ms4a2 PR:P19437 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 (mouse) PR:P19437 A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P19437 PRO:DNx B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 CD20 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 lymphocyte antigen 44 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 mMS4A1 PRO:DNx membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 Cd20 UniProtKB:P19437 Ly-44 UniProtKB:P19437 Ms4a1 UniProtKB:P19437 Ms4a2 UniProtKB:P19437 A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P22091 Stem cell protein (mouse) TAL-1 (mouse) mTAL1 protein Scl Tal-1 Tal1 PR:P22091 Category=organism-gene. T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 homolog (mouse) PR:P22091 A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P22091 PRO:DNx Stem cell protein (mouse) UniProtKB:P22091 TAL-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P22091 mTAL1 PRO:DNx Scl UniProtKB:P22091 Tal-1 UniProtKB:P22091 Tal1 UniProtKB:P22091 A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P22646 CD3e (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse) mCD3E protein Cd3e PR:P22646 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (mouse) PR:P22646 A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P22646 PRO:DNx CD3e (mouse) UniProtKB:P22646 T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse) UniProtKB:P22646 mCD3E PRO:DNx Cd3e UniProtKB:P22646 A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P25918 CD19 (mouse) differentiation antigen CD19 (mouse) mCD19 protein Cd19 PR:P25918 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 (mouse) PR:P25918 A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P25918 PRO:DNx CD19 (mouse) UniProtKB:P25918 differentiation antigen CD19 (mouse) UniProtKB:P25918 mCD19 PRO:DNx Cd19 UniProtKB:P25918 A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P28906 hCD34 protein CD34 PR:P28906 Category=organism-gene. hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (human) PR:P28906 hCD34 PRO:DNx CD34 UniProtKB:P28906 A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:P33151 7B4 antigen (human) CD144 (human) VE-cadherin (human) hCDH5 vascular endothelial cadherin (human) protein CDH5 PR:P33151 Category=organism-gene. cadherin-5 (human) PR:P33151 A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P33151 7B4 antigen (human) UniProtKB:P33151 CD144 (human) UniProtKB:P33151 VE-cadherin (human) UniProtKB:P33151 hCDH5 PRO:DNx vascular endothelial cadherin (human) UniProtKB:P33151 CDH5 UniProtKB:P33151 A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G (mouse) Ly-6G.1 (mouse) mLy6g protein Ly6g PR:P35461 Category=organism-gene. lymphocyte antigen 6G (mouse) PR:P35461 A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G (mouse) UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G.1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35461 mLy6g PRO:DNx Ly6g UniProtKB:P35461 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P35918 CD309 (mouse) FLK-1 (mouse) VEGFR-2 (mouse) fetal liver kinase 1 (mouse) kinase NYK (mouse) mKDR protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse) protein Flk-1 Flk1 Kdr PR:P35918 Category=organism-gene. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (mouse) PR:P35918 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P35918 PRO:DNx CD309 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 FLK-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 VEGFR-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 fetal liver kinase 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 kinase NYK (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 mKDR PRO:DNx protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 Flk-1 UniProtKB:P35918 Flk1 UniProtKB:P35918 Kdr UniProtKB:P35918 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. DTO:03100560 UniProtKB:P35968 CD309 (human) FLK-1 (human) VEGFR-2 (human) fetal liver kinase 1 (human) hKDR kinase insert domain receptor (human) protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (human) protein FLK1 KDR VEGFR2 PR:P35968 Category=organism-gene. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (human) PR:P35968 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:WCB UniProtKB:P35968 CD309 (human) UniProtKB:P35968 FLK-1 (human) UniProtKB:P35968 VEGFR-2 (human) UniProtKB:P35968 fetal liver kinase 1 (human) UniProtKB:P35968 hKDR PRO:DNx kinase insert domain receptor (human) UniProtKB:P35968 protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (human) UniProtKB:P35968 FLK1 UniProtKB:P35968 KDR UniProtKB:P35968 VEGFR2 UniProtKB:P35968 A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P37237 AIGF (mouse) FGF-8 (mouse) androgen-induced growth factor (mouse) mFGF8 protein Aigf Fgf8 HBGF-8 (mouse) heparin-binding growth factor 8 (mouse) PR:P37237 Category=organism-gene. fibroblast growth factor 8 (mouse) PR:P37237 A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P37237 PRO:DNx AIGF (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 FGF-8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 androgen-induced growth factor (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 mFGF8 PRO:DNx Aigf UniProtKB:P37237 Fgf8 UniProtKB:P37237 HBGF-8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 heparin-binding growth factor 8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human. HBGF-8 (human) heparin-binding growth factor 8 (human) UniProtKB:P55075 FGF-8 (human) androgen-induced growth factor (human) hFGF8 protein AIGF FGF8 PR:P55075 Category=organism-gene. fibroblast growth factor 8 (human) PR:P55075 A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P55075 HBGF-8 (human) UniProtKB:P55075 heparin-binding growth factor 8 (human) UniProtKB:P55075 FGF-8 (human) UniProtKB:P55075 androgen-induced growth factor (human) UniProtKB:P55075 hFGF8 PRO:DNx AIGF UniProtKB:P55075 FGF8 UniProtKB:P55075 A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P55284 CD144 (mouse) VE-cadherin (mouse) mCDH5 vascular endothelial cadherin (mouse) protein Cdh5 PR:P55284 Category=organism-gene. cadherin-5 (mouse) PR:P55284 A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P55284 PRO:DNx CD144 (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 VE-cadherin (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 mCDH5 PRO:DNx vascular endothelial cadherin (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 Cdh5 UniProtKB:P55284 A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human. UniProtKB:Q15465 HHG-1 (human) Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (human) ShhNC (human) hSHH protein SHH PR:Q15465 Category=organism-gene. sonic hedgehog protein (human) PR:Q15465 A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of human. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:Q15465 HHG-1 (human) UniProtKB:Q15465 Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (human) UniProtKB:Q15465 ShhNC (human) UniProtKB:Q15465 hSHH PRO:DNx SHH UniProtKB:Q15465 A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q62226 HHG-1 (mouse) SHH (mouse) Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse) ShhNC (mouse) mSHH protein Hhg1 Shh PR:Q62226 Category=organism-gene. sonic hedgehog protein (mouse) PR:Q62226 A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q62226 PRO:DNx HHG-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 SHH (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 ShhNC (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 mSHH PRO:DNx Hhg1 UniProtKB:Q62226 Shh UniProtKB:Q62226 A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q62351 CD71 (mouse) TfR (mouse) TfR1 (mouse) mTFRC protein TR (mouse) Tfrc Trfr PR:Q62351 Category=organism-gene. transferrin receptor protein 1 (mouse) PR:Q62351 A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q62351 PRO:DNx CD71 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 TfR (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 TfR1 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 mTFRC PRO:DNx TR (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 Tfrc UniProtKB:Q62351 Trfr UniProtKB:Q62351 A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q64314 CD34 (mouse) mCD34 protein Cd34 PR:Q64314 Category=organism-gene. hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (mouse) PR:Q64314 A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q64314 PRO:DNx CD34 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q64314 mCD34 PRO:DNx Cd34 UniProtKB:Q64314 RO:0002577 A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system SO:0000704 UBEORN:7500082 2021-07-27T23:35:45Z Term already exists. obsolete tibia diaphysis width true An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. uberon UBERON:0000000 processual entity UBERON:0000000 An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. span:ProcessualEntity Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. One of paired external openings of the nasal chamber.[AAO] Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] in actinopterygians, both pairs of nares are external. In tetrapods, the exhalant empties into the buccal cavity we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure AAO:0000311 EHDAA2:0001225 EHDAA:9083 EMAPA:17847 MA:0000282 SCTID:272650008 VHOG:0000663 galen:Naris uberon UBERON:0000003 naris UBERON:0000003 ZFA Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 One of paired external openings of the nasal chamber.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000311 AAO AAO:EJS Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000663 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure FMA The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047]. a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose]. the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system the structure of the nose varies across vertebrates. In tetrapods the nose is part of the respiratory system.[PMID:25312359] BTO:0000840 CALOHA:TS-2037 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:D009666 MIAA:0000139 NCIT:C12756 SCTID:181195007 TAO:0000047 UMLS:C0028429 Wikipedia:Nose ZFA:0000047 galen:Nose nasal sac nose peripheral olfactory organ uberon nasus olfactory apparatus proboscis UBERON:0000004 nose UBERON:0000004 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Canine-nose.jpg FMA ZFA-def ZFA The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. UBERON:cjm Organ that is the specialized structure of the face that contains olfactory neurons. The peripheral olfactory organ is paired[ZFA:0000047]. ZFA:0000047 a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity)[Wikipedia:Nose]. Wikipedia:Nose the organ that is specialized for smell and is part of the respiratory system MP:0002233 UMLS:C0028429 ncithesaurus:Nose nasal sac ZFA:0000047 nose MA:0000281 peripheral olfactory organ ZFA:0000047 nasus Wikipedia:Nose olfactory apparatus UBERON:cjm FBbt:00005157 chemosensory sensory organ uberon UBERON:0000005 chemosensory organ UBERON:0000005 chemosensory sensory organ FBbt:00005157 The clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas. Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO] Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG] A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986) AAO:0010406 BTO:0000991 CALOHA:TS-0741 EFO:0000856 EMAPA:32927 EV:0100130 FMA:16016 GAID:324 MA:0000127 MAT:0000076 MESH:D007515 MIAA:0000076 NCIT:C12608 UMLS:C0022131 VHOG:0000646 Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans XAO:0000159 pancreatic insula pancreatic islet uberon island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of Langerhans UBERON:0000006 islet of Langerhans UBERON:0000006 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 The clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas. MA:0000127 MESH:A03.734.414 MP:0005215 Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010406 AAO AAO:BJB Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000646 VHOG PMID:7600975 Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995) http://bgee.unil.ch/ A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986) PMID:16417468 UMLS:C0022131 ncithesaurus:Islet_of_Langerhans island of Langerhans BTO:0000991 island of pancreas BTO:0000991 A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. submucosal BTO:0002107 FMA:85391 FMA:85392 NCIT:C13167 SCTID:68439008 UMLS:C0225344 Wikipedia:Submucosa organ submucosa region of submucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ uberon submucous layer tela submucosa tunica submucosa UBERON:0000009 submucosa UBERON:0000009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submucosa UMLS:C0225344 ncithesaurus:Submucosa organ submucosa FMA:85391 region of submucosa FMA:85392 submucosa of organ FMA:85391 submucosa of region of organ FMA:85392 submucous layer BTO:0002107 tela submucosa BTO:0002107 A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] PNS AAO:0000429 BAMS:PNS BILA:0000081 BIRNLEX:1111 BTO:0001028 CALOHA:TS-0808 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:D017933 MIAA:0000338 NCIT:C12465 SCTID:362292005 TAO:0000142 UMLS:C0206417 UMLS:C1305921 VHOG:0000399 Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 neuronames:3232 pars peripherica systema nervosum periphericum uberon UBERON:0000010 peripheral nervous system UBERON:0000010 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png cjm A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. GO:0007422 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000142 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000429 AAO AAO:BJB The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000399 VHOG DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ PNS UMLS:C0206417 BIRNLEX:1111 ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nervous_System UMLS:C1305921 BIRNLEX:1111 pars peripherica FMA:9903 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system systema nervosum periphericum FMA:9903 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia[GO]. Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples include decreasing the heart rate or dilating the blood vessels.[AAO] In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010488 BIRNLEX:2517 BTO:0001833 CALOHA:TS-2094 EFO:0000894 EHDA:10096 EHDAA2:0001402 EHDAA:4655 EMAPA:17270 FMA:9907 GAID:708 MA:0000223 MAT:0000101 MESH:D010275 MIAA:0000101 NCIT:C12764 SCTID:362496006 TAO:0001575 UMLS:C0030510 UMLS:C1305770 VHOG:0000755 Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system ZFA:0001575 PNS - parasympathetic parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi uberon pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi UBERON:0000011 parasympathetic nervous system UBERON:0000011 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png cjm FMA MA WP ZFA-modified-from-isa The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia[GO]. GO:0048486 Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples include decreasing the heart rate or dilating the blood vessels.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010488 AAO AAO:BJB In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000755 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.634, DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0030510 BIRNLEX:2517 ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Nervous_System UMLS:C1305770 BIRNLEX:2517 pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi FMA:9907 FMA:TA pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. EFO:0000892 FMA:9904 MA:0002850 MAT:0000099 MIAA:0000099 NLXANAT:100301 Wikipedia:Somatic_nervous_system PNS - somatic somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic part of peripheral nervous system somatic peripheral nervous system uberon UBERON:0000012 somatic nervous system UBERON:0000012 cjm Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. NLXANAT:100301 somatic nervous system, somatic division NLXANAT:100301 somatic part of peripheral nervous system UBERON:cjm somatic peripheral nervous system NLXANAT:100301 The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] has developmental contribution from NC in verteberates (https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest) AAO:0010487 BIRNLEX:2516 BTO:0001832 CALOHA:TS-2050 EFO:0000893 EHDAA2:0001971 EHDAA:3769 EMAPA:16985 FMA:9906 GAID:710 MA:0000225 MESH:D013564 MIAA:0000100 NCIT:C12795 SCTID:362484004 TAO:0001576 UMLS:C0039044 UMLS:C1269646 VHOG:0000384 Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system ZFA:0001576 pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system uberon pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi UBERON:0000013 sympathetic nervous system UBERON:0000013 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png cjm FMA MA ZFA-modified-from-isa The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. GO:0048485 Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010487 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000384 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000384 VHOG ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0039044 BIRNLEX:2516 ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Nervous_System UMLS:C1269646 BIRNLEX:2516 pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi FMA:9906 FMA:TA pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EMAPA:17525 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:D012867 MIAA:0000284 SCTID:20795001 VHOG:0000860 Wikipedia:Skin portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone uberon UBERON:0000014 zone of skin UBERON:0000014 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/HumanSkinDiagram.jpg FMA Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. Wikipedia:Skin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000860 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ skin MA:0000151 A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. AEO:0000192 CARO:0000010 FMA:50705 anatomical boundary uberon UBERON:0000015 Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms. non-material anatomical boundary UBERON:0000015 CARO A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. CARO:0000010 anatomical boundary CARO:0000010 The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. create a separate class for distributed pancreas, eg cyclostomes? The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO] In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] endocrine and exocrine pancreas are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys BTO:0000650 CALOHA:TS-1302 EFO:0002542 EMAPA:35305 EV:0100129 FMA:16018 MA:0001582 NCIT:C32509 SCTID:361339003 TAO:0001260 VHOG:0000049 Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans ZFA:0001260 endocrine pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis uberon endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans part of pancreas UBERON:0000016 endocrine pancreas UBERON:0000016 ZFA AAO FMA XAO GO GO GO The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. GO:GO http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000049 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001260 TAO ZFIN:curator In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000049 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ endocrine and exocrine pancreas are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys PMID:20959416 endocrine part of pancreas BTO:0000650 The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO] The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010407 BTO:0000434 CALOHA:TS-1241 EMAPA:35328 EV:0100093 FMA:16017 MA:0002415 MESH:D046790 NCIT:C32546 SCTID:248202004 TAO:0001249 UMLS:C0553695 VHOG:0000048 Wikipedia:Exocrine_component_of_pancreas XAO:0000137 ZFA:0001249 exocrine pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis uberon exocrine component of pancreas exocrine part of pancreas UBERON:0000017 exocrine pancreas UBERON:0000017 The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. GOC:GO http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001249 TAO ZFIN:curator The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000048 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000048 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0553695 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Pancreas exocrine part of pancreas BTO:0000434 A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures BTO:0001921 FBbt:00004508 HAO:0000217 TGMA:0000024 Wikipedia:Compound_eye uberon Facettenauge Komplexauge adult compound eye faceted eye insect eye zusammengesetztes Auge UBERON:0000018 compound eye https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/457 UBERON:0000018 PMID:21062451 A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. FB:gg Wikipedia:Compound_eye The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures PMID:21062451 Facettenauge BTO:0001921 Komplexauge BTO:0001921 zusammengesetztes Auge BTO:0001921 An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ), as well as other structures, and the orbit of skull. MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this eye AAO:0010340 BIRNLEX:1169 BTO:0004688 EHDAA2:0000484 EHDAA:936 EMAPA:16198 FMA:54448 MA:0000261 NCIT:C12401 SCTID:181143004 TAO:0000107 UMLS:C0015392 UMLS:C1280202 VHOG:0000275 XAO:0000179 ZFA:0000107 regio orbitalis vertebrate eye uberon camera-type eye plus associated structures eyes orbital part of face orbital region UBERON:0000019 camera-type eye UBERON:0000019 definitional An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. GO:0043010 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000107 TAO TAO:wd The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000275 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ), as well as other structures, and the orbit of skull. MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this FMA eye FMA:54448 UMLS:C0015392 BIRNLEX:1169 ncithesaurus:Eye UMLS:C1280202 BIRNLEX:1169 regio orbitalis FMA:54448 FMA:TA eyes TAO:0000107 orbital part of face FMA:54448 orbital region FMA:54448 An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. AEO:0000094 BSA:0000121 BTO:0000202 CALOHA:TS-2043 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:35955 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:D012679 NCIT:C33224 SCTID:244485009 UMLS:C0935626 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ sensillum uberon Sinnesorgan sensor UBERON:0000020 sense organ UBERON:0000020 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/549 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0935626 ncithesaurus:Organ_of_the_Special_Sense organ of sense organ system OBOL:accepted organ of sensory organ system OBOL:accepted organ of sensory system OBOL:accepted sense organ system organ OBOL:automatic sensory organ system organ OBOL:automatic sensory system organ OBOL:accepted sensillum WBbt:0006929 Sinnesorgan BTO:0000202 Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts) tubular galen:Tube anatomical tube duct uberon UBERON:0000025 tube UBERON:0000025 Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736]. appendicular this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers AEO:0000193 BILA:0000018 BTO:0001492 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EMAPA:37283 EV:0100155 FBbt:00007000 HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MESH:D005121 MIAA:0000023 NCIT:C61460 UMLS:C0598782 VSAO:0000075 Wikipedia:Appendage XAO:0000218 uberon appendages extremitaet extremity limbs/digits/tail UBERON:0000026 appendage UBERON:0000026 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. CARO:DOS An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018]. BILA:0000018 Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736]. GO:0048736 EMAPA:37283 MA:th UMLS:C0598782 ncithesaurus:Appendage appendages XAO:0000218 extremitaet BTO:0001492 limbs/digits/tail MP:0000001 A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. BTO:0002330 FMA:62517 NCIT:C32918 SCTID:298225002 UMLS:C1179187 Wikipedia:Lamina_propria lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae uberon tunica propria UBERON:0000030 lamina propria UBERON:0000030 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. Wikipedia:Lamina_propria UMLS:C1179187 ncithesaurus:Lamina_Propria tunica propria BTO:0002330 A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. EMAPA:35877 FMA:265157 MA:0001858 NCIT:C49305 UMLS:C1710457 lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae uberon UBERON:0000031 lamina propria of trachea UBERON:0000031 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710457 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Lamina_Propria lamina propria mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BIRNLEX:1230 BTO:0000282 CALOHA:TS-0436 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 EMAPA:31858 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:D006257 MIAA:0000294 NCIT:C12419 SCTID:302548004 SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 UMLS:C0018670 VHOG:0001644 WBbt:0005739 Wikipedia:Head XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 galen:Head head (volume) adult head uberon cephalic area UBERON:0000033 head UBERON:0000033 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. GO:0060322 Wikipedia:Head Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010335 AAO AAO:BJB Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001114 TAO ZFIN:curator Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001644 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018670 BIRNLEX:1230 ncithesaurus:Head head (volume) FMA:7154 cephalic area SPD:0000016 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:D012704 NCIT:C13169 SCTID:362878009 TAO:0005425 UMLS:C0036760 Wikipedia:Serous_membrane ZFA:0005425 tunica serosa wall of serous sac uberon serosa UBERON:0000042 serous membrane UBERON:0000042 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. Wikipedia:Serous_membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005425 TAO Wikipedia:Serous_membrane a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] Wikipedia:Serous_membrane in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. FMA UMLS:C0036760 ncithesaurus:Serosa tunica serosa FMA:9581 wall of serous sac FMA:9581 serosa Wikipedia:Serous_membrane Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis AEO:0000091 BTO:0001356 CALOHA:TS-1021 EHDAA2:0003091 EMAPA:35854 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:D013710 NCIT:C13045 SCTID:256667004 UMLS:C0039508 VHOG:0001286 VSAO:0000073 Wikipedia:Tendon XAO:0000173 ZFA:0005647 galen:Tendon uberon sinew tendo UBERON:0000043 tendon UBERON:0000043 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg VSAO OG AEO Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000073 Wikipedia:Tendon http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000073 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001286 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis FMA UMLS:C0039508 ncithesaurus:Tendon sinew Wikipedia:Tendon tendo Wikipedia:Tendon A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NLXANAT:100302]. Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ganglionic AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BAMS:G BTO:0000497 CALOHA:TS-0397 EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EMAPA:32846 EV:0100372 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:D005724 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 NCIT:C12719 NLXANAT:100302 TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 UMLS:C0017067 VHOG:0000156 WBbt:0005189 Wikipedia:Ganglion XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 uberon ganglia neural ganglion UBERON:0000045 ganglion UBERON:0000045 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2495#issuecomment-1187364719 EHDAA2 Bgee:AN A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Wikipedia:Ganglion https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures PMID:21062451 Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010426 AAO AAO:EJS Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000190 TAO ZFIN:curator Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NLXANAT:100302]. NLXANAT:100302 Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000156 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0017067 ncithesaurus:Ganglion neural ganglion BTO:0000497 An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. TGMA:0000729 Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes uberon UBERON:0000047 simple eye UBERON:0000047 An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. uberon UBERON:0000055 vessel UBERON:0000055 A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] ureteral ureteric in humans, consists of adventitial, muscular and mucoa layers AAO:0010254 BTO:0001409 CALOHA:TS-1084 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:D014513 MIAA:0000120 NCIT:C12416 SCTID:302511008 UMLS:C0041951 VHOG:0000605 Wikipedia:Ureter XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter uberon metanephric duct UBERON:0000056 ureter UBERON:0000056 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg GO Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. GO:0090189 Wikipedia:Ureter Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010254 AAO AAO:BJB The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000605 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000605 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0041951 ncithesaurus:Ureter metanephric duct ISBN:0073040584 VHOG:0000605 The fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. urethral In human males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. BTO:0001426 CALOHA:TS-1132 EFO:0000931 EMAPA:30901 EV:0100099 FMA:19667 GAID:390 MA:0000379 MAT:0000121 MESH:D014521 MIAA:0000121 NCIT:C12417 SCTID:302513006 UMLS:C0041967 VHOG:0001264 Wikipedia:Urethra XAO:0000153 galen:Urethra uberon UBERON:0000057 urethra UBERON:0000057 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png pelvic part of UG sinus gives rise to prostatic and membranous parts of urethra Wikipedia Wikipedia The fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. MGI:anna MP:0000537 UMLS:C0041967 ncithesaurus:Urethra A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171]. Most ducts, but not all, are exocrine gland ducts. Some ontologies classify structures such as the oviduct here. AAO:0011123 FBbt:00100314 FMA:30320 NCIT:C12948 SCTID:91726008 TAO:0005171 UMLS:C0687028 Wikipedia:Duct_(anatomy) XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 galen:Duct anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct uberon ducts UBERON:0000058 duct UBERON:0000058 A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm#ducts A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171]. ZFA:0005171 UMLS:C0687028 ncithesaurus:Duct ducts XAO:0004000 A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010396 BTO:0000706 CALOHA:TS-1306 EFO:0000840 EMAPA:19252 EV:0100077 FMA:7201 GAID:306 MA:0000333 MESH:D007420 MIAA:0000046 NCIT:C12379 SCTID:181254001 UMLS:C0021851 VHOG:0000054 Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) XAO:0000131 galen:LargeIntestine uberon intestinum crassum UBERON:0000059 large intestine UBERON:0000059 cjm A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000054 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0021851 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestine intestinum crassum BTO:0000706 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. in FMA, serosa is a wall UBERON:0009915 wall EMAPA:25036 FMA:82482 galen:Wall wall of organ uberon organ wall UBERON:0000060 anatomical wall UBERON:0000060 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. FMA:82482 in FMA, serosa is a wall FMA wall of organ FMA:82482 organ wall FMA:82482 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 EMAPA:0 FBbt:00007001 FMA:305751 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:D000825 SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 VHOG:0001759 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 http://dbpedia.org/ontology/AnatomicalStructure biological structure connected biological structure uberon UBERON:0000061 anatomical structure UBERON:0000061 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CARO:0000003 connected biological structure CARO:0000003 Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4 BIRNLEX:4 CARO:0020004 EFO:0000634 EMAPA:35949 ENVO:01000162 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 NCIT:C13018 SCTID:272625005 UMLS:C0178784 WBbt:0003760 Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) uberon anatomical unit body organ element UBERON:0000062 organ UBERON:0000062 PMID:28192867 Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) Wikipedia Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GO:0048513 UMLS:C0178784 ncithesaurus:Organ element http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. FMA distinguishes segment from zone by whether the fiat boundaries are fixed/anchored (segments) or floating (zone). It's not completely clear how to apply this distinction Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball. Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal. FMA:86140 uberon organ region with fixed fiat boundary organ segment segment of organ UBERON:0000063 organ subunit UBERON:0000063 A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball. FMA:86140 3 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal. FMA:86140 1 organ region with fixed fiat boundary FMA:86140 organ segment FMA:86140 segment of organ FMA:86140 A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future AAO:0011124 BIRNLEX:16 EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 SCTID:113343008 SCTID:91717005 cardinal organ part uberon regional part of organ UBERON:0000064 organ part UBERON:0000064 A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardinal organ part FMA:82472 regional part of organ BIRNLEX:16 Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts. EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 FMA:265130 SCTID:361110005 VHOG:0000393 uberon UBERON:0000065 respiratory tract UBERON:0000065 NCBIBook:NBK10107 Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. adult stage BTO:0001043 BilaDO:0000004 EFO:0001272 FBdv:00005369 WBls:0000041 XtroDO:0000084 fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage uberon UBERON:0000066 fully formed stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/566 UBERON:0000066 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. BilaDO:0000002 EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 FMA:72652 HsapDv:0000002 MmusDv:0000002 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 SCTID:296280003 WBls:0000003 WBls:0000092 WBls:0000102 XAO:1000012 embryonic stage uberon embryogenesis UBERON:0000068 embryo stage UBERON:0000068 A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Uberon includes clade-specific subclasses, e.g. nematod larva It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form BTO:0000915 BTO:0000954 EFO:0001303 FBdv:00005336 MIAA:0000400 OGES:000008 Wikipedia:Larva ZFS:0000048 larva stage ammocoete ammocoete stage bipinnaria bipinnaria stage caterpillar caterpillar stage glochidium glochidium stage grub grub stage leptocephalus leptocephalus stage maggot maggot stage metacestode naiad, nymph naiad, nymph stage nauplius nauplius stage nymph nymph stage planula planula stage tornaria trochophore trochophore stage veliger veliger stage wriggler wriggler stage zoea zoea stage uberon larva UBERON:0000069 larval stage UBERON:0000069 A distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form WP ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete stage Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria stage Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar stage Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva glochidium stage Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva grub stage Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus stage Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva maggot stage Wikipedia:Larva metacestode BTO:0000859 naiad, nymph Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva nauplius Wikipedia:Larva nauplius stage Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva planula stage Wikipedia:Larva tornaria NCBITaxon:10219 trochophore Wikipedia:Larva trochophore stage Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva veliger stage Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva wriggler stage Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva End of the life of an organism. ncit:Death is an outcome XAO:0000437 XtroDO:0000085 uberon death UBERON:0000071 death stage UBERON:0000071 End of the life of an organism. XAO:0000437 ncit:Death is an outcome ncit An section of a respiratory tract. MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole EMAPA:16737 FMA:45660 MA:0000434 uberon respiratory tract subdivision of respiratory tract UBERON:0000072 proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract UBERON:0000072 An section of a respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole MA respiratory tract MA:0000434 Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z BIRNLEX:1157 NCIT:C13040 SCTID:25087005 UMLS:C1518256 part of nervous system uberon UBERON:0000073 regional part of nervous system UBERON:0000073 Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. BIRNLEX:1157 UMLS:C1518256 ncithesaurus:Nervous_System_Part part of nervous system BIRNLEX:1157 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERON:0010322 FMA:85544 NCIT:C34076 SCTID:118966000 UMLS:C1519343 galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure skeletal system subdivision uberon skeletal system part UBERON:0000075 subdivision of skeletal system UBERON:0000075 cjm Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1519343 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System_Part skeletal system subdivision FMA:85544 The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube) (or external ectoderm) forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 FMA:87656 NCIT:C34309 UMLS:C1515087 Wikipedia:External_ectoderm surface (external) ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon UBERON:0000076 external ectoderm UBERON:0000076 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Ectoderm.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. MGI:anna MP:0012532 UMLS:C1515087 ncithesaurus:Surface_Ectoderm surface ectoderm MP:0012532 An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple uberon UBERON:0000077 mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure UBERON:0000077 An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple uberon UBERON:0000078 mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure UBERON:0000078 An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000082 CALOHA:TS-1310 EFO:0000970 EHDAA2:0001054 EHDAA:8136 EMAPA:17968 EV:0100101 FBbt:00004927 FMA:45664 GAID:386 HAO:0000505 MA:0000396 MESH:D005837 NCIT:C12722 SCTID:361340001 TGMA:0000634 UMLS:C0017422 UMLS:C1963704 VHOG:0000725 Wikipedia:Male_reproductive_system_(human) XAO:0000155 genitalia of male organism male genital system male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system reproductive system of male organism uberon male genital organ male genital tract male reproductive tract systema genitale masculinum UBERON:0000079 male reproductive system UBERON:0000079 The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. MP:0001145 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000725 VHOG ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0017422 ncithesaurus:Male_Genitalia UMLS:C1963704 ncithesaurus:Male_Reproductive_System genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic male genital system FMA:45664 male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male genital organ BTO:0000082 male reproductive tract MA:0000396 systema genitale masculinum BTO:0000082 The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO] As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] mesonephric In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In fish and amphibians, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mammalian mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP, modified] AAO:0010384 BTO:0001542 CALOHA:TS-0624 EFO:0000928 EHDAA2:0001130 EHDAA:1581 EHDAA:5903 EMAPA:16744 FMA:72171 GAID:1308 MESH:D001755 NCIT:C26467 SCTID:308799002 TAO:0000529 UMLS:C0025492 VHOG:0000038 Wikipedia:Mesonephros XAO:0000141 ZFA:0000529 Wolffian body mesonephric kidney mesonephroi uberon amphibian adult kidney corpus Wolffi middle kidney opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros UBERON:0000080 mesonephros UBERON:0000080 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray986.png The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. GO:0001823 Wikipedia:Mesonephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000038 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010384 AAO AAO:BJB As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000038 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0025492 ncithesaurus:Mesonephros Wolffian body BTO:0001542 GOC:yaf MESH:A16.254.500 Wikipedia:Mesonephros mesonephric kidney XAO:0000141 mesonephroi http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron amphibian adult kidney XAO:0000141 corpus Wolffi BTO:0001542 middle kidney BTO:0001542 opisthonephros VHOG:0000038 XAO:0000141 opistonephros http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. TODO check developmental relationships A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] metanephric During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis BTO:0001543 EHDAA2:0001137 EHDAA:3089 EHDAA:5911 EMAPA:17373 EMAPA_RETIRED:17207 FMA:72172 NCIT:C34209 SCTID:308797000 UMLS:C0231049 VHOG:0000039 Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros metanephron uberon definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephric kidney UBERON:0000081 metanephros UBERON:0000081 definitional GO ISBN:9780878932504 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. GO:0001656 Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000039 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000039 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231049 ncithesaurus:Metanephros metanephron BTO:0001543 definite kidney BTO:0001543 definitive kidney BTO:0001543 hind kidney BTO:0001543 metanephric kidney VHOG:0000039 A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. TODO check Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG] As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010389 EHDAA2:0001134 EMAPA:16747 VHOG:0000500 Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules XAO:0000148 uberon renal tubules tubuli mesonephrici UBERON:0000083 mesonephric tubule UBERON:0000083 A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000500 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesonephric+tubule As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000500 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ renal tubules VHOG:0000500 tubuli mesonephrici Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP]. Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG] Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts[VHOG:0000541]. The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001646 EHDAA2:0002140 EHDAA:3091 EHDAA:5917 EMAPA:17209 NCIT:C34207 SCTID:361528000 UMLS:C1284058 VHOG:0000541 Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud uberon diverticulum diverticulum metanephricum gemma ureterica metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ureteric ampulla ureteric diverticulum UBERON:0000084 ureteric bud UBERON:0000084 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN:9780878932504 An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP]. MP:0010979 PMID:19828308 Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000541 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts[VHOG:0000541]. VHOG:0000541 The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000541 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1284058 ncithesaurus:Metanephric_Diverticulum diverticulum BTO:0001646 diverticulum metanephricum Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud gemma ureterica Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud metanephric bud BTO:0001646 metanephric diverticulum Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros ureteric diverticulum VHOG:0000541 A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. EHDAA2 has embryo starting later BTO:0001508 EHDAA2:0000005 FMA:292334 GAID:1295 MESH:D009028 NCIT:C34212 SCTID:361474003 UMLS:C0026573 Wikipedia:Morula uberon morula (2-16 cells) UBERON:0000085 morula UBERON:0000085 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png EHDAA2 A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. MP:0012130 EHDAA2 has embryo starting later EHDAA2 UMLS:C0026573 ncithesaurus:Morula morula (2-16 cells) EHDAA2:0000005 A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] zona pellucida - vitelline membrane BTO:0003135 EHDAA2:0002220 EHDAA:31 EHDAA:62 EMAPA:16035 FMA:18674 GAID:410 MA:0001715 MESH:D015044 NCIT:C33896 TAO:0001111 UMLS:C0043519 VHOG:0000720 Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida ZFA:0001111 uberon oolemma pellucid zone striated membrane vitelline envelope vitelline membrane zona radiata zona striata UBERON:0000086 zona pellucida UBERON:0000086 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000720 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 http://bgee.unil.ch/ zona pellucida - vitelline membrane VHOG:0000720 UMLS:C0043519 ncithesaurus:Zona_Pellucida oolemma BTO:0003135 pellucid zone BTO:0003135 striated membrane BTO:0003135 zona radiata BTO:0003135 zona striata BTO:0003135 A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues. A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred.The ICM lies within the blastocyst cavity and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. [Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass] EFO:0000547 EHDAA2:0000830 EHDAA:40 EMAPA:16041 FMA:86557 NCIT:C13740 SCTID:361456007 UMLS:C1283994 VHOG:0000742 Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass uberon ICM early embryoblast embryoblast embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior pluriblast UBERON:0000087 inner cell mass UBERON:0000087 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg Wikipedia Wikipedia A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:pvb A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000742 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000742 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1283994 ncithesaurus:Inner_Cell_Mass ICM VHOG:0000742 early embryoblast FMA:86557 embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta. the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] trophoblastic The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta BTO:0001079 CALOHA:TS-1070 EV:0100120 FMA:83029 GAID:1152 MESH:D014327 NCIT:C93292 SCTID:362839005 UMLS:C0041178 Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoblast layer uberon massa cellularis externa trophoblastus trophoderm UBERON:0000088 Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. [Wikipedia:Trophoblast] trophoblast UBERON:0000088 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg MP-def PMID:19829370 The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005031 the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] 2012-08-23 MP:0005031 trophoblast layer MP ISBN:0-683-40008-8 The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta PMID:19829370 UMLS:C0041178 ncithesaurus:Trophoblast trophoblast layer MP:0005031 massa cellularis externa Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoblastus Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoderm BTO:0001079 A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. embryonic disc embryonic shield germinal disc germinal disk FMA:293863 NCIT:C34112 UMLS:C1283997 Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc bilaminary embryonic disc bilaminary germ disc uberon bilaminar disk UBERON:0000091 bilaminar disc UBERON:0000091 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png Wikipedia A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. MP:0003886 embryonic disc MP:0003886 embryonic shield MP:0003886 germinal disc MP:0003886 germinal disk MP:0003886 UMLS:C1283997 ncithesaurus:Bilaminar_Embryonic_Disc bilaminary germ disc ISBN:9780878932504 bilaminar disk Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure. In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997) BilaDO:0000003 OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 WBls:0000022 WBls:0000093 WBls:0000103 postembryonic stage post-hatching stage uberon postembryonic UBERON:0000092 post-embryonic stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/344 UBERON:0000092 Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. 2009-04-09T06:23:22Z Wikipedia:Sulcus_(anatomy) uberon UBERON:0000093 sulcus UBERON:0000093 A depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. Wikipedia:Sulcus_(anatomy) Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]. 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z membrane FMA:7145 membrane of organ uberon UBERON:0000094 membrane organ UBERON:0000094 FMA-def Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]. FMA:7145 Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]. A subpopulation of the cephalic neural crest that emerges from the otic level to the anterior limit of somite 4. It migrates to the heart and is essential for the septation of the outflow track[DOI:10.1242/dev.091751]. ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. 2009-07-30T07:57:38Z TAO:0002173 Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest XAO:0004190 ZFA:0001648 uberon cardiac neural crest complex complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus UBERON:0000095 cardiac neural crest UBERON:0000095 Wikipedia Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest A subpopulation of the cephalic neural crest that emerges from the otic level to the anterior limit of somite 4. It migrates to the heart and is essential for the septation of the outflow track[DOI:10.1242/dev.091751]. DOI:10.1242/dev.091751 ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. ZFA cardiac neural crest complex Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. FMA:73750 lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature vascular network of lung vasculature of lung uberon UBERON:0000102 lung vasculature UBERON:0000102 The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. GOC:GO lung vascular network OBOL:automatic pulmonary vasculature FMA:73750 vascular network of lung OBOL:automatic vasculature of lung OBOL:automatic An entire span of an organism's life. In metazoans, commences with the zygote stage and ends with the death of the organism. FBdv:00000000 HsapDv:0000001 MmusDv:0000001 OGES:000011 ncithesaurus:Life entire life cycle entire lifespan life lifespan uberon UBERON:0000104 life cycle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/532 UBERON:0000104 An entire span of an organism's life. In metazoans, commences with the zygote stage and ends with the death of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage BILS:0000105 EFO:0000399 FBdv:00007012 FMA:24120 HsapDv:0000000 MESH:D008018 MmusDv:0000000 OlatDv:0000010 PdumDv:0000090 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0000000 ZFS:0100000 ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage developmental stage stage uberon UBERON:0000105 life cycle stage UBERON:0000105 A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] BILS:0000106 BilaDO:0000005 EFO:0001322 EHDAA:27 FBdv:00005288 NCIT:C12601 PdumDv:0000100 VHOG:0000745 Wikipedia:Zygote XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 1-cell stage fertilized egg stage one cell stage uberon fertilized egg stage one-cell stage zygote zygotum UBERON:0000106 zygote stage UBERON:0000106 A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. Wikipedia:Zygote As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000745 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107 http://bgee.unil.ch/ fertilized egg stage BTO:0000854 one-cell stage VHOG:0000745 zygote VHOG:0000745 zygotum Wikipedia:Zygote The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. BILS:0000107 BilaDO:0000006 EFO:0001290 FBdv:00000054 MESH:D002970 MmusDv:0000004 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 PdumDv:0000200 Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) XAO:1000004 ZFS:0000046 uberon UBERON:0000107 cleavage stage UBERON:0000107 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. GO:0040016 Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. consider adding a preceding stage 'morula stage' as part of cleavage BILS:0000108 BilaDO:0000007 EFO:0001282 HsapDv:0000006 MmusDv:0000007 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 WBls:0000005 Wikipedia:Blastula XAO:1000003 ZFS:0000045 uberon UBERON:0000108 blastula stage UBERON:0000108 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 BilaDO:0000008 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 HsapDv:0000010 MmusDv:0000013 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 WBls:0000010 XAO:1000005 ZFS:0000047 uberon blastocystis trilaminaris stage trilaminar blastocyst stage trilaminar blastoderm stage trilaminar disk stage trilaminar germ stage trilaminar stage UBERON:0000109 gastrula stage UBERON:0000109 BILS A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 blastocystis trilaminaris stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastocyst stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastoderm stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disk stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar germ stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. BILS:0000110 BilaDO:0000009 HsapDv:0000012 MmusDv:0000017 XAO:1000006 uberon UBERON:0000110 neurula stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/343 UBERON:0000110 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GO:0001841 A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 BilaDO:0000010 HsapDv:0000015 MmusDv:0000018 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 Wikipedia:Organogenesis uberon segmentation stage UBERON:0000111 organogenesis stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/533 UBERON:0000111 A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Wikipedia:Organogenesis The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. In mammals this would include infant (nourishment from lactation) and juvenile (prepubertal no longer dependent on mother) BILS:0000112 BTO:0002168 EFO:0001300 EV:0300051 MmusDv:0000043 OGES:000009 XAO:1000010 XtroDO:0000083 ZFS:0000051 immature stage juvenile stage uberon subadult stage UBERON:0000112 sexually immature stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/427 UBERON:0000112 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. XAO:1000010 immature stage VHOG:FB juvenile stage XAO:1000010 subadult stage http://eol.org/schema/terms/subadult The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. adult stage BILS:0000113 EV:0300064 EV:0300070 MIAA:0000403 MmusDv:0000110 OGES:000026 OGES:000027 XAO:1000093 ZFS:0000044 uberon UBERON:0000113 post-juvenile adult stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/345 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/499 UBERON:0000113 The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. it functions in the mechanical behavior of the lung, and forms a barrier to regulate the flow of plasma constituents from the capillaries to the airway and alveolar spaces EMAPA:35521 FMA:27533 MA:0001782 SCTID:201609008 connective tissue of lung pulmonary interstitium uberon lung interstitial tissue lung interstitium pulmonary connective tissue pulmonary interstitial tissue UBERON:0000114 lung connective tissue UBERON:0000114 The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:anna MP:0002276 PMID:14635660 connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary interstitium FMA:27533 lung interstitial tissue MA:0001782 pulmonary connective tissue EMAPA:35521 The epithelial layer of the lung. A pseudostratified epithelium, containing basal cells, stem cells of the airway, submucosal glands and cartilage rings, is limited to the trachea and large lobar airways in the mouse (Morrisey and Hogan, 2010). This more complex epithelium extends to terminal bronchioles in the human[DOI:10.1242/dev.115469] BTO:0001653 EMAPA:32860 MA:0001783 epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue uberon pulmonary epithelium UBERON:0000115 lung epithelium UBERON:0000115 The epithelial layer of the lung. MP:0006382 epithelial tissue of lung OBOL:automatic epithelium of lung OBOL:automatic lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic pulmonary epithelium BTO:0001653 A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class) EMAPA:37946 FMA:12224 segment of tracheobronchial tree respiratory conducting tube segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment uberon airway UBERON:0000117 respiratory tube UBERON:0000117 A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. GO:0030323 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class) GO EMAPA:37946 MA:th segment of tracheobronchial tree FMA:12224 respiratory conducting tube MP:0004391 segment of tracheobronchial tree FMA:12224 tracheobronchial tree segment FMA:12224 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. clarify successors - include bronchi? BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 NCIT:C34260 NCIT:C34282 SCTID:361427007 UMLS:C1514420 UMLS:C1514897 Wikipedia:Respiratory_bud uberon gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria lung bud primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum UBERON:0000118 lung bud UBERON:0000118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gray948.png GO:0060441 EHDAA2 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. GO:0060431 Wikipedia:Respiratory_bud UMLS:C1514420 ncithesaurus:Primary_Bronchial_Bud UMLS:C1514897 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Diverticulum gemma pulmonalis Wikipedia:Lung_buds gemma respiratoria Wikipedia:Lung_buds lung bud primary lung bud GO:0060572 respiratory diverticulum Wikipedia:Lung_buds A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. UBERON:0005163 CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 NLX:147821 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle uberon UBERON:0000122 neuron projection bundle UBERON:0000122 A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBC:DOS FBbt:00005099 nerve fiber bundle FBbt:00005099 A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]. Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in 'subcortical' because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in 'relatively compact' and 'distiguishable by histology' because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. nucleus AEO:0000136 FMA:83686 NCIT:C13197 NLX:28443 Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) nervous system nucleus neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus of CNS uberon nucleus of neuraxis UBERON:0000125 neural nucleus UBERON:0000125 we limit this structure by definition to chordate and vertebrate nervous systems A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). NLX:28443 Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]. GO_REF:0000021 neuraxis nucleus FMA:83686 neuronal nucleus AEO:0000136 nucleus of CNS NLX:28443 Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves. EMAPA:37066 FMA:54501 NLX:28532 SCTID:280160003 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus cranial neural nucleus nucleus of cranial nerve uberon nucleus nervi cranialis UBERON:0000126 cranial nerve nucleus UBERON:0000126 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves. NLX:28532 EMAPA:37066 MA:th cranial neural nucleus FMA:54501 nucleus nervi cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus The group of motor neurons residing in the pons that innervate the muscles of facial expression. FMA has 3 subclasses - left, right and motor nucleus of facial nerve, but no defs. It's not clear how facial nucleus is distinct from facial motor nucleus. BAMS:7 BAMS:7N BAMS:VII BM:Pons-VII DHBA:12420 EHDAA2:0004638 EMAPA:35338 EV:0100267 FMA:54572 MA:0001014 MESH:D065828 NCIT:C12898 SCTID:280166009 UMLS:C0228740 VHOG:0001412 facial VII nucleus facial nerve nucleus nucleus of facial nerve uberon facial VII motor nucleus UBERON:0000127 facial nucleus UBERON:0000127 definitional The group of motor neurons residing in the pons that innervate the muscles of facial expression. ISBN:0838580343 MP:0000909 FMA has 3 subclasses - left, right and motor nucleus of facial nerve, but no defs. It's not clear how facial nucleus is distinct from facial motor nucleus. FMA UMLS:C0228740 ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve_Nucleus facial VII nucleus MA:0001014 nucleus of facial nerve FMA:54572 facial VII motor nucleus MA:0001014 The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. FMA:23370 SCTID:282817004 Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus humeral trochlea trochlea humeri uberon UBERON:0000144 trochlea of humerus UBERON:0000144 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Trochleahumeri.png The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus humeral trochlea FMA:23370 trochlea humeri Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus uberon UBERON:0000153 anterior region of body UBERON:0000153 lexical uberon UBERON:0000154 posterior region of body UBERON:0000154 A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures. membrane FMA:30322 FMA:82500 MESH:D008566 NCIT:C12749 membranous organ component uberon UBERON:0000158 membranous layer UBERON:0000158 A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures. ncithesaurus:Membrane membranous organ component FMA:82500 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. requires alignment with EHDAA2 and complete developmental relationships BTO:0001978 CALOHA:TS-2160 EMAPA:18256 FMA:15703 MA:0000330 MESH:D001003 NCIT:C12375 SCTID:245438008 UMLS:C0227411 Wikipedia:Anal_canal galen:AnalCanal anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anatomical anal canal uberon anal pad anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber mesenteron pars analis recti UBERON:0000159 anal canal UBERON:0000159 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gray1078.png Wikipathways:WP2062 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. Wikipedia:Anal_canal UMLS:C0227411 ncithesaurus:Anal_Canal canalis analis BTO:0001978 Wikipedia:Anal_canal pars analis recti BTO:0001978 Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. This class is probably too inclusive Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] intestinal In zebrafish, No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type. AAO:0000246 ANISEED:1235303 BSA:0000093 BTO:0000648 CALOHA:TS-0490 EFO:0000834 EMAPA:32874 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:D007422 MIAA:0000043 NCIT:C12736 SCTID:256876008 TAO:0001338 UMLS:C0021853 VHOG:0000056 WBbt:0005772 Wikipedia:Intestine XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 galen:Intestine bowel uberon intestinal tract UBERON:0000160 intestine UBERON:0000160 cjm Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. GOC:GO Wikipedia:Intestine Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000246 AAO AAO:EJS The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000056 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0021853 ncithesaurus:Intestine Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit anatomical ostium ostium FMA:3724 SCTID:91837002 anatomical orifice hilum uberon UBERON:0000161 orifice UBERON:0000161 Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit FMA anatomical ostium FMA:3724 anatomical orifice FMA:3724 Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures. adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] cloacal Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. AAO:0000095 GAID:1206 MESH:D002988 NCIT:C34127 SCTID:362857006 SCTID:370631000 UMLS:C0008987 VHOG:0001186 Wikipedia:Cloaca XAO:0000244 ZFA:0005781 uberon cloacal chamber vent UBERON:0000162 cloaca UBERON:0000162 ZFA AAO Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Cloaca most adult placentals have no trace of a cloaca. However, the tenrecs and golden moles, small placental mammals native to Africa, retain a cloaca as adults. A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001186 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cloaca Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000095 AAO AAO:BJB A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001186 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. WP UMLS:C0008987 ncithesaurus:Cloaca cloacal chamber AAO:0000095 vent XAO:0000244 Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. this class represents the embryonic form of the cloaca, as found in both mammals and non-mammals. EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) uberon cloaca UBERON:0000163 embryonic cloaca UBERON:0000163 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. MP:0010115 Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) cloaca The ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females. The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG] In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] the term 'urogenital sinus' may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal urogenital sinus EHDAA2:0004060 EHDAA:5029 EHDAA:5919 EMAPA:17379 NCIT:C34322 SCTID:50961009 UMLS:C0231057 VHOG:0000414 Wikipedia:Definitive_urogenital_sinus UGS fetal UGS sinus urogenitalis uberon UBERON:0000164 primitive urogenital sinus UBERON:0000164 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png MP-def The ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010116 The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000414 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urogenital+sinus In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000414 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the term 'urogenital sinus' may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal MP urogenital sinus MP:0010116 UMLS:C0231057 ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Sinus UGS MP:0010116 fetal UGS PMID:18977204 sinus urogenitalis The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] oral some AOs place this as developing from the stomodeum but we weaken this to developmental contribution, as the mouth includes non-ectodermal derivatives in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips AAO:0010355 BTO:0001090 BTO:0004698 CALOHA:TS-1315 EFO:0000825 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 GAID:75 MA:0000341 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:D009055 MIAA:0000038 SCTID:21082005 TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 VHOG:0000280 VHOG:0000812 Wikipedia:Mouth XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 ZFA:0000590 galen:Mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/images/lamprey_sucker_rosava_3238889218.jpg regio oralis adult mouth uberon cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris mouth cavity oral region oral vestibule rima oris stoma stomatodaeum trophic apparatus vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris UBERON:0000165 mouth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/661 UBERON:0000165 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Mouth_illustration-Otis_Archives.jpg the mouth contains structures such as jaw skeleton that may not strictly be considered tract parts exceptions in some taxa The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). Wikipedia:Mouth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010355 AAO AAO:BJB Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000812 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips FMA regio oralis BTO:0004698 FMA:49184 FMA:TA cavital oralis Wikipedia:Mouth cavitas oris BTO:0001090 cavum oris BTO:0001090 mouth cavity BTO:0001090 oral region EHDAA2:0001326 oral vestibule BTO:0001090 rima oris BTO:0001090 stomatodaeum VHOG:0000812 trophic apparatus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vestibule of mouth BTO:0001090 vestibulum oris BTO:0001090 The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] FMA:59806 oral fissure oral orifice uberon mouth oral part of face UBERON:0000166 oral opening UBERON:0000166 FMA The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000280 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ oral fissure FMA:59806 oral orifice FMA:59806 mouth Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present). Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 BSA:0000107 CALOHA:TS-1315 EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EMAPA:18399 EV:0100057 FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 NCIT:C12421 SCTID:181220002 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 UMLS:C0226896 VHOG:0000188 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 buccal cavity cavity of mouth uberon bucca UBERON:0000167 oral cavity UBERON:0000167 Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present). ISBN:0073040584 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000960 AAO AAO:EJS The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+cavity Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0226896 ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity buccal cavity FMA:20292 ISBN:0073040584 A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. FMA:222905 uberon segment of colon UBERON:0000168 proximal-distal subdivision of colon UBERON:0000168 4 cjm A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 segment of colon FMA:222905 1 1 The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. FMA:68877 lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs uberon UBERON:0000170 pair of lungs UBERON:0000170 FMA-abduced The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pulmones FMA:68877 FMA:TA Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. EMAPA:17607 SCTID:272626006 SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ uberon gas exchange organ UBERON:0000171 respiration organ UBERON:0000171 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. GO:0007585 apparatus respiratorius organ OBOL:automatic organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system organ OBOL:automatic A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003184 ENVO:02000022 FMA:9674 galen:Excretion excreted substance portion of excreted substance waste substance uberon excretion UBERON:0000174 excreta UBERON:0000174 A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GO:0007588 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 portion of excreted substance FMA:9674 waste substance AEO:0000184 excretion BTO:0000491 A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid. A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 CALOHA:TS-0079 EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 MA:0000059 MESH:D001769 MIAA:0000315 NCIT:C12434 TAO:0000007 UMLS:C0005767 VHOG:0000224 Wikipedia:Blood XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood portion of blood vertebrate blood uberon whole blood UBERON:0000178 blood UBERON:0000178 CL:tm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1330 Bgee:AN A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. FMA:9670 Wikipedia:Blood http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/9 A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000007 TAO ZFIN:curator Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000046 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000046 AAO Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000224 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0005767 ncithesaurus:Blood whole blood BTO:0000089 Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z CARO:0000081 uberon blood or blood analog circulating fluid UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid UBERON:0000179 Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. FMA:23479 SCTID:181942005 galen:NeckOfRadius collum radii radial neck uberon UBERON:0000199 neck of radius UBERON:0000199 FMA The narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=58913 collum radii _rib radial neck FMA:23479 A ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci . BTO:0002495 FMA:83874 NCIT:C32290 SCTID:279165009 UMLS:C0458308 Wikipedia:Gyrus neuronames:1211 cerebral gyrus gyrus of neuraxis neuraxis gyrus uberon folia folium folium of brain gyri gyri of cerebrum gyrus of cerebral hemisphere gyrus of cerebrum UBERON:0000200 gyrus https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/573 UBERON:0000200 A ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci . Wikipedia:Gyrus https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/573 UMLS:C0458308 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gyrus cerebral gyrus BTO:0002495 gyrus of neuraxis FMA:83874 neuraxis gyrus FMA:83874 folia folium PHENOSCAPE:wd gyri BTO:0002495 gyri of cerebrum BTO:0002495 gyrus of cerebral hemisphere FMA:83874 gyrus of cerebrum BTO:0002495 Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus 2009-04-18T12:03:09Z UBERON:0007333 BTO:0003399 DMBA:15903 EFO:0003534 SCTID:369224000 TAO:0000505 TAO:0007007 Wikipedia:Avian_pallium Wikipedia:Pallium_(neuroanatomy) ZFA:0000505 neuronames:3240 area dorsalis telencephali dorsal part of telencephalon dorsal telencephalic area dorsal telencephalon uberon UBERON:0000203 pallium https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/87 UBERON:0000203 Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. GO:0021543 ISBN:0471888893 Wikipedia:Pallium_(neuroanatomy) https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/287 PMID:8932866 In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Wikipedia:Avian_pallium NCBITaxon:8782 In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus WP area dorsalis telencephali ZFA:0000505 dorsal part of telencephalon ISBN:0471888893 dorsal telencephalic area ZFA:0000505 dorsal telencephalon ZFA:0000505 The bone forming the forehead and roof of the eye orbit. fused in humans, paired in other animals In the mouse the parietal originates from cephalic paraxial mesoderm (Jiang 2000; Morriss-Kay 2001), whereas in the chicken it is traced back to either mesodermal (Noden 1978) or neural crest (Couly 1992, 1993). AAO:0000206 EMAPA:19016 FMA:52734 GAID:226 MA:0001466 MESH:D005624 NCIT:C32635 SCTID:181793006 UMLS:C0016732 VHOG:0001324 VSAO:0000208 Wikipedia:Frontal_bone frontal frontal bone os frontal uberon os frontale UBERON:0000209 tetrapod frontal bone UBERON:0000209 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray136.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Frontal_bone.png FMA cjm The bone forming the forehead and roof of the eye orbit. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000107 PMID:7914451 Wikipedia:Frontal_bone UMLS:C0016732 ncithesaurus:Frontal_Bone frontal AAO:0000206 frontal bone FMA:52734 MA:0001466 os frontal Wikipedia:Frontal_bone os frontale Wikipedia:Frontal_bone Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA][FMA:21496]. Portion of connective tissue that connects bone or cartilage.[TAO] Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices.[well established][VHOG] this groups both skeletal and non-skeletal ligaments. What is called a 'ligament' in many AOs is actually a skeletal ligament CALOHA:TS-2145 EFO:0001966 EMAPA:35493 FMA:21496 FMA:30319 MA:0000113 MESH:D008022 NCIT:C13046 SCTID:182358004 TAO:0001682 UMLS:C0023685 VHOG:0001272 Wikipedia:Ligament XAO:0004031 ZFA:0001675 galen:Ligament ligament organ uberon UBERON:0000211 ligament UBERON:0000211 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000073 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA][FMA:21496]. FMA:21496 Portion of connective tissue that connects bone or cartilage.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001682 TAO TAO:wd Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001272 VHOG PMID:8710894 Ohno S, The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome. PNAS (1996) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0023685 ncithesaurus:Ligament ligament organ FMA:21496 A neural arch that is part of a vertebral bone 2. FMA:24053 vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 2 uberon UBERON:0000218 vertebral arch of axis UBERON:0000218 A neural arch that is part of a vertebral bone 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:24293 SCTID:281228008 Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy)#Vertebral_foramen vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 1 uberon UBERON:0000219 vertebral foramen of atlas UBERON:0000219 The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital. FMA:24939 MESH:D001269 NCIT:C32158 SCTID:361831006 UMLS:C0004169 Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint-Atlanto articulatio atlanto-occipitalis atlanto occipital joint atlantooccipital joint craniovertebral joint occipito atlantal joint occipito-atlantal joint uberon articulatio atlantooccipitalis UBERON:0000220 atlanto-occipital joint UBERON:0000220 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray304.png FMA-abduced-lr The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital. Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint UMLS:C0004169 ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint articulatio atlanto-occipitalis FMA:24939 craniovertebral joint FMA:24939 articulatio atlantooccipitalis Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath. TODO - add layer relations. 'tendon sheath' GAT in FMA. BTO:0000051 FMA:45087 FMA:76715 NCIT:C96299 SCTID:361885006 UMLS:C0224856 Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath synovial tendon sheath uberon vagina tendinis UBERON:0000304 tendon sheath UBERON:0000304 A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath. Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath UMLS:C0224856 ncithesaurus:Tendon_Sheath synovial tendon sheath FMA:45087 vagina tendinis Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0007011 BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:D036703 OGEM:000006 Wikipedia:Blastula blastula embryo uberon blastosphere UBERON:0000307 blastula UBERON:0000307 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula blastula embryo BILA:0000059 blastosphere Wikipedia:Blastula The external portion of an animal body derived from ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. defined generically to encompass both vertebrates and invertebrates the BTO class refers to earthworms. BTO:0000139 EMAPA:32761 FMA:10427 SCTID:281483004 galen:BodyWall wall fo trunk trunk wall wall of trunk uberon UBERON:0000309 body wall UBERON:0000309 The external portion of an animal body derived from ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. MP:0003385 the BTO class refers to earthworms. BTO wall fo trunk FMA:10427 trunk wall FMA:10427 wall of trunk FMA:10427 Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. This class represents a portion of cartilage tissue located in the tibia, *not* the cartilaginous condensation of an emrbyonic tibia BTO:0000207 FMA:33923 tibial cartilage uberon cartilage of tibia UBERON:0000313 portion of cartilage tissue in tibia UBERON:0000313 Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource cartilage of tibia FMA:33923 Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. UBERON:0003347 UBERON:0004981 BTO:0000271 CALOHA:TS-0164 EFO:0003038 EMAPA:27375 FMA:14984 FMA:85388 MA:0003194 SCTID:362157008 colon mucosa colon mucous membrane colonic mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel uberon UBERON:0000317 colonic mucosa UBERON:0000317 Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 colon mucosa FMA:14984 colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic colonic mucous membrane FMA:14984 large bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of colon FMA:14984 mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003348 BTO:0000367 CALOHA:TS-0213 EMAPA:27235 FMA:14942 MA:0003207 SCTID:362146003 doudenal mucosa duodenal mucous membrane mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum uberon duodenum mucosa UBERON:0000320 duodenal mucosa UBERON:0000320 A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic doudenal mucosa FMA:14942 duodenal mucous membrane FMA:14942 mucosa of duodenum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of duodenum OBOL:automatic duodenum mucosa BTO:0000367 An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus. Fetal structure, which is a developmental form of a vertebrate animal at any given time point from 8 weeks of gestation to birth (or hatching). Examples: There is only one fetus[FMA:63919]. BTO:0000449 CALOHA:TS-0360 EFO:0001323 FBbt:00005333 FMA:63919 GAID:552 MESH:D005333 NCIT:C13235 SCTID:83418008 UMLS:C0015965 fetus uberon embryo late growth stage embryo late stage UBERON:0000323 late embryo UBERON:0000323 An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 Fetal structure, which is a developmental form of a vertebrate animal at any given time point from 8 weeks of gestation to birth (or hatching). Examples: There is only one fetus[FMA:63919]. FMA:63919 UMLS:C0015965 ncithesaurus:Fetus fetus BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage BTO:0000449 The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. BTO:0000503 EMAPA:27181 FMA:14919 uberon UBERON:0000325 gastric gland UBERON:0000325 cjm ISBN:0073040584 The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. MGI:anna Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. BTO:0000504 CALOHA:TS-2235 FMA:62973 GAID:1166 MESH:D010189 uberon pancreatic fluid pancreatic secretion succus pancreaticus UBERON:0000326 pancreatic juice UBERON:0000326 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. GO:0030157 succus pancreaticus BTO:0000504 The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). We model the digestive tract as consisting of two parts: the wall and the lumen. BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 digestive tract wall wall of digestive tract wall of gut uberon wall of alimentary tract UBERON:0000328 gut wall UBERON:0000328 The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 wall of gut FMA:45653 Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. BTO:0000635 FMA:74596 SCTID:328639002 SCTID:5023006 medulla ossium flava yellow marrow uberon fat marrow UBERON:0000332 yellow bone marrow UBERON:0000332 Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Yellow+Marrow medulla ossium flava BTO:0000635 yellow marrow BTO:0000635 fat marrow BTO:0000635 A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. Note that some sources treat 'intestinal gland' as synonymous with crypts BTO:0000640 FMA:15052 SCTID:266297002 bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine glandula intestinalis intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland uberon glandulae intestinales UBERON:0000333 intestinal gland UBERON:0000333 A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bowel mucosa gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestinal mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic glandula intestinalis FMA:15052 intestinal mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]. mucosal FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately AEO:0000199 BTO:0000886 CALOHA:TS-2031 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003234 EV:0100382 FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:D009092 NCIT:C13166 SCTID:361693009 UMLS:C0026724 Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane galen:Mucosa mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane organ mucosa uberon region of mucosa tunica mucosa UBERON:0000344 mucosa UBERON:0000344 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]. Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately FMA UMLS:C0026724 ncithesaurus:Mucosa mucosa of organ FMA:85355 mucosa of organ part FMA:85358 mucosal region FMA:85358 mucous membrane FMA:85355 organ mucosa FMA:85355 region of mucosa FMA:85358 tunica mucosa BTO:0000886 Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane A fibrous membrane, which, in the neck, represents the supraspinal ligaments of the upper vertebrae. In humans it is a tendon-like structure that has developed independently in humans and other animals well adapted for running. In some four legged animals, particularly ungulates, the nuchal ligament serves to sustain the weight of the head As it is required for running, not all animals have a nuchal ligament BTO:0000952 EMAPA:19207 FMA:13427 SCTID:166962007 Wikipedia:Nuchal_ligament ligament of neck ligamentum nuchae paddywhack uberon paxwax UBERON:0000351 nuchal ligament UBERON:0000351 BTO C7 in humans A fibrous membrane, which, in the neck, represents the supraspinal ligaments of the upper vertebrae. Wikipedia:Nuchal_ligament ligament of neck FMA:13427 ligamentum nuchae FMA:13427 paddywhack NCBITaxon:9895 Wikipedia:Paddywhack Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. parenchymal Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 FMA:45732 NCIT:C74601 UMLS:C0933845 Wikipedia:Parenchyma uberon UBERON:0000353 parenchyma UBERON:0000353 Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Wikipedia:Parenchyma Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin WP the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated FMA UMLS:C0933845 ncithesaurus:Parenchyma A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003344 BTO:0001047 EMAPA:26957 FMA:55031 MA:0003143 SCTID:362121003 mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea tunica mucosa pharyngis uberon mucous membrane of the pharynx UBERON:0000355 pharyngeal mucosa UBERON:0000355 A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharynx FMA:55031 OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa pharyngea FMA:55031 FMA:TA mucous membrane of the pharynx BTO:0001047 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. Gilbert fig11.32 has blastocyst has giving rise to ICM and trophoblast (which in this source is a synonym for trophectoderm) BTO:0001099 CALOHA:TS-0076 EFO:0000295 EMAPA:36035 EV:0100394 FMA:83041 GAID:1153 MESH:D001755 NCIT:C13739 SCTID:308837009 UMLS:C1281743 Wikipedia:Blastocyst uberon blastocystis blastula UBERON:0000358 blastocyst UBERON:0000358 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. GO:0001824 Wikipedia:Blastocyst UMLS:C1281743 ncithesaurus:Blastocyst blastocystis Wikipedia:Blastocyst blastula FMA:83041 The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. BTO:0001160 FMA:74595 SCTID:328538003 SCTID:75330005 medulla ossium rubra parenchymal red marrow red marrow uberon parenchyma of none marrow marrow UBERON:0000361 red bone marrow UBERON:0000361 The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/red+marrow medulla ossium rubra BTO:0001160 parenchymal red marrow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 red marrow BTO:0001160 parenchyma of none marrow marrow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. AAO:0010688 AAO:0010703 BTO:0001375 EHDAA2:0002086 EMAPA:17798 FMA:52996 GAID:834 MA:0001101 MESH:D008340 NCIT:C32779 SCTID:280212008 UMLS:C0024695 VHOG:0001345 Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve inferior maxillary nerve mandibular division [V3] mandibular division [Vc] mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] mandibular nerve [V3] mandibular nerve [Vc] nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] nervus mandibularis [v3] nervus mandibularis [vc] ramus mandibularis (ramus V3) third division of fifth cranial nerve third division of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve mandibular division uberon n. mandibularis nervus mandibularis trigeminal nerve mandibular division UBERON:0000375 mandibular nerve UBERON:0000375 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray781.png The motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. MP:0009800 Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve UMLS:C0024695 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Maxillary_Nerve inferior maxillary nerve FMA:52996 mandibular division [V3] FMA:52996 mandibular division [Vc] FMA:52996 mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] FMA:52996 mandibular nerve [V3] FMA:52996 mandibular nerve [Vc] FMA:52996 nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] FMA:52996 nervus mandibularis [v3] FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [vc] FMA:52996 FMA:TA ramus mandibularis (ramus V3) AAO:0010688 third division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 third division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52996 trigeminal V nerve mandibular division MA:0001101 n. mandibularis Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve nervus mandibularis BTO:0001375 trigeminal nerve mandibular division EMAPA:17798 The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur. Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. BTO:0001376 CALOHA:TS-2039 EFO:0001943 EHDAA2:0002130 EHDAA:5171 EHDAA:6200 EMAPA:17499 FMA:24967 GAID:50 MA:0000052 MESH:D013848 NCIT:C33763 SCTID:302544002 UMLS:C0039866 VHOG:0000349 Wikipedia:Thigh galen:Thigh hind limb stylopod hind limb stylopodium hind propodium hindlimb propodium hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium proximal segment of free lower limb stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of lower limb thigh upper leg uberon femur UBERON:0000376 hindlimb stylopod UBERON:0000376 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Gray1238.png MA The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000349 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/61 UMLS:C0039866 ncithesaurus:Thigh hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopodium VHOG:0000349 hind propodium AAO:0000887 hindlimb propodium AAO:0000887 hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopodium OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free lower limb FMA:24967 stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic upper leg MA:0000052 femur Wikipedia:Thigh The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] AAO:0010670 BTO:0001378 EHDAA2:0002087 EMAPA:17799 FMA:52724 GAID:836 MA:0001103 MESH:D008442 SCTID:280211001 VHOG:0001346 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve maxillary division [V2] maxillary division [Vb] maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) maxillary nerve [V2] maxillary nerve [Vb] nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) second division of fifth cranial nerve second division of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve maxillary division uberon n. maxillaris nervus maxillaris trigeminal nerve maxillary division UBERON:0000377 maxillary nerve UBERON:0000377 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray779.png The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. MP:0009799 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010670 AAO AAO:EJS relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010670 AAO maxillary division [V2] FMA:52724 maxillary division [Vb] FMA:52724 maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [V2] FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [Vb] FMA:52724 nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 nervus maxillaris [v2] FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [vb] FMA:52724 FMA:TA ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) AAO:0010670 second division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 second division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52724 trigeminal V nerve maxillary division MA:0001103 n. maxillaris Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve nervus maxillaris BTO:0001378 trigeminal nerve maxillary division EMAPA:17799 The muscular portion of the tongue. The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001386 EHDAA2:0002065 EHDAA:9146 EMAPA:17883 FMA:46689 MA:0001596 NCIT:C49301 NCIT:C52707 SCTID:244781004 UMLS:C0448325 UMLS:C1710437 VHOG:0001390 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue muscle of tongue muscle organ of tongue skeletal muscle tissue of tongue tongue skeletal muscle tongue skeletal muscle tissue uberon musculi linguae UBERON:0000378 tongue muscle UBERON:0000378 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Gray1019.png FEED:rd ISBN:1607950324 The muscular portion of the tongue. MP:0004136 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001390 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0448325 ncithesaurus:Tongue_Muscle UMLS:C1710437 ncithesaurus:Tongue_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue muscle of tongue FMA:46689 muscle organ of tongue OBOL:accepted skeletal muscle tissue of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic musculi linguae Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. BTO:0001390 FMA:7471 SCTID:660006 mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tracheal mucous membrane tunica mucosa (tracheae) tunica mucosa tracheae windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0000379 tracheal mucosa UBERON:0000379 A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trachea FMA:7471 OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of windpipe OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic trachea mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trachea organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tracheal mucous membrane FMA:7471 tunica mucosa (tracheae) FMA:7471 tunica mucosa tracheae FMA:7471 FMA:TA windpipe mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic windpipe mucous membrane OBOL:automatic windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. consider whether this should be restricted to skeletal musculature. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA AAO:0000307 BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 EMAPA:35578 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 VSAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system set of all muscles set of muscles of body vertebrate muscular system uberon muskelsystem UBERON:0000383 musculature of body UBERON:0000383 The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000033 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000033 VSAO VSAO:curator we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA MA muscular system FMA:72954 musculature system BILA:0000088 set of all muscles FMA:72954 set of muscles of body FMA:72954 vertebrate muscular system BTO:0001369 muskelsystem BTO:0001485 Tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus. BTO:0001632 CALOHA:TS-0542 FMA:58970 MESH:D007904 SCTID:280626006 cortex of lens uberon UBERON:0000389 lens cortex UBERON:0000389 Tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lens+cortex cortex of lens FMA:58970 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. BTO:0001633 FMA:58971 MESH:D007907 SCTID:280628007 nucleus of lens uberon UBERON:0000390 lens nucleus UBERON:0000390 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. BTO:0001633 nucleus of lens FMA:58971 An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] BTO:0001709 CALOHA:TS-0163 EMAPA:18941 FMA:17302 MA:0003195 SCTID:42978003 TAO:0005128 ZFA:0005128 colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium uberon UBERON:0000397 colonic epithelium UBERON:0000397 An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005128 TAO ZFIN:curator colon epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic colon epithelium FMA:17302 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of colon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of colon OBOL:automatic epithelium of large bowel OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic posterior intestine epithelium ZFA:0005128 Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum. FMA:32567 cartilage of sternum uberon UBERON:0000398 Examples: cartilage of manubrium, cartilage of xiphoid process cartilage tissue of sternum UBERON:0000398 Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cartilage of sternum FMA:32567 The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0001761 CALOHA:TS-0660 FMA:59644 SCTID:278940000 Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule vestibular part of nasal cavity uberon vestibulum nasale vestibulum nasi UBERON:0000402 nasal vestibule UBERON:0000402 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray994.png The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule vestibular part of nasal cavity FMA:59644 vestibulum nasale BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasi BTO:0001761 Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. BTO:0001837 EMAPA:37950 FMA:62889 Wikipedia:Serous_gland uberon UBERON:0000409 serous gland UBERON:0000409 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. MP:0008052 EMAPA:37950 MA:th A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001846 FMA:62652 SCTID:30802009 bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi uberon UBERON:0000410 bronchial mucosa UBERON:0000410 A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchi mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchi organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchi OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus FMA:62652 OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa bronchi FMA:62652 FMA:TA A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 EMAPA:37913 FMA:62888 Wikipedia:Mucous_gland glandula mucosa uberon muciparous gland mucous secreting gland mucus gland mucus-secreting gland UBERON:0000414 mucous gland UBERON:0000414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] NCBITaxon:8292 ISBN:0073040584 EMAPA:37913 MA:th glandula mucosa Wikipedia:Mucous_gland muciparous gland BTO:0001979 An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002009 FMA:14155 galen:ArterialWall arterial wall wall of artery uberon UBERON:0000415 artery wall UBERON:0000415 An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arterial wall FMA:14155 wall of artery FMA:14155 A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. trabecular BTO:0002501 FMA:85273 Wikipedia:Trabecula trabeculae uberon UBERON:0000440 trabecula UBERON:0000440 A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. GO:0060343 Wikipedia:Trabecula trabeculae A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. BTO:0002679 EMAPA:37383 FMA:14341 MA:0002220 NCIT:C52697 SCTID:53500001 right spermatic vein vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra uberon vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra UBERON:0000442 right testicular vein UBERON:0000442 A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource EMAPA:37383 MA:th right spermatic vein MA:0002220 vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra FMA:14341 vena testicularis dextra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002680 A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. BTO:0002680 EMAPA:37167 FMA:14345 MA:0002219 NCIT:C52696 SCTID:90988008 left spermatic vein uberon vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra UBERON:0000443 left testicular vein UBERON:0000443 A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource EMAPA:37167 MA:th left spermatic vein MA:0002219 vena testicularis dextra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002680 A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions UBERON:0006540 secretion AEO:0001005 BTO:0002977 BTO:0002979 EMAPA:36535 FMA:9675 MA:0002504 MESH:D012634 NCIT:C34062 UMLS:C1516992 galen:Secretion bodily secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion secreted substance uberon exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion UBERON:0000456 secretion of exocrine gland UBERON:0000456 A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions BTO secretion FMA:9675 UMLS:C1516992 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland_Fluid_or_Secretion bodily secretion MESH:D012634 exocrine gland fluid/secretion MA:0002504 external secretion BTO:0002977 Any of several small branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the trigeminal ganglion and the walls of the cavernous and petrosal sinuses. BTO:0002996 FMA:70527 cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) uberon UBERON:0000457 cavernous artery UBERON:0000457 Any of several small branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the trigeminal ganglion and the walls of the cavernous and petrosal sinuses. BTO:0002996 cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) FMA:70527 FMA:TA An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003083 FMA:17560 SCTID:245485002 anatomical wall of uterus uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus uberon UBERON:0000459 uterine wall UBERON:0000459 An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic uterus wall OBOL:automatic wall of uterus OBOL:automatic Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CALOHA:TS-2101 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 EMAPA:35178 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 NCIT:C13236 SPD:0000008 TAO:0001487 TGMA:0001824 VHOG:0001726 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 galen:BodySubstance body fluid or substance body substance organism substance portion of body substance portion of organism substance uberon UBERON:0000463 organism substance UBERON:0000463 this relationship may be too strong and may be weakened in future Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 body fluid or substance MA:0002450 body substance FMA:9669 organism substance CARO:0000004 portion of body substance FMA:9669 portion of organism substance ZFA:0001487 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. lumen space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 NCIT:C94478 TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UMLS:C0524461 VHOG:0001728 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 lumen space uberon anatomical spaces UBERON:0000464 anatomical space UBERON:0000464 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0524461 ncithesaurus:Lumen_Space anatomical spaces ZFA:0001643 Anatomical entity that has mass. AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 VHOG:0001721 uberon UBERON:0000465 material anatomical entity UBERON:0000465 Anatomical entity that has mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Anatomical entity that has no mass. AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TAO:0001835 TGMA:0001827 VHOG:0001727 immaterial physical anatomical entity uberon UBERON:0000466 immaterial anatomical entity UBERON:0000466 Anatomical entity that has no mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 immaterial physical anatomical entity FMA:67112 Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 BILA:0000011 BIRNLEX:14 BSA:0000049 CALOHA:TS-2088 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 NCIT:C12919 SCTID:278195005 TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UMLS:C0460002 VHOG:0001725 WBbt:0005746 WBbt:0005763 Wikipedia:Organ_system XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 galen:AnatomicalSystem body system connected anatomical system organ system uberon anatomical systems UBERON:0000467 anatomical system UBERON:0000467 Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. CARO:0000011 system GO:0048731 UMLS:C0460002 ncithesaurus:Organ_System body system BIRNLEX:14 connected anatomical system CARO:0000011 anatomical systems ZFA:0001439 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage organismal organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000191 BILA:0000012 BIRNLEX:18 BSA:0000038 BTO:0000042 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 NCIT:C13041 SCTID:243928005 TADS:0000001 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 galen:Organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism multi-cellular organism uberon Koerper body whole body whole organism UBERON:0000468 multicellular organism UBERON:0000468 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 organism FBbt:00000001 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 multi-cellular organism CARO:0000012 Koerper BTO:0001489 body AEO:0000103 BIRNLEX:18 FMA:256135 NCIT:C13041 whole body BTO:0001489 whole organism FBbt:00000001 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future AAO:0010017 AEO:0000019 BILA:0000019 CARO:0000019 EHDAA2:0003019 HAO:0000019 TAO:0001489 TGMA:0001835 XAO:0003039 ZFA:0001489 uberon compound organ components UBERON:0000471 compound organ component UBERON:0000471 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. CARO:0000019 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 compound organ components ZFA:0001489 A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm. Male reproductive organ.[TAO] (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] testicular The testes are descended in metatherian and eutherian mammals, first transabdominally, then inguinoscrotally UBERON:0002117 AAO:0000606 BILA:0000124 BSA:0000085 BTO:0001363 CALOHA:TS-1030 EFO:0000984 EHDAA2:0002007 EHDAA:8146 EMAPA:17972 EV:0100102 FBbt:00004928 FMA:7210 GAID:396 HAO:0001007 MA:0000411 MAT:0000132 MESH:D013737 MIAA:0000132 NCIT:C12412 SCTID:181431007 TAO:0000598 UMLS:C0039597 VHOG:0000252 WBbt:0006794 Wikipedia:Testis XAO:0000157 ZFA:0000598 galen:Testis gonad of male genitalia gonad of male reproductive system male gonad testicle uberon orchis testes testiculus UBERON:0000473 testis UBERON:0000473 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Gray1144.png A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Male reproductive organ.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000598 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000252 VHOG DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ The testes are descended in metatherian and eutherian mammals, first transabdominally, then inguinoscrotally ISBN:0123971756 NCBITaxon:40674 UMLS:C0039597 ncithesaurus:Testis gonad of male genitalia OBOL:automatic gonad of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic male gonad OBOL:automatic testicle FMA:7210 orchis BTO:0001363 testes testiculus BTO:0001363 The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000083 CALOHA:TS-1303 EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:D005836 MIAA:0000028 NCIT:C12402 SCTID:361386004 TGMA:0000635 UMLS:C0700038 VHOG:0000726 Wikipedia:Female_genitalia WikipediaCategory:Female_reproductive_system XAO:0000156 female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system genitalia of female organism reproductive system of female organism uberon female genital system female genital tract female genitalia female genitals female reproductive tract gynaecological tissue systema genitale femininum UBERON:0000474 female reproductive system UBERON:0000474 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. MP:0001119 Wikipedia:Female_genitalia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000726 VHOG ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0700038 ncithesaurus:Female_Reproductive_System female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic female genitals XAO:0000156 female reproductive tract MA:0000381 gynaecological tissue BTO:0000083 systema genitale femininum BTO:0000083 Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 BILA:0000032 BIRNLEX:7 CALOHA:TS-2084 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 EMAPA:36031 FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:D001829 MIAA:0000293 NCIT:C32221 TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UMLS:C0229962 VHOG:0001758 Wikipedia:Body_part XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 galen:BodyPart anatomic region uberon body part body region cardinal body part UBERON:0000475 organism subdivision UBERON:0000475 CARO Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. CARO:0000032 CARO:DOS http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0229962 ncithesaurus:Body_Part anatomic region MA:0002433 body region FMA:7153 cardinal body part FMA:7153 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 uberon acellular anatomical structures UBERON:0000476 acellular anatomical structure UBERON:0000476 CARO Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 acellular anatomical structures ZFA:0000382 Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other. FBbt:00007277 VHOG:0001737 uberon UBERON:0000477 anatomical cluster UBERON:0000477 Anatomical group whose component anatomical structures lie in close proximity to each other. FBbt:00007277 A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. AAO:0010020 AEO:0000042 BILA:0000042 CALOHA:TS-2119 CARO:0000042 EHDAA2:0003042 EHDAA:46 FBbt:00005835 FMA:85537 HAO:0000042 NCIT:C34055 SCTID:314908006 TAO:0000020 TGMA:0001843 UMLS:C1282438 VHOG:0000292 XAO:0004005 ZFA:0000020 extra-embryonic structure uberon extraembryonic structures extraembryonic tissue UBERON:0000478 see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2. extraembryonic structure UBERON:0000478 A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. CARO:DOS http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 https://cedar.bio.indiana.edu/trac/env/ontologies/ticket/279 UMLS:C1282438 ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Structure extraembryonic structures ZFA:0000020 Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. changed label and definition to reflect CARO2 AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 BILA:0000043 BIRNLEX:19 CALOHA:TS-2090 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 EMAPA:35868 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:D014024 NCIT:C12801 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 UMLS:C0040300 VHOG:0001757 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue portion of tissue tissue portion simple tissue uberon UBERON:0000479 tissue UBERON:0000479 CARO Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. CARO:0000043 UMLS:C0040300 ncithesaurus:Tissue portion of tissue CARO:0000043 simple tissue AEO:0000043 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 VHOG:0001762 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 uberon multi-tissue structures UBERON:0000481 multi-tissue structure UBERON:0000481 CARO Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 multi-tissue structures ZFA:0001488 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] epithelial AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CALOHA:TS-0288 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 EMAPA:32738 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MA:0003060 MESH:D004848 NCIT:C12710 SCTID:31610004 TAO:0001486 UMLS:C0014609 VHOG:0000387 Wikipedia:Epithelium XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial tissue portion of epithelium uberon UBERON:0000483 Editor note: surface epithelium may contain non-epithelial cells, such as melanocytes, lymphocytes and dendritic cells, within the sheet of epithelial cells. Do we consider these part of the epithelium, or located-in it? epithelium UBERON:0000483 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Wikipedia:Epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000387 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014609 ncithesaurus:Epithelium portion of epithelium FMA:9639 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. needs to be synchronized with CL - there is no distinct cuboidal cell in CL AAO:0010064 AEO:0000067 BILA:0000067 CARO:0000067 EHDAA2:0003067 FMA:45566 HAO:0000067 NCIT:C33553 TAO:0001497 UMLS:C0836134 Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium XAO:0004009 ZFA:0001497 epithelium simplex cuboideum uberon simple cuboidal epithelia UBERON:0000484 simple cuboidal epithelium UBERON:0000484 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Gray1133.png Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0836134 ncithesaurus:Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelium simple cuboidal epithelia ZFA:0001497 Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]. columnar epithelium columnar epithlium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 NCIT:C33552 SCTID:32210007 TAO:0001496 UMLS:C0836135 Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 epithelium simplex columnare simple columnar epithelium uberon simple columnar epithelia UBERON:0000485 simple columnar epithelium UBERON:0000485 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray1059.png Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 columnar epithelium EHDAA2:0003068 columnar epithlium AEO:0000068 UMLS:C0836135 ncithesaurus:Simple_Columnar_Epithelium simple columnar epithelia ZFA:0001496 Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]. Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 NCIT:C33622 SCTID:309044005 TAO:0001494 UMLS:C0682575 Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 stratified epithelium uberon laminated epithelium UBERON:0000486 multilaminar epithelium UBERON:0000486 Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000069 CARO FMA:45562 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0682575 ncithesaurus:Stratified_Epithelium laminated epithelium BTO:0002074 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]. Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 NCIT:C13178 TAO:0001498 UMLS:C0836133 Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum uberon simple squamous epithelia UBERON:0000487 simple squamous epithelium UBERON:0000487 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]. FMA:45565 Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000070 CARO FMA:45565 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0836133 ncithesaurus:Simple_Squamous_Epithelium simple squamous epithelia ZFA:0001498 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. AAO:0010057 AEO:0000071 BILA:0000071 CARO:0000071 EHDAA2:0003071 FMA:61741 HAO:0000071 TAO:0001493 XAO:0004004 ZFA:0001493 heterogenous epithelium uberon atypical epithelia UBERON:0000488 atypical epithelium UBERON:0000488 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 atypical epithelia ZFA:0001493 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 EHDAA2:0003072 FMA:55671 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 VHOG:0001730 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 cavitated organ uberon cavitated compound organs UBERON:0000489 cavitated compound organ UBERON:0000489 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 cavitated organ FMA:55671 cavitated compound organs ZFA:0001490 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]. consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 NCIT:C33554 SCTID:309043004 TAO:0001495 UMLS:C0682574 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 simple epithelium uberon unilaminar epithelia UBERON:0000490 unilaminar epithelium UBERON:0000490 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:45561 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000073 CARO FMA:45561 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0682574 ncithesaurus:Simple_Epithelium simple epithelium FMA:45561 unilaminar epithelia ZFA:0001495 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. mucoid mucous CALOHA:TS-2144 ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:D009093 NCIT:C13259 UMLS:C0026727 Wikipedia:Mucus galen:Mucus uberon UBERON:0000912 mucus UBERON:0000912 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. Wikipedia:Mucus UMLS:C0026727 ncithesaurus:Mucus Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest EMAPA:35862 FMA:259209 MA:0000022 SCTID:302551006 Wikipedia:Thorax thorax uberon anterior subdivision of trunk upper body upper trunk UBERON:0000915 thoracic segment of trunk UBERON:0000915 FMA Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 thorax MA:0000022 upper trunk FMA:259209 The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class abdominal celiac BTO:0000020 CALOHA:TS-0001 EFO:0000968 EMAPA:35102 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:D000005 MIAA:0000298 SCTID:302553009 Wikipedia:Abdomen galen:Abdomen abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis uberon adult abdomen belly celiac region UBERON:0000916 abdomen UBERON:0000916 MA The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 abdominopelvic region FMA:9577 abdominopelvis FMA:9577 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. embryonic Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 BILA:0000056 BSA:0000039 BTO:0000379 CALOHA:TS-0229 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0000002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003236 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:D004622 MIAA:0000019 NCIT:C28147 OGEM:000001 SCTID:57991002 UMLS:C0013935 VHOG:0001766 Wikipedia:Embryo XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Embryonic_organism embryonic organism uberon developing organism developmental tissue UBERON:0000922 embryo https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/503 UBERON:0000922 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Wikipedia:Embryo Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo ZFA UMLS:C0013935 ncithesaurus:Embryo embryonic organism BILA:0000056 developing organism BILA:0000056 A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] embryonic tissue AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 EMAPA:36033 FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:D005855 NCIT:C12950 NCIT:C54105 TAO:0001122 UMLS:C0920502 UMLS:C1708239 VHOG:0001223 Wikipedia:Germ_layer XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 germinal layer primary germ layer uberon embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers UBERON:0000923 Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest] germ layer UBERON:0000923 A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Wikipedia:Germ_layer https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/203 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001223 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ embryonic tissue FMA:69069 UMLS:C0920502 ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Tissue UMLS:C1708239 ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer germinal layer ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer primary germ layer GO:0001704 ZFA:0001122 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] ectodermal AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 CALOHA:TS-0216 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:D004475 MIAA:0000173 NCIT:C12703 SCTID:362851007 TAO:0000016 UMLS:C0013574 VHOG:0000153 Wikipedia:Ectoderm XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 embryonic ectoderm uberon UBERON:0000924 ectoderm UBERON:0000924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray32.png Bgee:AN Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Wikipedia:Ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000137 AAO AAO:EJS The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000153 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0013574 ncithesaurus:Ectoderm embryonic ectoderm VHOG:0000153 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] endodermal AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 CALOHA:TS-0273 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EMAPA:16062 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:D004707 MIAA:0000175 NCIT:C12706 SCTID:362855003 TAO:0000017 UMLS:C0014144 VHOG:0000154 Wikipedia:Endoderm XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 uberon entoderm UBERON:0000925 endoderm UBERON:0000925 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Endoderm2.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray10.png Bgee:AN Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Wikipedia:Endoderm The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000154 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014144 ncithesaurus:Endoderm entoderm DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.1013 The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] mesodermal sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates UBERON:0003263 AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 CALOHA:TS-0623 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:183 EMAPA:16083 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:D008648 MIAA:0000174 NCIT:C12750 SCTID:362854004 TAO:0000041 UMLS:C0025485 VHOG:0000152 Wikipedia:Mesoderm XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 uberon embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm mesodermal mantle UBERON:0000926 mesoderm UBERON:0000926 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mesoderm.png sometimes not considered primary Bgee:AN The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Wikipedia:Mesoderm Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000304 AAO AAO:EJS The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000152 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest UMLS:C0025485 ncithesaurus:Mesoderm embryonic mesoderm VHOG:0000152 entire mesoderm SCTID:362854004 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx stomodeal This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium BTO:0004224 EHDAA2:0001929 EMAPA:16263 FBbt:00000439 FMA:295846 NCIT:C34306 TAO:0001290 TGMA:0000135 UMLS:C1514977 Wikipedia:Stomodeum XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 mouth primordium primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum uberon mouth pit oral ectoderm oral pit UBERON:0000930 stomodeum UBERON:0000930 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. Wikipedia:Stomodeum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/326 Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001290 TAO ZFIN:curator the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx MP:0012522 NCBITaxon:40674 stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium XAO:0000269 UMLS:C1514977 ncithesaurus:Stomodeum mouth primordium XAO:0000269 primitive oral cavity https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 stomatodeum Wikipedia:Stomodeum mouth pit EMAPA:16263 oral ectoderm ZFA:0001290 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-100726-23 oral pit EMAPA:16263 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract. removed WBbt:0006795 'proctodeum' - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] proctodeal AAO:0011087 EHDAA2:0000121 EMAPA:25038 FBbt:00000123 NCIT:C34278 TAO:0000066 UMLS:C0231054 VHOG:0000139 Wikipedia:Proctodeum XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 embryonic proctodaeum proctodaeum amnioproctodeal invagination uberon anal pit anus porus UBERON:0000931 proctodeum https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/685 UBERON:0000931 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract. ZFA:0000066 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/685 https://sourceforge.net/p/fbbtdv/tickets/52 An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000066 TAO ZFIN:curator Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011087 AAO ZFA:0000066 UMLS:C0231054 ncithesaurus:Proctodeum amnioproctodeal invagination FBbt:00000123 anal pit VHOG:0000139 anus porus XAO:0001019 A muscle that acts on the pharynx[WP, vetted]. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx[GO]. BTO:0001048 EFO:0003504 EMAPA:18963 FMA:46619 GAID:154 MA:0001797 MESH:D010609 NCIT:C13075 SCTID:244798004 TAO:0000172 UMLS:C0031346 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles ZFA:0000172 branchial muscle muscle of pharynx muscle organ of pharynx pharyngeal muscle pharynx muscle pharynx muscle organ uberon branchial muscles musculi pharyngis musculus pharyngis tunica muscularis pharyngis UBERON:0000933 Innervation notes: They are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X) with the exception of the stylopharyngeus muscle which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).[WP] chordate pharyngeal muscle UBERON:0000933 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray1030.png A muscle that acts on the pharynx[WP, vetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx[GO]. 2012-06-30 GO:0043282 does not quite work for some muscles such as stylopharyngeus GO GOC:go_curators UMLS:C0031346 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Muscle branchial muscle ZFA:0000172 muscle organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx muscle organ OBOL:automatic branchial muscles TAO:0000172 musculi pharyngis Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles musculus pharyngis BTO:0001048 tunica muscularis pharyngis Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 BTO:0001307 CALOHA:TS-0980 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:D013270 MIAA:0000051 NCIT:C12391 SCTID:181246003 TAO:0002121 UMLS:C0038351 VHOG:0000408 Wikipedia:Stomach XAO:0000128 galen:Stomach stomach chamber uberon anterior intestine gaster mesenteron ventriculus UBERON:0000945 stomach UBERON:0000945 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg cjm cjm absent in lampreys and hagfishes ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0486692132 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Stomach https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia Wikipedia ZFA Wikipedia Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000579 AAO AAO:EJS It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000408 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa WP:Stomach#In_other_animals UMLS:C0038351 ncithesaurus:Stomach gaster BTO:0001307 ventriculus Wikipedia:Stomach The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae. The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] aortic All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches AAO:0010213 BTO:0000135 CALOHA:TS-0046 EFO:0000265 EMAPA:18601 EV:0100027 FMA:3734 GAID:469 MA:0000062 MAT:0000035 MESH:D001011 MIAA:0000035 NCIT:C12669 SCTID:181298001 UMLS:C0003483 VHOG:0001523 Wikipedia:Aorta XAO:0003010 galen:Aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree dorsal aorta uberon arteria maxima UBERON:0000947 aorta UBERON:0000947 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Aorta_scheme.jpg MA EHDAA2 The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A07.231.114.056 MP:0000272 Wikipedia:Aorta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae. WP The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010213 AAO AAO:BJB When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001523 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003483 ncithesaurus:Aorta dorsal aorta Wikipedia:Aorta#In_other_animals ZFA:0000014 arteria maxima Wikipedia:Aorta A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] cardiac AAO:0010210 BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 CALOHA:TS-0445 EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:D006321 MIAA:0000036 NCIT:C12727 SCTID:302509004 TAO:0000114 UMLS:C0018787 VHOG:0000276 Wikipedia:Heart XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 galen:Heart chambered heart vertebrate heart branchial heart uberon cardium UBERON:0000948 Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" DOI:10.1101/gad.1485706 heart UBERON:0000948 MA A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. Wikipedia:Heart http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000114 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010210 AAO AAO:BJB relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010210 AAO As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000276 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018787 ncithesaurus:Heart chambered heart https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 branchial heart cardium EMAPA:16105 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] endocrine AAO:0010279 CALOHA:TS-1301 EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EMAPA:35306 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:D004703 NCIT:C12705 SCTID:278876000 TAO:0001158 UMLS:C0014136 VHOG:0000098 Wikipedia:Endocrine_system XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum uberon UBERON:0000949 endocrine system UBERON:0000949 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. NLM:endocrine+system Wikipedia:Endocrine_system Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010279 AAO AAO:BJB Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000098 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014136 ncithesaurus:Endocrine_System endocrine glandular system EHDAA2:0002224 Any of a number of short transversospinal muscles chiefly developed in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions, arising from the transverse process of one vertebra and inserted into the root of the spinous process of the next two or three vertebrae above, with nerve supply from the dorsal branches of the spinal nerve, and whose actions rotate the vertebral column. rotator muscle FMA:23081 SCTID:244872002 uberon UBERON:0000951 rotator muscle of the vertebral column UBERON:0000951 Any of a number of short transversospinal muscles chiefly developed in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions, arising from the transverse process of one vertebra and inserted into the root of the spinous process of the next two or three vertebrae above, with nerve supply from the dorsal branches of the spinal nerve, and whose actions rotate the vertebral column. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rotator+muscle rotator muscle FMA:23081 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BAMS:Br BAMS:Brain BILA:0000135 BIRNLEX:796 BTO:0000142 CALOHA:TS-0095 DHBA:10155 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 HBA:4005 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MBA:8 MBA:997 MESH:D001921 MIAA:0000098 NCIT:C12439 PBA:3999 SCTID:258335003 TAO:0000008 UMLS:C0006104 UMLS:C1269537 VHOG:0000157 Wikipedia:Brain XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 galen:Brain neuronames:21 uberon encephalon suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain UBERON:0000955 brain UBERON:0000955 GO FMA Bgee:AN The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. Wikipedia:Brain https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000008 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010478 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000157 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0006104 BIRNLEX:796 ncithesaurus:Brain UMLS:C1269537 BIRNLEX:796 neuronames:21 BIRNLEX:796 encephalon BTO:0000142 suprasegmental levels of nervous system NeuroNames:21 suprasegmental structures NeuroNames:21 the brain NeuroNames:21 The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex. We follow NIFSTD in defining cerebral cortex and including both neocortex and hippocampal formation (DG+hippocampus). The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex]. Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] hagfishes have independently evolved a highly laminated cerebral cortex, comparable in many ways to the cerebral cortex of mammals [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743] BAMS:C BAMS:CTX BAMS:Cerebral_cortex BAMS:Cx BIRNLEX:1494 BM:Tel-Cx BTO:0000233 CALOHA:TS-0091 DHBA:10159 EFO:0000328 EHDAA2:0000234 EHDAA:5464 EMAPA:17544 EV:0100166 FMA:61830 GAID:629 HBA:4008 MA:0000185 MAT:0000108 MBA:688 MESH:D002540 MIAA:0000108 NCIT:C12443 PBA:128011354 SCTID:362880003 UMLS:C0007776 VHOG:0000722 Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex neuronames:39 cortex of cerebral hemisphere uberon brain cortex cortex cerebralis cortex cerebri cortical plate (CTXpl) cortical plate (areas) pallium of the brain UBERON:0000956 cerebral cortex UBERON:0000956 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg FMA GO ISBN:0471888893 FMA MA Wikipedia The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex. BIRNLEX:1494 The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000722 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0007776 BIRNLEX:1494 ncithesaurus:Cortex neuronames:39 BIRNLEX:1494 cortex of cerebral hemisphere BTO:0000233 FMA:61830 brain cortex BTO:0000233 cortex cerebralis NeuroNames:39 cortex cerebri Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex cortical plate (CTXpl) NeuroNames:39 cortical plate (areas) NeuroNames:39 pallium of the brain BTO:0000233 Any thin layer or plate. TODO - merge with cell layer? laminar Wikipedia:Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch laminar tissue uberon UBERON:0000957 lamina UBERON:0000957 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Laminaarcusvertebrae.png Any thin layer or plate. Wikipedia:Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. BAMS:cern FMA:5859 NCIT:C32299 NLXANAT:20090207 SCTID:360497008 UMLS:C0228815 Wikipedia:Cervical_nerves neuronames:2351 cervical nerve cervical nerve tree cervical spinal nerve nervus cervicalis uberon UBERON:0000962 Innervates: sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, omohyoid muscle[WP] nerve of cervical vertebra UBERON:0000962 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray795.png The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_nerves UMLS:C0228815 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Nerve cervical nerve FMA:5859 nervus cervicalis FMA:5859 FMA:TA this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004114 MAT:0000204 MIAA:0000204 uberon UBERON:0000963 head sensillum UBERON:0000963 The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure. corneal Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals. In fish, and aquatic vertebrates in general, the cornea plays no role in focusing light, since it has virtually the same refractive index as water AAO:0010344 BTO:0000286 CALOHA:TS-0171 EFO:0000377 EHDAA2:0000316 EHDAA:10199 EMAPA:17161 EV:0100341 FMA:58238 GAID:892 MA:0000266 MESH:D003315 NCIT:C12342 SCTID:181162001 TAO:0000640 UMLS:C0010031 VHOG:0000164 Wikipedia:Cornea XAO:0000180 ZFA:0000640 cornea of camera-type eye uberon corneas tunica cornea UBERON:0000964 cornea UBERON:0000964 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg MA MA FMA-isa definitional The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060.217 MP:0001312 UMLS:C0010031 ncithesaurus:Cornea cornea of camera-type eye GO:0061303 corneas ZFA:0000640 A transparent and refractive lens located posterior to the iris. The lens of camera-type eye refracts light to be focused on the retina. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses. AAO:0010348 BTO:0000723 CALOHA:TS-0545 EHDAA:9057 EMAPA:17838 EV:0100343 FMA:58241 MA:0000275 MAT:0000141 MESH:D007908 MIAA:0000141 NCIT:C12743 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000975 SCTID:181169005 TAO:0000035 UMLS:C0023317 VHOG:0000169 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) XAO:0000008 ZFA:0000035 camera-type eye lens eye lens lens lens crystallina uberon crystalline lens lenses ocular lens UBERON:0000965 The lens is avascular and nourished by diffusion from the aqueous and vitreous humors. lens of camera-type eye UBERON:0000965 A transparent and refractive lens located posterior to the iris. The lens of camera-type eye refracts light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000169 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0023317 ncithesaurus:Crystalline_Lens camera-type eye lens GO:0002088 eye lens lens lens crystallina Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) crystalline lens BTO:0000723 PMID:36055924 lenses ZFA:0000035 ocular lens BTO:0000723 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] retinal AAO:0010352 BAMS:R BIRNLEX:1153 BTO:0001175 CALOHA:TS-0865 EFO:0000832 EHDAA2:0001627 EHDAA:4757 EMAPA:17168 EV:0100348 FMA:58301 GAID:755 MA:0000276 MAT:0000142 MBA:304325711 MESH:D012160 MIAA:0000142 NCIT:C12343 NIFSTD_RETIRED:birnlex_1156 SCTID:181171005 TAO:0000152 UMLS:C0035298 UMLS:C1278894 VHOG:0000229 Wikipedia:Retina XAO:0000009 ZFA:0000152 neuronames:1862 inner layer of eyeball retina of camera-type eye tunica interna of eyeball uberon Netzhaut retinas UBERON:0000966 Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Use the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods retina UBERON:0000966 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png FMA FMA FMA EHDAA2 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. Wikipedia:Retina ZFIN:curator The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000152 TAO ZFIN:curator The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000229 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0035298 BIRNLEX:1153 ncithesaurus:Retina UMLS:C1278894 BIRNLEX:1153 retina of camera-type eye GO:0060041 Netzhaut BTO:0001175 retinas ZFA:0000152 An organ that detects light. This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each) ocular optic Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva, BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 CALOHA:TS-0309 EFO:0000827 EV:0100336 FBbt:00005162 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:D005123 MIAA:0000140 Wikipedia:Eye uberon light-detecting organ visual apparatus UBERON:0000970 eye UBERON:0000970 PMID:21062451 PMID:21062451 An organ that detects light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visual apparatus EV:0100336 The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. ommatidial BTO:0001922 FBbt:00004510 HAO:0000666 MAT:0000143 MIAA:0000143 Wikipedia:Ommatidium omatidium uberon omatidia UBERON:0000971 ommatidium UBERON:0000971 PMID:21062451 The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. PMID:21062451 omatidia An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck. cervical AEO:0000108 BTO:0000420 CALOHA:TS-2045 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 EMAPA:35587 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:D009333 MIAA:0000297 NCIT:C13063 SCTID:302550007 UMLS:C0027530 Wikipedia:Neck galen:Neck uberon collum neck (volume) UBERON:0000974 neck UBERON:0000974 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Female_neck.jpg An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ISBN:9780674021839 UMLS:C0027530 ncithesaurus:Neck collum Wikipedia:Neck neck (volume) FMA:7155 A midventral endochondral skeletal element which represents the origin site of the pectoral muscles[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. in EMAPA and EHDAA2 this is part of the skeleton of pectoral girdle; the classic def of pectoral girdle (see WP) excludes the rib cage and sternum Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of postzonal element (AAO:0000938)[AAO] Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] sternal It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life in birds, either ratite (no keel or carina) or carinate (keel and carina present) While its developmental origins are similar to the ribs (from the myospetum and septum of the trunk region), it is often associated with the pectoral skeleton, due to both function and physical connections (i.e. the coracoid of archosaurs). It may be a single element or a series of smaller structure (sternebrae). Based on Kardong 2012. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AAO:0000765 BTO:0001302 CALOHA:TS-0972 EHDAA2:0001914 EHDAA:9561 EMAPA:18344 FMA:7485 GAID:246 MA:0001331 MESH:D013249 NCIT:C12793 SCTID:302522007 UMLS:C0038293 VHOG:0000856 Wikipedia:Sternum galen:Sternum vertebrate sternum uberon breastbone UBERON:0000975 sternum UBERON:0000975 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg ISBN:0073040584 FMA ISBN:0073040584 A midventral endochondral skeletal element which represents the origin site of the pectoral muscles[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/67 Wikipedia Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000765 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of postzonal element (AAO:0000938)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000765 AAO Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000856 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294 http://bgee.unil.ch/ While its developmental origins are similar to the ribs (from the myospetum and septum of the trunk region), it is often associated with the pectoral skeleton, due to both function and physical connections (i.e. the coracoid of archosaurs). It may be a single element or a series of smaller structure (sternebrae). Based on Kardong 2012. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. WP UMLS:C0038293 ncithesaurus:Sternum breastbone BTO:0001302 Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah]. Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] humeral AAO:0000679 CALOHA:TS-2202 EFO:0001398 EMAPA:19106 FMA:13303 GAID:183 MA:0001356 MESH:D006811 NCIT:C12731 SCTID:181923006 UMLS:C0020164 VHOG:0001158 Wikipedia:Humerus XAO:0003210 galen:Humerus humeri humerus bone uberon mesomere 1 of pectoral appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin UBERON:0000976 humerus UBERON:0000976 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg definitional Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah]. AAO:0000679 PHENOSCAPE:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/106 Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000679 AAO AAO:LAP Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001158 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0020164 ncithesaurus:Humerus humeri PHENOSCAPE:ad mesomere 1 of pectoral appendage ISBN:0226313409 proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage ISBN:0226313409 proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral fin ISBN:0226313409 The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] pleural In MA, is_a cavity lining (which we equate to parietal). In FMA, is_a (viscous) serous membrane (which includes mesothelium plus connective tissue). Note the MA structure should probably be associated with the mesothelium of pleura in FMA. JB/EHDAA2 argues the term 'pleura' is best used for the mesothelial lining (thus excluding connective tissue). See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 BTO:0001791 CALOHA:TS-2081 EFO:0001980 EMAPA:16775 EV:0100044 FMA:9583 GAID:360 MA:0000433 MESH:D010994 NCIT:C12469 SCTID:181609007 UMLS:C0032225 VHOG:0000394 Wikipedia:Pleura wall of pleural sac uberon pleura pleural tissue UBERON:0000977 pleura UBERON:0000977 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010820 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1231 ISBN:978-0030223693 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000394 VHOG ISBN:0124020607 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032225 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Tissue pleural tissue BTO:0001791 NCIT:C12469 The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For BTO:0000721 CALOHA:TS-2206 EFO:0001411 EHDAA2:0000972 EHDAA:5151 EHDAA:6176 EHDAA:8289 EMAPA:17489 GAID:49 MA:0000047 MESH:D035002 VHOG:0000345 Wikipedia:Leg#Limb tetrapod leg uberon lower extremity UBERON:0000978 we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot leg UBERON:0000978 The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. Wikipedia:Leg#Limb Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000345 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For 3 lower extremity MESH:A01.378.610 The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.[AAO] AAO:0000890 BTO:0001252 CALOHA:TS-1048 EFO:0003054 EMAPA:19142 FMA:24476 GAID:204 MA:0001361 MESH:D013977 NCIT:C12800 SCTID:182061009 UMLS:C0040184 Wikipedia:Tibia galen:Tibia shankbone shinbone uberon UBERON:0000979 tibia UBERON:0000979 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gray260.png The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000890 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0040184 ncithesaurus:Tibia shankbone Wikipedia:Tibia shinbone Wikipedia:Tibia A bony prominence near the extremity of the femur that normally serves as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP,modified]. Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.[AAO] there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third) AAO:0000897 FMA:82513 MA:0002821 NCIT:C33814 SCTID:182047004 UMLS:C0162370 Wikipedia:Trochanter femoral trochanter trochanter of femur uberon UBERON:0000980 trochanter UBERON:0000980 MA A bony prominence near the extremity of the femur that normally serves as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP,modified]. MP:0004627 Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000897 AAO AAO:LAP there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third) MP UMLS:C0162370 ncithesaurus:Trochanter femoral trochanter AAO:0000897 Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium.[VSAO] Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] femoral AAO:0000887 AAO:0000889 BTO:0001284 CALOHA:TS-0322 EFO:0001396 EMAPA:19143 FMA:9611 GAID:199 MA:0001359 MESH:D005269 NCIT:C12717 SCTID:182046008 UMLS:C0015811 VHOG:0001159 VSAO:0000186 Wikipedia:Femur XAO:0003214 galen:Femur thigh bone uberon femoral bone mesomere 1 of pevlic appendage os femorale os femoris os longissimum proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin UBERON:0000981 femur UBERON:0000981 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gray252.png MA definitional Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000186 Wikipedia:Femur Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000186 VSAO VSAO:NI Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000889 AAO AAO:LAP Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001159 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0015811 ncithesaurus:Femur femoral bone BTO:0001284 mesomere 1 of pevlic appendage ISBN:0226313409 os femorale BTO:0001284 os femoris BTO:0001284 os longissimum Wikipedia:Femur proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage ISBN:0226313409 proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin ISBN:0226313409 Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] articulation joint AEO:0000182 BTO:0001686 CALOHA:TS-2023 EFO:0000948 EMAPA:35456 FMA:7490 GAID:102 MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:D007596 MIAA:0000188 NCIT:C13044 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003182 SCTID:302536002 TAO:0000367 UMLS:C0022417 VHOG:0001276 VSAO:0000101 Wikipedia:Joint XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 galen:Joint uberon articular joint joints UBERON:0000982 skeletal joint UBERON:0000982 Anatomical structure that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000101 Wikipedia:Joint http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000101 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000367 TAO TAO:pem articulation VSAO:0000101 joint FMA:7490 VSAO:0000101 UMLS:C0022417 ncithesaurus:Joint articular joint BTO:0001686 joints ZFA:0001596 A metapodium region that is part of a pes. mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton CALOHA:TS-2221 FMA:24997 MA:0000049 SCTID:280711000 SCTID:370639003 hind metapodium metatarsal part of foot metatarsal region regio metatarsalis hindlimb cannon region hindlimb equine cannon region uberon metatarsus UBERON:0000983 metatarsus region UBERON:0000983 PHENOSCAPE:ni A metapodium region that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic hind metapodium AAO:0000221 MA:th http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial metatarsal part of foot FMA:24997 metatarsal region FMA:24997 regio metatarsalis FMA:24997 FMA:TA hindlimb cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hindlimb equine cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metatarsus MA:0000049 Vein that drains the axilla. In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery EMAPA:18758 FMA:13329 GAID:527 MA:0002084 MESH:D001367 NCIT:C32171 SCTID:181389002 UMLS:C0004456 Wikipedia:Axillary_vein galen:AxillaryVein vena axillaris uberon subcostal vein UBERON:0000985 axillary vein UBERON:0000985 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png Vein that drains the axilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery WP UMLS:C0004456 ncithesaurus:Axillary_Vein vena axillaris Wikipedia:Axillary_vein The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] BAMS:PONS BAMS:Pons BIRNLEX:733 BM:Pons BTO:0001101 CALOHA:TS-0813 DHBA:10661 EFO:0001394 EHDAA2:0004394 EMAPA:17563 EV:0100253 FMA:67943 GAID:578 HBA:9131 MA:0000204 MAT:0000115 MBA:771 MESH:D011149 MIAA:0000115 NCIT:C12511 SCTID:279103004 UMLS:C0032639 UMLS:C1280999 VHOG:0001176 Wikipedia:Pons neuronames:547 pons Varolii pons of Varolius uberon pons cerebri UBERON:0000988 pons UBERON:0000988 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png neuronames The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. VHOG:0001176 The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001176 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pons During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001176 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032639 BIRNLEX:733 ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii UMLS:C1280999 BIRNLEX:733 neuronames:547 BIRNLEX:733 pons Varolii ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii pons cerebri NeuroNames:547 An intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination. penile phallic Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca BTO:0000405 CALOHA:TS-0758 EFO:0000987 EHDAA2:0001433 EHDAA:9380 EMAPA:18682 EMAPA_RETIRED:18996 EV:0100107 FMA:9707 GAID:389 MA:0000408 MAT:0000186 MESH:D010413 MIAA:0000186 NCIT:C12409 SCTID:265793009 UMLS:C0030851 VHOG:0000727 Wikipedia:Penis galen:Penis uberon penes phallus UBERON:0000989 penis UBERON:0000989 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg Wikipedia Wikipedia EHDAA2 An intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005187 Wikipedia:Penis http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca WP UMLS:C0030851 ncithesaurus:Penis penes Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] 2022-06-10T18:22:34Z AAO:0010258 BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 CALOHA:TS-1318 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 NCIT:C12841 SCTID:278875001 TAO:0000632 UMLS:C1261210 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 Wikipedia:Reproductive_system XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 genital system genitalia uberon Geschlechtsorgan animal reproductive system genital tract organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia UBERON:0000990 reproductive system UBERON:0000990 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Penis.svg Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010258 AAO AAO:BJB Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000182 VHOG PMID:21672850 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1261210 ncithesaurus:Reproductive_System genitalia Geschlechtsorgan BTO:0000081 animal reproductive system BTO:0000081 organa genitalia BTO:0000081 reproductive tissue BTO:0000081 systemata genitalia Wikipedia:Reproductive_system Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] gonadal FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' AAO:0000213 BILA:0000123 BSA:0000079 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:17383 FBbt:00004858 FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:D006066 NCIT:C12725 SCTID:304623008 TAO:0000413 UMLS:C0018067 VHOG:0000397 WBbt:0005175 Wikipedia:Gonad XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada uberon gonads UBERON:0000991 gonad UBERON:0000991 Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). ISBN:0140512888 Wikipedia:Gonad ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000213 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000413 TAO ZFIN:curator Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000397 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA UMLS:C0018067 ncithesaurus:Gonad gonads ZFA:0000413 The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells. Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] Female reproductive organ.[TAO] (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] ovarian Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BSA:0000080 BTO:0000975 CALOHA:TS-0730 EFO:0000973 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:D010053 MIAA:0000125 NCIT:C12404 SCTID:181464007 TAO:0000403 UMLS:C0029939 VHOG:0000251 Wikipedia:Ovary XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 animal ovary female gonad female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada uberon ovaries ovarium UBERON:0000992 ovary UBERON:0000992 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001126 Wikipedia:Ovary Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000371 AAO AAO:BJB Female reproductive organ.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000403 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000251 VHOG DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo WP UMLS:C0029939 ncithesaurus:Ovary animal ovary EFO:0000973 female organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic ovum-producing ovary GO:0061039 reproductive system of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic ovaries ovarium Wikipedia:Ovary A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads/infubdibulum to the uterus A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through small genital pores towards the rear of the body[WP] in birds divided into infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina AAO:0010533 BSA:0000083 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 MAT:0000126 MESH:D010057 MIAA:0000126 NCIT:C77957 TAO:0000560 UMLS:C0029954 VHOG:0001136 Wikipedia:Oviduct XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 ovarian duct ovarian tube uterine tube uberon female reproductive tracts oviducts tuba uterina tuba uterinae tubular parts of female reproductive system UBERON:0000993 oviduct UBERON:0000993 A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001136 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001136 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0029954 ncithesaurus:Oviduct ovarian duct http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ovarian tube http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 female reproductive tracts http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 oviducts ZFA:0000560 tuba uterina BTO:0000980 tuba uterinae BTO:0000980 tubular parts of female reproductive system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth. The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] uterine Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle 'vagina' which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline 'placenta' (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a 'true' placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused [Wikipedia:Uterus] BTO:0001424 CALOHA:TS-1102 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:D014599 MIAA:0000127 NCIT:C12405 SCTID:181452004 UMLS:C0042149 VHOG:0001137 Wikipedia:Uterus galen:Uterus uberon UBERON:0000995 uterus UBERON:0000995 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_nolabel.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png cjm The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth. MGI:csmith MP:0001120 The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001137 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterus An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001137 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042149 ncithesaurus:Uterus External genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. The external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] vulval BTO:0003101 CALOHA:TS-1168 EFO:0000978 EMAPA:36631 EV:0100118 FMA:20462 GAID:383 MA:0000395 MAT:0000169 MESH:D014844 MIAA:0000169 NCIT:C12408 SCTID:265796001 UMLS:C0042993 VHOG:0001458 Wikipedia:Vulva galen:Vulva female pudendum mammalian vulva puboperineal region pudendum femininum vulva uberon pudendum pudendum femininum pudendum muliebre UBERON:0000997 mammalian vulva UBERON:0000997 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Female_unshaved_genitalia.jpg External genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. Wikipedia:Vulva The external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001458 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vulva UMLS:C0042993 ncithesaurus:Vulva female pudendum BTO:0003101 FMA:20462 doi:10.1002/ca.23705 puboperineal region FMA:20462 pudendum femininum FMA:20462 FMA:TA doi:10.1002/ca.23705 vulva MA:0000395 pudendum BTO:0003101 doi:10.1002/ca.23705 pudendum femininum Wikipedia:Vulva doi:10.1002/ca.23705 pudendum muliebre BTO:0003101 doi:10.1002/ca.23705 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. Either of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra. [TFD][VHOG] (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra.[well established][VHOG] The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 50-70% of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid. seminal gland AAO:0010788 BTO:0001234 CALOHA:TS-0919 EFO:0000986 EMAPA:19180 EV:0100106 FMA:19386 GAID:394 MA:0000410 MAT:0000171 MESH:D012669 MIAA:0000171 NCIT:C12787 SCTID:181434004 UMLS:C0036628 VHOG:0001379 Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle uberon glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gonecyst vas efferens vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis vesiculæ seminales UBERON:0000998 seminal vesicle UBERON:0000998 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. BTO:0001234 Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle Either of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001379 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prominence (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001379 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.556 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0036628 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle glandula seminalis BTO:0001234 glandula vesiculosa BTO:0001234 vesicula seminalis BTO:0001234 Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculae seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular gland Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular glands Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculæ seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. BTO:0001580 CALOHA:TS-0211 EFO:0000985 EMAPA:19088 FMA:19325 GAID:388 MA:0003247 MAT:0000170 MESH:D004543 MIAA:0000170 NCIT:C32493 SCTID:279665005 UMLS:C0013747 Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct ductus ejaculatorii ductus ejaculatorius uberon ductus ejaculatorii UBERON:0000999 ejaculatory duct UBERON:0000999 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct UMLS:C0013747 ncithesaurus:Ejaculatory_Duct ductus ejaculatorii BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorius BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorii Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct A secretory duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is a continuation of the epididymis and ends in the prostatic urethra where it terminates to form ejaculatory duct. The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca.[well established][VHOG] Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall. BTO:0001427 CALOHA:TS-1105 EFO:0000981 EMAPA:18681 EV:0100105 FMA:19234 GAID:404 MA:0000413 MESH:D014649 MIAA:0000129 NCIT:C12813 SCTID:245467009 UMLS:C0042360 VHOG:0001135 Wikipedia:Vas_deferens galen:VasDeferens deferent duct ductus deferens vas deferen uberon sperm duct vasa deferentia UBERON:0001000 vas deferens UBERON:0001000 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg FMA A secretory duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is a continuation of the epididymis and ends in the prostatic urethra where it terminates to form ejaculatory duct. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:pvb MP:0002769 Wikipedia:Vas_deferens http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001135 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall. WP UMLS:C0042360 ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens ductus deferens Wikipedia:Vas_deferens The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] epidermal Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). epidermis skin AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 CALOHA:TS-0283 EFO:0000954 EMAPA:17528 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:D004817 MIAA:0000154 NCIT:C12708 SCTID:361694003 TAO:0000105 UMLS:C0014520 VHOG:0000077 Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin) XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 vertebrate epidermis uberon UBERON:0001003 skin epidermis UBERON:0001003 The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. ISBN:0073040584 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000105 TAO ZFIN:curator The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000143 AAO AAO:BJB relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000143 AAO (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000077 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014520 ncithesaurus:Epidermis Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000541 BTO:0000203 CALOHA:TS-1319 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:D012137 MIAA:0000030 NCIT:C12779 SCTID:278197002 TAO:0000272 UMLS:C0035237 VHOG:0000202 Wikipedia:Respiratory_system XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius respiratory system uberon Atmungssystem apparatus respiratorius systema respiratorium UBERON:0001004 respiratory system UBERON:0001004 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. Wikipedia:Respiratory_system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000541 AAO AAO:BJB There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000202 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0035237 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 apparatus respiratorius BTO:0000203 systema respiratorium Wikipedia:Respiratory_system An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED). As a grouping class this is quite vague, as it is not clear where the airway begins and ends airway airways FMA:265130 SCTID:361380005 Wikipedia:Trachea uberon UBERON:0001005 respiratory airway UBERON:0001005 An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. Wikipedia:Trachea airway http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 airways http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] digestive many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class AAO:0000129 BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-1293 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:D004064 MIAA:0000018 SCTID:278859004 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 WBbt:0005748 Wikipedia:Digestive_system XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 galen:DigestiveSystem ncithesaurus:Digestive_System uberon alimentary system alimentary tract gastrointestinal system gut UBERON:0001007 digestive system UBERON:0001007 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Wikipedia:Digestive_system An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000129 AAO AAO:BJB many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class MA The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans excretory system AAO:0010257 BILA:0000015 BTO:0001244 BTO:0003092 CALOHA:TS-1323 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:D014551 MIAA:0000027 NCIT:C12413 SCTID:362204003 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 UMLS:C1508753 VHOG:0000723 WBbt:0005736 Wikipedia:Excretory_system XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 galen:UrinaryTract systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary tract uberon renal or urinary system renal/urinary system UBERON:0001008 renal system UBERON:0001008 The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 GO:0072001 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010257 AAO AAO:BJB Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000723 VHOG ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels GO This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 UMLS:C1508753 ncithesaurus:Urinary_System systema urinaria FMA:7159 systema urinarium BTO:0003092 renal or urinary system EHDAA:5901 Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-2103 VHOG:0001248 Wikipedia:Circulatory_system uberon systema cardiovasculare UBERON:0001009 circulatory system UBERON:0001009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. Wikipedia:Circulatory_system Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha WBbt coelomocyte currently classified as circulating cell Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000959 AAO AAO:BJB We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001248 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493 http://bgee.unil.ch/ systema cardiovasculare Wikipedia:Circulatory_system The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. FMA:33760 NCIT:C120676 SCTID:302520004 Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna body of ulna corpus ulnae shaft of ulna ulnar diaphysis uberon shaft of ulna supinator crest UBERON:0001010 diaphysis of ulna UBERON:0001010 The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna body of ulna FMA:33760 corpus ulnae FMA:33760 shaft of ulna FMA:33760 ulnar diaphysis FMA:33760 shaft of ulna Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna supinator crest Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. FMA:33773 SCTID:181941003 Wikipedia:Head_of_radius galen:HeadOfRadius radial head uberon caput radii UBERON:0001012 head of radius UBERON:0001012 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Gray214.png FMA FMA The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. Wikipedia:Head_of_radius radial head FMA:33773 caput radii Wikipedia:Head_of_radius Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue. Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] adipose In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen. in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 BTO:0001487 CALOHA:TS-0013 EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EMAPA:35112 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:D000273 MIAA:0000015 NCIT:C12472 SCTID:55603005 TAO:0002134 UMLS:C0001527 VHOG:0001284 Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 galen:FattyTissue fat fat tissue fatty tissue uberon adipose bodyfat fatty depot UBERON:0001013 adipose tissue UBERON:0001013 FMA Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue. MESH:A10.165.114 MGI:cwg MP:0000003 Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002134 TAO ZFIN:curator Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000001 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000001 AAO Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001284 VHOG DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue FMA UMLS:C0001527 ncithesaurus:Adipose_Tissue fat MA:0000009 adipose BTO:0001487 bodyfat BTO:0001487 A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. AAO:0011066 BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 EMAPA:32715 EMAPA:35577 FMA:32558 MA:0000165 NCIT:C13056 TAO:0000548 UMLS:C0026845 VSAO:0005038 WBbt:0005737 Wikipedia:Muscular_system ZFA:0000548 muscle group muscles set musculature musculi set of muscles set of skeletal muscles uberon muscle system muscles musculature system UBERON:0001015 musculature UBERON:0001015 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. Wikipedia:Muscular_system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. FMA UMLS:C0026845 ncithesaurus:Muscle musculi FMA:32558 FMA:TA set of muscles FMA:32558 set of skeletal muscles MA:0000165 The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] nervous neural AAO:0000324 BILA:0000079 BIRNLEX:844 BTO:0001484 CALOHA:TS-1313 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:D009420 MIAA:0000026 NCIT:C12755 SCTID:278196006 TAO:0000396 UMLS:C0027763 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 Wikipedia:Nervous_system XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 neuronames:3236 neurological system nerve net uberon systema nervosum UBERON:0001016 nervous system UBERON:0001016 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png Bgee:AN The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. BIRNLEX:844 ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFIN:curator A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000396 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000324 AAO AAO:BJB Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000402 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0027763 ncithesaurus:Nervous_System neurological system GO:0050877 nerve net Wikipedia:Nerve_net systema nervosum Wikipedia:Nervous_system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000090 BAMS:CNS BILA:0000080 BIRNLEX:1099 BTO:0000227 CALOHA:TS-0150 EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:D002490 NCIT:C12438 SCTID:278199004 TAO:0000012 UMLS:C0927232 VHOG:0000293 Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system XAO:0000215 ZFA:0000012 neuronames:854 CNS systema nervosum centrale cerebrospinal axis uberon neuraxis UBERON:0001017 central nervous system UBERON:0001017 FBbt cjm Bgee:AN The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. GO:0021551 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/7/1/29 https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/11422/ Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000090 AAO AAO:BJB The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000012 TAO ZFIN:curator The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:1099 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000293 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0927232 BIRNLEX:1099 ncithesaurus:Central_Nervous_System CNS systema nervosum centrale FMA:55675 FMA:TA cerebrospinal axis FMA:55675 neuraxis FMA:55675 A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed). note FBbt class not disjoint from tract. Consider merging with 'neuron projection bundle' fascicle BIRNLEX:872 BTO:0002191 EMAPA:36605 FMA:12235 NCIT:C32586 TGMA:0000088 UMLS:C1185741 Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fascicle fasciculus nerve bundle nerve fasciculus neural fasciculus uberon nerve fiber tract UBERON:0001019 nerve fasciculus UBERON:0001019 A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]; A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve (American Heritage Dictionary 4th ed). BIRNLEX:872 FBbt:00005101 fascicle FBbt:00005101 UMLS:C1185741 ncithesaurus:Fascicle fasciculus nerve bundle FMA:12235 nerve fasciculus FMA:12235 neural fasciculus FMA:12235 nerve fiber tract BTO:0002191 An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] nervous AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 BAMS:n BIRNLEX:1615 BSA:0000098 BTO:0000925 BTO:0001027 CALOHA:TS-0772 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EMAPA:32808 EMAPA:32815 EV:0100371 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 FMA:65239 GAID:747 GAID:758 MA:0000217 MA:0000228 MESH:D010525 NCIT:C12466 NCIT:C12768 NLX:147826 SCTID:244457007 SCTID:256864008 TAO:0007009 UMLS:C0027740 UMLS:C0031119 VHOG:0000901 Wikipedia:Nervous_system XAO:0000204 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 galen:Nerve nerves peripheral nerve uberon neural subtree UBERON:0001021 nerve UBERON:0001021 FBbt An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. FBbt:00005105 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007009 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0027740 ncithesaurus:Nerve UMLS:C0031119 ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nerve nerves TAO:0007009 peripheral nerve http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neural subtree FMA:65132 A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system. AEO:0000201 EHDAA2:0003200 FBbt:00005136 FMA:5868 Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve nervus sensorius uberon afferent nerve UBERON:0001027 sensory nerve UBERON:0001027 AEO A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve nervus sensorius Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve A diaphysis that is part of a radius bone[Automatically generated definition]. The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_radius]. FMA:33782 NCIT:C120674 SCTID:302518002 Wikipedia:Body_of_radius body of radius corpus radii radial diaphysis shaft of radius uberon radial shaft shaft of radius UBERON:0001028 diaphysis of radius UBERON:0001028 A diaphysis that is part of a radius bone[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_radius The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_radius]. Wikipedia:Body_of_radius body of radius FMA:33782 corpus radii FMA:33782 radial diaphysis FMA:33782 shaft of radius FMA:33782 radial shaft Wikipedia:Body_of_radius shaft of radius Wikipedia:Body_of_radius Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs AAO:0000555 BAMS:SEN BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00007692 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MIAA:0000031 NLXANAT:090816 TAO:0000282 VHOG:0001674 Wikipedia:Sensory_system XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory subsystem sensory systems uberon organa sensuum sensory organ system set of sense organs UBERON:0001032 sensory system UBERON:0001032 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001674 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ organa sensuum FMA:75259 FMA:TA sense organs FMA:75259 sense organs set FMA:75259 sensory systems TAO:0000282 organa sensuum Wikipedia:Sensory_system set of sense organs FMA:75259 The sensory system for the sense of taste. The sensory system for the sense of taste[NLXANAT:090803]. The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO] gustatory in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes AAO:0010577 BILA:0000143 EFO:0000830 FMA:7194 MA:0002446 MAT:0000275 MIAA:0000275 NLXANAT:090803 SCTID:423940004 TAO:0001101 Wikipedia:Gustatory_system XAO:0003197 ZFA:0001101 neuronames:2889 gustatory organ system taste system uberon UBERON:0001033 gustatory system UBERON:0001033 The sensory system for the sense of taste. NLXANAT:090803 The sensory system for the sense of taste[NLXANAT:090803]. NLXANAT:090803 The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010577 AAO AAO:EJS in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes ZFA A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. consider splitting class One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] the extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] BTO:0001471 CALOHA:TS-1130 EFO:0003078 EHDAA2:0002212 EHDAA:164 EMAPA:16085 FMA:87180 GAID:1301 MESH:D015017 NCIT:C14128 SCTID:362845002 UMLS:C0043425 VHOG:0000830 Wikipedia:Yolk_sac uberon saccus vitellinus vesicula umbilicalis UBERON:0001040 yolk sac UBERON:0001040 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray22.png https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/635 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Yolk_sac One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000830 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/yolk+sac the extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells MP:0001718 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000830 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0043425 ncithesaurus:Yolk_Sac saccus vitellinus Wikipedia:Yolk_sac vesicula umbilicalis Wikipedia:Yolk_sac Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. In vertebrates the term may refer to a developmental structure The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder. The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011042 BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 NCIT:C34180 SCTID:361409009 TGMA:0001014 UMLS:C0231051 VHOG:0000285 Wikipedia:Foregut XAO:0000232 uberon praeenteron proenteron UBERON:0001041 foregut UBERON:0001041 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray27.png Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder. MP:0000474 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000285 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231051 ncithesaurus:Foregut praeenteron Wikipedia:Foregut proenteron Wikipedia:Foregut A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867]. Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme pharynx AAO:0000967 BTO:0001049 CALOHA:TS-0785 EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 GAID:155 MA:0000432 MESH:D010614 NCIT:C12425 SCTID:181211006 TAO:0000056 UMLS:C0031354 VHOG:0000462 Wikipedia:Pharynx XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx uberon UBERON:0001042 Consider generalizing to deuterostome pharynx chordate pharynx UBERON:0001042 EHDAA2 A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. http://www.feedexp.org A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867]. MESH:A03.867 Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO AAO:EJS Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000056 TAO ZFIN:curator Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme MA pharynx FMA:46688 UMLS:C0031354 ncithesaurus:Pharynx Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] esophageal esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 BTO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-0700 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EV:0100069 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:D004947 MIAA:0000048 NCIT:C12389 SCTID:181245004 TAO:0000204 UMLS:C0014876 VHOG:0000450 Wikipedia:Esophagus XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 galen:Esophagus gullet oesophagus uberon UBERON:0001043 esophagus UBERON:0001043 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Wikipedia:Esophagus http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000145 AAO AAO:EJS The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000450 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) http://bgee.unil.ch/ esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) MA UMLS:C0014876 ncithesaurus:Esophagus Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon in FMA this represents an embryonic region. BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 MA:0001564 NCIT:C34210 SCTID:361410004 TGMA:0001036 UMLS:C0231052 VHOG:0000290 Wikipedia:Midgut XAO:0000103 uberon mesenteron UBERON:0001045 midgut UBERON:0001045 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. GO:0007494 Wikipedia:Midgut The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000290 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon WP in FMA this represents an embryonic region. FMA UMLS:C0231052 ncithesaurus:Midgut mesenteron Wikipedia:Midgut The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest). We may explicitly make this a developmental class the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 NCIT:C34188 SCTID:362856002 TGMA:0001020 UMLS:C0231053 VHOG:0000459 Wikipedia:Hindgut XAO:0000104 uberon metenteron UBERON:0001046 hindgut UBERON:0001046 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray472.png Wikipedia The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo MP:0008786 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000459 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium FMA UMLS:C0231053 ncithesaurus:Hindgut metenteron Wikipedia:Hindgut Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 NCIT:C34275 UMLS:C0678727 Wikipedia:Primordium XAO:0003043 uberon bud future organ placode primordia rudiment UBERON:0001048 primordium UBERON:0001048 EHDAA2 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 http://flybase.org/reports/FBrf0178740.html UMLS:C0678727 ncithesaurus:Primordium placode FBbt:00005495 primordia XAO:0003043 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 CALOHA:TS-2371 DHBA:10154 EHDAA2:0001254 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16757 FMA:293882 MAT:0000069 MESH:D054259 MIAA:0000069 NCIT:C34226 SCTID:362852000 TAO:0001135 UMLS:C0231024 VHOG:0000307 Wikipedia:Neural_tube XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 neuronames:1365 uberon neural primordium presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis UBERON:0001049 neural tube UBERON:0001049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neural_tube Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010617 AAO AAO:JOR The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neural+tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium GO:0021915 UMLS:C0231024 ncithesaurus:Neural_Tube tubus neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_tube The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus. The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] rectal In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html AAO:0010401 BTO:0001158 CALOHA:TS-1180 EFO:0000848 EHDAA2:0001592 EHDAA:5836 EMAPA:17896 EV:0100081 FMA:14544 GAID:311 MA:0000336 MAT:0000050 MESH:D012007 MIAA:0000050 NCIT:C12390 SCTID:181261002 UMLS:C0034896 VHOG:0001751 Wikipedia:Rectum XAO:0000238 galen:Rectum terminal portion of intestine uberon intestinum rectum rectal sac terminal portion of large intestine UBERON:0001052 rectum UBERON:0001052 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif 4 cjm MA EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000492 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001751 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034896 ncithesaurus:Rectum intestinum rectum BTO:0001158 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. AAO:0010841 AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 BIRNLEX:6 CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt:10000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 MA:0000001 NCIT:C12219 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UMLS:C1515976 WBbt:0000100 XAO:0000000 ZFA:0100000 uberon UBERON:0001062 anatomical entity UBERON:0001062 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. FMA:62955 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C1515976 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Structure_System_or_Substance A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. in EHDAA2 this is an epithelium, in FMA the wall consists of epithelium and connective tissue These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct. UBERON:0005627 pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 EHDAA2:0001396 EHDAA:6905 EMAPA:17510 FMA:16003 GAID:337 MA:0000126 MESH:D010183 NCIT:C12272 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002177 SCTID:245385001 UMLS:C0030288 VHOG:0000256 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung main pancreatic duct uberon canal of Wirsung ductus pancreatis ventralis hepaticopancreatic duct UBERON:0001064 ventral pancreatic duct UBERON:0001064 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1100.png FMA EHDAA2 A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000256 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct. WP pancreatic duct MESH:A03.734.667 UMLS:C0030288 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Duct chief pancreatic duct FMA:16003 duct of Wirsung Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct main pancreatic duct MA:0000126 canal of Wirsung BTO:0002362 hepaticopancreatic duct BTO:0002362 A synovial joint between the prezygapophysis of one vertebra and the postzygapophysis of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. FMA:10447 GAID:275 MA:0001513 MESH:D021801 NCIT:C32577 SCTID:89836005 UMLS:C0224521 Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint facet joint joint of vertebral arch joint of vertebral articular process spinal facet joint zygapophyseal joint zygapophysial joint uberon articulationes zygapophysiales UBERON:0001067 vertebral arch joint UBERON:0001067 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray90.png A synovial joint between the prezygapophysis of one vertebra and the postzygapophysis of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint UMLS:C0224521 ncithesaurus:Facet_Joint spinal facet joint HP:0008482 articulationes zygapophysiales Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region EMAPA:36392 FMA:10462 FMA:22985 MA:0000498 SCTID:181492002 back skin back zone of skin skin, dorsal region zone of skin of back uberon UBERON:0001068 skin of back UBERON:0001068 MA MA A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic back zone of skin OBOL:automatic skin, dorsal region https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 zone of skin of back OBOL:automatic A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP]. not homologous to the external carotid of zebrafish (Goodrich, 1958) - http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html; check XAO AAO:0010218 AAO:0010416 BTO:0004696 EFO:0001953 EHDAA2:0000461 EMAPA:18611 FMA:10635 GAID:480 MA:0001929 MESH:D002342 NCIT:C32551 SCTID:362044002 UMLS:C0007275 VHOG:0000265 Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery XAO:0000345 external carotid uberon arteria carotis externa UBERON:0001070 external carotid artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486863&group_id=76834&atid=1127722 UBERON:0001070 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif MA FMA EHDAA2 FMA A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP]. MGI:anna UMLS:C0007275 ncithesaurus:External_Carotid_Artery external carotid AAO:0010218 arteria carotis externa Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. EMAPA:37117 FMA:10665 MA:0002052 NCIT:C53005 SCTID:161746006 UMLS:C0226271 Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery uberon UBERON:0001071 The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP] superficial cervical artery UBERON:0001071 It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery EMAPA:37117 MA:th UMLS:C0226271 ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium[FMA]. Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011083 BTO:0002682 EHDAA2:0000611 EMAPA:18416 FMA:10951 GAID:548 MA:0000480 MESH:D014682 NCIT:C12815 SCTID:181369003 UMLS:C0042458 VHOG:0001194 Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava XAO:0000388 galen:InferiorVenaCava inferior caval vein inferior vena cava posterior vena cava uberon caudal vena cava postcava vena cava inferior UBERON:0001072 posterior vena cava UBERON:0001072 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png lexical A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium[FMA]. FMA:10951 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001194 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042458 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vena_Cava inferior caval vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 inferior vena cava Wikipedia:Venae_cavae posterior vena cava Wikipedia:Venae_cavae caudal vena cava VHOG:0001194 vena cava inferior BTO:0002682 Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice. EMAPA:37601 FMA:11338 MA:0000332 SCTID:264021000 ileocaecal junction uberon UBERON:0001073 ileocecal junction UBERON:0001073 A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=46539 EMAPA:37601 MA:th A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] check ZFA, should actually be thoracic cavity. Note that Hyman defines the cavity as the space between the heart and the sac (but defines the sac as parietal) BSA:0000091 EHDAA2:0001434 EMAPA:16131 EMAPA:16132 FMA:11350 MA:0000053 NCIT:C38662 SCTID:362027001 TAO:0002220 UMLS:C0225972 VHOG:0000556 Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity ZFA:0001655 galen:PericardialSpace cavity of pericardial sac pericardial space uberon cavitas pericardiaca UBERON:0001074 pericardial cavity UBERON:0001074 MA FMA Wikipedia A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. Wikipedia:Pericardium PMID:20959416 Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002220 TAO ZFIN:curator In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000556 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ check ZFA, should actually be thoracic cavity. Note that Hyman defines the cavity as the space between the heart and the sac (but defines the sac as parietal) ZFA UMLS:C0225972 ncithesaurus:Pericardial_Cavity pericardial space Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity cavitas pericardiaca Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. Centra are represented by mineralized, calcified, or ossified portions that surround the notochord. The autocentrum, present in Danio and all other living teleosts, is formed by direct ossification outside the elastica externa of the notochord (Arratia, 1999).[TAO] Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord.[AAO] The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra]. The vertebral centrum may be cartilaginous, develop as cartilage but be replaced by bone or mineralized, or form directly through intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] VSAO definition states it surrounds notochord but not applicable to post-natal. AAO:0000697 EMAPA:36588 FMA:11945 MA:0001457 NCIT:C12852 SCTID:361745008 SCTID:362867001 TAO:0000126 UMLS:C0223084 Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra ZFA:0000126 body of vertebra corpus vertebra corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) vertebral body arcocentrum autocentrum holocentrum uberon centra corpus vertebrae vertebral centra vertebral centrum UBERON:0001075 bony vertebral centrum UBERON:0001075 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Corpusvertebrae.png Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. VSAO:0000183 VSAO:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Centra are represented by mineralized, calcified, or ossified portions that surround the notochord. The autocentrum, present in Danio and all other living teleosts, is formed by direct ossification outside the elastica externa of the notochord (Arratia, 1999).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000126 TAO ZFIN:curator Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000697 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_2008 The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra]. Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra The vertebral centrum may be cartilaginous, develop as cartilage but be replaced by bone or mineralized, or form directly through intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] 2012-09-06 VSAO:0000183 VSAO Curator VSAO definition states it surrounds notochord but not applicable to post-natal. VSAO UMLS:C0223084 ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Body body of vertebra FMA:11945 corpus vertebra corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) FMA:11945 vertebral body FMA:11945 arcocentrum PMID:11746457 autocentrum PMID:11746457 ZFA:0000126 holocentrum PMID:11746457 centra PHENOSCAPE:ad corpus vertebrae Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra vertebral centra PHENOSCAPE:ad vertebral centrum MA:0001457 An extension of a neural arches dorsal to the neural canal[TAO,modified]. Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process.[AAO] Neural spines are extensions of neural arches dorsal to the neural canal in the median skeletogenous septum. Neural spines are typically unpaired median structures but can be paired in some instances, e.g., in the abdominal region of basal teleosts such as Leptolepis, Elops, Megalops, and Hiodon).[TAO] Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of mid-dorsal keel (AAO:0000735)[AAO] The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. [Wikipedia:Spinous_process] spinous process AAO:0000705 EMAPA:25107 FMA:11948 MA:0001455 NCIT:C116112 SCTID:264259004 TAO:0001336 Wikipedia:Spinous_process ZFA:0001336 processus spinosus processus spinosus vertebrae spinous process of vertebra vertebra spinous process uberon neural spine neural spines spine of verterba UBERON:0001076 neural spine UBERON:0001076 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png An extension of a neural arches dorsal to the neural canal[TAO,modified]. TAO:0001336 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000705 AAO AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Neural spines are extensions of neural arches dorsal to the neural canal in the median skeletogenous septum. Neural spines are typically unpaired median structures but can be paired in some instances, e.g., in the abdominal region of basal teleosts such as Leptolepis, Elops, Megalops, and Hiodon).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001336 TAO ZFIN:curator Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000739 AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 relationship loss: part_of mid-dorsal keel (AAO:0000735)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000705 AAO spinous process of vertebra FMA:11948 vertebra spinous process MA:0001455 neural spines ZFA:0001336 spine of verterba FMA:11948 The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO:0000698 FMA:11949 MA:0001456 SCTID:264238006 Wikipedia:Transverse_process XAO:0003102 processus transversus processus transversus vertebrae transverse process vertebra transverse process uberon diapophyses diapophysis UBERON:0001077 transverse process of vertebra UBERON:0001077 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_process Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae. AAO:0000698 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? Paired, anteromedially directed processes from the neural arches, ligamentously joined to the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra.[TAO] AAO:0000703 EMAPA:37802 FMA:11953 MA:0001452 SCTID:42424006 TAO:0001325 ZFA:0001325 http://www.informatics.jax.org/cookbook/figures/figure20.shtml cranial articular process of vertebra prezygapophysis processus articularis superior processus articularis superior vertebrae superior articular process of vertebra vertebra cranial articular process zygapophysis superior neural prezygapophysis neural prezygopophyses uberon neural prezygapophyses UBERON:0001079 prezygapophysis UBERON:0001079 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired, anteromedially directed processes from the neural arches, ligamentously joined to the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001325 TAO ZFIN:curator EMAPA:37802 MA:th processus articularis superior vertebrae FMA:11953 FMA:TA superior articular process of vertebra FMA:11953 zygapophysis superior FMA:11953 FMA:TA neural prezygapophysis ZFA:0001325 neural prezygopophyses ZFA:0001325 neural prezygapophyses TAO:0001325 Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. Paired, dorsomedially directed processes on the posterior ends of the centra, ligamentously joined to the neural prezygapophyses of the immediately posterior vertebra.[TAO] AAO:0000702 EMAPA:35918 FMA:11954 MA:0001451 SCTID:30079000 TAO:0000681 ZFA:0000681 caudal articular process of vertebra inferior articular process of vertebra neural postzygopophysis postzygapophysis processus articularis inferior processus articularis inferior vertebrae vertebra caudal articular process zygapophysis inferior neural postzygapophysis uberon neural postzygapophyses neural postzygopophyses processus obliquus posterior UBERON:0001080 Posteriorly projecting processes allowing de facto contact between consecutive vertebrae (some soft tissues are also present) via articular facets. [PHENOSCAPE:NI] postzygapophysis UBERON:0001080 Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. AAO:LAP Paired, dorsomedially directed processes on the posterior ends of the centra, ligamentously joined to the neural prezygapophyses of the immediately posterior vertebra.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000681 TAO ZFIN:curator inferior articular process of vertebra FMA:11954 neural postzygopophysis ZFA:0000681 processus articularis inferior vertebrae FMA:11954 FMA:TA zygapophysis inferior FMA:11954 FMA:TA neural postzygapophysis ZFA:0000681 neural postzygapophyses TAO:0000681 neural postzygopophyses TAO:0000681 processus obliquus posterior AAO:0000702 Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. EMAPA:32747 FMA:12148 MA:0000079 SCTID:192172004 TAO:0002247 VHOG:0000607 ZFA:0001615 cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium uberon ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0001081 endocardium of ventricle UBERON:0001081 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. ZFIN:curator cardiac ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0000607 An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle. The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] FMA:12150 TAO:0005058 ZFA:0005058 cardiac ventricle epicardium ventricular epicardium uberon UBERON:0001082 epicardium of ventricle UBERON:0001082 An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005058 TAO ZFIN:curator cardiac ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003088 EMAPA:32748 FMA:12151 MA:0000082 SCTID:192084000 TAO:0005061 VHOG:0000604 ZFA:0005061 ventricle myocardium ventricular myocardium uberon ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0001083 myocardium of ventricle UBERON:0001083 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ZFIN:curator Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005061 TAO ZFIN:curator As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000604 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0000604 A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region FMA:12166 FMA:24756 MA:0000582 NCIT:C52757 SCTID:181484006 UMLS:C0205029 adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head uberon UBERON:0001084 skin of head UBERON:0001084 A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0205029 ncithesaurus:Head_Skin adult head zone of skin OBOL:automatic head zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of adult head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of head OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region EMAPA:37278 FMA:12167 FMA:23093 MA:0000517 NCIT:C12295 SCTID:181489001 UMLS:C0205031 torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk uberon UBERON:0001085 skin of trunk UBERON:0001085 A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37278 MA:th UMLS:C0205031 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Trunk torso zone of skin OBOL:automatic trunk zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of torso OBOL:automatic zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. BTO:0003080 FMA:12273 MA:0002532 MAT:0000500 Wikipedia:Pleural_fluid ncithesaurus:Pleural_Fluid uberon UBERON:0001087 pleural fluid UBERON:0001087 Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. FMA:12273 Excretion that is the output of a kidney. kidney excreta from some taxa (e.g. in aves) may not be liquid BTO:0001419 CALOHA:TS-1092 EFO:0001939 EMAPA:36554 ENVO:00002047 FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:D014556 MIAA:0000058 NCIT:C13283 UMLS:C0042036 Wikipedia:Urine galen:Urine uberon UBERON:0001088 urine UBERON:0001088 Excretion that is the output of a kidney. Wikipedia:Urine https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/11025 UMLS:C0042036 ncithesaurus:Urine Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] It provides nutrients and lubrication for articular cartilage The fluid contains hyaluronan secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane, lubricin (proteoglycan 4; PRG4) secreted by the surface chondrocytes of the articular cartilage and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood plasma BTO:0001339 CALOHA:TS-0996 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:D013582 NCIT:C33718 TAO:0005154 UMLS:C0039097 Wikipedia:Synovial_fluid ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid uberon UBERON:0001090 synovial fluid UBERON:0001090 FMA Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274/ Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005154 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0039097 ncithesaurus:Synovial_Fluid joint fluid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274/ Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food. we place ZFA ctb 5 tooth here for now. Consider changing name from calcaeeous tooth. Note that sea cucumbers develop calcareous tooth-like structures The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes.[well established][VHOG] dental absent in living platypus, present in toothed Miocene platypus Obduron dicksoni AEO:0000220 BTO:0000397 CALOHA:TS-1055 EFO:0000839 EHDAA2:0004605 EMAPA:32906 EV:0100063 FMA:12516 GAID:1260 MA:0000348 MAT:0000041 MESH:D014070 MIAA:0000041 NCIT:C12506 SCTID:302214001 TAO:0001625 UMLS:C0040426 VHOG:0001733 Wikipedia:Tooth XAO:0000431 ZFA:0000694 dental element dentine containing tooth tooth vertebrate tooth uberon UBERON:0001091 calcareous tooth UBERON:0001091 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg XAO-modified ZFA-modified cjm Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food. Wikipedia:Tooth_(animal) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia PMID:10210685 The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001733 VHOG PMID:19266065 Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ absent in living platypus, present in toothed Miocene platypus Obduron dicksoni PMID:10210685 UMLS:C0040426 ncithesaurus:Tooth dental element http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The first vertebral bone in the vertebral column. First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull.[AAO] Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to the neurocranium.[TAO] 1 C1 AAO:0000709 EHDAA:10606 EMAPA:19431 FMA:12519 GAID:236 MA:0001421 MESH:D001270 NCIT:C32239 SCTID:181818007 TAO:0001167 UMLS:C0004170 Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy) ZFA:0001167 C1 vertebra atlas atlas (CI) atlas [C I] atlas vertebra cervical atlas cervical vertebra 1 first cervical vertebra vertebra 1 uberon UBERON:0001092 vertebral bone 1 UBERON:0001092 The first vertebral bone in the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000709 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to the neurocranium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001167 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0004170 ncithesaurus:C1_Vertebra atlas [C I] FMA:12519 FMA:TA cervical atlas MP:0011576 cervical vertebra 1 MA:0001421 vertebra 1 TAO:0001167 The second vertebral bone in the vertebral column. Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to vertebra 1.[TAO] not the same as ZFA term 'axis' 2 EHDAA:10608 EMAPA:19432 FMA:12520 GAID:237 MA:0001422 MESH:D001368 NCIT:C32240 SCTID:181819004 TAO:0001168 UMLS:C0004457 Wikipedia:Axis_(anatomy) ZFA:0001168 axis (CII) axis [C II] axis vertebra cervical axis vertebra 2 C2 vertebra cervical vertebra 2 second cervical vertebra uberon C2 axis UBERON:0001093 vertebral bone 2 UBERON:0001093 FMA The second vertebral bone in the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to vertebra 1.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001168 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0004457 ncithesaurus:C2_Vertebra axis [C II] FMA:12520 FMA:TA cervical axis MP:0004608 vertebra 2 ZFA:0001168 cervical vertebra 2 MA:0001422 axis MA:0001422 A vertebra bone that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column. todo - AAO placement to be confirmed by AAO curators (the AAO class may also include modified ribs) Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] AAO:0000552 EMAPA:18336 FMA:12526 MA:0000313 NCIT:C12853 SCTID:361773005 UMLS:C1261045 Wikipedia:Sacrum XAO:0003078 galen:SacralVertebra neuronames:1706 sacral segment segment of sacrum uberon UBERON:0001094 sacral vertebra UBERON:0001094 A vertebra bone that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000552 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 UMLS:C1261045 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Vertebra Any vertebral bone that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx). Vertebrae bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae.[TAO] we deliberately merge the MA classes as we believe them equivalent UBERON:0006070 caudal vertebra EMAPA:18374 FMA:12527 MA:0000310 MA:0001420 NCIT:C32334 SCTID:361774004 TAO:0000326 UMLS:C0223616 Wikipedia:Caudal_vertebra XAO:0003079 ZFA:0000326 galen:CoccygealVertebra caudal vertebrae caudal vertebral bone caudal vertebral bone element coccygeal segment coccygeal vertebra fused tail vertebra uberon coccygea tail vertebra UBERON:0001095 Taxon notes In zebrafish, Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae caudal vertebra UBERON:0001095 Any vertebral bone that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vertebrae bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000326 TAO ZFIN:curator we deliberately merge the MA classes as we believe them equivalent MA caudal vertebra FMA:12527 UMLS:C0223616 ncithesaurus:Coccygeal_Vertebra caudal vertebrae coccygeal vertebra FMA:12527 fused tail vertebra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 coccygea MA:0001420 tail vertebra MA:0000310 An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35326 FMA:12611 MA:0002691 anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall wall of gullet wall of oesophagus uberon UBERON:0001096 wall of esophagus UBERON:0001096 An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of esophagus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of gullet OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic gullet anatomical wall OBOL:automatic gullet wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus wall OBOL:automatic wall of gullet OBOL:automatic wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0001741 EHDAA:8011 EHDAA:8047 EMAPA:32889 FMA:12823 GAID:1263 MA:0000349 MESH:D007180 NCIT:C32769 SCTID:420856006 UMLS:C0021156 Wikipedia:Incisor_tooth incisor uberon UBERON:0001098 Humans normally have eight (8) incisors; Among other animals, some other primates, cats and horses have twelve. Rodents have four, while Foxes have nine. Rabbits and hares (lagomorphs) were once considered rodents, but are distinguished by having eight - one small pair, called 'peg teeth', is located directly behind the most anterior pair. Incisors are used to bite off tough foods, such as red meat incisor tooth UBERON:0001098 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Gray997.png Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incisor_tooth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/221 UMLS:C0021156 ncithesaurus:Incisor incisor MA:0000349 A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] phrenic The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution) barrier between thoracic and abdominal cavities; stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus breathing control originate from the cervical somites, likely C3-C5[PMID:23586979] BTO:0000341 CALOHA:TS-0198 EFO:0000937 EHDAA2:0003495 EMAPA:17701 EV:0100376 FMA:13295 GAID:158 MA:0001904 MAT:0000502 MESH:D003964 NCIT:C12702 SCTID:181614006 UMLS:C0011980 VHOG:0000713 Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm diaphragm muscle diaphragm of thorax thoracic diaphragm uberon midriff phren UBERON:0001103 diaphragm UBERON:0001103 PMID:23586979 definitional A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control. MP:0002279 Wikipedia:Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. GO:0060539 The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000713 VHOG ISBN:978-0471384618 Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011980 ncithesaurus:Diaphragm diaphragm muscle BTO:0000341 midriff BTO:0000341 phren BTO:0000341 A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] clavicular The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X]. In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder AAO:0000761 EMAPA:18721 FMA:13321 GAID:182 MA:0001329 MESH:D002968 MFMO:0000047 NCIT:C12695 SCTID:181910004 UMLS:C0008913 VHOG:0000849 VSAO:0005031 Wikipedia:Clavicle galen:Clavicle clavicle clavicula collar bone collarbone uberon UBERON:0001105 clavicle bone UBERON:0001105 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg FMA mah ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 from secondary cartilage of fusion ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/103 Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000761 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000761 AAO In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000849 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder FMA UMLS:C0008913 ncithesaurus:Clavicle clavicle VSAO:0005031 clavicula VSAO:0005031 The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. In humans it inserts along a roughened line deep in the groove. In other mammals (most, I believe) it is an actual projection, the latissimus dorsi process [FEED:rd] [https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1192] EFO:0003067 EHDAA2:0000932 EHDAA:8307 EMAPA:18178 FMA:13357 MA:0002331 NCIT:C33150 SCTID:181747008 UMLS:C0224362 VHOG:0000930 Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi_muscle dorsal latissimus muscle latissimi dorsi latissimus dorsi musculus latissimus dorsi uberon musculus latissimus dorsi UBERON:0001112 Dorsal group[Kardong] latissimus dorsi muscle UBERON:0001112 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12 thoracolumbar fascia iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs inferior angle of scapula dbpedia floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi_muscle UMLS:C0224362 ncithesaurus:Musculus_Latissimus_Dorsi latissimi dorsi musculus latissimus dorsi Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi_muscle Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts EMAPA:18306 FMA:13361 MA:0000360 NCIT:C49579 SCTID:245378000 UMLS:C0447541 Wikipedia:Liver#Lobes hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis uberon UBERON:0001113 lobe of liver UBERON:0001113 FMA Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. Wikipedia:Liver#Lobes UMLS:C0447541 ncithesaurus:Liver_Lobe The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001008 EHDAA:4001 EMAPA:18311 FMA:13362 MA:0000363 NCIT:C33481 SCTID:362182008 TAO:0005173 UMLS:C0227481 VHOG:0001424 Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver ZFA:0005173 liver right lobe lobus hepaticus dexter right liver lobe uberon 2nd lobe gall bladder lobe lobus hepatis dexter right hepatic lobe second lobe UBERON:0001114 right lobe of liver UBERON:0001114 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005173 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0227481 ncithesaurus:Right_Lobe_of_the_Liver lobus hepaticus dexter right liver lobe ZFA:0005173 2nd lobe TAO:0005173 gall bladder lobe ZFA:0005173 lobus hepatis dexter Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver right hepatic lobe EMAPA:18311 second lobe TAO:0005173 The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001000 EHDAA:3995 EMAPA:18307 FMA:13363 MA:0000361 NCIT:C32965 SCTID:362183003 TAO:0005172 UMLS:C0227486 VHOG:0001423 Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver ZFA:0005172 left liver lobe liver left lobe lobus hepaticus sinister uberon left hepatic lobe lobus hepatis sinister UBERON:0001115 left lobe of liver UBERON:0001115 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005172 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0227486 ncithesaurus:Left_Lobe_of_the_Liver lobus hepaticus sinister left hepatic lobe EMAPA:18307 lobus hepatis sinister Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver The serratus ventralis is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0001832 EHDAA:9463 EMAPA:18525 FMA:13397 MA:0002378 NCIT:C53014 SCTID:181748003 UMLS:C1710059 VHOG:0000679 Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle Boxer's muscle serratus anterior serratus anterior muscle serratus ventralis muscle uberon musculus serratus anterior serratus lateralis UBERON:0001125 serratus ventralis UBERON:0001125 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Serratus_anterior.png long thoracic nerve dbpedia EHDAA2 fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs dbpedia costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula dbpedia dbpedia The serratus ventralis is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle UMLS:C1710059 ncithesaurus:Serratus_Ventralis serratus anterior VHOG:0000679 musculus serratus anterior Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle serratus lateralis Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO]. Note that in contrast to VSAO, this is a subset of the skeletal system, and thus includes intervertebral joints, cartilage and ligaments etc. Some ontologies such as AAO seem to purely refer to the skeleton Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebra in the body.[VSAO] The vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae connected by ligaments. It provides a supporting axis for the body and protects the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...).[well established][VHOG] spine AAO:0000699 AAO:0000734 BTO:0000818 EFO:0001369 EHDA:10119 EMAPA:35919 FMA:13478 GAID:106 MA:0002416 MESH:D013131 NCIT:C12998 NCIT:C33588 NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102 SCTID:44300000 TAO:0001559 UMLS:C0037949 UMLS:C1519455 VHOG:0001142 VSAO:0000185 Wikipedia:Vertebral_column XAO:0003074 ZFA:0001559 galen:SpinalColumn backbone vertebral column skeleton uberon columna vertebralis dorsal spine spinal column vertebral region UBERON:0001130 vertebral column UBERON:0001130 cjm Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO]. VSAO:0000185 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3530322&group_id=76834&atid=2257941 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebra in the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000185 VSAO VSAO:curator The vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae connected by ligaments. It provides a supporting axis for the body and protects the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001142 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vertebral+column Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001142 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 http://bgee.unil.ch/ spine FMA:13478 UMLS:C0037949 ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Column UMLS:C1519455 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Column backbone FMA:13478 vertebral column skeleton AAO:0000699 columna vertebralis BTO:0000818 dorsal spine BTO:0000818 spinal column MESH:A02.835.232.834 A foramen within a vertebral element through which the spinal cord runs. It is formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal.[AAO] AAO:0000729 EMAPA:37803 FMA:13479 MA:0001454 SCTID:280734009 Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen vertebra neural canal uberon foramen vertebrale UBERON:0001131 vertebral foramen UBERON:0001131 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Foramenvertebrale.png A foramen within a vertebral element through which the spinal cord runs. It is formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000729 AAO AAO:LAP EMAPA:37803 MA:th foramen vertebrale Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit UBERON:0007096 AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BILA:0000134 BTO:0000199 CALOHA:TS-0440 EHDAA2:0003142 EMAPA:32688 FMA:14068 TAO:0005280 Wikipedia:Cardiac_muscle ZFA:0005280 galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue ncithesaurus:Heart_Muscle cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium uberon cardiac musculature UBERON:0001133 cardiac muscle tissue UBERON:0001133 ZFA Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac musculature BILA:0000134 Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA] This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] skeletal muscle EMAPA:32716 FMA:14069 MA:0002439 NCIT:C13050 SCTID:426215008 UMLS:C0242692 Wikipedia:Skeletal_striated_muscle uberon skeletal muscle system somatic muscle UBERON:0001134 skeletal muscle tissue UBERON:0001134 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Skeletal_muscle.jpg Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/324 Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005277 TAO ZFIN:curator Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA] FMA:14069 FMA This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000319 VHOG PMID:10368962 Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0242692 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle system BTO:0001103 somatic muscle BTO:0001103 Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably. However visceral can also be used in the sense of the viscera. Many fly annotations to smooth muscle terms. If we want to be inclusive of insects have to have a general definition of tissue that includes cells. AAO:0010244 AEO:0000141 BTO:0001260 CALOHA:TS-0943 EFO:0000889 EHDAA2:0003141 EMAPA:32717 EV:0100378 FMA:14070 GAID:167 MA:0000166 MAT:0000303 MESH:D009130 MIAA:0000303 NCIT:C12437 TAO:0005274 UMLS:C1267092 VHOG:0001246 WBbt:0005781 Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue XAO:0000175 ZFA:0005274 galen:SmoothMuscle galen:SmoothMuscleTissue involuntary muscle non-striated muscle smooth muscle textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue uberon textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus UBERON:0001135 smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0001135 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Glatte_Muskelzellen.jpg Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. GO:0006939 Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005274 TAO ZFIN:curator Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010244 AAO AAO:CAM (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001246 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1267092 ncithesaurus:Smooth_Muscle_Tissue textus muscularis nonstriatus FMA:14070 FMA:TA visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 CALOHA:TS-1183 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 EMAPA:32856 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 NCIT:C33105 SCTID:361918002 UMLS:C0086610 Wikipedia:Mesothelium uberon UBERON:0001136 mesothelium UBERON:0001136 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mesothelium_peritoneal_wash_high_mag.jpg FMA Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). FMA:14074 Wikipedia:Mesothelium UMLS:C0086610 ncithesaurus:Mesothelium A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. dorsal In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body BTO:0001713 CALOHA:TS-2223 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 MESH:D001415 NCIT:C13062 SCTID:123961009 UMLS:C0004600 Wikipedia:Dorsum_(anatomy) galen:Back back back of body proper dorsal part of organism uberon UBERON:0001137 dorsum UBERON:0001137 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/432px-Gray-back.PNG A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. BSPO:0000063 UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Dorsum_(anatomy) UMLS:C0004600 ncithesaurus:Back back FMA:14181 back of body proper FMA:14181 In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002783 EHDAA2:0001951 EHDAA:5414 EMAPA:18643 FMA:14332 MA:0002179 NCIT:C33687 SCTID:278031001 UMLS:C0226742 VHOG:0000552 Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein uberon upper mesenteric vein vena mesenterica superior UBERON:0001138 superior mesenteric vein UBERON:0001138 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein UMLS:C0226742 ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Vein upper mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 vena mesenterica superior Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein A vein that drains the pelvis and lower limbs into the inferior vena cava. In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. EMAPA:17874 FMA:14333 MA:0002143 NCIT:C32359 SCTID:181398004 UMLS:C0226758 Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein galen:CommonIliacVein common iliac venous tree uberon vena iliaca communis UBERON:0001139 common iliac vein UBERON:0001139 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif MA FMA-abduced-lr A vein that drains the pelvis and lower limbs into the inferior vena cava. MURDOCH:403 Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein UMLS:C0226758 ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Vein vena iliaca communis Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava. The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Renal_vein]. in EHDAA2, the renal vein is part of the kidney BTO:0002681 EHDAA2:0001602 EHDAA:8722 EMAPA:28376 FMA:14334 GAID:544 MA:0002210 MESH:D012082 NCIT:C33462 SCTID:116358006 UMLS:C0035092 Wikipedia:Renal_vein galen:RenalVein kidney vein renal venous tree vein of kidney uberon venae renales UBERON:0001140 renal vein UBERON:0001140 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray1122.png Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:csmith MP:0011323 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Renal_vein]. Wikipedia:Renal_vein in EHDAA2, the renal vein is part of the kidney EHDAA2 UMLS:C0035092 ncithesaurus:Renal_Vein kidney vein OBOL:automatic vein of kidney OBOL:automatic venae renales Wikipedia:Renal_vein A renal vein that drains the right kidney. A vein that drains blood from the right kidney into the inferior vena cava[ncithesaurus]. EMAPA:37381 FMA:14335 MA:0002212 NCIT:C52695 SCTID:116357001 UMLS:C0508000 uberon UBERON:0001141 right renal vein UBERON:0001141 A renal vein that drains the right kidney. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that drains blood from the right kidney into the inferior vena cava[ncithesaurus]. ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Vein EMAPA:37381 MA:th UMLS:C0508000 ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Vein A renal vein that drains the left kidney. A vein that drains blood from the left kidney into the inferior vena cava[ncithesaurus]. EMAPA:37166 FMA:14336 MA:0002211 NCIT:C52693 SCTID:116356005 UMLS:C0508001 uberon UBERON:0001142 left renal vein UBERON:0001142 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray1122.png A renal vein that drains the left kidney. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that drains blood from the left kidney into the inferior vena cava[ncithesaurus]. ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Vein EMAPA:37166 MA:th UMLS:C0508001 ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Vein Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA]. todo - add developmental relationships for other taxa AAO:0010216 EMAPA:19221 FMA:14337 GAID:534 MA:0003015 MESH:D006503 NCIT:C32736 SCTID:278191001 TAO:0000670 UMLS:C0019155 Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein XAO:0000387 ZFA:0000670 galen:HepaticVein liver vein vein of liver vena hepatica uberon hepatic veins venae hepaticae UBERON:0001143 hepatic vein UBERON:0001143 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Gray1121.png FMA-abduced-lr Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein ZFA:0000670 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3565355&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 UMLS:C0019155 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Vein liver vein OBOL:automatic vein of liver OBOL:automatic vena hepatica hepatic veins venae hepaticae Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from a single male gonad. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis. TODO - check testicular vs spermatic vein (MA:0002218) In humans, the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel BTO:0002678 EMAPA:18647 FMA:14344 MA:0002218 MA:0002234 NCIT:C53050 SCTID:264496006 UMLS:C0226718 Wikipedia:Testicular_vein male gonadal vein spermatic vein testicle vein testicular venous tree vein of testicle uberon vena tesicularis vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra venae spermaticae UBERON:0001144 testicular vein UBERON:0001144 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Gray590.png A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from a single male gonad. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis. Wikipedia:Testicular_vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3220553&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 UMLS:C0226718 ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Vein male gonadal vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein spermatic vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein testicle vein OBOL:automatic testicular venous tree Wikipedia:Testicular_vein vein of testicle OBOL:automatic vena tesicularis BTO:0002678 vena testicularis dextra Wikipedia:Testicular_vein vena testicularis sinistra Wikipedia:Testicular_vein venae spermaticae Wikipedia:Testicular_vein A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. EMAPA:18644 FMA:14346 MA:0002186 NCIT:C53058 SCTID:278193003 UMLS:C0226720 Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein female reproductive system gonad vein female reproductive system gonada vein gonad of female reproductive system vein gonada of female reproductive system vein ovary vein vein of female reproductive system gonad vein of female reproductive system gonada vein of gonad of female reproductive system vein of gonada of female reproductive system vein of ovary uberon vena ovarica dextra vena ovarica sinistra UBERON:0001145 ovarian vein UBERON:0001145 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein UMLS:C0226720 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Vein female reproductive system gonad vein OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada vein OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic ovary vein OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic vein of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of ovary OBOL:automatic vena ovarica dextra Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein vena ovarica sinistra Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein The tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct. Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO] The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000333 EHDAA:3045 EMAPA:16841 FMA:14539 GAID:290 MA:0000355 MESH:D003549 NCIT:C32421 SCTID:245398005 TAO:0005166 UMLS:C0010672 VHOG:0000213 Wikipedia:Cystic_duct ZFA:0005166 galen:CysticDuct uberon ductus cysticus UBERON:0001152 cystic duct UBERON:0001152 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png FMA EHDAA2 The tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0009493 Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005166 TAO ZFIN:Curator The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000213 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0010672 ncithesaurus:Cystic_Duct ductus cysticus Wikipedia:Cystic_duct A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal. Some references do not consider the caecum to be part of the colon. TODO - abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] colonic In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP] In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates[ZFIN] it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] AAO:0010400 BTO:0000269 CALOHA:TS-0158 EFO:0000361 EMAPA:18939 EV:0100079 FMA:14543 GAID:309 MA:0000335 MAP:0000001 MAT:0000526 MESH:D003106 NCIT:C12382 SCTID:302508007 TAO:0000706 UMLS:C0009368 VHOG:0000648 Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) XAO:0000243 ZFA:0000706 galen:Colon large bowel posterior intestine uberon hindgut UBERON:0001155 colon UBERON:0001155 3 cjm FMA A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal. Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) ZFIN:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Some references do not consider the caecum to be part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-1316 The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010400 AAO UBERON:0001155 The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000706 TAO ZFIN:curator Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000648 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0009368 ncithesaurus:Colon The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. BTO:0000645 CALOHA:TS-2044 EFO:0000846 EMAPA:36391 FMA:14548 MAT:0000314 MESH:D012809 MIAA:0000314 NCIT:C12384 NCIT:C33550 SCTID:362166007 UMLS:C0227391 UMLS:C0682612 Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon galen:SigmoidColon uberon colon sigmoideum pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure UBERON:0001159 sigmoid colon UBERON:0001159 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg FMA Wikipedia The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon UMLS:C0227391 ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Colon UMLS:C0682612 ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Flexure colon sigmoideum Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type BTO:0000505 EMAPA:35810 FMA:14560 MA:0002559 NCIT:C12258 SCTID:362140009 UMLS:C0227230 Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach galen:GastricCorpus corpus gastricum (ventriculare) gastric body stomach body uberon corpus gastricum corpus ventriculare corpus ventriculi gastric corpus UBERON:0001161 body of stomach UBERON:0001161 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg FMA The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. GO:0014845 Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach UMLS:C0227230 ncithesaurus:Body_of_Stomach corpus gastricum BTO:0000505 Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach corpus ventriculare BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculi BTO:0000505 The area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells. antrum BTO:0001732 EFO:0002555 EMAPA:17891 FMA:14579 GAID:332 MA:0001624 MESH:D011706 NCIT:C12259 SCTID:362142001 UMLS:C0034193 Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum galen:PyloricAntrum antrum of stomach stomach pyloric antrum uberon antrum of Willis antrum pylori antrum pyloricum gastric antrum stomach antrum UBERON:0001165 pyloric antrum UBERON:0001165 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg FMA Wikipedia The area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010790 UMLS:C0034193 ncithesaurus:Antrum_Pylori antrum of Willis BTO:0001732 antrum pylori BTO:0001732 antrum pyloricum BTO:0001732 Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum gastric antrum BTO:0001732 The stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum. We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] pyloric BTO:0001146 EHDAA2:0001580 EHDAA:4860 EMAPA:17631 FMA:14581 GAID:333 MA:0002560 MESH:D011708 NCIT:C12260 SCTID:362143006 UMLS:C0034196 VHOG:0000420 Wikipedia:Pylorus galen:Pylorus pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region uberon valvula pylori UBERON:0001166 pylorus UBERON:0001166 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg The stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum. MGI:csmith MP:0010785 The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000420 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000420 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034196 ncithesaurus:Pylorus pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae FMA:14581 FMA:TA stomach pyloric region EHDAA2:0001580 valvula pylori Wikipedia:Pylorus The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between. EMAPA:35826 FMA:14582 MA:0002692 SCTID:279995000 galen:WallOfStomach anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus uberon UBERON:0001167 wall of stomach UBERON:0001167 The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between. MGI:csmith MP:0010783 anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35785 FMA:14615 MA:0002696 NCIT:C33573 UMLS:C1519375 anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall wall of small bowel uberon UBERON:0001168 wall of small intestine UBERON:0001168 An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1519375 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Wall_Tissue anatomical wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic small bowel wall OBOL:automatic small intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35470 FMA:14619 MA:0002695 anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall uberon UBERON:0001169 wall of large intestine UBERON:0001169 An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. EMAPA:37745 FMA:14643 MA:0001555 SCTID:245456008 Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28proper.29 mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery uberon UBERON:0001170 mesentery of small intestine UBERON:0001170 FMA The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28proper.29 EMAPA:37745 MA:th mesentery (proper) Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery proper FMA:14643 small intestinal mesentery FMA:14643 small intestine mesentery OBOL:automatic The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. FMA:14653 MA:0002498 NCIT:C33341 UMLS:C0682620 uberon UBERON:0001171 portal lobule UBERON:0001171 FMA MA MP The triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. MP:0008992 UMLS:C0682620 ncithesaurus:Portal_Lobule The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids. EMAPA:35497 FMA:14654 MA:0002496 NCIT:C32992 SCTID:272214009 UMLS:C0227519 liver acinus portal acinus uberon UBERON:0001172 hepatic acinus UBERON:0001172 cjm The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/histo_acinus.html UMLS:C0227519 ncithesaurus:Liver_Acinus A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] AAO:0011020 EMAPA:35172 FMA:14665 SCTID:181267003 UMLS:C0005423 Wikipedia:Biliary_tract XAO:0000455 uberon biliary tract UBERON:0001173 The path in many species is as follows: Bile canaliculi -> Canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) -> interlobular bile ducts -> intrahepatic bile ducts -> left and right hepatic ducts merge to form -> common hepatic duct *exits liver* and joins -> cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming -> common bile duct -> joins with pancreatic duct -> forming ampulla of Vater -> enters duodenum [WP] biliary tree UBERON:0001173 A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. DOI:10.1002/ar.20664 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011020 AAO UBERON:0001173 UMLS:C0005423 ncithesaurus:Biliary_Tract biliary tract MA:0001273 The part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO] The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000303 EHDAA:3981 EMAPA:17201 FMA:14667 GAID:282 MA:0001631 MESH:D003135 NCIT:C12698 SCTID:362199009 TAO:0005165 UMLS:C0009437 VHOG:0000214 Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct ZFA:0005165 galen:CommonBileDuct ductus choledochus (biliaris) uberon ductus choledochus UBERON:0001174 common bile duct UBERON:0001174 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png The part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. MGI:csmith MP:0009495 Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005165 TAO ZFIN:Curator The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000214 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0009437 ncithesaurus:Common_Bile_Duct ductus choledochus Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] EMAPA:19101 FMA:14668 GAID:286 MA:0002660 MESH:D006500 NCIT:C32356 SCTID:245403006 UMLS:C0019149 VHOG:0000220 Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct uberon ductus hepaticus communis hepatic duct UBERON:0001175 common hepatic duct UBERON:0001175 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg FMA MA Wikipedia Wikipedia definitional Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct ZFIN:curator The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000220 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0019149 ncithesaurus:Common_Hepatic_Duct ductus hepaticus communis Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001727 EHDAA:3992 EMAPA:32797 FMA:14669 MA:0001639 NCIT:C33476 SCTID:245401008 UMLS:C0227557 VHOG:0000217 uberon ductus hepaticus dexter UBERON:0001176 right hepatic duct UBERON:0001176 The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26034 The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000217 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0227557 ncithesaurus:Right_Hepatic_Duct ductus hepaticus dexter The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000941 EHDAA:3990 EMAPA:32795 FMA:14670 MA:0001638 NCIT:C32960 SCTID:245400009 UMLS:C0227560 VHOG:0000218 uberon ductus hepaticus sinister UBERON:0001177 left hepatic duct UBERON:0001177 The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26035 The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000218 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0227560 ncithesaurus:Left_Hepatic_Duct ductus hepaticus sinister The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. EMAPA:16592 FMA:14703 SCTID:362702003 TAO:0005132 VHOG:0001528 Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum ZFA:0005132 visceral serous membrane of peritoneum uberon UBERON:0001178 visceral peritoneum UBERON:0001178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. Wikipedia:Peritoneum#Types http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral serous membrane of peritoneum UBERON:cjm Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum. The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001782 EHDAA2:0001446 EMAPA:16138 FMA:14704 GAID:24 MA:0000054 MESH:D010529 NCIT:C12769 SCTID:181616008 UMLS:C1704247 VHOG:0000852 Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity uberon cavitas peritonealis saccus serosus peritonei UBERON:0001179 peritoneal cavity UBERON:0001179 Wikipedia Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum. Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000852 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peritoneal+cavity In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000852 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1704247 ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Cavity cavitas peritonealis BTO:0001782 Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity saccus serosus peritonei Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. renal arteries vary widely even in humans. Sub-structures should be checked for taxon variability. Artery which supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys.[AAO] The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] AAO:0010223 BTO:0001165 EFO:0002552 EHDAA2:0004100 EHDAA:5321 EHDAA:8594 EMAPA:28373 FMA:14751 GAID:507 MA:0002035 MESH:D012077 NCIT:C12778 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001600 SCTID:181339005 TAO:0000420 UMLS:C0035065 Wikipedia:Renal_artery ZFA:0000420 galen:RenalArtery renal arterial tree uberon arteria renalis renal arteries UBERON:0001184 renal artery UBERON:0001184 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Renal_artery Artery which supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010223 AAO AAO:BJB The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Renal_artery UMLS:C0035065 ncithesaurus:Renal_Artery arteria renalis Wikipedia:Renal_artery renal arteries Renal artery that supplies the right kidney. EMAPA:37380 FMA:14752 MA:0002037 NCIT:C52740 SCTID:36800007 UMLS:C0226332 right renal arterial tree uberon UBERON:0001185 The right [renal artery] passes behind the inferior vena cava, the right renal vein, the head of the pancreas, and the descending part of the duodenum[WP] right renal artery UBERON:0001185 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png Renal artery that supplies the right kidney. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37380 MA:th UMLS:C0226332 ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Artery Renal artery that supplies the left kidney. EMAPA:37098 FMA:14753 MA:0002036 NCIT:C52741 SCTID:19215005 UMLS:C0226333 left renal arterial tree uberon UBERON:0001186 The left [renal artery] is somewhat higher than the right; it lies behind the left renal vein, the body of the pancreas and the splenic vein, and is crossed by the inferior mesenteric vein[WP] left renal artery UBERON:0001186 Renal artery that supplies the left kidney. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37098 MA:th UMLS:C0226333 ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Artery One of a pair of arteries that is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to a male gonad. EMAPA:18621 FMA:14758 MA:0002063 SCTID:244281003 Wikipedia:Testicular_artery testicular arterial tree uberon arteria testicularis internal spermatic internal spermatic arteries internal spermatic artery internal spermatic vessels spermatic arteries spermatic artery spermatic vessels testicular arteries UBERON:0001187 testicular artery UBERON:0001187 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png One of a pair of arteries that is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to a male gonad. Wikipedia:Testicular_artery http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 arteria testicularis Wikipedia:Testicular_artery internal spermatic Wikipedia:Testicular_artery internal spermatic arteries Wikipedia:Testicular_artery internal spermatic artery Wikipedia:Testicular_artery internal spermatic vessels Wikipedia:Testicular_artery spermatic arteries Wikipedia:Testicular_artery spermatic artery Wikipedia:Testicular_artery spermatic vessels Wikipedia:Testicular_artery testicular arteries Wikipedia:Testicular_artery A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle. EMAPA:37382 FMA:14759 MA:0002042 NCIT:C52738 UMLS:C0734076 right spermatic artery trunk of right testicular arterial tree uberon UBERON:0001188 right testicular artery UBERON:0001188 A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37382 MA:th UMLS:C0734076 ncithesaurus:Right_Spermatic_Artery A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle. EMAPA:37099 FMA:14760 MA:0002041 NCIT:C52739 UMLS:C0734077 left spermatic artery trunk of left testicular arterial tree uberon UBERON:0001189 left testicular artery UBERON:0001189 A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37099 MA:th UMLS:C0734077 ncithesaurus:Left_Spermatic_Artery An artery that supplies an ovary. In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdomiproperty_value external_definitioncavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP]. EMAPA:18620 FMA:14761 MA:0002012 NCIT:C33242 SCTID:244280002 UMLS:C0226411 Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery ovarian arterial tree uberon arteria ovarica UBERON:0001190 ovarian artery UBERON:0001190 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray1170.png An artery that supplies an ovary. OBOL:automatic In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdomiproperty_value external_definitioncavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery UMLS:C0226411 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Artery arteria ovarica Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000311 EHDAA:2553 EMAPA:17310 FMA:14764 MA:0001972 NCIT:C32357 SCTID:362050007 UMLS:C1261084 Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery common iliac arterial tree uberon arteria iliaca communis UBERON:0001191 See notes for parent class common iliac artery UBERON:0001191 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG MA The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery UMLS:C1261084 ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Artery arteria iliaca communis Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery An artery that supplies the liver. currently defined in a generic fashion. Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:D006499 NCIT:C32729 SCTID:76015000 TAO:0005161 UMLS:C0019145 ZFA:0005161 galen:HepaticArtery arteria hepatica propria uberon arteria hepatica UBERON:0001193 hepatic artery UBERON:0001193 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Common_and_proper_hepatic_artery.png An artery that supplies the liver. Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005161 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0019145 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Artery arteria hepatica propria arteria hepatica BTO:0004307 An artery that supplies the spleen. EMAPA:19216 FMA:14773 GAID:510 MA:0001991 MA:0003177 MESH:D013157 NCIT:C33597 SCTID:244266009 UMLS:C0037996 Wikipedia:Splenic_artery galen:SplenicArtery arteria splenica lienal artery uberon arteria lienalis UBERON:0001194 splenic artery https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/268 UBERON:0001194 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Gray1188.png An artery that supplies the spleen. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0037996 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Artery arteria splenica Wikipedia:Splenic_artery lienal artery MA:0001991 arteria lienalis Wikipedia:Splenic_artery The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa]. BTO:0001308 CALOHA:TS-0404 EMAPA:35817 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:D005753 NCIT:C32656 SCTID:362131005 UMLS:C0017136 Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa uberon Magenschleimhaut tunica mucosa gastris UBERON:0001199 mucosa of stomach UBERON:0001199 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa]. Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa UMLS:C0017136 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Mucosa mucosa of organ of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ventriculus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa gastricae FMA:14907 FMA:TA ventriculus mucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic Magenschleimhaut BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris BTO:0001308 Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa. BTO:0002110 EMAPA:35825 FMA:14908 MA:0002685 NCIT:C32663 SCTID:52459002 UMLS:C0227211 gastric submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) tela submucosa gastricae ventriculus submucosa uberon submucous layer of stomach tela submucosa ventriculi UBERON:0001200 submucosa of stomach UBERON:0001200 The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa. MGI:csmith MP:0010794 UMLS:C0227211 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Submucosa submucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic tela submucosa gastricae FMA:14908 FMA:TA ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucous layer of stomach BTO:0002110 tela submucosa ventriculi BTO:0002110 The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:35822 FMA:14914 MA:0001626 NCIT:C32662 SCTID:1353004 UMLS:C1517453 anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane uberon gastric serosa UBERON:0001201 serosa of stomach UBERON:0001201 The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum. MGI:csmith MP:0010793 UMLS:C1517453 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Serosal_Surface anatomical wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric wall serosa OBOL:automatic gastric wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach wall OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach wall serosa OBOL:automatic stomach wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic tunica serosa gastricae FMA:14914 FMA:TA ventriculus anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. (...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG] AAO:0011093 EMAPA:19251 FMA:14916 MA:0002952 NCIT:C33433 SCTID:268073008 UMLS:C0227238 VHOG:0001466 XAO:0000457 pyloric valve uberon UBERON:0001202 pyloric sphincter UBERON:0001202 A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 (...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001466 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0227238 ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Sphincter pyloric valve Wikipedia:Pylorus A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001259 CALOHA:TS-0941 EMAPA:35780 FMA:14933 MA:0002686 NCIT:C33568 SCTID:362144000 UMLS:C0227261 mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis uberon UBERON:0001204 mucosa of small intestine UBERON:0001204 A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227261 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Mucosa mucosa of organ of small bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic small bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic small bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic small intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic small intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa intestini tenuis FMA:14933 FMA:TA Submucosal tissue in the small intestines. BTO:0002112 EMAPA:37564 FMA:14934 MA:0001562 NCIT:C33572 SCTID:691000 UMLS:C0227268 Wikipedia:Small_intestinal_submucosa small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) tela submucosa intestini tenuis uberon UBERON:0001205 submucosa of small intestine UBERON:0001205 Submucosal tissue in the small intestines. Wikipedia:Small_intestinal_submucosa EMAPA:37564 MA:th UMLS:C0227268 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Submucosa small bowel submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic tela submucosa intestini tenuis BTO:0002112 A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. duodenum, 1st part serosa, 2nd - 4th adventitia EMAPA:37561 FMA:14938 MA:0001558 SCTID:8266009 serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis visceral peritoneum of small intestine uberon UBERON:0001206 serosa of small intestine UBERON:0001206 A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37561 MA:th serosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel serosa OBOL:automatic small bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic small intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic tunica serosa intestini tenuis FMA:14938 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2106 EMAPA:35467 FMA:14969 MA:0002688 NCIT:C32926 UMLS:C0734203 large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi uberon UBERON:0001207 mucosa of large intestine UBERON:0001207 A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0734203 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic large intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic large intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large intestine OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa intestini crassi FMA:14969 FMA:TA A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002111 EMAPA:37560 FMA:14970 MA:0002690 NCIT:C32930 UMLS:C0734204 large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa tela submucosa intestini crassi uberon submucous layer of large intestine UBERON:0001208 submucosa of large intestine UBERON:0001208 A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37560 MA:th UMLS:C0734204 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Submucosa tela submucosa intestini crassi FMA:14970 FMA:TA submucous layer of large intestine BTO:0002111 A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:37557 FMA:14975 MA:0001546 NCIT:C32929 UMLS:C1517727 large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi visceral peritoneum of large intestine uberon UBERON:0001209 serosa of large intestine UBERON:0001209 A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37557 MA:th UMLS:C1517727 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Serosal_Surface large intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large intestine OBOL:automatic tunica serosa intestini crassi FMA:14975 FMA:TA A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. currently defined as equivalent to any submucosal gland in the duodenum. Said to be absent outside mammlian (Andrew 1959) but Ziswiler and Farner (1972) noted similar glands at the gastroduodenal junction of some birds BTO:0002376 EMAPA:36522 FMA:15060 GAID:314 MA:0001551 MESH:D002011 NCIT:C13010 SCTID:41298001 UMLS:C0006323 Wikipedia:Brunner's_glands Brunner's gland gland of Brunner submucosal gland of duodenum uberon glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri UBERON:0001212 duodenal gland UBERON:0001212 compound tubular FMA, modified unclear for Aves ISBN:9780521617147 A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. Wikipedia:Brunner's_glands Said to be absent outside mammlian (Andrew 1959) but Ziswiler and Farner (1972) noted similar glands at the gastroduodenal junction of some birds ISBN:9780521617147 UMLS:C0006323 ncithesaurus:Brunner_s_Gland Brunner's gland FMA:15060 gland of Brunner FMA:15060 glandula duodenales BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales Brunneri BTO:0002376 The tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold. in mammals, villi are (largely?) absent from the large intestine, so we treat this as equivalent to small intestinal villus. small/large subdivision may not make sense for all species for which this is present (see ZFA). Note that VHOG quotes ISBN:978-0030223693 as suggesting there are some villi in the large intestine The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] the BTO class refers to a generic villous UBERON:0007607 BTO:0003121 EMAPA:35784 FMA:15072 MA:0001563 NCIT:C33874 SCTID:23230007 TAO:0005125 UMLS:C1519988 Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus ZFA:0005125 enteric villi enteric villous enteric villus intestinal villi villi intestinales villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) uberon intestinal villus layer small intestine villus villi intestinales UBERON:0001213 intestinal villus UBERON:0001213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg FMA ZFA The tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold. MGI:csmith MGI:rbabiuk MP:0008108 The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005125 TAO ZFIN:curator the BTO class refers to a generic villous BTO UMLS:C1519988 ncithesaurus:Villus enteric villi HP:0011473 enteric villous HP:0011473 enteric villus HP:0011473 intestinal villi ZFA:0005125 villi intestinales villus BTO:0003121 villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) FMA:15072 small intestine villus MA:0001563 villi intestinales Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002782 EHDAA2:0000819 EHDAA:8712 EMAPA:18642 FMA:15391 MA:0002178 NCIT:C32782 SCTID:281055007 UMLS:C0226754 VHOG:0001118 Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein uberon lower mesenteric vein vena mesenterica inferior UBERON:0001215 inferior mesenteric vein UBERON:0001215 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png FMA/obol A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein UMLS:C0226754 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Vein lower mesenteric vein BTO:0002782 vena mesenterica inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37373 FMA:15571 MA:0001685 NCIT:C49327 SCTID:276251000 UMLS:C0227682 uberon UBERON:0001222 right ureter UBERON:0001222 An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37373 MA:th UMLS:C0227682 ncithesaurus:Right_Ureter An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37372 FMA:15572 MA:0001684 NCIT:C49324 SCTID:276340002 UMLS:C0227683 uberon UBERON:0001223 left ureter UBERON:0001223 An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37372 MA:th UMLS:C0227683 ncithesaurus:Left_Ureter A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. CALOHA:TS-2230 EMAPA:17948 FMA:15575 GAID:426 MA:0000374 MESH:D007682 NCIT:C12887 SCTID:362221007 UMLS:C0227666 Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis galen:RenalPelvis kidney pelvis pelvis of ureter uberon p. renallis pyelum UBERON:0001224 In this ontology, the renal pelvis is represented as the area of part-overlap between the kidney and the ureter renal pelvis UBERON:0001224 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg MA FMA A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. MP:0004194 UMLS:C0227666 ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis p. renallis Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis pyelum MP:0004194 Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In the adult metanephros, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections that extend down between the pyramids. It contains the renal corpuscles and the renal tubules except for parts of the loop of Henle which descend into the renal medulla. It also contains blood vessels and cortical collecting ducts. The renal cortex is the part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.[WP] BTO:0001166 CALOHA:TS-0503 EMAPA:17952 FMA:15581 GAID:424 MA:0000372 MESH:D007672 NCIT:C12739 SCTID:362211004 UMLS:C0022655 Wikipedia:Renal_cortex galen:CortexOfKidney cortex renalis kidney cortex renal cortex uberon UBERON:0001225 cortex of kidney UBERON:0001225 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg FMA Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. Wikipedia:Renal_cortex UMLS:C0022655 ncithesaurus:Renal_Cortex cortex renalis FMA:15581 FMA:TA An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. note that in ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong), the uriniferous tubule contains the nephron, so we have a separate class, rather than using a synonym, as in MA UBERON:0004210 renal tubule BTO:0000343 CALOHA:TS-1262 EFO:0003666 EMAPA:27782 EV:0100387 FMA:15627 GAID:433 MA:0000377 MESH:D007684 NCIT:C49274 SCTID:361332007 TAO:0001287 UMLS:C0022674 Wikipedia:Renal_tubule ZFA:0001287 kidney tubule tubulus renalis uberon uriniferous tubule UBERON:0001231 nephron tubule UBERON:0001231 GO MA ZFA GO ZFA checkme An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GO:0072078 Wikipedia:Renal_tubule note that in ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong), the uriniferous tubule contains the nephron, so we have a separate class, rather than using a synonym, as in MA MA UMLS:C0022674 ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule kidney tubule GAID:433 uriniferous tubule MA:0000377 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient. Renal duct that collects the output from renal tubules.[TAO] in ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong), the nephron is adjacent to the collecting tubule, consistent with FMA, but not GO. Wikipedia says: Many sources include the connecting tubule as part of the collecting duct system. However, the embryological origin is more similar to the nephron than it is to the rest of the collecting duct (which derives from the ureteric bud), and other sources therefore classify the connecting tubule with the nephron BTO:0000761 CALOHA:TS-0860 EMAPA:28407 EV:0100391 FMA:15628 GAID:434 MA:0000371 MESH:D007685 SCTID:28202009 TAO:0005294 Wikipedia:Collecting_tubule ZFA:0005294 collecting duct kidney collecting duct renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus tubulus renalis colligens uberon arcuate renal tubule collecting duct system collecting tubule junctional tube kidney collecting tubule ureteric tree UBERON:0001232 collecting duct of renal tubule UBERON:0001232 checkme GO The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient. GO:0072044 Wikipedia:Collecting_tubule Renal duct that collects the output from renal tubules.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005294 TAO ZFIN:curator in ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong), the nephron is adjacent to the collecting tubule, consistent with FMA, but not GO. Wikipedia says: Many sources include the connecting tubule as part of the collecting duct system. However, the embryological origin is more similar to the nephron than it is to the rest of the collecting duct (which derives from the ureteric bud), and other sources therefore classify the connecting tubule with the nephron FMA collecting duct GO:0072044 renal collecting tubule FMA:15628 tubulus renalis arcuatus Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule arcuate renal tubule Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule collecting duct system BTO:0000761 junctional tube Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule ureteric tree EMAPA:28407 Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. EMAPA:35779 FMA:15651 MA:0001554 NCIT:C49297 SCTID:63588008 UMLS:C1711325 lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae uberon UBERON:0001238 lamina propria of small intestine UBERON:0001238 Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. GOC:Obol UMLS:C1711325 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria lamina propria mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of small bowel OBOL:automatic lamina propria of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. BTO:0000642 EMAPA:35440 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:D007413 NCIT:C49241 SCTID:362080002 UMLS:C0021839 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini uberon UBERON:0001242 intestinal mucosa UBERON:0001242 Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. UBERON:cjm UMLS:C0021839 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Mucosa bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:37619 FMA:15701 MA:0001538 anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane uberon UBERON:0001243 serosa of intestine UBERON:0001243 A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37619 MA:th anatomical wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestine wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. anal In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html BTO:0001680 CALOHA:TS-2005 EV:0100082 FBbt:00047153 FMA:15711 GAID:312 MA:0000331 NCIT:C43362 SCTID:181262009 TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 UMLS:C0003461 WBbt:0005364 Wikipedia:Anus galen:Anus anal opening anal orifice opening of terminal part of digestive tract uberon proctodeum UBERON:0001245 anus UBERON:0001245 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. Wikipedia:Anus ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0003461 ncithesaurus:Anus The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. FMA:15767 MA:0002668 NCIT:C32827 SCTID:83488001 UMLS:C0227515 Wikipedia:Interlobular_bile_ducts interlobular ductule uberon UBERON:0001246 interlobular bile duct UBERON:0001246 FMA MA-part-of FMA MA MP The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. MP:0009500 UMLS:C0227515 ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Bile_Duct interlobular ductule MP:0009500 A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. in FMA this is a subclass of mesentery. In MA it is a subclass of ligament, we infer and assert this is a nonskeletal ligament EHDAA2:0000499 EHDAA:4856 EMAPA:18288 FMA:15823 MA:0001622 NCIT:C32582 SCTID:362705001 UMLS:C0230240 VHOG:0000355 Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament falciform ligament of liver ligamentum falciforme (hepatis) ligamentum falciforme hepatis uberon UBERON:0001247 falciform ligament UBERON:0001247 MA A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament in FMA this is a subclass of mesentery. In MA it is a subclass of ligament, we infer and assert this is a nonskeletal ligament FMA UMLS:C0230240 ncithesaurus:Falciform_Ligament ligamentum falciforme hepatis FMA:15823 FMA:TA An adventitia that is part of a ureter. EMAPA:28114 FMA:15892 MA:0002652 SCTID:392273001 SCTID:47879001 external adventitia of ureter tunica adventitia (ureter) tunica adventitia ureteris ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia uberon UBERON:0001252 adventitia of ureter UBERON:0001252 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An adventitia that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic tunica adventitia (ureter) FMA:15892 FMA:TA tunica adventitia ureteris FMA:15892 FMA:TA A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28841 FMA:15896 MA:0002653 SCTID:2771005 lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae uberon UBERON:0001253 lamina propria of ureter UBERON:0001253 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of ureter OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO] In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG] vesical The urinary bladder evolved in tetrapods. Birds to not possess a true urinary bladder, although Palaeognathae have an undifferentiated cloacal outpocketing that serves a similar function[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/454] bladder AAO:0000623 BTO:0001418 CALOHA:TS-1090 EFO:0000290 EHDAA2:0000174 EHDAA:9328 EMAPA:18321 EV:0100098 FMA:15900 GAID:0000004 MA:0000380 MAT:0000122 MESH:D001743 MIAA:0000122 NCIT:C12414 SCTID:302512001 UMLS:C0005682 VHOG:0000740 Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder XAO:0000154 galen:UrinaryBladder vesica urinaria uberon urocyst vesica UBERON:0001255 urinary bladder UBERON:0001255 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg BTO FMA upper part of UG sinus Distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. MGI:anna Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 GOTAX:0010073 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/454 A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000740 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000623 AAO AAO:BJB In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000740 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78 http://bgee.unil.ch/ bladder EHDAA2:0000174 UMLS:C0005682 ncithesaurus:Bladder vesica urinaria Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder urocyst Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder vesica BTO:0001418 An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder. BTO:0001462 EMAPA:35175 FMA:15902 MA:0002493 NCIT:C48941 SCTID:362225003 UMLS:C0458421 anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder uberon UBERON:0001256 wall of urinary bladder UBERON:0001256 An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0458421 ncithesaurus:Bladder_Wall anatomical wall of bladder OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bladder wall OBOL:automatic urinary bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of bladder OBOL:automatic The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. EMAPA:36078 FMA:15912 MA:0002491 NCIT:C12336 SCTID:362227006 UMLS:C0227716 Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder galen:UrinaryBladderNeck bladder neck cervix vesicae collum vesicae neck of bladder urinary bladder neck vesical neck uberon cervix vesicae urinariae UBERON:0001258 neck of urinary bladder UBERON:0001258 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray1156.png The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. MP:anna Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder UMLS:C0227716 ncithesaurus:Bladder_Neck cervix vesicae FMA:15912 FMA:TA collum vesicae FMA:15912 FMA:TA cervix vesicae urinariae Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder The mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder. EFO:0000293 EMAPA:35897 FMA:15928 MA:0001692 NCIT:C32205 SCTID:362224004 UMLS:C0227691 galen:MucousMembraneOfUrinaryBladder bladder mucosa bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa mucosa of bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucous membrane uberon UBERON:0001259 mucosa of urinary bladder UBERON:0001259 The mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder. MGI:anna MP:0011766 UMLS:C0227691 ncithesaurus:Bladder_Mucosa bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae MP:MP urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:28661 FMA:15932 MA:0001696 SCTID:5868002 bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder uberon UBERON:0001260 serosa of urinary bladder UBERON:0001260 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae FMA:15932 FMA:TA urinary bladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Contains loose to dense connective tissue, variably sized blood vessels that may be close to epithelium, lymphatics, variable adipose tissue EMAPA:30088 FMA:15935 MA:0001695 NCIT:C48940 UMLS:C1706967 bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae uberon UBERON:0001261 lamina propria of urinary bladder UBERON:0001261 A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1706967 ncithesaurus:Bladder_Lamina_Propria bladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different BTO:0000647 EMAPA:35444 FMA:15949 MA:0001525 MA:0002693 NCIT:C49478 UMLS:C1708548 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall wall of bowel uberon bowel wall UBERON:0001262 wall of intestine UBERON:0001262 An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708548 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Wall_Tissue anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bowel wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel wall MA:0001525 The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. EMAPA:35651 FMA:16011 MA:0002417 NCIT:C49268 SCTID:247604006 UMLS:C0227578 acinus pancreaticus pancreas acinus uberon pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini UBERON:0001263 pancreatic acinus UBERON:0001263 FMA The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. MP:0009145 UMLS:C0227578 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Acinus acinus pancreaticus FMA:16011 pancreatic acini An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO]. Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] pancreatic As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52) The zebrafish does not have a discrete pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic tissue can be found scattered along the intestinal tract. The acinar structure of the exocrine pancreas is very similar to that of mammals and comprises cells with a very dark, basophilic cytoplasm The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1-2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans AAO:0010112 BTO:0000988 CALOHA:TS-0736 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:D010179 MIAA:0000075 NCIT:C12393 SCTID:181277001 TAO:0000140 UMLS:C0030274 VHOG:0000050 Wikipedia:Pancreas XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas uberon UBERON:0001264 pancreas UBERON:0001264 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png PMID:16417468 Wikipedia Wikipedia An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO]. GO:0031016 Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010112 AAO AAO:BJB In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000050 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52) PMID:20959416 The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1-2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans PMID:16417468 UMLS:C0030274 ncithesaurus:Pancreas A trabecula that is part of a spleen. EMAPA:35808 FMA:16027 MA:0000758 NCIT:C33607 SCTID:61987002 UMLS:C0229688 Wikipedia:Trabeculae_of_spleen spleen trabeculum splenic trabecula trabeculae of spleen uberon UBERON:0001265 trabecula of spleen UBERON:0001265 FMA A trabecula that is part of a spleen. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0229688 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecula trabeculae of spleen Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity. BTO:0001031 EMAPA:35683 FMA:16515 MA:0002531 Wikipedia:Peritoneal_fluid ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Fluid uberon UBERON:0001268 peritoneal fluid UBERON:0001268 FMA Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity. FMA:16515 The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb.[AAO] During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets. whilst WP defines this as a surface, MA treats it as a bone. There are other FMA classes that may be better suited to representing the surface. AAO:0000770 EHDAA:10661 EMAPA:18346 FMA:16579 GAID:206 MA:0001335 MESH:D000077 NCIT:C32042 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001427 SCTID:182027007 UMLS:C0000962 VHOG:0000974 Wikipedia:Acetabulum acetabular region acetabulum uberon UBERON:0001269 acetabular part of hip bone UBERON:0001269 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg FMA Phenoscape FMA The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acetabulum Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000770 AAO AAO:LAP During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000974 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature04119 Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets. WP whilst WP defines this as a surface, MA treats it as a bone. There are other FMA classes that may be better suited to representing the surface. MA UMLS:C0000962 ncithesaurus:Acetabulum acetabular region VHOG:0000974 acetabulum MA:0001335 A ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. TODO add taxon-specific part of relations connecting sub-structures to this. in FMA, this is part of the axial skeletal system FMA:16580 SCTID:46633002 pelvis ossea skeletal system of pelvis uberon UBERON:0001270 bony pelvis UBERON:0001270 FMA A ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bony+pelvis in FMA, this is part of the axial skeletal system FMA skeletal system of pelvis FMA:16580 The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions. this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list. Note that even though the class includes soft tissue it is more restrictive than 'pelvis' which also includes structures in cavities etc. TODO this needs to be better documented Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] EMAPA:37862 FMA:16581 NCIT:C33291 SCTID:360010001 UMLS:C0684083 VSAO:0000304 uberon girdle - pelvic pelvic girdle UBERON:0001271 pelvic girdle region UBERON:0001271 The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions. DOI:10.1002/dvdy.22617 FMA:16581 FMA:23217 UBERONREF:0000003 https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000304 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37862 MA:th UMLS:C0684083 ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle A fused bone consisting of the ilium, ischium and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,modified]. currently this class is restricted to exclude the teleost bone as the definition mentions ilium, ischium and pubis. In future we may add a grouping class for girdle bones that supports the appendage The hip/pelvic bone/basipterygium first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column in FMA this is a paired structure. NCITA has 'pelvic bone' but this is the *superclass* of ilium/ischium/pubis. The MA class 'pelvis bone' is actually a superclass of 'pelvic girdle bone' and caudal/sacral vertebra. bone of pelvic girdle innominate FMA:16585 GAID:205 SCTID:361776002 Wikipedia:Hip_bone coxal bone hip bone innominate bone os coxa os coxae pelvic bone uberon basipterygium os innominatum UBERON:0001272 innominate bone UBERON:0001272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray341.png FMA FMA A fused bone consisting of the ilium, ischium and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hip_bone https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/290 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The hip/pelvic bone/basipterygium first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column WP in FMA this is a paired structure. NCITA has 'pelvic bone' but this is the *superclass* of ilium/ischium/pubis. The MA class 'pelvis bone' is actually a superclass of 'pelvic girdle bone' and caudal/sacral vertebra. FMA bone of pelvic girdle FMA:16585 coxal bone FMA:16585 hip bone FMA:16585 innominate bone FMA:16585 os coxa os coxae FMA:16585 FMA:TA pelvic bone FMA:16585 os innominatum Wikipedia:Hip_bone Paired endochondral bone that is the dorsal-most of the pelvic bones, offering attachment areas for gluteal muscles on its main surface [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle.[AAO] iliac All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium this is_a hip bone in MA. AAO:0000772 CALOHA:TS-2200 EFO:0003049 EMAPA:18726 FMA:16589 GAID:207 MA:0001336 MESH:D007085 NCIT:C32765 SCTID:182029005 UMLS:C0020889 Wikipedia:Ilium_(bone) galen:Ilium iliac bone ilium bone os iliacum os ilii os ilium uberon illium UBERON:0001273 ilium UBERON:0001273 FMA cjm Paired endochondral bone that is the dorsal-most of the pelvic bones, offering attachment areas for gluteal muscles on its main surface [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/105 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/60 Wikipedia Wikipedia Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000772 AAO AAO:LAP All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium WP this is_a hip bone in MA. MA UMLS:C0020889 ncithesaurus:Ilium iliac bone EMAPA:18726 os ilium FMA:16589 FMA:TA Endochondral bone that is paired, forming the posterior part of the pelvis, articulating with the pubis and ilium. Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum.[AAO] ischial this is_a hip bone in MA; in FMA it is a zone of bone organ. AAO:0000860 EMAPA:18727 FMA:16592 GAID:208 MA:0001337 MESH:D007512 NCIT:C32884 SCTID:182025004 UMLS:C0022122 VSAO:0005006 Wikipedia:Ischium galen:Ischium ischial bone ischium bone uberon os ischii UBERON:0001274 ischium UBERON:0001274 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg VSAO MA MA cjm Endochondral bone that is paired, forming the posterior part of the pelvis, articulating with the pubis and ilium. VSAO:0005006 VSAO:NI Wikipedia:Ischium Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000860 AAO AAO:LAP this is_a hip bone in MA; in FMA it is a zone of bone organ. MA UMLS:C0022122 ncithesaurus:Ischium ischial bone EMAPA:18727 os ischii AAO:0000860 Wikipedia:Ischium A paired endochondral bone making up the anteroventral region of the tripartite pelvic girdle forming part of the ventral edge of the acetabulum. The origin site of many proximal hindlimb muscles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another.[AAO] isa bone zone in FMA AAO:0000861 EMAPA:18728 FMA:16595 MA:0001338 MESH:D011630 NCIT:C33423 SCTID:182035005 UMLS:C0034014 Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) galen:Pubis uberon os pubis pubic bone pubis bone UBERON:0001275 pubis UBERON:0001275 VSAO MA MA FMA A paired endochondral bone making up the anteroventral region of the tripartite pelvic girdle forming part of the ventral edge of the acetabulum. The origin site of many proximal hindlimb muscles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/68 Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000861 AAO AAO:LAP isa bone zone in FMA FMA UMLS:C0034014 ncithesaurus:Pubic_Bone os pubis Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) pubic bone Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) pubis bone Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) The epithelial layer of the stomach . in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular BTO:0000500 CALOHA:TS-2068 EHDAA2:0001918 EMAPA:17023 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 SCTID:64977002 VHOG:0001433 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium uberon gastric epithelium UBERON:0001276 epithelium of stomach UBERON:0001276 The epithelial layer of the stomach . MP:0000471 in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular FMA epithelial tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic stomach epithelium OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelium OBOL:automatic gastric epithelium BTO:0000500 Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] BTO:0000781 EMAPA:32873 FMA:17229 MA:0001536 NCIT:C49240 SCTID:266135004 TAO:0005124 UMLS:C0226890 Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium ZFA:0005124 bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue villous epithelium uberon intestine epithelium UBERON:0001277 intestinal epithelium UBERON:0001277 Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. UBERON:cjm Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005124 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0226890 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Epithelium bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic epithelium of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic villous epithelium ZFA:0005124 An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2105 EMAPA:35466 FMA:17301 MA:0001545 epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium uberon UBERON:0001278 epithelium of large intestine UBERON:0001278 An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. The misnomer 'portal triad' traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver. FMA:17523 MA:0002499 NCIT:C33342 SCTID:362192000 UMLS:C0227514 Wikipedia:Portal_triad trias hepatica uberon trias hepatica UBERON:0001279 portal triad UBERON:0001279 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Portal_triad.JPG A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:csmith MP:0008993 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0227514 ncithesaurus:Portal_Triad trias hepatica Wikipedia:Portal_triad The functional units of the liver including the lobules. the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003223 AAO:0010405 EHDAA2:0001004 EHDAA:2201 EMAPA:17203 FMA:17540 MA:0000366 NCIT:C32735 SCTID:363535004 UMLS:C0736268 VHOG:0000539 XAO:0000454 hepatic parenchyma liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver uberon hepatic parenchyme UBERON:0001280 liver parenchyma UBERON:0001280 XAO The functional units of the liver including the lobules. MP:0008986 the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000539 VHOG DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ hepatic parenchyma FMA:17540 liver parenchyme XAO:0000454 parenchyma of liver FMA:17540 hepatic parenchyme VHOG:0000539 Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003275 EHDAA2:0000999 EMAPA:17365 FMA:17543 MA:0000367 NCIT:C32733 SCTID:67435004 TAO:0005091 UMLS:C0227523 VHOG:0000708 Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid ZFA:0005091 liver hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver vas capillare sinusoideum vas sinusoideum uberon hepatic sinusoids UBERON:0001281 hepatic sinusoid UBERON:0001281 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid ZFIN:curator (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000708 VHOG DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0227523 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Sinusoid liver hepatic sinusoids EHDAA2:0000999 liver sinusoidal blood vessel OBOL:automatic sinusoid of liver OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of liver OBOL:automatic vas sinusoideum Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid The tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule. Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct) FMA:17545 MA:0002669 NCIT:C32255 SCTID:227002 SCTID:269922006 UMLS:C0227517 Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering canal of Herring cholangiole ductus interlobularis bilifer uberon canal of Hering canals of Hering duct of Herring intrahepatic bile ductule UBERON:0001282 intralobular bile duct UBERON:0001282 FMA FMA FMA The tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule. MGI:csmith MP:0009499 UMLS:C0227517 ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Hering canal of Herring FMA:17545 cholangiole FMA:17545 ductus interlobularis bilifer FMA:17545 FMA:TA canals of Hering Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering duct of Herring Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering intrahepatic bile ductule Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP]. kidney terms require review for cross-vertebrate compatibility and developmental relationships. Functional unit of the kidney that filters waste.[TAO] In the avian kidney, three types of nephron are identified: mammalian-type nephrons with long and short loops of Henle, and reptilian type nephrons (Gambaryan, 1992) BTO:0000924 CALOHA:TS-1312 EMAPA:28491 EMAPA:35592 EV:0100384 FMA:17640 GAID:428 MA:0000375 MESH:D009399 NCIT:C13048 SCTID:361337001 TAO:0002153 UMLS:C0027713 Wikipedia:Nephron ZFA:0005282 mature nephron uberon nephroneum tubulus renalis UBERON:0001285 nephron UBERON:0001285 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Gray1128.png FMA Bgee:AN The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP]. PMID:9268568 Wikipedia:Nephron Functional unit of the kidney that filters waste.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002153 TAO ZFIN:curator In the avian kidney, three types of nephron are identified: mammalian-type nephrons with long and short loops of Henle, and reptilian type nephrons (Gambaryan, 1992) GO UMLS:C0027713 ncithesaurus:Nephron mature nephron EMAPA:28491 nephroneum Wikipedia:Nephron tubulus renalis Wikipedia:Nephron The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] endometrial Animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer BTO:0001422 CALOHA:TS-0276 EFO:0000980 EMAPA:29917 EV:0100115 FMA:17742 GAID:377 MA:0000390 MAT:0000319 MESH:D004717 MIAA:0000319 NCIT:C12313 SCTID:278867007 UMLS:C0014180 VHOG:0001285 Wikipedia:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) tunica mucosa uteri uterine endometrium uberon uterine mucosa uterine mucous membrane UBERON:0001295 endometrium UBERON:0001295 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg FMA The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. MESH:A05.360.319.679.490 MGI:smb MP:0004896 The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001285 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Endometrium The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001285 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer FMA UMLS:C0014180 ncithesaurus:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) FMA:17742 tunica mucosa uteri Wikipedia:Endometrium uterine endometrium BTO:0001422 uterine mucous membrane BTO:0001422 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum EMAPA:37792 FMA:17744 MA:0001729 NCIT:C33298 SCTID:253705006 UMLS:C0227824 Wikipedia:Perimetrium perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus uberon UBERON:0001297 serosa of uterus UBERON:0001297 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Outer serosa layer of the uterus. Wikipedia:Perimetrium EMAPA:37792 MA:th UMLS:C0227824 ncithesaurus:Perimetrium perimetrium Wikipedia:Perimetrium serous coat of uterus Wikipedia:Perimetrium serous membrane of uterus OBOL:automatic tunica serosa uteri FMA:17744 FMA:TA uterus serous membrane OBOL:automatic The conic expansion of the corpus spongiosum that forms the head of the penis. glans BTO:0003118 EMAPA:18988 EV:0100108 FMA:18247 GAID:0000012 MA:0002726 NCIT:C12324 SCTID:263378009 UMLS:C0227948 VHOG:0001475 Wikipedia:Glans_penis uberon balanus coronal sulcus UBERON:0001299 glans penis UBERON:0001299 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Anteriorglanspenis.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png Bgee:AN The conic expansion of the corpus spongiosum that forms the head of the penis. MGI:anna MP:0009102 glans EV:0100108 UMLS:C0227948 ncithesaurus:Glans_Penis balanus BTO:0003118 coronal sulcus Wikipedia:Glans_penis The elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens. Kardong has epididymis in elasmobranch epididymal A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous fishes Typically divided into three main regions. In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis and the head of the epididymis, which receives the various efferent ducts. This is, however, absent in all birds and mammals. The epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is separated by a basement membrane from the connective tissue wall which has smooth muscle cells. BTO:0000408 CALOHA:TS-0285 EFO:0000982 EMAPA:19290 EV:0100103 FMA:18255 GAID:397 MA:0000397 MAT:0000130 MESH:D004822 MIAA:0000130 NCIT:C12328 SCTID:181432000 UMLS:C0014533 VHOG:0001265 Wikipedia:Epididymis galen:Epididymis uberon UBERON:0001301 epididymis UBERON:0001301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg FMA Wikipedia The elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens. MGI:pvb MP:0002631 A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous fishes WP UMLS:C0014533 ncithesaurus:Epididymis A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern non-functional in monotremes[ISBN:978-0226870137] EMAPA:37369 FMA:18483 MA:0001717 NCIT:C33475 SCTID:280106006 UMLS:C0227900 right fallopian tube right oviduct uberon UBERON:0001302 right uterine tube UBERON:0001302 A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37369 MA:th UMLS:C0227900 ncithesaurus:Right_Fallopian_Tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37368 FMA:18484 MA:0001716 NCIT:C32959 SCTID:280107002 UMLS:C0227902 left fallopian tube left oviduct uberon UBERON:0001303 left uterine tube UBERON:0001303 A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37368 MA:th UMLS:C0227902 ncithesaurus:Left_Fallopian_Tube The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0004666 EHDAA2:0000463 EHDAA:4337 EMAPA:17614 FMA:18805 MA:0001973 NCIT:C32558 SCTID:181352000 UMLS:C0226398 Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery galen:ExternalIliacArtery uberon arteria iliaca externa UBERON:0001308 external iliac artery UBERON:0001308 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray539.png MA The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery UMLS:C0226398 ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Artery arteria iliaca externa Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0004667 EMAPA:17860 FMA:18808 MA:0001974 NCIT:C32845 SCTID:181346001 UMLS:C0226364 Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery galen:InternalIliacArtery uberon arteria iliaca interna hypogastric artery UBERON:0001309 internal iliac artery UBERON:0001309 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG MA The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery UMLS:C0226364 ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Artery arteria iliaca interna Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery hypogastric artery BTO:0004667 The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. todo - compare with EHDAA2. Check embryonic vs extraembryonic, developmental relationships BTO:0000841 CALOHA:TS-1077 EHDAA:1026 EHDAA:410 EMAPA:16331 EMAPA:16372 FMA:18820 GAID:516 MA:0002072 MESH:D014469 NCIT:C33827 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002106 SCTID:261404000 UMLS:C0041632 Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery uberon a. umbilicalis UBERON:0001310 umbilical artery https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/328 UBERON:0001310 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/328 UMLS:C0041632 ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Artery a. umbilicalis Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery An artery that supplies blood to the upper urinary bladder. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery (fetal hypogastric artery)[WP] EMAPA:37123 FMA:18839 MA:0002080 NCIT:C52686 SCTID:113268007 UMLS:C0226376 Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery arteria vesicali superior arteria vesicalis superior uberon arteriae vesicales superiores UBERON:0001312 superior vesical artery UBERON:0001312 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Internal_iliac_branches.PNG An artery that supplies blood to the upper urinary bladder. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37123 MA:th UMLS:C0226376 ncithesaurus:Superior_Vesical_Artery arteria vesicali superior Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery arteria vesicalis superior Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery arteriae vesicales superiores Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37671 FMA:18865 MA:0002008 NCIT:C33190 SCTID:244302006 UMLS:C0226369 Wikipedia:Obturator_artery uberon arteria obturatoria UBERON:0001314 obturator artery UBERON:0001314 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gray547.png The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_artery EMAPA:37671 MA:th UMLS:C0226369 ncithesaurus:Obturator_Artery arteria obturatoria Wikipedia:Obturator_artery A large vein that connects the femoral vein to the common iliac vein. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,modified]. EHDAA2:0000464 EMAPA:37144 FMA:18883 MA:0002144 NCIT:C32560 SCTID:181400000 UMLS:C0226761 Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein galen:ExternalIliacVein uberon vena iliaca externa UBERON:0001316 external iliac vein UBERON:0001316 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif MA A large vein that connects the femoral vein to the common iliac vein. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein EMAPA:37144 MA:th UMLS:C0226761 ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Vein vena iliaca externa Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein A vein that begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000874 EMAPA:37148 FMA:18884 MA:0002139 MA:0002145 NCIT:C32847 SCTID:181399007 UMLS:C0226764 VHOG:0000749 Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein galen:InternalIliacVein uberon hypogastric vein v. hypogastrica v. iliaca interna UBERON:0001317 internal iliac vein UBERON:0001317 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Internaliliacv.png MA A vein that begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein EMAPA:37148 MA:th UMLS:C0226764 ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Vein hypogastric vein MA:0002139 Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein v. hypogastrica Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein v. iliaca interna Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein A large nerve that supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. mouse sciatic nerve origins predominantly from the third lumbar (L3) and L4 spinal nerves, unlike the L4 and L5 in rats - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700063/ BIRNLEX:1133 BTO:0001221 CALOHA:TS-0899 EFO:0001417 EHDAA2:0001779 EHDAA:5659 EMAPA:18577 FMA:19034 GAID:852 MA:0001172 MESH:D012584 NCIT:C52810 SCTID:181050003 UMLS:C0036394 VHOG:0000894 Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve uberon ischiadic nerve ischiatic nerve nervus ischiadicus nervus sciaticus UBERON:0001322 sciatic nerve UBERON:0001322 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray1244.png A large nerve that supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve UMLS:C0036394 BIRNLEX:1133 ncithesaurus:Sciatic_Nerve ischiadic nerve Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve ischiatic nerve Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve nervus ischiadicus BTO:0001221 Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve nervus sciaticus BTO:0001221 The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:36512 FMA:19035 GAID:854 MA:0001173 MESH:D013979 NCIT:C52809 SCTID:181078002 UMLS:C0040186 Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve medial popliteal nerve uberon n. tibialis UBERON:0001323 tibial nerve UBERON:0001323 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Gray828.png FMA WP The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve UMLS:C0040186 ncithesaurus:Tibial_Nerve n. tibialis Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,. EMAPA:18184 EMAPA:37481 FMA:19086 MA:0000534 muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ uberon UBERON:0001325 muscle of pelvis UBERON:0001325 FMAdef MA Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,. FMA:19086 EMAPA:37481 MA:th muscle organ of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvic muscle FMA:19086 pelvis muscle organ OBOL:automatic The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37385 FMA:19607 MA:0001866 SCTID:279661001 Wikipedia:Pampiniform_venous_plexus pampiniform venous plexus plexus of veins of fascia of prostate plexus venosus pampiniformis venous plexus of fascia of prostate venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland uberon UBERON:0001330 pampiniform plexus UBERON:0001330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray1147.png The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pampiniform_venous_plexus EMAPA:37385 MA:th plexus venosus pampiniformis FMA:19607 FMA:TA A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35675 FMA:19638 MA:0002727 SCTID:35900000 penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin zone of skin of penis uberon UBERON:0001331 skin of penis UBERON:0001331 A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic penile skin FMA:19638 penis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penis OBOL:automatic A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system. BTO:0004089 EMAPA:18692 FMA:19668 MA:0002640 NCIT:C33050 SCTID:264085007 UMLS:C0458452 Wikipedia:Male_urethra uberon UBERON:0001333 male urethra UBERON:0001333 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0458452 ncithesaurus:Male_Urethra A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system. BTO:0004088 EMAPA:28747 FMA:19669 MA:0002637 NCIT:C32591 SCTID:264469008 UMLS:C0458485 Wikipedia:Female_urethra uberon urethra feminina urethra muliebris UBERON:0001334 female urethra UBERON:0001334 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0458485 ncithesaurus:Female_Urethra urethra feminina BTO:0004088 urethra muliebris BTO:0004088 Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine. NCIT:C12339 paraurethral gland belongs here EMAPA:37784 FMA:19683 MA:0001688 SCTID:279477005 gland of urethra urethra gland urethra gland (male or female) urethral mucuous gland uberon UBERON:0001338 urethral gland UBERON:0001338 MP Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine. MP:anna NCIT:C12339 paraurethral gland belongs here NCIT EMAPA:37784 MA:th gland of urethra OBOL:automatic The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs. Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced.[AAO] One of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs. [TFD][VHOG] Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010399 BTO:0001235 CALOHA:TS-1239 EFO:0001404 EMAPA:18685 EMAPA:31476 EV:0100380 FMA:19825 GAID:400 MA:0000412 MAT:0000503 MESH:D012671 NCIT:C13047 NCIT:C34293 SCTID:279614002 UMLS:C0036630 UMLS:C1519236 VHOG:0001363 Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule XAO:0003088 seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule testis - seminiferous tubule tubuli seminiferi uberon tubuli seminiferi UBERON:0001343 seminiferous tubule of testis UBERON:0001343 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Seminiferous_tubule_and_sperm_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Gray1145.png Wikipedia The tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:csmith MP:0002216 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1381 Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010399 AAO AAO:BJB One of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001363 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/SEMINIFEROUS+TUBULE Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001363 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0036630 ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Tubule UMLS:C1519236 ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Cord seminiferous cord EMAPA:18685 tubuli seminiferi Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule A collection of caudal vertebrae in the coccygeal region that are fused and part of the bony pelvis. Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] coccygeal In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. AAO:0000731 EHDAA2:0000259 FMA:20229 GAID:239 MESH:D003050 NCIT:C12696 SCTID:182028002 UMLS:C0009194 Wikipedia:Coccyx galen:Coccyx coccygeal skeleton coccygeal vertebrae I-IV coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae I-IV] coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae I-IV] fused caudal vertebrae fused caudal vertebral column os coccygis uberon os coccygis tailbone UBERON:0001350 coccyx UBERON:0001350 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray100.png FMA FMA A collection of caudal vertebrae in the coccygeal region that are fused and part of the bony pelvis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000731 AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. WP,unvetted UMLS:C0009194 ncithesaurus:Coccyx coccygeal skeleton EHDAA2:0000259 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV FMA:20229 coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae I-IV] FMA:20229 coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae I-IV] FMA:20229 FMA:TA fused caudal vertebrae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fused caudal vertebral column http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 os coccygis FMA:20229 FMA:TA os coccygis Wikipedia:Coccyx tailbone FMA:20229 A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. consider revisiting superclass after refinement of CARO/EAO, conduit may not be quite correct. tympanic ring, which serves as support for the tympanic membrane, directs invagination of the first pharingeal cleft ectoderm to form the external acoustic meatus (EAM), which provides the outer layer of the membrane[PMID 11237469] subdivision of head in FMA. EHDAA2:0000460 EHDAA:8975 EMAPA:17588 EV:0100356 FMA:61734 GAID:864 MA:0000260 MESH:D004424 NCIT:C12498 SCTID:181178004 UMLS:C0013444 VHOG:0000977 Wikipedia:External_acoustic_meatus galen:ExternalAuditoryMeatus auditory canal ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory tube uberon auditory meatus external auditory meatus UBERON:0001352 external acoustic meatus UBERON:0001352 FMA PMID:11237469 EHDAA2 A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Wikipedia:External_acoustic_meatus subdivision of head in FMA. FMA UMLS:C0013444 ncithesaurus:External_Acoustic_Meatus ear canal Wikipedia:Ear_canal external acoustic tube FMA:61734 external auditory tube FMA:61734 auditory meatus EHDAA2:0000460 The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 NCIT:C32069 SCTID:362680001 UMLS:C0230120 VHOG:0000395 WBbt:0006919 uberon posterior posterior end of organism UBERON:0001353 anal region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/507 UBERON:0001353 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray408.png cjm The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000395 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0230120 ncithesaurus:Anal_Region The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37216 FMA:20741 MA:0002027 NCIT:C32436 SCTID:181348000 UMLS:C0226455 Wikipedia:Deep_femoral_artery arteria profunda femoris profunda femoris artery uberon UBERON:0001355 deep femoral artery UBERON:0001355 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray548.png The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_femoral_artery EMAPA:37216 MA:th UMLS:C0226455 ncithesaurus:Deep_Femoral_Artery The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37670 FMA:20799 MA:0001996 SCTID:244326008 Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery medial femoral circumflex artery uberon arteria circumflexa femoris medialis UBERON:0001356 medial circumflex femoral artery UBERON:0001356 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png FMA The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery EMAPA:37670 MA:th arteria circumflexa femoris medialis Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs which collect blood from the hindlimb region.[AAO] AAO:0010237 EMAPA:17876 FMA:21185 GAID:533 MA:0002118 MESH:D005268 NCIT:C12716 SCTID:362071002 UMLS:C0015809 Wikipedia:Femoral_vein galen:FemoralVein uberon vena femoralis UBERON:0001361 femoral vein UBERON:0001361 In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_vein Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs which collect blood from the hindlimb region.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010237 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0015809 ncithesaurus:Femoral_Vein vena femoralis Wikipedia:Femoral_vein The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0003271 EMAPA:37147 FMA:21376 MA:0002216 NCIT:C33004 SCTID:181402008 UMLS:C0392907 Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein galen:GreatSaphenousVein galen:GreaterSaphenousVein greater saphenous vein uberon large saphenous vein long saphenous vein vena saphena magna UBERON:0001363 great saphenous vein UBERON:0001363 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Great_saphenous_vein.png FMA/obol The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein EMAPA:37147 MA:th UMLS:C0392907 ncithesaurus:Long_Saphenous_Vein large saphenous vein BTO:0003271 vena saphena magna Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein The joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, which are joined by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side EMAPA:19300 FMA:21440 GAID:268 MA:0001506 MESH:D012446 NCIT:C33507 SCTID:182199004 UMLS:C0036036 Wikipedia:Sacroiliac_joint articulatio sacro-iliaca sacroiliac joint uberon UBERON:0001365 sacro-iliac joint UBERON:0001365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray319.png FMA The joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, which are joined by strong ligaments. Wikipedia:Sacroiliac_joint UMLS:C0036036 ncithesaurus:Sacroiliac_Joint The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] UBERON:0004459 AAO:0010816 EMAPA:16591 FMA:21451 SCTID:362700006 TAO:0005131 VHOG:0001527 Wikipedia:Parietal_peritoneum ZFA:0005131 parietal serous membrane of peritoneum uberon peritoneal cavity lining UBERON:0001366 parietal peritoneum UBERON:0001366 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. Wikipedia:Peritoneum#Types http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010816 AAO AAO:JMG parietal serous membrane of peritoneum UBERON:cjm A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'. UBERON:0003270 BTO:0000722 EHDAA:8291 EMAPA:19144 EMAPA:19318 MA:0000672 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000974 Wikipedia:Leg_muscle leg muscle leg muscle organ leg skeletal muscle leg skeletal muscle tissue muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod muscle of thigh or crus muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg skeletal muscle of leg uberon UBERON:0001383 muscle of leg UBERON:0001383 prolog A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. Wikipedia:Leg_muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 leg muscle organ OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle of thigh or crus OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle organ of leg OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of leg OBOL:automatic Artery that supplies the axilla. In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. EMAPA:18749 FMA:22654 GAID:473 MA:0002573 MESH:D001366 NCIT:C32169 SCTID:181321001 UMLS:C0004455 Wikipedia:Axillary_artery galen:AxillaryArtery arteria axillaris axillary part of subclavian artery axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery uberon UBERON:0001394 axillary artery UBERON:0001394 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Axillary_limits.PNG Artery that supplies the axilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0004455 ncithesaurus:Axillary_Artery arteria axillaris Wikipedia:Axillary_artery axillary part of subclavian artery FMA:22654 The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37116 FMA:22677 MA:0002050 NCIT:C33650 SCTID:244311006 UMLS:C0226422 Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery uberon arteria subscapularis UBERON:0001397 subscapular artery UBERON:0001397 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery EMAPA:37116 MA:th UMLS:C0226422 ncithesaurus:Subscapular_Artery arteria subscapularis Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37282 FMA:22984 MA:0000546 SCTID:181517009 pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin zone of skin of pelvis uberon UBERON:0001415 skin of pelvis UBERON:0001415 A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37282 MA:th pelvis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of pelvis OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0000214 FMA:22988 FMA:23000 MA:0000523 NCIT:C52758 SCTID:361707007 UMLS:C0222166 abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin skin of abdomen proper zone of skin of abdomen uberon UBERON:0001416 skin of abdomen UBERON:0001416 A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222166 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Skin abdomen zone of skin OBOL:automatic skin of abdomen proper FMA:22988 zone of skin of abdomen OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37277 FMA:23021 FMA:23022 MA:0000590 NCIT:C52756 SCTID:361705004 UMLS:C0205030 neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0001417 skin of neck UBERON:0001417 A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37277 MA:th UMLS:C0205030 ncithesaurus:Neck_Skin neck (volume) zone of skin OBOL:automatic neck zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37765 FMA:23028 FMA:23029 MA:0000564 SCTID:281723000 thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin zone of skin of thorax uberon upper body skin UBERON:0001418 skin of thorax UBERON:0001418 A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37765 MA:th thorax zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32726 FMA:23100 MA:0000694 NCIT:C53276 SCTID:314403009 UMLS:C1282135 limb skin limb zone of skin zone of skin of limb uberon UBERON:0001419 skin of limb UBERON:0001419 A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1282135 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Extremity limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of limb OBOL:automatic An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. this class describes the organism subdivision, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There is only one instance of the pectoral girdle region per organism.[VSAO] Note that this class describes the central subdivision of the pectoral girdle complex, NOT the skeleton within.[VSAO] EMAPA:37856 FMA:23217 SCTID:229759004 VSAO:0000305 galen:ShoulderGirdle cingulum membri superioris girdle - pectoral cingulum membri superioris shoulder girdle upper limb girdle uberon pectoral girdle pectoral region UBERON:0001421 pectoral girdle region UBERON:0001421 An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. FMA:23217 UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There is only one instance of the pectoral girdle region per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000305 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Note that this class describes the central subdivision of the pectoral girdle complex, NOT the skeleton within.[VSAO] 2012-09-06 VSAO:0000305 VSAO Curator EMAPA:37856 MA:th cingulum membri superioris FMA:23217 FMA:TA cingulum membri superioris FMA:TA shoulder girdle FMA:23217 upper limb girdle FMA:23217 The major preaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] AAO:0000788 CALOHA:TS-2199 EMAPA:19103 FMA:23463 GAID:185 MA:0001357 MESH:D011884 NCIT:C12777 SCTID:181940002 UMLS:C0034627 VSAO:0005012 Wikipedia:Radius_(bone) galen:Radius radius uberon UBERON:0001423 Due to the presence of the radius in Tetrpodomorph fish this element is not inherently linked to the presence of digits or flexor musculature. The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the tibia.[Phenoscape]. In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs [ISBN:0-03-910284-X] radius bone UBERON:0001423 definitional The major preaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000788 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0034627 ncithesaurus:Radius_Bone radius MA:0001357 The major postaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] ulnar AAO:0000789 EMAPA:19104 FMA:23466 GAID:188 MA:0001358 MESH:D014457 NCIT:C12809 SCTID:181948009 UMLS:C0041600 VSAO:0005013 Wikipedia:Ulna galen:Ulna uberon UBERON:0001424 The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the fibula. ulna UBERON:0001424 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg definitional The major postaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000789 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0041600 ncithesaurus:Ulna Endochondral proximal carpal bone articulating with the radius. TODO - check AAO placement; in rodents this is fused with the lunate to make the scapholunate One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.[AAO] the bone of the hand located at the radial side of the carpus and which articulates with the radius, trapezium, trapezoideum, capitate, and lunate bones In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius[WP] AAO:0000790 EMAPA:37660 FMA:23709 GAID:180 MA:0002555 MESH:D021361 NCIT:C12854 SCTID:181958008 UMLS:C0223724 Wikipedia:Scaphoid galen:Scaphoid navicular bone of hand navicular bone of manus navicular of manus os carpi radiale os naviculare manus os scaphoideum radial carpal bone scaphoid scaphoid bone scaphoideum uberon navicular of hand UBERON:0001427 radiale UBERON:0001427 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png Endochondral proximal carpal bone articulating with the radius. UBERON:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/112 One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000790 AAO AAO:LAP the bone of the hand located at the radial side of the carpus and which articulates with the radius, trapezium, trapezoideum, capitate, and lunate bones MP:0010775,MGI:llw2 EMAPA:37660 MA:th UMLS:C0223724 ncithesaurus:Scaphoid_Bone os naviculare manus Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os scaphoideum Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone scaphoid MA:0002555 NCBITaxon:40674 Wikipedia:Scaphoid scaphoideum Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone Endochondral carpal bone articulating with the ulnare and the radiale. articulating with the ulnare and the radiale[VSAO]. human articulations: radius proximally capitate and hamate distally scaphoid laterally triangular medially intermedium EMAPA:37659 FMA:23712 GAID:181 MA:0002556 MESH:D012667 NCIT:C12786 SCTID:181959000 UMLS:C0036624 VSAO:0005040 Wikipedia:Lunate_bone galen:Lunate lunar lunate lunate bone os carpi intermedium os lunatum semilunar bone uberon intermediate carpal bone os lunatum semilunar semilunate UBERON:0001428 intermedium UBERON:0001428 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png FMA Endochondral carpal bone articulating with the ulnare and the radiale. UBERON:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/113 intermedium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37659 MA:th UMLS:C0036624 ncithesaurus:Lunate_Bone lunar VSAO:0005040 lunate MA:0002556 NCBITaxon:40674 os lunatum VSAO:0005040 os lunatum Wikipedia:Lunate_bone A laterally positioned sesamoid bone found in close proximity with and occasionally fused to the ulnare. check: accessory carpal EMAPA:36165 FMA:23718 MA:0001339 NCIT:C12855 SCTID:181966004 SCTID:9181003 UMLS:C0223729 Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone galen:Pisiform pisiform bone uberon accessory carpal bone os pisiforme UBERON:0001429 pisiform UBERON:0001429 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png FMA MA A laterally positioned sesamoid bone found in close proximity with and occasionally fused to the ulnare. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/116 UMLS:C0223729 ncithesaurus:Pisiform_Bone pisiform bone FMA:23718 accessory carpal bone MA:0001339 os pisiforme Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2).[AAO] The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the 'second distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means 'irregular quadrilateral,' from tra- 'four' and peza 'foot' or 'edge. ' Literally, 'a little table' from trapeza meaning 'table' and -oeides 'shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] located in the distal part of the carpus and articulating with the second metacarpal, the distal carpals 1 and 2 and the radiale.[VSAO] in humans - The capitate articulates with 2nd metacarpal distally, scaphoid proximally, trapezium medially, capitate medially[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2) AAO:0000848 EMAPA:36174 FMA:23724 MA:0001341 NCIT:C12859 SCTID:361781006 UMLS:C0223741 VSAO:0005044 Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone galen:Trapezoid distal carpal 2 lesser multangular bone os trapezoideum trapezoid trapezoid bone uberon carpal 2 hand distal carpal bone 2 lesser multangular lesser multiangular manus distal carpal bone 2 UBERON:0001431 distal carpal bone 2 UBERON:0001431 Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000848 AAO AAO:LAP The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the 'second distal carpal' of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means 'irregular quadrilateral,' from tra- 'four' and peza 'foot' or 'edge. ' Literally, 'a little table' from trapeza meaning 'table' and -oeides 'shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone located in the distal part of the carpus and articulating with the second metacarpal, the distal carpals 1 and 2 and the radiale.[VSAO] in humans - The capitate articulates with 2nd metacarpal distally, scaphoid proximally, trapezium medially, capitate medially[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2) AAO UMLS:C0223741 ncithesaurus:Trapezoid_Bone distal carpal 2 VSAO:0005044 lesser multangular bone FMA:23724 os trapezoideum VSAO:0005044 trapezoid VSAO:0005044 trapezoid bone FMA:23724 carpal 2 AAO:0000848 hand distal carpal bone 2 MA:0001341 lesser multiangular MA:0001341 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] medially located and articulates with metacarpals 2-4, distal carpal 5 and the intermedium[VSAO] In the human hand, the capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist - The capitate articulates with seven bones: the scaphoid and lunate proximally, the second metacarpal, third metacarpal, and fourth metacarpal distally, the lesser multangular on the radial side, and the hamate on the ulnar side AAO:0000849 EMAPA:36169 FMA:23727 MA:0001342 NCIT:C12856 SCTID:181964001 UMLS:C0223733 VSAO:0005045 Wikipedia:Capitate_bone galen:Capitate capitate capitate bone distal carpal 3 os magnum (carpus) uberon carpal 3 hand distal carpal bone 3 magnum os capitatum os magnum UBERON:0001432 distal carpal bone 3 UBERON:0001432 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png FMA palaeos Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000849 AAO AAO:LAP medially located and articulates with metacarpals 2-4, distal carpal 5 and the intermedium[VSAO] In the human hand, the capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist - The capitate articulates with seven bones: the scaphoid and lunate proximally, the second metacarpal, third metacarpal, and fourth metacarpal distally, the lesser multangular on the radial side, and the hamate on the ulnar side WP UMLS:C0223733 ncithesaurus:Capitate_Bone capitate MA:0001342 capitate bone FMA:23727 distal carpal 3 VSAO:0005045 os magnum (carpus) FMA:23727 carpal 3 AAO:0000849 hand distal carpal bone 3 MA:0001342 magnum VSAO:0005045 os capitatum Wikipedia:Capitate_bone Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] articulates with the lunar, distal carpal 3, the ulnare as well as metacarpals 4 and 5.[VSAO]. In the human hand the lunate proximally the fourth and fifth metacarpals distally the triangular medially the capitate laterally[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements AAO:0000850 EMAPA:36172 FMA:23730 MA:0001343 NCIT:C12860 SCTID:181967008 UMLS:C0560737 VSAO:0005046 Wikipedia:Hamate_bone galen:Hamate distal carpal 4 hamate hamate bone unciform bone uberon carpal 4 hand distal carpal bone 4 os hamatum unciform uncinate UBERON:0001433 distal carpal bone 4 UBERON:0001433 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png FMA Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000850 AAO AAO:LAP articulates with the lunar, distal carpal 3, the ulnare as well as metacarpals 4 and 5.[VSAO]. In the human hand the lunate proximally the fourth and fifth metacarpals distally the triangular medially the capitate laterally[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements AAO UMLS:C0560737 ncithesaurus:Hamate_Bone distal carpal 4 VSAO:0005046 hamate MA:0001343 hamate bone FMA:23730 unciform bone FMA:23730 carpal 4 AAO:0000850 hand distal carpal bone 4 MA:0001343 os hamatum VSAO:0005046 Wikipedia:Hamate_bone unciform MA:0001343 uncinate MA:0001343 Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] skeletal GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates AAO:0000566 BTO:0001486 CALOHA:TS-1320 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EMAPA:35773 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 NCIT:C12788 TAO:0000434 UMLS:C0037253 VHOG:0001254 VSAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 skeleton system set of all bones and joints uberon Skelettsystem UBERON:0001434 skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system UBERON:0001434 Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000027 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000434 TAO TAO:wd Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000027 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000566 AAO AAO:LAP By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001254 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates GO UMLS:C0037253 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System set of all bones and joints Skelettsystem BTO:0001486 A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. EMAPA:25056 FMA:23889 GAID:179 MA:0000296 MESH:D002348 NCIT:C12688 SCTID:83936004 UMLS:C0007285 Wikipedia:Carpus galen:CarpalBone bone of carpus carpal carpal skeleton bone uberon carpus bone UBERON:0001435 carpal bone UBERON:0001435 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carpus.svg A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. Wikipedia:Carpus UMLS:C0007285 ncithesaurus:Carpal_Bone carpal PHENOSCAPE:ad carpus bone EMAPA:25056 A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3.[AAO] AAO:0000947 EMAPA:32650 FMA:23914 MA:0000306 NCIT:C52771 SCTID:181976001 SCTID:361100001 UMLS:C0223792 Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_hand http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/3/613/F1.large.jpg digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx manual phalanx phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of finger phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit phalanx of manual digit digital bone of manus uberon bone of finger phalanges of fore digit UBERON:0001436 phalanx of manus UBERON:0001436 A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_hand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000947 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0223792 ncithesaurus:Hand_Phalanx digitus manus phalanx OBOL:automatic finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit phalanx OBOL:automatic hand phalanx MA:0000306 phalanx of digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus manus OBOL:automatic phalanx of finger FMA:23914 phalanx of hand digit OBOL:automatic digital bone of manus OBOL:automatic bone of finger FMA:23914 phalanges of fore digit AAO:0000947 The head of a long bone that articulates with a neighboring skeletal element and is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united[MESH,modified]. Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column.[AAO] Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur. epiphyseal epiphysial AAO:0000742 BTO:0000413 EMAPA:35508 FMA:24012 MA:0001362 MESH:D004838 NCIT:C32529 NCIT:C52722 SCTID:244701002 UMLS:C1708734 Wikipedia:Epiphysis bone epiphysis end of long bone epiphyses long bone epiphysis uberon UBERON:0001437 epiphysis UBERON:0001437 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg The head of a long bone that articulates with a neighboring skeletal element and is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united[MESH,modified]. MESH:A02.835.232.251 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000742 AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur. FMA:24012 UMLS:C1708734 ncithesaurus:Long_Bone_Epiphysis epiphyses Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA]. todo - decide - adjacent to or containing epiphyseal plate? AO Notes: FMA the metaphysis is part of the diaphysis, but not in MA. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] EMAPA:35509 FMA:24014 MA:0001363 NCIT:C52723 SCTID:304581004 UMLS:C0222671 Wikipedia:Metaphysis diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses uberon UBERON:0001438 metaphysis UBERON:0001438 Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA]. FMA:24014 Wikipedia:Metaphysis Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] FMA:24014 UMLS:C0222671 ncithesaurus:Metaphysis metaphyses The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle. TODO - find a home for: FMA:24139 ! skeleton of upper limb Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000202 EHDAA2:0002222 EMAPA:32623 FMA:24142 VHOG:0001256 VSAO:0000151 XAO:0003061 bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton free upper limb skeleton ossa membri superioris pectoral limb skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of forelimb skeleton of free upper limb skeleton of pectoral limb skeleton of upper limb upper limb skeleton wing skeleton uberon UBERON:0001440 forelimb skeleton UBERON:0001440 FMA The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000202 AAO AAO:LAP relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000202 AAO Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001256 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ forelimb skeleton VHOG:0001256 free upper limb skeleton FMA:24142 ossa membri superioris FMA:24139 FMA:TA skeleton of free upper limb FMA:24142 skeleton of upper limb FMA:24139 upper limb skeleton EHDAA2:0002222 wing skeleton NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000217 EHDAA2:0002226 EMAPA:32633 FMA:24144 VHOG:0001255 VSAO:0000152 XAO:0003062 bones of lower limb free lower limb skeleton hind limb skeleton hind-limb skeleton hindlimb skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris set of bones of lower limb skeleton of free lower limb skeleton of lower limb uberon UBERON:0001441 TOOD - find a home for: FMA:24140 hindlimb skeleton UBERON:0001441 FMA Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000217 AAO AAO:LAP relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000217 AAO Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001255 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ free lower limb skeleton FMA:24144 hind limb skeleton XAO:0003062 hind-limb skeleton VSAO:0000152 hindlimb skeleton VHOG:0001255 ossa membri inferioris FMA:24140 FMA:TA skeleton of free lower limb FMA:24144 skeleton of lower limb FMA:24140 Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0002227 EMAPA:32643 FMA:24159 VSAO:0005020 anterior autopodium skeleton bones of hand fore autopod skeleton forelimb autopod skeleton hand region skeleton hand skeleton manual skeleton manus skeleton ossa manus set of bones of hand skeleton of hand uberon anterior autopodium manus UBERON:0001442 here 'manus' includes both the wrist region, metatarsal region and acropodial region skeleton of manus UBERON:0001442 EHDAA2 lexical Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:MAH https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/74 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bones of hand FMA:24159 hand region skeleton EHDAA2:0002227 hand skeleton FMA:24159 ossa manus FMA:24159 FMA:TA set of bones of hand FMA:24159 skeleton of hand FMA:24159 anterior autopodium VSAO:0005020 VSAO:NI manus VSAO:0005020 VSAO:NI UBERON:0001443 FMA:24218 SCTID:123852005 XAO:0000040 head subdivision uberon head region region of head UBERON:0001444 subdivision of head UBERON:0001444 Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0002228 FMA:24222 VSAO:0005021 foot region skeleton foot skeleton pedal skeleton pes skeleton posterior autopodium skeleton set of bones of foot skeleton of foot uberon pes posterior autopodium UBERON:0001445 here 'pes' includes both the ankle region, metatarsals and acropodial region skeleton of pes UBERON:0001445 EHDAA2 Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:MAH https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/75 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 foot region skeleton EHDAA2:0002228 foot skeleton FMA:24222 set of bones of foot FMA:24222 skeleton of foot FMA:24222 pes VSAO:0005021 VSAO:NI posterior autopodium VSAO:0005021 VSAO:NI The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.[AAO] fibular AAO:0000891 BTO:0002346 CALOHA:TS-2203 EFO:0003052 EMAPA:19141 FMA:24479 GAID:202 MA:0001360 MESH:D005360 NCIT:C12718 SCTID:302529003 UMLS:C0016068 Wikipedia:Fibula galen:Fibula uberon UBERON:0001446 fibula UBERON:0001446 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Illu_lower_extremity.jpg The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000891 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0016068 ncithesaurus:Fibula A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia. In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment BTO:0002343 EMAPA:25072 FMA:24491 GAID:194 MA:0000297 MESH:D013639 NCIT:C12796 SCTID:108372004 UMLS:C0039316 galen:TarsalBone ankle bone bone of ankle bone of tarsal skeleton bone of tarsus ossa tarsalia ossa tarsi uberon bony tarsus hind mesopodium tarsal tarsus osseus UBERON:0001447 tarsal bone UBERON:0001447 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton) UMLS:C0039316 ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Bone ankle bone FMA:24491 bone of ankle FMA:24491 bone of tarsal skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bone of tarsus FMA:24491 ossa tarsalia FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsi FMA:71339 FMA:TA bony tarsus BTO:0002343 hind mesopodium AAO:0000220 tarsal BTO:0002343 tarsus osseus BTO:0002343 The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002347 EMAPA:32940 EMAPA:36159 FMA:24492 GAID:193 MA:0000303 MESH:D008682 NCIT:C12752 SCTID:302532000 UMLS:C0025584 Wikipedia:Metatarsal_bone galen:Metatarsal metatarsal uberon ossa metatarsalia ossa metatarsi UBERON:0001448 metatarsal bone UBERON:0001448 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png true The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metatarsal_bone UMLS:C0025584 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone ossa metatarsalia BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsi BTO:0002347 A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2).[AAO] UBERON:0004272 digital bone of pes AAO:0000930 EMAPA:32941 FMA:24493 MA:0000305 NCIT:C52772 SCTID:302533005 UMLS:C0584876 Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_foot ncithesaurus:Phalanx_of_the_Foot digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx pedal phalanx phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit phalanx of pes phalanx of toe toe phalanx uberon bone of toe phalanges of hind digit UBERON:0001449 phalanx of pes UBERON:0001449 A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_foot https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000930 AAO AAO:LAP digital bone of pes OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0584876 ncithesaurus:Foot_Phalanx digitus pedis phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit phalanx OBOL:automatic foot phalanx MA:0000305 phalanx of digit of foot OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of toe FMA:24493 toe phalanx OBOL:automatic bone of toe FMA:24493 phalanges of hind digit AAO:0000930 The postaxial bone of the proximal tarsals series[Phenoscape]. calcaneal synonymous with the fibulare of basal tetrapods. BTO:0002355 EMAPA:19134 FMA:24496 MA:0001348 MESH:D002111 NCIT:C32250 SCTID:182099002 UMLS:C0006655 VSAO:0005016 Wikipedia:Calcaneus galen:Calcaneum calcaneal bone calcaneum calcaneus bone os calcis uberon calcanei fibulare heel bone os tarsi fibulare UBERON:0001450 calcaneus UBERON:0001450 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG The postaxial bone of the proximal tarsals series[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/72 UMLS:C0006655 ncithesaurus:Calcaneum calcaneal bone BTO:0002355 calcaneum MA:0001348 calcaneus bone UBERON:cjm os calcis FMA:24496 calcanei fibulare AAO:0000913 ISBN:0073040584 VSAO:0005016 Wikipedia:Calcaneus heel bone BTO:0002355 os tarsi fibulare BTO:0002355 The oval-shaped tarsal bone found between the talus and the 3 cuneiform bones. Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5.[AAO] connections vary depending on species. AAO: Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. In humans: there is a cuboid instead of distal tarsal 4 and 5 - may articulate laterally with the cuboid centrale AAO:0000924 BTO:0002356 EMAPA:36180 FMA:24499 MA:0001349 NCIT:C33162 SCTID:182100005 UMLS:C0223947 Wikipedia:Navicular_bone galen:Navicular centrale (hind) navicular navicular bone of foot navicular of foot navicular of pes os naviculare os naviculare pedis os tarsi centrale uberon central tarsal bone os naviculare UBERON:0001451 navicular bone of pes UBERON:0001451 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray276.png numbers vary The oval-shaped tarsal bone found between the talus and the 3 cuneiform bones. MGI:llw2 MP:0009727 Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000924 AAO AAO:LAP connections vary depending on species. AAO: Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. In humans: there is a cuboid instead of distal tarsal 4 and 5 - may articulate laterally with the cuboid WP UMLS:C0223947 ncithesaurus:Navicular_Bone centrale (hind) AAO:0000924 navicular bone of foot FMA:24499 navicular of foot FMA:24499 os naviculare FMA:24499 FMA:TA os naviculare pedis BTO:0002356 os tarsi centrale NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria:2005 os naviculare Wikipedia:Navicular_bone A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. facial The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence) BTO:0003369 CALOHA:TS-2216 EMAPA:32763 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:D005145 NCIT:C13071 SCTID:302549007 UMLS:C0015450 Wikipedia:Face galen:Face uberon facia/facies visage UBERON:0001456 face UBERON:0001456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. FMA:24728 The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. HAO:0000316 http://api.hymao.org/api/ref/67791 NCBITaxon:7399 The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence) vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectFaceDevelop.pdf UMLS:C0015450 ncithesaurus:Face facia/facies Wikipedia:Face visage BTO:0003369 A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37643 FMA:24764 MA:0001579 NCIT:C12291 SCTID:244092005 UMLS:C0222101 lip skin lip zone of skin zone of skin of lip uberon skin of lips UBERON:0001458 skin of lip UBERON:0001458 A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37643 MA:th UMLS:C0222101 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lip lip zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lip OBOL:automatic skin of lips A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35301 FMA:24775 MA:0001233 NCIT:C49481 SCTID:244073008 UMLS:C0222110 auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin outer ear zone of skin zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear uberon UBERON:0001459 skin of external ear UBERON:0001459 A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222110 ncithesaurus:Ear_Skin auricular region of head zone of skin OBOL:automatic auricular region zone of skin OBOL:automatic external ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic outer ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region of head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of external ear OBOL:automatic zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand this class refers to the combination of the stylopod and zeugopod of a forelimb. Sometimes (cf FMA), 'arm' denotes the stylopod only; sometimes (cf MA), 'arm' denotes the part of the forelimb covering both (i.e. shoulder to hand). Also note distinction between arm and forelimb: hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001435 CALOHA:TS-2204 EFO:0001410 EHDAA2:0000140 EHDAA:4164 EHDAA:6210 EHDAA:8275 EMAPA:17413 GAID:52 MA:0000033 MESH:D001132 VHOG:0000339 Wikipedia:Arm uberon brachium upper extremity UBERON:0001460 arm UBERON:0001460 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Upperarm.jpg The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. Wikipedia:Arm Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000339 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ brachium Wikipedia:Arm upper extremity MESH:A01.378.800 The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific]. cubital Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group CALOHA:TS-2222 EFO:0003069 EHDAA2:0000429 EHDAA:4166 EHDAA:6212 EMAPA:17414 FMA:24901 GAID:54 MA:0000036 MESH:D004550 SCTID:76248009 VHOG:0000340 Wikipedia:Elbow galen:Elbow cubital region elbow limb segment elbow region uberon articulatio cubiti UBERON:0001461 elbow UBERON:0001461 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Elbow_coude.JPG EHDAA2 The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint-the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific]. Wikipedia:Elbow articulatio cubiti Wikipedia:Elbow 1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia]. Not present in Anurans (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012) This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). digitus 1 digitus I digitus primus digitus primus [I] AAO:0010639 EHDAA2:0000511 EMAPA:17429 FMA:24938 GAID:58 MA:0000454 MESH:D013933 NCIT:C52834 SCTID:302540006 SCTID:69603001 UMLS:C0040067 Wikipedia:Thumb digit 1 of fore-paw digit 1 of manus finger 1 first digit of hand fore digit I fore limb digit 1 hand digit 1 manual digit 1 manual digit I pollex alula forelimb dewclaw hand digit 1 thumb uberon first finger UBERON:0001463 manual digit 1 UBERON:0001463 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Thumb-up.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Thumbs_up.jpg 1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia]. PMCID:PMC2553264 Wikipedia:Thumb This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). NCBITaxon:8782 UBERON:0012260 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN digitus I Wikipedia:Thumb digitus primus Wikipedia:Thumb UMLS:C0040067 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1 digit 1 of fore-paw EMAPA:17429 finger 1 EHDAA2:0000511 fore digit I AAO:0010639 fore limb digit 1 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 MA:0000454 manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pollex Wikipedia:Thumb alula Wikipedia:Alula forelimb dewclaw Wikipedia:Dewclaw hand digit 1 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted thumb first finger EMAPA:17429 The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] coxal See notes for shoulder. in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint BTO:0001457 CALOHA:TS-2226 EFO:0001929 EHDAA2:0000783 EHDAA:5153 EHDAA:6178 EMAPA:17490 FMA:24964 GAID:47 MA:0000045 MESH:D006615 NCIT:C64193 SCTID:302543008 UMLS:C0019552 VHOG:0000346 Wikipedia:Hip galen:Hip hip region regio coxae uberon coxa UBERON:0001464 hip UBERON:0001464 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hip.jpg FMA-modified The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hip The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000346 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 http://bgee.unil.ch/ See notes for shoulder. in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint BTO UMLS:C0019552 ncithesaurus:Hip hip region FMA:24964 regio coxae FMA:24964 coxa Wikipedia:Hip A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. BTO:0003595 CALOHA:TS-2220 EHDAA2:0000895 EHDAA:5159 EHDAA:6184 EMAPA:17493 FMA:24974 GAID:48 MA:0000046 MESH:D007717 SCTID:361291001 VHOG:0000347 galen:Knee knee region uberon UBERON:0001465 knee UBERON:0001465 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A digit that is part of a pes (foot). UBERON:0000027 AAO:0000888 BTO:0002348 EMAPA:32649 FMA:25046 GAID:44 MA:0000048 NCIT:C33788 SCTID:116667001 UMLS:C0040357 Wikipedia:Toe XAO:0003035 galen:Toe digit of foot digit of terminal segment of lower limb digiti pedis digitus pedis foot digit hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue pes digit toe uberon digiti pedis digitipedis UBERON:0001466 pedal digit UBERON:0001466 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Toes.jpg PHENOSCAPE:ni A digit that is part of a pes (foot). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0040357 ncithesaurus:Toe digit of terminal segment of lower limb OBOL:automatic digiti pedis FMA:70664 FMA:TA foot digit MA:0000048 hind digit XAO:0003035 hind_digit AAO:0000888 pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 toe FMA:25046 digiti pedis Wikipedia:Toe digitipedis BTO:0002348 A subdivision of the pectoral complex consisting of the structures in the region of the shoulder joint (which connects the humerus, scapula and clavicle). (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'.[well established][VHOG] In FMA, the shoulder is part of the pectoral girdle region. in MA, shoulder structures like shoulder joints, bones, nerves etc are part of the shoulder and the forelimb. E.g. humerus is a shoulder bone CALOHA:TS-2229 EFO:0003068 EHDAA2:0001834 EHDAA:4180 EHDAA:6228 EMAPA:17421 FMA:25202 GAID:60 MA:0000038 MESH:D012782 NCIT:C25203 SCTID:361103004 UMLS:C0037004 VHOG:0000342 Wikipedia:Shoulder galen:Shoulder shoulder region uberon articulatio humeri UBERON:0001467 shoulder UBERON:0001467 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG FMA-modified A subdivision of the pectoral complex consisting of the structures in the region of the shoulder joint (which connects the humerus, scapula and clavicle). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000342 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In FMA, the shoulder is part of the pectoral girdle region. in MA, shoulder structures like shoulder joints, bones, nerves etc are part of the shoulder and the forelimb. E.g. humerus is a shoulder bone FMA UMLS:C0037004 ncithesaurus:Shoulder articulatio humeri Wikipedia:Shoulder 2 The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. FMA has 'intervertebral joint' as a GAT, and has two distinct classes 'intervertebral symphysis' and 'intervertebral syndesmosis', but note that the latter do not connect the centra vertebral joint EMAPA:37622 FMA:25511 MA:0001514 NCIT:C49577 SCTID:244512000 UMLS:C1182940 inter-centrum joint inter-vertebral joint intervertebral symphysis joint of vertebral body uberon UBERON:0001468 intervertebral joint UBERON:0001468 FMA FMA connects successive pairs of centra The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87401 FMA has 'intervertebral joint' as a GAT, and has two distinct classes 'intervertebral symphysis' and 'intervertebral syndesmosis', but note that the latter do not connect the centra FMA EMAPA:37622 MA:th UMLS:C1182940 ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Joint intervertebral symphysis FMA:25511 joint of vertebral body FMA:25511 The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. sternoclavicular EMAPA:19203 FMA:25883 GAID:270 MA:0001507 MESH:D013247 NCIT:C33615 SCTID:182165002 UMLS:C0038291 Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation sterno clavicular joint sternoclavicular articulation uberon articulatio sternoclavicularis UBERON:0001469 sternoclavicular joint UBERON:0001469 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Gray325.png FMA clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni sternal end of the clavicle and first rib The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation sternoclavicular Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation UMLS:C0038291 ncithesaurus:Sternoclavicular_Joint sternoclavicular articulation Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation articulatio sternoclavicularis Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. note that in this ontology 'glenoid fossa' is a cavity (consistent with FMA) - consider adding a class for the surface of the scapula that is adjacent to this cavity, and making a more explicit connects relationship in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle joint of shoulder shoulder joint EMAPA:19105 FMA:25912 GAID:269 MA:0000459 MESH:D012785 NCIT:C33548 SCTID:182168000 UMLS:C0037009 VHOG:0001002 Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint galen:ShoulderJoint articulatio humeri humeral joint uberon humeroscapular joint UBERON:0001470 glenohumeral joint UBERON:0001470 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray327.png FMA The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle FMA joint of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder joint MA:0000459 UMLS:C0037009 ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Joint articulatio humeri FMA:25912 FMA:TA humeral joint FMA:25912 humeroscapular joint Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-0088 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 EMAPA:32782 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 NCIT:C12366 SCTID:90780006 TAO:0001514 UMLS:C0262950 VHOG:0001190 VSAO:0000057 Wikipedia:Bone XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 galen:Bone bone organ uberon bone bones UBERON:0001474 bone element UBERON:0001474 VSAO-modified Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000057 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/277 Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000047 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001514 TAO ZFIN:curator Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000057 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000047 AAO The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001190 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0262950 ncithesaurus:Bone bone organ FMA:5018 bone AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 MA:0001459 VHOG:0001190 bones ZFA:0001514 A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA,generalized]. Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] AAO:0010716 EFO:0001412 EHDAA2:0000339 EMAPA:18177 FMA:32521 MA:0002286 NCIT:C32446 SCTID:181620007 UMLS:C0224234 VHOG:0000846 Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoid muscle m. deltoideus musculus deltoideus uberon common shoulder muscle deltoideus deltoideus muscle musculus deltoideus UBERON:0001476 We use a generic definition that includes the deltoideus as represented in AAO: 'Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus'. Kardong: Dorsal group deltoid UBERON:0001476 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Deltoideus.png FMA EHDAA2 dbpedia EHDAA2 FMA the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula dbpedia the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula dbpedia the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula dbpedia deltoid tuberosity of humerus dbpedia dbpedia A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA,generalized]. FMA:32521 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010716 AAO AAO:MEJ UMLS:C0224234 ncithesaurus:Deltoid deltoid muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle m. deltoideus AAO:0010716 musculus deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle common shoulder muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle musculus deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue. sesamoid AEO:0000086 EHDAA2:0003086 EMAPA:36620 FMA:32672 GAID:210 MA:0001375 MESH:D012716 NCIT:C33541 SCTID:362914002 UMLS:C0036846 Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone galen:SessamoidBone ossa sesamoidea uberon UBERON:0001479 Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage.[VSAO] sesamoid bone UBERON:0001479 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray350.png UBERON:cjm A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0036846 ncithesaurus:Sesamoid_Bone ossa sesamoidea Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton. EMAPA:36164 FMA:33302 MA:0002557 SCTID:306715004 uberon UBERON:0001480 proximal carpal bone UBERON:0001480 A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton. OBOL:automatic A distal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals.[AAO] Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal AAO:0000847 EMAPA:36168 FMA:33303 MA:0002558 SCTID:306716003 distal carpal uberon UBERON:0001481 distal carpal bone UBERON:0001481 A distal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. OBOL:automatic Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000847 AAO AAO:LAP Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal WP distal carpal AAO:0000847 Any muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36154 FMA:33531 MA:0000633 muscle organ of shoulder shoulder muscle shoulder muscle organ uberon UBERON:0001482 muscle of shoulder UBERON:0001482 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle organ of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder muscle organ OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder region. in MA this is a subclass of forelimb skin, but this violates part-disjointness in Uberon EMAPA:18059 FMA:34830 MA:0000635 SCTID:244131002 shoulder skin shoulder zone of skin zone of skin of shoulder uberon UBERON:0001483 skin of shoulder UBERON:0001483 A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder region. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in MA this is a subclass of forelimb skin, but this violates part-disjointness in Uberon MA shoulder zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of shoulder OBOL:automatic An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. check ncita EMAPA:37621 FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:D017746 NCIT:C32259 NCIT:C84388 SCTID:182238002 UMLS:C0206207 Wikipedia:Articular_capsule galen:JointCapsule capsula articularis fibrous capsule of joint joint capsule joint fibrous capsule uberon capsulae articulares UBERON:0001484 articular capsule UBERON:0001484 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Joint.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray299.png An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Articular_capsule check ncita ncit EMAPA:37621 MA:th UMLS:C0206207 ncithesaurus:Joint_Capsule capsula articularis FMA:34836 FMA:TA capsulae articulares Wikipedia:Articular_capsule The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted]. EFO:0001957 EMAPA:19137 FMA:35175 GAID:114 MA:0000471 MESH:D007719 NCIT:C32898 SCTID:182204005 UMLS:C0022745 VHOG:0001003 Wikipedia:Knee galen:KneeJoint joint of knee uberon articulatio genus UBERON:0001485 knee joint UBERON:0001485 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Knee.agr.jpg definitional The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee UMLS:C0022745 ncithesaurus:Knee_Joint joint of knee OBOL:automatic articulatio genus Wikipedia:Knee A synovial joint that connects the femur to the acetbulum of the innominate bone. BTO:0001502 EMAPA:19136 FMA:35178 GAID:262 MA:0000470 MESH:D006621 NCIT:C32742 SCTID:182201002 UMLS:C0019558 VHOG:0001001 Wikipedia:Hip#Articulation galen:HipJoint articulatio coxofemoralis femoro-iliac joint uberon coxal articulation UBERON:0001486 hip joint UBERON:0001486 FMA FMA definitional A synovial joint that connects the femur to the acetbulum of the innominate bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0019558 ncithesaurus:Hip_Joint articulatio coxofemoralis FMA:35178 coxal articulation Wikipedia:Hip A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. TODO check FMA - use the set class for now EMAPA:32949 FMA:35194 GAID:256 MA:0000464 MESH:D033023 SCTID:244555001 Wikipedia:Joints_of_foot articulationes pedis foot joint hind limb autopod joint joint of pes joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot pedal joint uberon UBERON:0001487 pes joint UBERON:0001487 A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic articulationes pedis FMA:71349 FMA:TA hind limb autopod joint OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic joints of foot FMA:71349 A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. todo - accurately represent different types of ankle joint BTO:0004706 EMAPA:35126 FMA:35195 GAID:257 MA:0000463 MESH:D000843 NCIT:C32078 SCTID:182212002 UMLS:C0003087 Wikipedia:Ankle galen:AnkleJoint gambrel hock hock joint talotibial joint uberon mortise joint talocrural articulation talocrural joint UBERON:0001488 ankle joint UBERON:0001488 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. MESH:A02.835.583.378.062 Wikipedia:Ankle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0003087 ncithesaurus:Ankle_Joint gambrel Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) hock Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) hock joint Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) talotibial joint Wikipedia:Ankle mortise joint BTO:0004706 talocrural articulation Wikipedia:Ankle talocrural joint Wikipedia:Ankle A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition]. TODO check FMA - use the set class for now EMAPA:32641 MA:0000452 SCTID:244546004 Wikipedia:Joints_of_hand articulationes manus hand joint joint of hand joint of manus joint of terminal segment of free upper limb manual joint uberon UBERON:0001489 manus joint UBERON:0001489 A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic articulationes manus FMA:71345 FMA:TA joint of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. In human anatomy, the elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis EMAPA:19102 FMA:35289 GAID:253 MA:0000451 MESH:D004551 NCIT:C32497 SCTID:182169008 UMLS:C0013770 VHOG:0000997 Wikipedia:Elbow galen:ElbowJoint articulatio cubiti cubital region joint joint of cubital region joint of elbow uberon UBERON:0001490 elbow joint UBERON:0001490 definitional A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. Wikipedia:Elbow https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In human anatomy, the elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis HP UMLS:C0013770 ncithesaurus:Elbow_Joint articulatio cubiti cubital region joint OBOL:automatic joint of cubital region OBOL:automatic joint of elbow OBOL:automatic A joint connecting the forelimb zeugopod skeleton with the carpal skeleton. in FMA this includes radio-carpal and radio-ulnar *ligaments* EMAPA:19205 FMA:321842 GAID:274 MA:0000460 MESH:D014955 NCIT:C33894 SCTID:182178002 UMLS:C1322271 Wikipedia:Wrist galen:WristJoint carpal region joint joint of carpal region joint of wrist radiocarpal joint uberon UBERON:0001491 wrist joint UBERON:0001491 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Human_wrist.png A joint connecting the forelimb zeugopod skeleton with the carpal skeleton. Wikipedia:Wrist https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=1205376 in FMA this includes radio-carpal and radio-ulnar *ligaments* FMA UMLS:C1322271 ncithesaurus:Wrist_Joint carpal region joint OBOL:automatic joint of carpal region OBOL:automatic radiocarpal joint FMA:35291 The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:18802 FMA:37072 MA:0001166 NCIT:C52817 SCTID:181009006 UMLS:C0228885 Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve circumflex humeral nerve uberon auxillery nerve circumflex nerve nervus axillaris UBERON:0001493 axillary nerve UBERON:0001493 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Brachial_plexus_2.svg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg MA The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve UMLS:C0228885 ncithesaurus:Axillary_Nerve auxillery nerve Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve circumflex nerve Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve nervus axillaris Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0000147 EHDAA:9828 EMAPA:17014 FMA:3736 MA:0002570 NCIT:C32150 SCTID:181299009 UMLS:C0003956 Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta ascending thoracic aorta pars ascendens aortae uberon aorta ascendens pars ascendens aortae UBERON:0001496 ascending aorta UBERON:0001496 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg EHDAA2 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia]. GO:0035905 Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta UMLS:C0003956 ncithesaurus:Ascending_Aorta ascending thoracic aorta EMAPA:17014 aorta ascendens Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta pars ascendens aortae Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle. UBERON:0003271 EHDAA:8326 EMAPA:18184 EMAPA:18185 FMA:37367 MA:0000537 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001430 girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ pelvic girdle skeletal muscle uberon UBERON:0001497 muscle of pelvic girdle UBERON:0001497 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle. MA girdle-pelvic muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of girdle-pelvic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle EMAPA:18185 Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000477 EMAPA:36160 FMA:37369 MA:0000652 SCTID:67240005 foot muscle foot muscle organ muscle of foot muscle organ of foot uberon UBERON:0001498 muscle of pes UBERON:0001498 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle of foot FMA:37369 muscle organ of foot OBOL:automatic A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm'. MA uses this consistent with uberon (forelimb muscle is subdivided into shoulder, arm and hand) UBERON:0003272 EHDAA:8277 EMAPA:36053 MA:0000594 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000142 arm muscle arm skeletal muscle arm skeletal muscle tissue muscle of upper arm or lower arm upper arm / lower arm muscle uberon arm muscle system UBERON:0001499 muscle of arm UBERON:0001499 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arm muscle MA:0000594 arm skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic arm skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of upper arm or lower arm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper arm / lower arm muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 arm muscle system EHDAA2:0000141 Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32644 FMA:37372 MA:0000628 SCTID:110540008 hand muscle manus muscle manus muscle organ muscle of hand muscle organ of manus uberon UBERON:0001500 muscle of manus UBERON:0001500 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hand muscle MA:0000628 manus muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle of hand FMA:37372 muscle organ of manus OBOL:automatic The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. Do not confuse with aortic arch The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] birds have right aortic arch, mammals left. BTO:0000157 EFO:0002526 EHDAA2:0000132 EMAPA:17613 FMA:3768 GAID:471 MA:0000475 SCTID:181300001 VHOG:0001196 Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta arcus aortae uberon aortic arch thoracic aorta UBERON:0001508 arch of aorta UBERON:0001508 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg left arch 4 in human embryology.ch The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0004113 The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001196 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arch+of+aorta The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001196 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20 http://bgee.unil.ch/ arcus aortae FMA:3768 FMA:TA aortic arch FMA:3768 thoracic aorta GAID:471 A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18151 FMA:37800 MA:0000668 NCIT:C64859 SCTID:181552001 UMLS:C0222275 knee skin knee zone of skin zone of skin of knee uberon UBERON:0001510 skin of knee UBERON:0001510 A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222275 ncithesaurus:Knee_Skin knee zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of knee OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18156 EMAPA:18159 EMAPA:37352 FMA:37828 MA:0000674 NCIT:C52749 UMLS:C0222279 leg skin leg zone of skin zone of skin of leg uberon UBERON:0001511 skin of leg UBERON:0001511 A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37352 MA:th UMLS:C0222279 ncithesaurus:Leg_Skin leg zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of leg OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37353 FMA:37831 MA:0000641 NCIT:C52751 SCTID:181560000 UMLS:C0222286 ankle skin ankle zone of skin tarsal region skin zone of skin of ankle uberon UBERON:0001512 skin of ankle UBERON:0001512 A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37353 MA:th UMLS:C0222286 ncithesaurus:Ankle_Skin ankle zone of skin OBOL:automatic tarsal region skin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 zone of skin of ankle OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18504 FMA:37834 MA:0000654 NCIT:C52750 SCTID:181529000 UMLS:C0222289 foot skin skin of foot skin of hind-paw uberon UBERON:0001513 skin of pes UBERON:0001513 MA A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222289 ncithesaurus:Foot_Skin skin of foot FMA:37834 skin of hind-paw EMAPA:18504 The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. results from fusion of left and right dorsal aortae EMAPA:18606 FMA:3784 MA:0002571 NCIT:C32455 SCTID:261399002 UMLS:C0011666 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta pars descendens aortae uberon aorta descendens pars descendens aortae UBERON:0001514 descending aorta UBERON:0001514 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA Wikipedia The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. GO:0035906 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta UMLS:C0011666 ncithesaurus:Descending_Aorta pars descendens aortae FMA:3784 aorta descendens Wikipedia:Descending_aorta pars descendens aortae Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. BTO:0000157 EFO:0002525 EMAPA:18603 FMA:3786 GAID:471 MA:0002569 MESH:D001013 NCIT:C33766 SCTID:302510009 UMLS:C1522460 Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta galen:ThoracicAorta aorta thoracica thoracic part of aorta uberon aorta thoracalis pars thoracica aortae UBERON:0001515 thoracic aorta UBERON:0001515 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray530.png FMA The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0010468 http://www.medterms.com UMLS:C1522460 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Aorta aorta thoracica FMA:3786 FMA:TA aorta thoracalis Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta pars thoracica aortae Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. Many of the branches of the abdominal aorta in mammals may be branches of the dorsal aorta in other vertebrates BTO:0002976 EFO:0002524 EMAPA:17856 FMA:3789 GAID:470 MA:0000474 MESH:D001012 NCIT:C32038 SCTID:244231007 UMLS:C0003484 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta galen:AbdominalAorta abdominal part of aorta descending abdominal aorta pars abdominalis aortae uberon abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis pars abdominalis aortae UBERON:0001516 abdominal aorta UBERON:0001516 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png FMA Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta UMLS:C0003484 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Aorta abdominal part of aorta FMA:3789 descending abdominal aorta FMA:3789 pars abdominalis aortae FMA:3789 abdominal part of aorta BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta pars abdominalis aortae BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003399 EMAPA:18051 FMA:38250 MA:0000610 NCIT:C52755 SCTID:181534001 UMLS:C0222213 cubital region zone of skin elbow skin elbow zone of skin zone of skin of cubital region zone of skin of elbow uberon UBERON:0001517 skin of elbow UBERON:0001517 A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222213 ncithesaurus:Elbow_Skin cubital region zone of skin OBOL:automatic elbow zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of cubital region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of elbow OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37351 FMA:38280 MA:0000638 NCIT:C52752 SCTID:181540008 UMLS:C0222223 carpal region zone of skin wrist skin wrist zone of skin zone of skin of carpal region zone of skin of wrist uberon UBERON:0001518 skin of wrist UBERON:0001518 A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37351 MA:th UMLS:C0222223 ncithesaurus:Wrist_Skin carpal region zone of skin OBOL:automatic wrist zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of carpal region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of wrist OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18486 FMA:38295 MA:0000630 NCIT:C52753 SCTID:181527003 UMLS:C0222224 hand skin manus skin skin of hand skin of fore-paw uberon UBERON:0001519 skin of manus UBERON:0001519 A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222224 ncithesaurus:Hand_Skin hand skin MA:0000630 skin of hand FMA:38295 skin of fore-paw EMAPA:18486 A joint that connects the radius and the ulna. Examples: proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints. EMAPA:19206 FMA:38863 MA:0003145 SCTID:264167003 articulation of the radus and ulna radioulnar joint uberon radioulnar articulation UBERON:0001528 radio-ulnar joint UBERON:0001528 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png FMA A joint that connects the radius and the ulna. Examples: proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 radioulnar joint FMA:38863 The short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. innominate EFO:0002550 EHDAA2:0000835 EMAPA:17615 FMA:3932 GAID:476 MA:0001922 MESH:D016122 NCIT:C32814 SCTID:244244002 UMLS:C0006094 Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery galen:BrachioCephalicArtery brachiocephalic trunk innominate artery truncus brachiocephalicus uberon truncus brachiocephalicus UBERON:0001529 brachiocephalic artery UBERON:0001529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg The short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. MGI:csmith MP:0010663 innominate Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery UMLS:C0006094 ncithesaurus:Innominate_Artery brachiocephalic trunk MA:0001922 innominate artery Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery truncus brachiocephalicus FMA:3932 FMA:TA truncus brachiocephalicus Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. we follow the FMA and treat the artery as a tree-structure - here we include the internal and external as parts. For the part that excludes the branches, see 'trunk of common carotid artery' This class represents the adult and developing structures' in birds and reptiles, develops from arch III and parts of ventral and dorsal aortae carotid artery CALOHA:TS-0116 EHDAA2:0000217 EHDAA:7331 EMAPA:17855 FMA:3939 GAID:479 MA:0001926 MESH:D017536 NCIT:C32352 SCTID:362041005 UMLS:C0162859 VHOG:0000272 Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery carotid artery system common carotid artery trunk of common carotid tree uberon a. carotis communis UBERON:0001530 common carotid artery plus branches UBERON:0001530 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA Wikipedia A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery carotid artery FMA:3939 UMLS:C0162859 ncithesaurus:Common_Carotid_Artery carotid artery system EHDAA2:0000217 common carotid artery FMA:3939 trunk of common carotid tree FMA:3939 a. carotis communis Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery The rightmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk. placement of the MA class here is not strictly correct, as the MA class does not include the branches EMAPA:35749 FMA:3941 MA:0001928 NCIT:C33473 SCTID:362042003 UMLS:C0226086 Wikipedia:Right_common_carotid_artery right common carotid artery trunk of right common carotid tree uberon right common carotid artery UBERON:0001531 right common carotid artery plus branches UBERON:0001531 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA The rightmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk. UBERON:cjm UMLS:C0226086 ncithesaurus:Right_Common_Carotid_Artery right common carotid artery MA:0001928 trunk of right common carotid tree FMA:3941 right common carotid artery FMA:3941 A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and eyes[MP]. Each of two arteries starting at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries through which blood circulates to many structures and organs in the head. [TFD][VHOG] One of the major arteries of the head, it is the as the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by stage NF stage 41.[AAO] AAO:0010219 AAO:0011054 BTO:0004697 EFO:0001952 EHDAA2:0000873 EHDAA:408 EHDAA:6389 EMAPA:16328 FMA:3947 GAID:481 MA:0001930 MESH:D002343 NCIT:C32836 SCTID:362045001 TAO:0005081 UMLS:C0007276 VHOG:0000267 Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery XAO:0000366 ZFA:0005081 cranial carotid artery internal carotid uberon ICA arteria carotis interna UBERON:0001532 internal carotid artery UBERON:0001532 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray513.png MA cjm FMA A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and eyes[MP]. MGI:anna Each of two arteries starting at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries through which blood circulates to many structures and organs in the head. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000267 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Internal+carotid+artery One of the major arteries of the head, it is the as the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by stage NF stage 41.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011054 AAO PMID:12606281 UMLS:C0007276 ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Artery cranial carotid artery ZFA:0005081 internal carotid AAO:0010219 ICA arteria carotis interna Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta. Developmental relationships should be added (intersegmental artery and right dorsal aorta in EHDAA2, occipitovertebral artery in XAO) Artery which supplies blood via branches to the various muscles of the shoulder region and to the forelimb.[AAO] In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP] The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. Kimmel et al. 1993[TAO] AAO:0010232 EHDAA2:0001933 EHDAA:4357 EMAPA:17617 FMA:3951 GAID:511 MA:0002045 MESH:D013348 NCIT:C33643 SCTID:265790007 TAO:0005086 UMLS:C0038530 Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery XAO:0000365 ZFA:0005086 arteria subclavia arterial tree of upper limb pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree uberon PA arteria subclavia UBERON:0001533 subclavian artery UBERON:0001533 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg EHDAA2 EHDAA2 One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta. ISBN:0073040584 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Artery which supplies blood via branches to the various muscles of the shoulder region and to the forelimb.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010232 AAO AAO:BJB In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP] Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. Kimmel et al. 1993[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005086 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0038530 ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Artery arteria subclavia XAO:0000365 PA arteria subclavia Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery The subclavian artery that supplies the right pectoral appendage. in humans, arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery proximal part arises from right 4th aortic arch in humans EHDAA2:0004514 EMAPA:37384 FMA:3953 MA:0002047 NCIT:C33490 SCTID:244246000 UMLS:C0226261 Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery arteria subclavia dextra uberon UBERON:0001534 right subclavian artery UBERON:0001534 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg The subclavian artery that supplies the right pectoral appendage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37384 MA:th UMLS:C0226261 ncithesaurus:Right_Subclavian_Artery arteria subclavia dextra FMA:3953 FMA:TA The leftmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from the aortic arch in the thorax. placement of the MA class here is not strictly correct, as the MA class does not include the branches EMAPA:35491 FMA:4058 MA:0001927 NCIT:C32956 SCTID:362043008 UMLS:C0226087 Wikipedia:Left_common_carotid_artery left common carotid artery trunk of left common carotid tree uberon left common carotid artery UBERON:0001536 left common carotid artery plus branches UBERON:0001536 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA The leftmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from the aortic arch in the thorax. UBERON:cjm UMLS:C0226087 ncithesaurus:Left_Common_Carotid_Artery left common carotid artery MA:0001927 trunk of left common carotid tree FMA:4058 left common carotid artery FMA:4058 The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37181 FMA:44327 GAID:537 MA:0002197 MESH:D011152 NCIT:C33339 SCTID:281065001 UMLS:C0032652 Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein galen:PoplitealVein uberon vena poplitea UBERON:0001544 popliteal vein UBERON:0001544 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray609.png FMA/obol The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein EMAPA:37181 MA:th UMLS:C0032652 ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Vein vena poplitea Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein A vein of the lower limb that carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37135 FMA:44331 MA:0002244 NCIT:C32115 SCTID:281066000 UMLS:C0226833 Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein galen:AnteriorTibialVein uberon venae tibiales anteriores UBERON:0001545 anterior tibial vein UBERON:0001545 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Gray440_color.png MA FMA/obol FMA/obol A vein of the lower limb that carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein EMAPA:37135 MA:th UMLS:C0226833 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Vein venae tibiales anteriores Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0003272 EMAPA:37187 FMA:44333 MA:0002217 NCIT:C33546 SCTID:181404009 UMLS:C0226827 Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein galen:LesserSaphenousVein lesser saphenous vein short saphenous vein vena saphena parva uberon UBERON:0001547 small saphenous vein UBERON:0001547 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Gray582.png FMA The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein EMAPA:37187 MA:th UMLS:C0226827 ncithesaurus:Short_Saphenous_Vein vena saphena parva Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37143 FMA:44377 MA:0002105 NCIT:C52689 UMLS:C0835053 Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins metatarsal vein uberon venae metatarsales dorsales UBERON:0001549 dorsal metatarsal vein UBERON:0001549 The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins EMAPA:37143 MA:th UMLS:C0835053 ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metatarsal_Vein venae metatarsales dorsales Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins A continuation of the Dorsal venous arch of the foot and is the origin of the long saphenous vein. EMAPA:37170 FMA:44420 MA:0002171 Wikipedia:Medial_marginal_vein medial marginal vein of foot vena marginalis medialis vena marginalis medialis pedis uberon UBERON:0001550 medial marginal vein UBERON:0001550 FMA/obol A continuation of the Dorsal venous arch of the foot and is the origin of the long saphenous vein. Wikipedia:Medial_marginal_vein EMAPA:37170 MA:th vena marginalis medialis pedis FMA:44420 FMA:TA A zone of skin that is part of a hip region. in MA this isa hindlimb skin EMAPA:18148 FMA:45282 MA:0000658 SCTID:181518004 hip region zone of skin hip skin hip zone of skin regio coxae zone of skin zone of skin of hip zone of skin of hip region zone of skin of regio coxae uberon UBERON:0001554 skin of hip UBERON:0001554 A zone of skin that is part of a hip region. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in MA this isa hindlimb skin MA hip region zone of skin OBOL:automatic hip zone of skin OBOL:automatic regio coxae zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of regio coxae OBOL:automatic A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 we following Kardong in naming the entire tube from mouth to anus the alimentary canal. Kardong calls the portion of this tract that excludes buccal cavity and pharynx the 'alimentary canal', consider adding an extra class for this gut AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA:45615 MA:0000917 NCIT:C34082 TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 UMLS:C0017189 VHOG:0000309 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 galen:AlimentaryTract digestive tube enteric tract alimentary canal alimentary tract uberon digestive canal gut tube UBERON:0001555 digestive tract UBERON:0001555 NCBIBook:NBK10107 A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Wikipedia:Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/7549 Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016309 The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000112 TAO ZFIN:curator The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000309 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. FMA we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 MA UMLS:C0017189 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract enteric tract ZFA:0000112 digestive canal BTO:0000058 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. FMA:45659 MA:0002636 SCTID:181420004 galen:LowerUrinaryTract uberon UBERON:0001556 lower urinary tract UBERON:0001556 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. FMA:45659 The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea. Some specify that the glottis (vocal cords) is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts;[2] yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage. The FMA includes nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[WP] EHDAA2:0002136 EMAPA:17669 FMA:45661 MA:0000442 SCTID:361381009 VHOG:0000406 Wikipedia:Upper_respiratory_tract uberon UBERON:0001557 upper respiratory tract UBERON:0001557 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Some specify that the glottis (vocal cords) is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts;[2] yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage. The FMA includes nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[WP] FMA The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]. EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 SCTID:281488008 VHOG:0000382 Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract lower respiratory system uberon UBERON:0001558 lower respiratory tract UBERON:0001558 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:45733 organ neck uberon UBERON:0001560 neck of organ UBERON:0001560 FMA The muscles associated with the larynx. BTO:0001626 EMAPA:35473 FMA:46562 GAID:144 MA:0001768 MESH:D007821 NCIT:C32934 SCTID:181744001 UMLS:C0023054 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_larynx laryngeal muscle larynx muscle larynx muscle organ muscle organ of larynx musculi laryngeales uberon UBERON:0001568 muscle of larynx UBERON:0001568 prolog The muscles associated with the larynx. MP:0002263 UMLS:C0023054 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Muscle larynx muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of larynx OBOL:automatic Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.[AAO] see Intrinsic Tongue.[FEED] relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians. AAO:0010660 EHDAA2:0000704 EHDAA:9150 EMAPA:18276 FMA:46690 MA:0002307 NCIT:C52928 SCTID:244784007 UMLS:C0224194 VHOG:0000847 Wikipedia:Genioglossus_muscle genioglossus m. genioglossus musculus genioglossus uberon UBERON:0001571 genioglossus muscle UBERON:0001571 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Genioglossus.png FMA EHDAA2 Wikipedia Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. VHOG:0000847 Wikipedia:Genioglossus_muscle Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000847 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genioglossus Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010660 AAO AAO:BMZ see Intrinsic Tongue.[FEED] 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010660 AAO The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000847 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Table 7 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians. AAO:0010660 UMLS:C0224194 ncithesaurus:Genioglossus A muscle that attaches to the hyopid bone and to the tongue and is innervated by cranial nerve XII. Makes up part of the tongue in frogs and salamanders.[AAO] The hyoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the hyoid and tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] AAO:0010663 EMAPA:18277 FMA:46691 MA:0002317 MFMO:0000064 NCIT:C53161 SCTID:244785008 UMLS:C0224196 Wikipedia:Hyoglossus_muscle hyoglossus m. hyoglossus uberon UBERON:0001572 hyoglossus muscle UBERON:0001572 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png FMA lingual process in horse dbpedia A muscle that attaches to the hyopid bone and to the tongue and is innervated by cranial nerve XII. FEED:rd Makes up part of the tongue in frogs and salamanders.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010663 AAO AAO:BMZ The hyoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the hyoid and tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010663 AAO UMLS:C0224196 ncithesaurus:Hyoglossus_Muscle hyoglossus Wikipedia:Hyoglossus A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus, which is innervated by the Vagus nerve CN X of the pharyngeal plexus. EHDAA2:0002063 EHDAA:9148 EMAPA:18275 FMA:46699 MA:0002296 SCTID:244782006 VHOG:0000825 extrinsic lingual muscle extrinsic tongue muscle uberon UBERON:0001575 extrinsic muscle of tongue UBERON:0001575 true check palatoglossus Wikipedia A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/331 The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000825 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement WP All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus, which is innervated by the Vagus nerve CN X of the pharyngeal plexus. WP The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They are not involved with changing the position of the tongue and are not attached to bone EHDAA2:0002064 EHDAA:9152 EMAPA:18280 FMA:46701 MA:0002327 SCTID:244788005 VHOG:0000748 intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle uberon UBERON:0001576 intrinsic muscle of tongue UBERON:0001576 true FEED Wikipedia EHDAA2 The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. http://www.feedexp.org/wiki/Mammalian_Muscle_Ontology_Workshop The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000748 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They are not involved with changing the position of the tongue and are not attached to bone WP A muscle innervated by a facial nerve. FMA:46751 GAID:143 MA:0003160 MESH:D005152 MFMO:0000005 NCIT:C13073 SCTID:25903009 UMLS:C0015460 Wikipedia:Facial_muscles XAO:0001013 face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle facial muscle proper facial nerve innervated muscle facial nerve muscle muscle of face muscle organ of face uberon cranial-facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle mimetic muscles muscle of facil expression muscles of facial expression musculi faciei UBERON:0001577 facial muscle UBERON:0001577 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray378.png FEED Wikipedia A muscle innervated by a facial nerve. FEED:rd UMLS:C0015460 ncithesaurus:Facial_Muscle face muscle FMA:46751 face muscle organ OBOL:automatic facial muscle FMA:46751 XAO:0001013 facial nerve innervated muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle of face FMA:46751 muscle organ of face OBOL:automatic cranial-facial muscle EMAPA:25133 cranio-facial muscle EMAPA:25133 craniofacial muscle EMAPA:25133 mimetic muscles Wikipedia:Facial_muscles muscle of facil expression Wikipedia:Facial_muscles muscles of facial expression Wikipedia:Facial_muscles musculi faciei Wikipedia:Facial_muscles The subclavian artery that supplies the left pectoral appendage. in humans, branches off the arch of aorta arises from left intersegmental 6th artery in the region of the 6th -7th cervical segment in humans EMAPA:37100 FMA:4694 MA:0002046 NCIT:C32972 SCTID:244245001 UMLS:C0226262 Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery arteria subclavia (sinistra) uberon UBERON:0001584 left subclavian artery UBERON:0001584 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg The subclavian artery that supplies the left pectoral appendage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37100 MA:th UMLS:C0226262 ncithesaurus:Left_Subclavian_Artery arteria subclavia (sinistra) FMA:4694 FMA:TA A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). In the mouse, The right pulmonary vein passes dorsal to the right superior vena cava, the left pulmonary dorsal to the left superior vena cava (Biology of the Laboratory Mouse, Green). BTO:0002683 EHDAA2:0001962 EHDAA:8726 EMAPA:18417 FMA:4720 GAID:549 MA:0000481 MESH:D014683 NCIT:C12816 SCTID:181368006 UMLS:C0042459 VHOG:0001195 Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava galen:SuperiorVenaCava superior caval vein superior vena cava uberon cranial vena cava precava vena cava superior vena maxima UBERON:0001585 anterior vena cava UBERON:0001585 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001195 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042459 ncithesaurus:Superior_Vena_Cava superior caval vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 superior vena cava FMA:4720 cranial vena cava VHOG:0001195 vena cava superior BTO:0002683 Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava vena maxima Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] AAO:0010236 EHDAA2:0000877 EHDAA:5407 EMAPA:17620 FMA:4724 MA:0002157 NCIT:C32849 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000878 SCTID:181372005 UMLS:C0226550 Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein XAO:0000382 galen:InternalJugularVein internal jugular internal jugular venous tree uberon vena jugularis interna UBERON:0001586 internal jugular vein UBERON:0001586 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray562.png One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010236 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0226550 ncithesaurus:Internal_Jugular_Vein internal jugular EHDAA2:0000877 vena jugularis interna Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein The subclavian vein is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the smallest finger. Vein which collects blood from the forelimb via the brachial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins.[AAO] AAO:0010510 EHDAA2:0001934 EHDAA:4455 EMAPA:17621 FMA:4725 GAID:546 MA:0002221 MESH:D013350 NCIT:C12794 SCTID:181388005 UMLS:C0038532 Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein galen:SubclavianVein subclavian venous tree vena subclavia uberon UBERON:0001587 subclavian vein UBERON:0001587 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png The subclavian vein is a paired large vein, one on either side of the body. Their diameter is approximately that of the smallest finger. Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein Vein which collects blood from the forelimb via the brachial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010510 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0038532 ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Vein vena subclavia Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:36284 FMA:4749 MA:0002088 NCIT:C53031 SCTID:198293000 UMLS:C0226650 Wikipedia:Bronchial_veins bronchial venous tree uberon UBERON:0001592 bronchial vein UBERON:0001592 The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_veins UMLS:C0226650 ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Vein A congregation of multiple veins. EMAPA:36327 FMA:4767 MA:0000069 SCTID:322151008 Wikipedia:Venous_plexus venous network uberon plexus venosus rete venosum UBERON:0001593 venous plexus UBERON:0001593 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png A congregation of multiple veins. Wikipedia:Venous_plexus plexus venosus Wikipedia:Venous_plexus rete venosum Wikipedia:Venous_plexus The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000654 EMAPA:35240 FMA:49151 MA:0001269 NCIT:C32315 SCTID:280862009 UMLS:C0559230 Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle musculus ciliarus uberon Bowman`s muscles ciliaris musculus ciliaris UBERON:0001605 ciliary muscle UBERON:0001605 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray872.png MA FMA FMA The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle UMLS:C0559230 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Muscle musculus ciliarus BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles BTO:0000654 ciliaris Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle musculus ciliaris Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle . revisit this, see issue #331 The muscle cells of the iris are smooth muscle in mammals and amphibians, but are striated muscle in birds and reptiles. Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irides are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size[Romer, via WP] in aves, stromal mesenchymal cells may migrate to the iris and become skeletal EMAPA:35448 FMA:49154 MA:0001287 SCTID:280888007 Wikipedia:Iris_muscle iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris uberon UBERON:0001606 muscle of iris UBERON:0001606 FMA . Wikipedia:Iris_muscle iris muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of iris OBOL:automatic A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted] WP says: It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods; this class refers to the vertebrate structure constricts iris BTO:0000656 EMAPA:35788 FMA:49157 MA:0001289 NCIT:C33586 SCTID:280889004 UMLS:C0229189 Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle M. sphincter pupillae iris sphincter muscle musculus sphincter pupillae sphincter muscle of pupil uberon circular fibers constrictor pupillae iris constrictor iris constrictor muscle iris sphincter m. sphincter pupillae pupillary constrictor muscle pupillary sphincter pupillary sphincter muscle sphincter pupillae sphincter pupillae muscle spincter pupillae UBERON:0001607 sphincter pupillae UBERON:0001607 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray878.png BTO ISBN:0781772214 encircles iris dbpedia encircles iris dbpedia dbpedia A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris. Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle UMLS:C0229189 ncithesaurus:Sphincter_Pupillae_Muscle iris sphincter muscle BTO:0000656 musculus sphincter pupillae BTO:0000656 sphincter muscle of pupil BTO:0000656 circular fibers Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle constrictor pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle iris constrictor muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle iris sphincter Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle m. sphincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary constrictor muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary sphincter Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary sphincter muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle sphincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle sphincter pupillae muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle spincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted]. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on alpha1-receptors. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina BTO:0001371 EMAPA:35286 FMA:49158 MA:0001288 NCIT:C32463 SCTID:280890008 UMLS:C0229190 Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae pupillary dilator muscle radial muscle of iris uberon dilator pupillae muscle iris dilator musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae pupil dilator pupil dilator muscle pupillary dilator pupillary muscle radial muscle radiating fibers UBERON:0001608 dilatator pupillae UBERON:0001608 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray878.png BTO ISBN:0781772214 outer margins of iris dbpedia inner margins of iris dbpedia dbpedia A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle UMLS:C0229190 ncithesaurus:Dilator_Pupillae_Muscle dilator pupillae muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle iris dilator muscle BTO:0001371 musculus dilatator pupillae FMA:49158 FMA:TA pupillary dilator muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radial muscle of iris Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle dilator pupillae muscle BTO:0001371 iris dilator Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle musculus dilatator pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle musculus dilator pupillae BTO:0001371 pupil dilator Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupil dilator muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupillary dilator Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupillary muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radial muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radiating fibers Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tongue.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] AAO:0010492 EMAPA:36324 FMA:49526 MA:0001992 NCIT:C52961 SCTID:181327002 UMLS:C0226104 Wikipedia:Lingual_artery lingual branch of external carotid artery uberon arteria lingualis UBERON:0001610 lingual artery UBERON:0001610 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Lingual_artery.PNG FMA-abduced-lr The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Lingual_artery Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tongue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010492 AAO AAO:BJB relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010492 AAO UMLS:C0226104 ncithesaurus:Lingual_Artery arteria lingualis Wikipedia:Lingual_artery A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:19213 FMA:49549 MA:0001950 NCIT:C32578 SCTID:181328007 UMLS:C0226109 Wikipedia:Facial_artery uberon arteria maxillaris externa external maxillary artery UBERON:0001612 facial artery UBERON:0001612 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Gray508.png A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_artery UMLS:C0226109 ncithesaurus:Facial_Artery arteria maxillaris externa Wikipedia:Facial_artery An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries EHDAA2:0001069 EHDAA:7357 EMAPA:17311 FMA:49675 GAID:498 MA:0001919 MESH:D008438 NCIT:C34205 SCTID:181326006 UMLS:C0024949 Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery uberon arteria maxillaris internal maxillary artery UBERON:0001616 maxillary artery UBERON:0001616 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray510.png An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/Vascular_Devt.html UMLS:C0024949 ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Artery arteria maxillaris Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery One of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation. Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery. An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] todo - verify ZFA link: An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery EHDAA2:0004518 EHDAA:3352 EMAPA:18600 FMA:50084 MA:0002023 NCIT:C33357 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001487 SCTID:181314001 TAO:0005001 UMLS:C0149559 Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery uberon PCA PCS arteria cerebri communicans posterior UBERON:0001628 posterior communicating artery UBERON:0001628 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg FMA-abduced-lr FMA ZFA One of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation. Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery. Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005001 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0149559 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Communicating_Artery caudal communicating segment ZFA:0005001 posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery ZFA:0005001 arteria cerebri communicans posterior Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] muscular muscle AAO:0011066 EMAPA:32715 EMAPA:37474 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 MA:0000015 SCTID:71616004 TAO:0005145 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle uberon UBERON:0001630 muscle organ UBERON:0001630 Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. GO:0007517 Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005145 TAO ZFIN:curator It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001245 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 http://bgee.unil.ch/ muscle ZFA:0005145 EMAPA:37474 MA:th An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme. Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] arterial Some arthropods have primitive arterial systems but this term refers to arteries in a true closed circulatory system. AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 BTO:0000573 CALOHA:TS-0054 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EMAPA:35147 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:D001158 MIAA:0000034 NCIT:C12372 SCTID:362877004 TAO:0000005 UMLS:C0003842 VHOG:0001251 Wikipedia:Artery XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 galen:Artery arterial subtree arterial tree organ part arteries uberon arterial system arterial vessel UBERON:0001637 artery UBERON:0001637 An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. AEO:JB Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010211 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001251 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003842 ncithesaurus:Artery arteries TAO:0000005 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] venous venous subtree venous vessel AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 BTO:0000234 CALOHA:TS-1108 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EMAPA:35906 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:D014680 MIAA:0000037 NCIT:C12814 SCTID:181367001 TAO:0000082 UMLS:C0042449 VHOG:0001743 Wikipedia:Vein XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein venous tree organ part uberon vascular element vena venae UBERON:0001638 vein UBERON:0001638 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Wikipedia:Vein Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010212 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001743 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042449 ncithesaurus:Vein vascular element EMAPA:th vena Wikipedia:Vein venae VHOG:0001743 A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] In humans A vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted] AAO:0010214 FMA:50735 MA:0002132 TAO:0005090 VHOG:0000642 Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein ZFA:0005090 hepatic portal tree liver portal vein portal vein of liver uberon HPV portal vein primary hepatic portal vein primary hepatic portal veins vena portae hepatis UBERON:0001639 hepatic portal vein UBERON:0001639 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png MA A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000642 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.265 http://bgee.unil.ch/ liver portal vein OBOL:automatic portal vein of liver OBOL:automatic portal vein primary hepatic portal vein ZFA:0005090 vena portae hepatis Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein The first major branch of the abdominal aorta. EHDAA2:0004519 EMAPA:35202 FMA:50737 GAID:483 MA:0001931 MESH:D002445 NCIT:C52846 SCTID:181340007 UMLS:C0007569 Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac tree coeliac artery uberon arteria coeliaca arteria cœliaca celiac trunk coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk truncus coeliacus truncus cœliacus UBERON:0001640 dorsal aorta in Kardong celiac artery UBERON:0001640 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 The first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery UMLS:C0007569 ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Artery coeliac artery Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria coeliaca Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria cœliaca Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus cœliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] the ophthalmic usually usually merges with the other two. In some vertebrates, the ophthalmic emerges from the brain separately[Kardong] The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches in mammals - similar branches are present in nonmammalian vertebrates, but in some a separate profundus nerve that corresponds to opthalmic branch in mammls 5n AAO:0010470 BAMS:5n BAMS:Vn BAMS:nV BIRNLEX:869 BM:VN BTO:0001072 EFO:0001402 EHDAA2:0002084 EHDAA:3738 EMAPA:17576 FMA:50866 GAID:726 HBA:9322 MA:0001100 MBA:901 MESH:D014276 MFMO:0000093 NCIT:C12806 SCTID:362459002 TAO:0000697 UMLS:C0040996 VHOG:0000704 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve XAO:0003092 ZFA:0000697 neuronames:549 fifth cranial nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve [V] trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve uberon CN-V cranial nerve V nerve V nervus trigeminus trigeminus UBERON:0001645 trigeminal nerve UBERON:0001645 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png Wikipedia Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010470 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000704 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the ophthalmic usually usually merges with the other two. In some vertebrates, the ophthalmic emerges from the brain separately[Kardong] The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches in mammals - similar branches are present in nonmammalian vertebrates, but in some a separate profundus nerve that corresponds to opthalmic branch in mammls ISBN:0471888893 5n BIRNLEX:869 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0040996 BIRNLEX:869 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nerve neuronames:549 BIRNLEX:869 nervus trigeminus Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve nervus trigeminus [v] FMA:50866 FMA:TA trigeminal V EHDAA2:0002084 nerve V NeuroNames:549 nervus trigeminus BTO:0001072 trigeminus BTO:0001072 Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). Slender nerve composed of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers innervating the mouth and various muscles within the jaw. Sensory components innervate the bucccal roof and somatomotor components innervate the depressor musculature and muscle interhyoideus.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 7n AAO:0010472 BAMS:7n BAMS:VIIn BAMS:Viin BAMS:nVII BIRNLEX:827 BM:Pons-VIIN EHDAA2:0000489 EHDAA:3729 EMAPA:17796 FMA:50868 GAID:719 HBA:9328 MA:0001091 MBA:798 MESH:D005154 NCIT:C12714 SCTID:362460007 TAO:0000664 UMLS:C0015462 VHOG:0000706 Wikipedia:Facial_nerve XAO:0003094 ZFA:0000664 neuronames:551 branchiomeric cranial nerve face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve [VII] facial nerve tree nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve uberon CN-VII cranial nerve VII facial nerve or its root facial nerve/root nerve VII nervus facialis UBERON:0001647 facial nerve UBERON:0001647 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg ZFA Wikipedia Wikipedia Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Facial_nerve Slender nerve composed of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers innervating the mouth and various muscles within the jaw. Sensory components innervate the bucccal roof and somatomotor components innervate the depressor musculature and muscle interhyoideus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010472 AAO AAO:DSM We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000706 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 7n BIRNLEX:827 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0015462 BIRNLEX:827 ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve neuronames:551 BIRNLEX:827 face nerve OBOL:automatic facial VII EHDAA2:0000489 nerve of face OBOL:automatic nervus facialis ZFA:0000664 nervus facialis [vii] FMA:50868 FMA:TA facial nerve or its root BAMS:7n facial nerve/root BAMS:7n nerve VII NeuroNames:551 nervus facialis Wikipedia:Facial_nerve Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). Small nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent and afferent fibers which innervate the m. subarculais rectus I, dorsal buccal mucosa, and the tongue.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 9n AAO:0010474 BAMS:9n BAMS:IXn BIRNLEX:899 BTO:0004979 EHDAA2:0000709 EHDAA:3733 EMAPA:17268 FMA:50870 GAID:827 HBA:9334 MA:0001093 MBA:808 MESH:D005930 NCIT:C12723 SCTID:362465002 TAO:0000668 UMLS:C0017679 UMLS:C1305752 VHOG:0000701 Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve XAO:0003096 ZFA:0000668 neuronames:701 glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX nerve glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] glossopharyngeal nerve tree nervus glossopharyngeus nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] ninth cranial nerve uberon CN-IX cranial nerve IX nerve IX nervus glossopharyngeus UBERON:0001649 glossopharyngeal nerve UBERON:0001649 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png motor Wikipedia Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve Small nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent and afferent fibers which innervate the m. subarculais rectus I, dorsal buccal mucosa, and the tongue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010474 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000701 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 9n BIRNLEX:899 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0017679 BIRNLEX:899 ncithesaurus:Glossopharyngeal_Nerve UMLS:C1305752 BIRNLEX:899 neuronames:701 BIRNLEX:899 glossopharyngeal IX EHDAA2:0000709 nervus glossopharyngeus ZFA:0000668 nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] FMA:50870 FMA:TA CN-IX nerve IX NeuroNames:701 nervus glossopharyngeus Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue. Cranial nerve that innervates muscles in the tongue. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-14, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] In amphibians, represents the hypoglossal nerve in amniotes. Innverates mm. geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, rectus cervicis Nerve which innervates the muscles associated with the tongue including mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and rectus cervicis.[AAO] Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] we use a broad definition of this cranial nerve that encompasses the amphibian predecessor of true amniote hypoglossal nerves 12n AAO:0010477 BAMS:12n BAMS:XIIn BAMS:nXII BIRNLEX:820 BTO:0003386 EHDAA2:0000798 EHDAA:2859 EMAPA:17269 FMA:50871 GAID:828 HBA:9343 MA:0001094 MBA:813 MESH:D007002 NCIT:C12732 SCTID:362471008 UMLS:C0020614 VHOG:0000693 Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve XAO:0004215 neuronames:704 cranial nerve XII hypoglossal XII hypoglossal XII nerve hypoglossal nerve [XII] hypoglossal nerve tree nervus hypoglossus [xii] twelfth cranial nerve uberon CN-XII hypoglossal nerve/ root nerve XII nervi hypoglossalis nervus hypoglossus UBERON:0001650 hypoglossal nerve UBERON:0001650 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gray794.png Cranial nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue. ISBN:080184780X VHOG:0000693 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cranial nerve that innervates muscles in the tongue. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-14, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000693 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In amphibians, represents the hypoglossal nerve in amniotes. Innverates mm. geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, rectus cervicis ISBN:080184780X Nerve which innervates the muscles associated with the tongue including mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and rectus cervicis.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010477 AAO AAO:EJS Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000693 VHOG Wikipedia:Cranial_nerves http://bgee.unil.ch/ 12n BIRNLEX:820 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0020614 BIRNLEX:820 ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nerve neuronames:704 BIRNLEX:820 cranial nerve XII BIRNLEX:820 hypoglossal XII EHDAA2:0000798 nervus hypoglossus [xii] FMA:50871 FMA:TA CN-XII VHOG:0000693 hypoglossal nerve/ root BAMS:12n nerve XII NeuroNames:704 nervi hypoglossalis NeuroNames:704 nervus hypoglossus Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung. TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' EMAPA:37378 FMA:50872 MA:0002500 NCIT:C33489 SCTID:244235003 UMLS:C0923924 Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery galen:RightPulmonaryArtery right main pulmonary artery right pulmonary arterial tree uberon arteria pulmonalis dextra UBERON:0001651 right pulmonary artery UBERON:0001651 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37378 MA:th UMLS:C0923924 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Artery arteria pulmonalis dextra Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung. TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' EMAPA:37097 FMA:50873 MA:0002032 NCIT:C32971 SCTID:244234004 UMLS:C0923925 Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery galen:LeftPulmonaryArtery left main pulmonary artery left pulmonary arterial tree uberon arteria pulmonalis sinistra UBERON:0001652 left pulmonary artery UBERON:0001652 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37097 MA:th UMLS:C0923925 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Artery arteria pulmonalis sinistra Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] MA and NCITA also has 'anterior facial vein' AAO:0010513 EMAPA:19220 FMA:50874 MA:0002115 NCIT:C32579 SCTID:181374006 UMLS:C0226532 Wikipedia:Facial_vein face vein vein of face uberon anterior facial vein vena facialis anterior UBERON:0001653 facial vein UBERON:0001653 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png FMA The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_vein Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010513 AAO AAO:BJB MA and NCITA also has 'anterior facial vein' MA UMLS:C0226532 ncithesaurus:Facial_Vein face vein OBOL:automatic vein of face OBOL:automatic anterior facial vein Wikipedia:Facial_vein vena facialis anterior Wikipedia:Facial_vein The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37140 FMA:50981 GAID:530 MA:0002096 MESH:D002550 NCIT:C53037 SCTID:244392000 UMLS:C0007797 Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins XAO:0004160 uberon venae cerebri venae encephali UBERON:0001663 cerebral vein UBERON:0001663 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Gray568.png The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins EMAPA:37140 MA:th UMLS:C0007797 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Vein venae cerebri Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins venae encephali Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5-S2. [WP,unvetted]. A set of muscles in FMA, a single organ in MA EMAPA:36267 FMA:51062 MA:0002400 NCIT:C53181 UMLS:C0224458 Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle uberon calf muscle gastrosoleus gastrosoleus complex musculus triceps surae sural triceps UBERON:0001665 triceps surae UBERON:0001665 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5-S2. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle A set of muscles in FMA, a single organ in MA FMA UMLS:C0224458 ncithesaurus:Triceps_Surae calf muscle Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus complex Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle musculus triceps surae Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve. consider renaming this 'trigeminal ganglion complex'. The complex may be fused (amniotes) partially fused (xenopus) or separate (sharks) A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In Xenopus, the profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. AAO:0011107 BAMS:5Gn BAMS:GV BTO:0001231 EFO:0000903 EHDAA2:0002085 EHDAA:2113 EMAPA:16797 FMA:52618 GAID:725 MA:0001080 MAT:0000511 MESH:D012668 NCIT:C62642 SCTID:244449009 TAO:0000295 UMLS:C0040995 VHOG:0000694 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion XAO:0000427 XAO:0000428 ZFA:0000295 neuronames:1402 5th ganglion Gasserian ganglion fifth ganglion ganglion of trigeminal complex semilunar ganglion trigeminal V ganglion fused trigeminal ganglion uberon Gasser's ganglion Gasserian ganglia gV ganglion of trigeminal nerve ganglion semilunare ganglion trigeminale trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion UBERON:0001675 trigeminal ganglion UBERON:0001675 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray776.png ncithesaurus Bgee:AN The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53171 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000295 TAO ZFIN:curator In Xenopus, the profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. PMID:21452441 XAO:0004093 UMLS:C0040995 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Ganglion 5th ganglion ZFA:0000295 Gasserian ganglion Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion fifth ganglion ZFA:0000295 ganglion of trigeminal complex http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 semilunar ganglion ISBN:0471888893 trigeminal V ganglion MA:0001080 fused trigeminal ganglion NCBITaxon:32524 Gasser's ganglion BTO:0001231 Gasserian ganglia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ganglion of trigeminal nerve BTO:0001231 ganglion semilunare Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ganglion trigeminale BTO:0001231 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion trigeminal ganglia The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull. formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular) EMAPA:25112 FMA:52735 GAID:227 MA:0001468 MESH:D009777 NCIT:C12757 SCTID:181796003 UMLS:C0028784 Wikipedia:Occipital_bone uberon occipital complex occipital squama os occipitale UBERON:0001676 occipital bone UBERON:0001676 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray194.png FMA FMA basi paired exo and supra occipital bones MA-modified interparietal (postparietal) WP PMID:11523816 The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005269 formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII PMID:11523816 fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular) Kardong UMLS:C0028784 ncithesaurus:Occipital_Bone occipital complex http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/occiput.html os occipitale Wikipedia:Occipital_bone An unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. part of viscerocranium (facial skeleton) in FMA CALOHA:TS-2343 EMAPA:18340 FMA:52736 GAID:230 MA:0001472 MESH:D013100 NCIT:C12790 SCTID:272676008 UMLS:C0037884 Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale sphenoid sphenoidal bone uberon butterfly bone os sphenoidale os sphenoidum sphenoid complex UBERON:0001677 sphenoid bone UBERON:0001677 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg FMA orbito pre and basi sphenoid pterygoid process alisphenoid cjm An unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone part of viscerocranium (facial skeleton) in FMA FMA UMLS:C0037884 ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Bone os sphenoidale FMA:52736 FMA:TA butterfly bone Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidum Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone The large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous. In many mammals, as in humans, the petrosal, ectotympanic and squamosal bones synostose to form the temporal bone + styloid process fusion of squamosal + angular (tympanic annulus) [derm.] + petrosal (prootic + opisthotic) The temporal bone consists of four parts: * Squama temporalis * Mastoid portion * Petrous portion (Petrosal ridge) * Tympanic part[WP]. Note the Temporal bone is not explicitly categorized to a part of the cranium in FMA EHDAA:6035 EMAPA:17682 FMA:52737 GAID:232 MA:0001476 MESH:D013701 NCIT:C12797 SCTID:181795004 UMLS:C0039484 VHOG:0000800 Wikipedia:Temporal_bone uberon os temporale UBERON:0001678 temporal bone UBERON:0001678 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg FMA petrosal squamosal plus angular temporal series styloid process The large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005272 fusion of squamosal + angular (tympanic annulus) [derm.] + petrosal (prootic + opisthotic) chond. The temporal bone consists of four parts: * Squama temporalis * Mastoid portion * Petrous portion (Petrosal ridge) * Tympanic part[WP]. [WP] Note the Temporal bone is not explicitly categorized to a part of the cranium in FMA FMA UMLS:C0039484 ncithesaurus:Temporal_Bone os temporale Wikipedia:Temporal_bone A bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP]. A light spongy bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the walls and septum of the superior nasal cavity, and containing perforations for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers. [TFD][VHOG] The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively.[well established][VHOG] ethmoidal todo - homology e.g. mesethmoid of teleost Note the WP states the Neurocranium contains the ethmoid bone, both MA and FMA place the ethmoid as part of the viscerocranium. FMA also has it in neurocranium (via basicranium). Ideally we would have non-overlapping divisions of the skull, but for now we follow FMA BTO:0004140 EMAPA:19018 FMA:52740 GAID:212 MA:0001483 MESH:D005004 NCIT:C12711 SCTID:272674006 UMLS:C0015027 VHOG:0001317 Wikipedia:Ethmoid_bone ethmoid ethmoidal bone os ethmoidale uberon UBERON:0001679 ethmoid bone UBERON:0001679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ISBN:0073040584 definitional A bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Ethmoid_bone A light spongy bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the walls and septum of the superior nasal cavity, and containing perforations for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001317 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ethmoid+bone The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001317 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note the WP states the Neurocranium contains the ethmoid bone, both MA and FMA place the ethmoid as part of the viscerocranium. FMA also has it in neurocranium (via basicranium). Ideally we would have non-overlapping divisions of the skull, but for now we follow FMA MA UMLS:C0015027 ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Bone ethmoid FMA:52740 ethmoidal bone MP:0000101 os ethmoidale FMA:52740 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Ethmoid One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule.[AAO] Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish Cubbage and Mabee, 1996.[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-nasal joint (TAO:0001677)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] Synonym adnasal used in Weitzman 1960, and synonym discussed in Vari 1995.[TAO] In primitive bony fish and tetrapods, the nasal bones are the most anterior of a set of four paired bones forming the roof of the skull, being followed in sequence by the frontals, the parietals, and the postparietals. Their form in living species is highly variable, depending on the shape of the head, but they generally form the roof of the snout or beak, running from the nostrils to a position short of the orbits. In most animals, they are generally therefore proportionally larger than in humans or great apes, because of the shortened faces of the latter. Turtles, unusually, lack nasal bones, with the prefrontal bones of the orbit reaching all the way to the nostrils (ISBN 0-03-910284-X) AAO:0000312 EMAPA:19202 FMA:52745 GAID:222 MA:0001494 MESH:D009295 NCIT:C33157 SCTID:181801008 TAO:0000365 UMLS:C0027422 VHOG:0001370 Wikipedia:Nasal_bone ZFA:0000365 uberon nasal bones nasals os nasale UBERON:0001681 nasal bone UBERON:0001681 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg FMA facial series ISBN:0073040584 FMA-abduced-lr One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bone ZFIN:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/265 Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000312 AAO AAO:LAP Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish Cubbage and Mabee, 1996.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000365 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-nasal joint (TAO:0001677)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000365 TAO relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000312 AAO Synonym adnasal used in Weitzman 1960, and synonym discussed in Vari 1995.[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0000365 TAO Curator UMLS:C0027422 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Bone nasal bones ZFA:0000365 nasals TAO:0000365 os nasale Wikipedia:Nasal_bone A paired dermal bone situated in the mid-palate that helps form the hard palate [Palaeos]. Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral region of the palate and is located ventral to the autopalatine. The dermopalatine is bilaterally paired and usually bears teeth.[TAO] Dermopalatine: same as palatine. The prefix is used by fish people because the palatine is a dermal replacement bone for a section of the autopalatine section of the palatoquadrate. In that context, palatine is potentially ambiguous.[Palaeos] In ostariophysans, the dermopalatine is absent.[TAO] Fusion of dermopalatine+autopalatine. EMAPA:36619 FMA:52746 MA:0001495 NCIT:C52745 SCTID:244654005 TAO:0000015 UMLS:C0222734 Wikipedia:Palatine_bone http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/289x311xPalatine1.gif.pagespeed.ic.tglmNBrF4D.png palatine dermopalatine uberon os palatinum palate bone palatum UBERON:0001682 palatine bone UBERON:0001682 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Gray996.png FMA FMA-abduced-lr ISBN:0073040584 A paired dermal bone situated in the mid-palate that helps form the hard palate [Palaeos]. Wikipedia:Palatine_bone http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/palatal-palatines.html TAO Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral region of the palate and is located ventral to the autopalatine. The dermopalatine is bilaterally paired and usually bears teeth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000015 TAO TAO:GA_TG Dermopalatine: same as palatine. The prefix is used by fish people because the palatine is a dermal replacement bone for a section of the autopalatine section of the palatoquadrate. In that context, palatine is potentially ambiguous.[Palaeos] 2012-09-17 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryD.html In ostariophysans, the dermopalatine is absent.[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0000015 TAO Curator UMLS:C0222734 ncithesaurus:Palatine_Bone dermopalatine http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryD.html os palatinum palatum Wikipedia:Palatine_bone A horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. [WP,modified]. Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of hyoid plate (AAO:0000664)[AAO] The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue. The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia. AAO:0000684 EMAPA:18650 FMA:52749 GAID:197 MA:0001484 MESH:D006928 NCIT:C32752 SCTID:263352000 UMLS:C0020417 VHOG:0001325 Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone uberon hyoid hyoid bone hyoideum lingual bone os hyoideum UBERON:0001685 hyoid bone UBERON:0001685 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gray186.png FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia A horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000684 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of hyoid plate (AAO:0000664)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000684 AAO The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue. The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/548 WP UMLS:C0020417 ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Bone hyoid Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoideum Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone lingual bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone os hyoideum Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. This should probably be restricted to mammals - the AAO/XAO structures may group non-homologous structures [Wikipedia:Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles] see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5. The small bones of the middle ear: incus, malleus, and stapes. [TFD][VHOG] Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals.[well established][VHOG] Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage -- called Meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in the reptile jaw. For this reason, researchers believe the similarity of the results shows that mammals and reptiles have a common ancestry. ossicle AAO:0011015 EHDAA2:0001183 EHDAA:5697 EMAPA:17824 EV:0100360 FMA:52750 MA:0000254 NCIT:C32164 SCTID:181184001 UMLS:C0013450 VHOG:0000461 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle XAO:0000214 auditory bone middle ear ossicle uberon auditory ossicle ear bone ear ossicle ear ossicles middle ear bone ossicle of ear ossicle of inner ear ossicular chain UBERON:0001686 auditory ossicle bone UBERON:0001686 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/91 The small bones of the middle ear: incus, malleus, and stapes. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000461 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/auditory+ossicles Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000461 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage -- called Meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in the reptile jaw. For this reason, researchers believe the similarity of the results shows that mammals and reptiles have a common ancestry. WP ossicle EMAPA:17824 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle UMLS:C0013450 ncithesaurus:Auditory_Ossicle middle ear ossicle MP:0005105 auditory ossicle MA:0000254 ear bone MA:0000254 ear ossicles ossicular chain Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] auricular AAO:0011014 BIRNLEX:1062 BTO:0000368 CALOHA:TS-1165 EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:D004423 MIAA:0000138 NCIT:C12394 SCTID:1910005 UMLS:C0013443 UMLS:C0521421 VHOG:0000330 Wikipedia:Ear XAO:0000189 galen:Ear uberon auditory apparatus auris UBERON:0001690 ear UBERON:0001690 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ear.jpg Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. GO:0042471 Wikipedia:Ear The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000330 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ear Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000330 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0013443 BIRNLEX:1062 ncithesaurus:Ear UMLS:C0521421 BIRNLEX:1062 auris BTO:0000368 Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] in XAO this includes and is only the tympanum auricular region AAO:0011037 BIRNLEX:1705 BTO:0002100 EFO:0004221 EHDAA2:0000462 EHDAA:3786 EMAPA:16991 EV:0100354 FMA:52781 GAID:104 MA:0000258 MAT:0000147 MESH:D004431 MIAA:0000147 NCIT:C12292 SCTID:420893000 UMLS:C0013453 UMLS:C1269548 VHOG:0000311 Wikipedia:External_ear XAO:0000190 auricular region of head outer ear uberon auris externa UBERON:0001691 external ear UBERON:0001691 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gray907.png Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. GO:0042473 Wikipedia:External_ear Wikipedia The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000311 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000311 VHOG DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in XAO this includes and is only the tympanum XAO UMLS:C0013453 BIRNLEX:1705 ncithesaurus:External_Ear UMLS:C1269548 BIRNLEX:1705 outer ear MA:0000258 auris externa BTO:0002100 Subdivision of skeleton that is an anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball. Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye.[TAO] in FMA, this overlaps with bones such as the maxilla and sphenoid; in ZFA, individual bones are part of the orbit BTO:0004687 FMA:53074 GAID:223 MA:0002482 MESH:D009915 NCIT:C12347 TAO:0001410 UMLS:C0029180 Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) XAO:0003171 ZFA:0001410 galen:Orbit bony orbit eye socket orbit of skull uberon orbit UBERON:0001697 orbit of skull UBERON:0001697 FMA-abduced-lr Subdivision of skeleton that is an anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball. TAO:0001410 Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001410 TAO TAO:MAH in FMA, this overlaps with bones such as the maxilla and sphenoid; in ZFA, individual bones are part of the orbit FMA UMLS:C0029180 ncithesaurus:Orbit orbit of skull FMA:53074 orbit ZFA:0001410 The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). resolve facial VII vs geniculate (see EHDAA2) These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] geniculate BAMS:GgVII EFO:0003669 EHDAA2:0000491 EHDAA2:0004623 EHDAA:5567 EHDAA:6644 EMAPA:17569 FMA:53414 GAID:718 MA:0001076 MESH:D005830 NCIT:C12721 SCTID:279076005 TAO:0001291 UMLS:C0017406 VHOG:0000707 Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ZFA:0001291 neuronames:1535 facial VII ganglion gVII ganglion genicularum genicular ganglion uberon facial ganglion ganglion geniculi ganglion geniculi nervi facialis geniculate ganglion internal genu UBERON:0001700 geniculate ganglion UBERON:0001700 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray789.png ncithesaurus EHDAA2:0004623 ZFA EHDAA2:0004623 EHDAA2:0000491 The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001082 These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000707 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ geniculate Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion UMLS:C0017406 ncithesaurus:Geniculate_Ganglion facial VII ganglion MA:0001076 gVII ZFA:0001291 ganglion genicularum FMA:53414 genicular ganglion FMA:53414 Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion facial ganglion ZFA:0001291 ganglion geniculi Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ganglion geniculi nervi facialis Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion geniculate ganglion MA:0001076 internal genu Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion The group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000710 EHDAA:2838 EMAPA:16795 FMA:53471 MA:0001077 SCTID:244451008 TAO:0001301 VHOG:0000702 ZFA:0001301 ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve ganglion of glosspharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal IX ganglion petrosal ganglion uberon gIX UBERON:0001701 glossopharyngeal ganglion UBERON:0001701 ZFA dorsal EHDAA2 ISBN:0471888893 ZFA ventrolateral EHDAA2 ISBN:0471888893 ZFA The group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. MP:0001096 These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000702 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ ganglion of glosspharyngeal nerve FMA:53471 glossopharyngeal IX ganglion MA:0001077 petrosal ganglion ZFA:0001301 Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] neurocranial It includes the following bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone. The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton The cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification in most species; ossification has been lost in cartilaginous fishes, but the cartilaginous condition of the skull of lampreys is considered to be primitive (Kardong, 1995)[PMID:11523816]. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification[WP]. It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... AAO:0010153 EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 FMA:53672 MA:0000317 SCTID:361731002 TAO:0001580 Wikipedia:Neuroranium XAO:0003170 ZFA:0001580 brain box uberon brain case brain pan braincase UBERON:0001703 neurocranium UBERON:0001703 FMA Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. PMID:11523816 TAO:MAH Wikipedia:Neuroranium ZFA:0001580 Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001580 TAO TAO:MAH The cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification in most species; ossification has been lost in cartilaginous fishes, but the cartilaginous condition of the skull of lampreys is considered to be primitive (Kardong, 1995)[PMID:11523816]. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification[WP]. WP It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... MA brain case ZFA:0001580 brain pan http://www.thefreedictionary.com/braincase braincase ZFA:0001580 A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. Use this class for both the nails of primates and the homologous claws of mammals such as mouse. A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared BTO:0001719 CALOHA:TS-2034 EFO:0000956 EMAPA:35580 EV:0100159 FMA:54326 GAID:1320 MA:0002703 MAT:0000158 MESH:D009262 MIAA:0000158 NCIT:C33156 SCTID:72651009 UMLS:C0027342 VHOG:0001361 Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) galen:Nail nail/claw claw uberon talon UBERON:0001705 The nails of humans and the claws are moth are highly similar. Both species have a proximal nail fold, cuticle, nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, and hyponychium. Distinguishing features are the shape of the nail and the presence of an extended hyponychium in the mouse [PMC3579226] nail UBERON:0001705 A horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/120 UMLS:C0027342 ncithesaurus:Nail nail/claw http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 claw Wikipedia:Claw An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. define the boundaries of this cavity for a variety of species and check that parthood relations are not too strong. Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue.[AAO] a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP][Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity]. Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.[well established][VHOG] in humans, the cavity includes and starts at the nares and reaches all the way through to the and includes the choanae, the posterior nasal apertures AAO:0000314 BTO:0002096 EHDAA2:0001226 EHDAA:6801 EMAPA:17604 FMA:54378 GAID:350 MA:0000284 MESH:D009296 NCIT:C12424 SCTID:263481003 TAO:0000130 UMLS:C0027423 VHOG:0000271 Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity ZFA:0000130 cavity of nose cavity of olfactory apparatus nasal canal nasal conduit space nasal fossa olfactory chamber cavity uberon cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavum nasi nasal pit olfactory cavity olfactory chamber olfactory pit UBERON:0001707 nasal cavity UBERON:0001707 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg cjm An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000314 AAO AAO:LAP a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP][Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity]. Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000271 VHOG DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in humans, the cavity includes and starts at the nares and reaches all the way through to the and includes the choanae, the posterior nasal apertures HP UMLS:C0027423 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity cavity of olfactory apparatus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 nasal canal ZFA:0000130 nasal conduit space http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 nasal fossa Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity olfactory chamber cavity http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cavitas nasalis BTO:0002096 cavitas nasi BTO:0002096 Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity cavum nasi Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity olfactory chamber http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 olfactory pit ZFA:0000130 Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. TODO - move ZFA:0001227 (it is the entire jaw skeleton). Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 EMAPA:35455 FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:D007568 NCIT:C48821 SCTID:181811001 TAO:0001227 UMLS:C0022359 Wikipedia:Jaw ZFA:0001227 galen:Jaw jaw jaw cartilage mandibular arch skeleton uberon anterior splanchnocranium jaws mandibular arch oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton visceral arch 1 UBERON:0001708 jaw skeleton UBERON:0001708 cjm Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. Wikipedia:Jaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001227 TAO ZFIN:curator in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates FMA UMLS:C0022359 ncithesaurus:Jaw jaw MA:0001905 jaw cartilage ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch skeleton ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch TAO:0001227 Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA AAO:0000620 EHDAA2:0002118 EHDAA2:0004607 EHDAA:8025 EMAPA:17924 FMA:59399 SCTID:362636001 VHOG:0000454 Wikipedia:Upper_jaw ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw maxillary part of mouth uberon alveolodental arch of bimaxilla dorsal mandibular arch dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 maxillary part of mouth proper palatoquadrate arch upper pharyngeal jaws UBERON:0001709 See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head. upper jaw region UBERON:0001709 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Wikipedia:Upper_jaw http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000620 AAO AAO:LAP Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000454 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA MA maxillary part of mouth FMA:59399 alveolodental arch of bimaxilla FMA:59399 dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 maxillary part of mouth proper FMA:59399 palatoquadrate arch Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA AAO:0000272 EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 FMA:59398 MESH:D008334 SCTID:362637005 VHOG:0000453 Wikipedia:Lower_jaw ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw mandibular part of mouth uberon lower part of mouth mandibular series UBERON:0001710 See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head lower jaw region UBERON:0001710 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Wikipedia:Lower_jaw Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000272 AAO AAO:LAP Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000453 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA MA mandibular part of mouth FMA:59398 The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves. Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] UBERON:0003213 UBERON:0026601 BIRNLEX:2597 BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 FMA:54502 MA:0000213 MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 SCTID:244448001 TAO:0000013 VHOG:0000076 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_ganglion XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglion cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ uberon cranial ganglia head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia UBERON:0001714 cranial ganglion UBERON:0001714 The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:csmith MP:0001081 PMID:9362461 Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000013 TAO ZFIN:curator cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system BIRNLEX:2597 cranial neural tree organ ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of cranial nerve FMA:54502 ganglion of cranial neural tree organ OBOL:automatic presumptive cranial ganglia ZFA:0000013 The part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. palatal present in mammals and some reptiles. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The secondary palate is formed by bilateral medial extensions of maxillary processes. The extensions (palatine processes) meet at the midline, merging dorsally with nasal septum and rostrally with primary palate. The secondary palate (hard palate) separates nasal and oral cavities. Caudal extension of the secondary palate into the pharynx, forms a soft palate which divides the rostral pharynx into dorsal (nasopharynx) and ventral (oropharynx) chamber. separates respiratory and oral passages palate palatum BTO:0001779 EMAPA:18948 FMA:54549 GAID:152 MA:0002476 MESH:D010159 NCIT:C12229 NCIT:C34292 SCTID:181227004 UMLS:C0700374 UMLS:C1519217 Wikipedia:Secondary_palate galen:Palate definitive palate oral roof palatum definitivum palatum secundarium uberon palatum roof of mouth UBERON:0001716 secondary palate UBERON:0001716 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Pig_snout_sagittal_cut.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg EMAPA fusion http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html The part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. Wikipedia:Secondary_palate http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html palate EMAPA:18948 GO:0060021 MA:0002476 UMLS:C0700374 ncithesaurus:Palate UMLS:C1519217 ncithesaurus:Secondary_Palate definitive palate EMAPA:18948 palatum definitivum Wikipedia:Secondary_palate palatum secundarium Wikipedia:Secondary_palate palatum Wikipedia:Palate A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence. A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO][GO:0043586]. Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] glossal lingual Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods The tongue has contributions from all pharyngeal arches which changes with time. The tongue initially begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, the median tongue bud.. tongue muscles derive from the somites - http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development#Pharyngeal_Arch_Contributions AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 CALOHA:TS-1050 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:D014059 MIAA:0000040 NCIT:C12422 SCTID:181226008 TAO:0005333 UMLS:C0040408 VHOG:0000419 Wikipedia:Tongue XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 uberon glossus UBERON:0001723 tongue UBERON:0001723 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg GO BTO EHDAA2 FMA ZFA MA anterior 2/3 Wikipedia Wikipedia definitional A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. FEED:rd https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/256 A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000419 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tongue Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO][GO:0043586]. GO:0043586 Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000419 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0040408 ncithesaurus:Tongue glossus Wikipedia:Tongue The cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. EMAPA:35264 FMA:54816 MA:0001502 SCTID:314228003 uberon UBERON:0001725 cranial synchondrosis UBERON:0001725 FMA The cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87514 BIRNLEX:4102 EMAPA:32777 FMA:54819 MA:0001593 NCIT:C33258 SCTID:368728006 UMLS:C0226964 UMLS:C1289183 lingual papilla tongue papilla uberon UBERON:0001726 papilla of tongue UBERON:0001726 FMA-modified UMLS:C0226964 BIRNLEX:4102 ncithesaurus:Papilla_of_the_Tongue UMLS:C1289183 BIRNLEX:4102 A specialized receptor organ that is a collection of cells spanning the gustatory epithelium. A chemoreceptive organ.[AAO] One of a number of receptor cell nests located in the epithelium of the papillae of the tongue and in the soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx that mediate the sense of taste. [TFD][VHOG] Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] In humans, saste buds may be found on the tongue, soft palatte, epiglottis and upper pharynx. In other species they may be found in more unusual places, such as the trunk, or on the barbels or fins of fish. arise by inductive interactions between epithelial cells and invading gustatory cells from chorda tympani (facial), glossophrayngeal and vagues nerves ISBN:1607950324 (todo - request cell terms from CL) AAO:0010573 BIRNLEX:4101 BTO:0000989 CALOHA:TS-1015 EMAPA:35850 FMA:54825 GAID:815 MA:0001591 MESH:D013650 NCIT:C96518 SCTID:362099006 TAO:0001074 UMLS:C0039337 VHOG:0000130 Wikipedia:Taste_bud XAO:0000445 ZFA:0001074 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nifext_14 tastebud uberon caliculus gustatorius taste buds taste-bud tastebuds UBERON:0001727 taste bud UBERON:0001727 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Gray1018.png NIF FMA http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full A specialized receptor organ that is a collection of cells spanning the gustatory epithelium. http://periowiki.wikispot.org/Taste_bud_histology http://periowiki.wikispot.org/Taste_bud_histology A chemoreceptive organ.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010573 AAO AAO:EJS One of a number of receptor cell nests located in the epithelium of the papillae of the tongue and in the soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx that mediate the sense of taste. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000130 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/taste+bud Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000130 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0039337 BIRNLEX:4101 ncithesaurus:Taste_Bud tastebud Wikipedia:Taste_bud caliculus gustatorius Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste buds Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste-bud Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebuds Wikipedia:Taste_bud The section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate. The uppermost of the three regions of the throat (pharynx), situated behind the nasal cavity and extending from the posterior nares to the level above the soft palate. [TFD][VHOG] nasopharyngeal In humans - in front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane BTO:0000662 CALOHA:TS-0663 EHDAA2:0001239 EHDAA:7086 EMAPA:17670 EV:0100066 FMA:54878 GAID:339 MA:0000443 MAT:0000447 MESH:D009305 NCIT:C12423 SCTID:181200003 UMLS:C0027442 VHOG:0000375 Wikipedia:Nasopharynx nasal part of pharynx rhinopharynx uberon Nasenrachenraum epipharynx pars nasalis pharyngis UBERON:0001728 nasopharynx UBERON:0001728 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg The section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate. MGI:cwg MP:0002251 The uppermost of the three regions of the throat (pharynx), situated behind the nasal cavity and extending from the posterior nares to the level above the soft palate. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000375 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nasopharynx UMLS:C0027442 ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx Nasenrachenraum BTO:0000662 epipharynx Wikipedia:Pharynx pars nasalis pharyngis Wikipedia:Nasopharynx An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx. See notes for pharynx - as a grouping class this is probably too bad. We exclude WBbt:0005790 (pharyngeal lumen) because of the developmental relationship TOODO check AAO:0010435 BSA:0000113 BTO:0002097 EMAPA:18381 FMA:54935 SCTID:180543003 XAO:0000105 lumen of pharynx pharyngeal cavity uberon cavitas pharyngealis cavitas pharyngis UBERON:0001731 cavity of pharynx UBERON:0001731 XAO An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx. OBOL:automatic cavitas pharyngealis cavitas pharyngis BTO:0002097 A continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. An anatomical cluster consisting of the epiglottus, the arytenoid cartilages, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the muscles, membranes, and ligaments connecting them, and also of the mucosal covering these structures.[FEED] Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located.[AAO] (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] laryngeal AAO:0000268 BTO:0001208 CALOHA:TS-0532 EFO:0000838 EHDAA2:0004063 EMAPA:18333 EV:0100039 FMA:55097 GAID:108 MA:0000414 MAT:0000187 MESH:D007830 MIAA:0000187 NCIT:C12420 SCTID:181212004 UMLS:C0023078 VHOG:0001279 Wikipedia:Larynx XAO:0003081 galen:Larynx uberon UBERON:0001737 larynx UBERON:0001737 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg EHDAA2 A continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. Wikipedia:Larynx http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical cluster consisting of the epiglottus, the arytenoid cartilages, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the muscles, membranes, and ligaments connecting them, and also of the mucosal covering these structures.[FEED] 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000268 AAO AAO:BJB (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001279 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0023078 ncithesaurus:Larynx The cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0003660 EHDAA:8157 EMAPA:18697 FMA:55108 GAID:107 MA:0001758 MESH:D007817 NCIT:C12281 SCTID:263482005 UMLS:C0023050 VHOG:0001550 cartilage of larynx cartilagines laryngeales larynx cartilage uberon UBERON:0001739 laryngeal cartilage UBERON:0001739 The cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. MP:0002256 (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001550 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0023050 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Cartilage cartilage of larynx FMA:55108 cartilagines laryngeales larynx cartilage VHOG:0001550 A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx. EMAPA:37626 FMA:55131 MA:0001755 NCIT:C32933 SCTID:279508004 UMLS:C0458519 laryngeal ligament larynx ligament uberon UBERON:0001743 ligament of larynx UBERON:0001743 FMA A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/236 EMAPA:37626 MA:th UMLS:C0458519 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Ligament larynx ligament MA:0001755 Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure.[TAO] Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest.[well established][VHOG] dentinal Dentine is found in the fossil record as early as the late Cambrian, in fish, where it may have had a role in electrochemical sensing of the environment as well as assisting in defense[WP] BTO:0003453 EMAPA:35281 FMA:55628 GAID:1272 MA:0002542 MESH:D003804 NCIT:C32453 SCTID:362112004 TAO:0005143 UMLS:C0011429 VHOG:0001589 VSAO:0000069 Wikipedia:Dentin XAO:0004051 ZFA:0005143 dentin dentine of tooth predentin uberon UBERON:0001751 . dentine UBERON:0001751 VSAO VSAO Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000069 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005143 TAO ZFIN:curator Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001589 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011429 ncithesaurus:Dentin dentin MA:0002542 ZFA:0005143 predentin GO:0070468 A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. current classification under substance of tooth may be turned into taxon GCI (e.g. sharks have enamel in dermal denticles) Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enamel develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix.[VSAO] part_of tooth enamel organ in MA BTO:0001844 CALOHA:TS-1057 EMAPA:35303 FMA:55629 MA:0002543 MESH:D003743 NCIT:C32505 SCTID:362113009 UMLS:C0011350 VSAO:0000065 Wikipedia:Enamel_organ XAO:0004198 enamel of tooth enamel tissue tooth enamel uberon enameloid UBERON:0001752 enamel UBERON:0001752 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Enamelorgan11-17-05.jpg VSAO VSAO 85 Wikipedia:ENAM A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. Wikipedia:Enamel_organ ZFIN:curator PMID:19730686 PMID:19730686 Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enamel develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000065 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 part_of tooth enamel organ in MA MA UMLS:C0011350 ncithesaurus:Enamel enamel tissue VSAO:curator The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. Material in the center of the dentine of the mature tooth. In secondary teeth the pulp contains blood vessels and odontoblast.[TAO] The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0000339 CALOHA:TS-0195 EMAPA:35274 FMA:55631 GAID:1270 MA:0001599 MESH:D003782 NCIT:C32451 SCTID:362110007 TAO:0005141 UMLS:C0011399 VHOG:0001469 Wikipedia:Dental_pulp ZFA:0005141 pulp of tooth tooth pulp uberon dental pulp cell UBERON:0001754 dental pulp UBERON:0001754 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg FMA ZFA The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. Wikipedia:Dental_pulp Material in the center of the dentine of the mature tooth. In secondary teeth the pulp contains blood vessels and odontoblast.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005141 TAO ZFIN:curator The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001469 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature07304 Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008), DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011399 ncithesaurus:Dental_Pulp tooth pulp ZFA:0005141 dental pulp cell BTO:0000339 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] AAO:0011065 BIRNLEX:1695 BTO:0002099 CALOHA:TS-2233 EHDAA2:0001181 EHDAA:5693 EMAPA:17000 EV:0100357 FMA:56513 GAID:165 MA:0000253 MAT:0000146 MESH:D004432 MIAA:0000146 NCIT:C12274 SCTID:181185000 UMLS:C0013455 UMLS:C1268972 VHOG:0000312 Wikipedia:Middle_ear XAO:0000191 uberon auris media UBERON:0001756 middle ear UBERON:0001756 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. GO:0042474 Wikipedia:Middle_ear The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000312 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000312 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0013455 BIRNLEX:1695 ncithesaurus:Middle_Ear UMLS:C1268972 BIRNLEX:1695 auris media BTO:0002099 Wikipedia:Middle_ear The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus. The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). EHDAA2:0001467 EMAPA:17589 EV:0100355 FMA:56580 MA:0000259 NCIT:C32165 SCTID:421159007 UMLS:C0928075 VHOG:0000460 Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) galen:Auricle auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) pinna of ear uberon pinnae UBERON:0001757 pinna UBERON:0001757 The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus. Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000460 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000460 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0928075 ncithesaurus:Auricle auricula Wikipedia:Auricula pinnae The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same BTO:0001021 CALOHA:TS-2380 GAID:216 MESH:D010519 NCIT:C33304 UMLS:C0031093 Wikipedia:Periodontium uberon paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure UBERON:0001758 periodontium UBERON:0001758 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_Periodontium.jpg cjm cjm FMA The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. BTO:0001021 Wikipedia:Periodontium FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same FMA UMLS:C0031093 ncithesaurus:Periodontium paradentium MESH:A14.254.646 periodontal ligament FMA:56665 periodontal membrane MA:0002467 tooth supporting structure MESH:A14.254.646 Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). Nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers which branch and innervate the smooth muscles and glands of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach as well as some throat muscles. Sensory fibers supply mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 10n AAO:0010475 BAMS:10n BAMS:Xn BIRNLEX:801 BTO:0003472 EFO:0002549 EMAPA:37797 FMA:5731 GAID:721 HBA:9337 MA:0001106 MBA:917 MESH:D014630 NCIT:C12812 SCTID:362466001 TAO:0000453 UMLS:C0042276 UMLS:C1305910 VHOG:0000737 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve XAO:0003097 ZFA:0000453 galen:VagusNerve neuronames:702 nervus vagus [x] tenth cranial nerve vagus vagus X nerve vagus nerve [X] vagus nerve tree uberon CN-X cranial nerve X nerve X nervus vagus pneuomgastric nerve vagal nerve vagus nerve or its root UBERON:0001759 vagus nerve UBERON:0001759 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png motor Wikipedia Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve Nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers which branch and innervate the smooth muscles and glands of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach as well as some throat muscles. Sensory fibers supply mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010475 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000737 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 10n BIRNLEX:801 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource EMAPA:37797 MA:th UMLS:C0042276 BIRNLEX:801 ncithesaurus:Vagus_Nerve UMLS:C1305910 BIRNLEX:801 neuronames:702 BIRNLEX:801 nervus vagus [x] FMA:5731 FMA:TA vagus X nerve MA:0001106 nerve X NeuroNames:702 nervus vagus BTO:0003472 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve pneuomgastric nerve BTO:0003472 vagus nerve or its root BAMS:10n A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium.[VSAO] Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina.[TAO] Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] In humans, the dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life BTO:0001839 EMAPA:32892 FMA:57662 GAID:1277 MA:0001598 MESH:D003771 TAO:0005140 VHOG:0001465 VSAO:0000025 Wikipedia:Dental_papilla XAO:0004045 ZFA:0005140 odontogenic condensation pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme uberon dental papilla dentinal papilla dermal papilla papilla dentis tooth mesenchyme UBERON:0001763 odontogenic papilla UBERON:0001763 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray1011.png ZFA A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. Wikipedia:Dental_papilla ZFA:0005140 Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000025 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005140 TAO ZFIN:curator Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001465 VHOG DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ odontogenic condensation VSAO:0000025 pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme ZFA:0005140 dental papilla MA:0001598 dentinal papilla BTO:0001839 dermal papilla ISBN:0073040584 papilla dentis Wikipedia:Dental_papilla tooth mesenchyme ZFA:0005140 The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens. The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] space in EHDAA2 - consider adding Cavity of anterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002084 EHDAA2:0000129 EHDAA:9033 EMAPA:18231 FMA:58078 GAID:889 MA:0000262 MESH:D000867 NCIT:C12667 SCTID:181160009 UMLS:C0003151 VHOG:0001431 Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior eye anterior chamber uberon camera anterior bulbi camera anterior bulbi oculi camera oculi anterior UBERON:0001766 anterior chamber of eyeball UBERON:0001766 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens. MESH:A09.371.060.067 MP:0005205 The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001431 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+chamber space in EHDAA2 - consider adding Cavity of anterior chamber of eyeball EHDAA2 UMLS:C0003151 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye anterior chamber HP:0000593 MP:0010709 camera anterior bulbi BTO:0002084 camera anterior bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball camera oculi anterior BTO:0002084 The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof. See also MA:0001284 ! tunica vasculosa plexus uveal CALOHA:TS-2228 EMAPA:35901 FMA:58103 GAID:912 MA:0002480 MESH:D014602 NCIT:C12811 SCTID:280648000 UMLS:C0042160 Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculosa of eyeball uvea uveal tract uberon pars iridica retinae tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculosa bulbi vascular layer of eyeball UBERON:0001768 uvea UBERON:0001768 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Gray869.png FMA The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. MP:0005197 Wikipedia:Uvea DOI:10.1177/0192623311409597 UMLS:C0042160 ncithesaurus:Uvea tunica vasculosa of eyeball FMA:58103 uvea FMA:58103 uveal tract FMA:58103 pars iridica retinae Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculatis oculi Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculosa bulbi Wikipedia:Uvea vascular layer of eyeball FMA:58103 The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye. The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] iridial The avian iris and ciliary body undergoes a transition from smooth-to-striated muscle during embryonic development [DOI:dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9019] AAO:0010347 BTO:0000653 CALOHA:TS-0491 EFO:0004245 EMAPA:19154 EV:0100345 FMA:58235 GAID:917 MA:0000273 MESH:D007498 NCIT:C12737 SCTID:181164000 TAO:0001238 UMLS:C0022077 VHOG:0000101 Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy) XAO:0000185 ZFA:0001238 uberon anterior uvea irides irises UBERON:0001769 iris UBERON:0001769 XAO The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001322 The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0022077 ncithesaurus:Iris irides irises VHOG:0000101 The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea. Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] In Humans: It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei In zebrafish: nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals BTO:0000287 CALOHA:TS-0173 EFO:0001917 EHDAA2:0000319 EMAPA:17162 FMA:58263 GAID:895 MA:0001243 MESH:D019573 NCIT:C12928 SCTID:368825001 TAO:0002187 UMLS:C0459875 Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium ZFA:0001683 anterior corneal epithelium cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium corneæ anterior layer epithelium of cornea external epithelium of cornea uberon anterior endothelium of cornea e. anterius corneae endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelium posterius corneae UBERON:0001772 corneal epithelium UBERON:0001772 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png ISBN:0781772214 The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea. MESH:A09.371.060.217.325 MGI:smb MP:0006000 Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002187 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 UMLS:C0459875 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Epithelium cornea epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cornea epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cornea OBOL:automatic epithelium anterius corneae FMA:58263 FMA:TA anterior endothelium of cornea BTO:0000287 e. anterius corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium endothelium anterius corneae BTO:0000287 endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi BTO:0000287 endothelium corneale BTO:0000287 epithelium posterius corneae BTO:0000287 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] scleral in fish, reptiles and monotremes the connective tissue of the sclera is skeletal continuous with the dura mater and the cornea; The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. Majority derives from NC that surrounds optic cup of neurectoderm; a small temporal portion develops from the mesoderm that contributes to striated extra-ocular muscles and vascular endothelia[Rada&Johnson]. Seko et al demonstrate chondrogenic potential and identify this as connective tissue[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003709]. AAO:0010354 BTO:0001606 EMAPA:19027 EV:0100342 FMA:58269 GAID:911 MA:0000280 MESH:D012590 NCIT:C12784 SCTID:181163006 UMLS:C0036410 VHOG:0001274 Wikipedia:Sclera XAO:0000183 ZFA:0005563 uberon scleral capsule UBERON:0001773 Disease notes: implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. sclera UBERON:0001773 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA ZFA ISBN:0781772214 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. Wikipedia:Sclera ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. Wikipedia:Sclera The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001274 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sclera UMLS:C0036410 ncithesaurus:Sclera A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. Note that this class excludes smooth muscle elements in the trunk region, such as the internal anal sphincter. This appears to be consistent with other ontologies such as FMA and ZFA which appear to only include skeletal muscles here. In fact the MA class 'trunk muscle' is classified as a 'set of skeletal muscles'. Many ontologies do not appear to have a coherent distinction between an individual muscle and the musculature (i.e. the set of muscles in a region), so we group all together here. AAO:0000611 EMAPA:35888 FMA:58274 MA:0000514 TAO:0000473 XAO:0003230 ZFA:0000473 body musculature muscle of trunk muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature uberon UBERON:0001774 skeletal muscle of trunk UBERON:0001774 prolog A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 body musculature ZFA:0000473 muscle of trunk FMA:58274 muscle organ of torso OBOL:automatic muscle organ of trunk OBOL:automatic torso muscle organ OBOL:automatic trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010341 BTO:0000260 CALOHA:TS-0694 EMAPA:19065 EV:0100346 FMA:58295 GAID:916 MA:0000264 MESH:D002924 NCIT:C12345 SCTID:263340007 UMLS:C0008779 VHOG:0000102 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body XAO:0000186 neuronames:1571 ocular ciliary body uberon anterior uvea ciliary bodies corpus ciliare UBERON:0001775 ciliary body UBERON:0001775 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg ISBN:0781772214 The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005099 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000102 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0008779 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Body ciliary bodies VHOG:0000102 corpus ciliare Wikipedia:Ciliary_body Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. check choroid vs choroid layer; check ZFA/TAO placement - no homology assertion in VHOG. Note this is entirely in the posterior region of eyeball in ZFA choroidal MP treats posterior uvea and optic choroid as distinct BTO:0001829 CALOHA:TS-2054 EMAPA:19077 EV:0100347 FMA:58298 GAID:913 MA:0000263 MESH:D002829 NCIT:C12344 SCTID:181172003 TAO:0005229 UMLS:C0008520 VHOG:0001568 Wikipedia:Choroid ZFA:0005229 choroid choroid coat choroidea eye choroid posterior uvea uberon chorioid choroidea optic choroid UBERON:0001776 optic choroid UBERON:0001776 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg MA Wikipedia lexical Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Choroid MP treats posterior uvea and optic choroid as distinct MP UMLS:C0008520 ncithesaurus:Choroid choroid MA:0000263 choroid coat Wikipedia:Choroid choroidea Wikipedia:Choroid eye choroid VHOG:0001568 posterior uvea Wikipedia:Uvea#Regions chorioid BTO:0001829 choroidea Wikipedia:Choroid optic choroid ZFA:0005229 The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] substantia propria CALOHA:TS-1138 EFO:0002514 EMAPA:17602 FMA:58306 GAID:893 MA:0001245 MESH:D003319 NCIT:C12699 SCTID:362511000 TAO:0002189 UMLS:C0010040 Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma ZFA:0001685 corneal stroma stroma of cornea substantia propria corneae uberon UBERON:0001777 substantia propria of cornea UBERON:0001777 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png cjm ISBN:0781772214 Wikipedia The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060.217.228 MP:0005300 Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO UMLS:C0010040 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Stroma corneal stroma MA:0001245 substantia propria corneae FMA:58306 FMA:TA A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. BTO:0001770 CALOHA:TS-0695 EMAPA:35239 FMA:58464 MA:0001238 NCIT:C32314 SCTID:280870004 UMLS:C0459736 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body#Ciliary_epithelium ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ocular ciliary epithelium uberon UBERON:0001778 ciliary epithelium UBERON:0001778 FMA MA MP Wikipedia A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. Wikipedia:Ciliary_body#Ciliary_epithelium UMLS:C0459736 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Epithelium ciliary body epithelium FMA:58464 epithelium of ciliary body FMA:58464 The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. EMAPA:35451 FMA:58526 MA:0002777 SCTID:280882008 Wikipedia:Iris_stroma ZFA:0005569 iridial stroma stroma of iris uberon UBERON:0001779 iris stroma UBERON:0001779 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. Wikipedia:Iris_stroma http://www.drugs.com/dict/stroma-of-iris.html The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]. Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0011101 BAMS:spin BTO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001898 EMAPA:16989 FMA:5858 GAID:841 MA:0000233 MESH:D013127 NCIT:C12792 SCTID:361099009 UMLS:C0037941 VHOG:0000824 Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve XAO:0003101 neuronames:1228 backbone nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spine nerve vertebral column nerve uberon nervi spinales spinal nerves UBERON:0001780 spinal nerve UBERON:0001780 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]. MESH:A08.800.800.720 MP:0001077 Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000824 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+nerve UMLS:C0037941 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve backbone nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of backbone OBOL:automatic nerve of spinal column OBOL:automatic nerve of spine OBOL:automatic nerve of vertebral column OBOL:automatic spinal column nerve OBOL:automatic spine nerve OBOL:automatic vertebral column nerve OBOL:automatic nervi spinales Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve spinal nerves BAMS:spin Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers AAO:0010353 EMAPA:35742 FMA:58617 MA:0001319 NCIT:C49328 SCTID:280657006 UMLS:C0459649 XAO:0000266 retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer uberon UBERON:0001781 layer of retina UBERON:0001781 Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. MP:0003727 MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers MA UMLS:C0459649 ncithesaurus:Retina_Layer retina neuronal layer MP:0006069 retinal neuronal layer MP:0006069 Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/6 AAO:0000108 BAMS:cran BIRNLEX:1623 BTO:0001104 EHDAA2:0000323 EMAPA:17264 FMA:5865 GAID:802 HBA:9299 MA:0000215 MBA:967 MESH:D003391 NCIT:C12700 SCTID:244447006 TAO:0000641 UMLS:C0010268 UMLS:C1269897 VHOG:0000279 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve XAO:0000429 XAO:0003089 ZFA:0000641 neuronames:1227 cranial neural tree organ uberon cranial nerves nervus cranialis UBERON:0001785 cranial nerve UBERON:0001785 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en-2.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000641 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000279 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0010268 BIRNLEX:1623 ncithesaurus:Cranial_Nerve UMLS:C1269897 BIRNLEX:1623 nervus cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa. EHDAA2:0000139 EHDAA:10196 EMAPA:18232 ENVO:02000024 FMA:58819 GAID:890 MA:0001236 MESH:D001082 NCIT:C13190 SCTID:280587006 UMLS:C0003662 VHOG:0000548 Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor ZFA:0005564 aqueous humor aqueous humour humor aquosus uberon UBERON:0001796 aqueous humor of eyeball UBERON:0001796 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA def states A and P located_in in EHDAA2 VHOG A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aqueous+humour (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa. FMA UMLS:C0003662 ncithesaurus:Aqueous_Humor aqueous humour EHDAA2:0000139 humor aquosus FMA:58819 FMA:TA The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. AEO:0001000 BTO:0005630 EMAPA:36596 FMA:5885 MA:0002566 MESH:D017950 NCIT:C13060 UMLS:C0206429 ganglion sensorium uberon UBERON:0001800 sensory ganglion UBERON:0001800 The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. MP:0000960 UMLS:C0206429 ncithesaurus:Sensory_Ganglion ganglion sensorium Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive). EMAPA:36594 FMA:58865 MA:0002484 MESH:D000869 NCIT:C12668 SCTID:280658001 UMLS:C0003153 Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball ZFA:0005566 anterior eye segment anterior segment eye anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye eye anterior segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) uberon segmentum anterius bulbi oculi UBERON:0001801 anterior segment of eyeball UBERON:0001801 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png FMA cjm lexical Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060 MP:0005193 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending UMLS:C0003153 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Eye_Segment anterior segment eye ZFA:0005566 segmentum anterius bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive). EMAPA:36595 FMA:58868 MA:0002485 NCIT:C12906 SCTID:280659009 UMLS:C0278450 Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball ZFA:0005567 eye posterior segment posterior eye segment posterior segment eye posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) uberon segmentum posterius bulbi oculi UBERON:0001802 posterior segment of eyeball UBERON:0001802 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA cjm Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005195 UMLS:C0278450 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Eye_Segment posterior segment eye ZFA:0005567 segmentum posterius bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. this class is the superclass of the anterior epithelium and equatorial epithlium, although the term 'lens epithelium' may refer specifically to the former BTO:0001873 CALOHA:TS-0543 EMAPA:32871 FMA:58871 MA:0001301 SCTID:362523006 TAO:0001326 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_Epithelium XAO:0004094 ZFA:0001326 epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium uberon UBERON:0001803 epithelium of lens UBERON:0001803 A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epithelial tissue of eye lens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lens OBOL:automatic epithelium lentis FMA:58871 FMA:TA epithelium of eye lens OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelium OBOL:automatic lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens. The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). [Wikipedia:Capsule_of_lens FMA classifies this is a capsule and hence an organ part. In contrast we classify this as acellular EHDAA2:0000977 EMAPA:18237 FMA:58881 MA:0001300 NCIT:C32975 SCTID:244500004 UMLS:C0229232 VHOG:0000550 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_capsule ZFA:0005574 capsula lentis lens capsule uberon UBERON:0001804 capsule of lens UBERON:0001804 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png EHDAA2 The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens. MGI:smb MP:0003236 PMID:15483628 The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA classifies this is a capsule and hence an organ part. In contrast we classify this as acellular FMA UMLS:C0229232 ncithesaurus:Lens_Capsule capsula lentis Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. AEO:0001001 CALOHA:TS-2340 EMAPA:17157 EMAPA:18221 FMA:5889 MA:0000220 MESH:D005725 NCIT:C12720 UMLS:C0017068 Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system visceral nervous system ganglion uberon ganglion autonomicum UBERON:0001805 autonomic ganglion UBERON:0001805 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion UMLS:C0017068 ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Ganglion autonomic nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of autonomic nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of visceral nervous system OBOL:automatic visceral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion autonomicum Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia. AAO:0010773 BTO:0001333 CALOHA:TS-0994 EHDAA2:0001969 EMAPA:17157 FMA:5890 MA:0000226 MESH:D005728 NCIT:C12467 SCTID:362485003 UMLS:C0017071 Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion uberon ganglion sympathicum UBERON:0001806 sympathetic ganglion UBERON:0001806 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png DOI:10.1101/gr.157586.113 ISBN:0073040584 A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia. MP:0001008 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0017071 ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Ganglion ganglion of sympathetic nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion sympathicum BTO:0001333 Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion Ganglion containing neurons that receive innervation from parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and subserves parasympathetic functions through innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. BTO:0001256 EHDAA2:0001400 EMAPA:32813 FMA:5894 MA:0002469 MESH:D005726 NCIT:C52557 NLXANAT:100303 SCTID:279284004 UMLS:C0017069 Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_ganglion uberon ganglion parasympathicum UBERON:0001808 parasympathetic ganglion UBERON:0001808 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png Ganglion containing neurons that receive innervation from parasympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and subserves parasympathetic functions through innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. NLXANAT:100303 UMLS:C0017069 ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Ganglion ganglion parasympathicum BTO:0001256 Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_ganglion Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. Made to be a subtype of junction rather than tissue to be consistent with FMA plexus AEO:0000138 BTO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003138 EHDAA:3780 EMAPA:37683 FMA:5901 MA:0002407 NCIT:C12929 SCTID:122455009 UMLS:C0501403 Wikipedia:Nervous_system_plexus uberon UBERON:0001810 nerve plexus UBERON:0001810 AEO AEO Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. FMA:5901 Wikipedia:Nervous_system_plexus https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1306 Made to be a subtype of junction rather than tissue to be consistent with FMA FMA EMAPA:37683 MA:th UMLS:C0501403 ncithesaurus:Nerve_Plexus An intermingling of fiber fascicles from adjacent spinal nerves to form a network. To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001899 EMAPA:16987 FMA:5903 MA:0000235 NCIT:C49601 SCTID:42280003 UMLS:C0228603 VHOG:0000925 plexus nervorum spinalium plexus of spinal nerves somatic nerve plexus spinal nerve plexus uberon UBERON:0001813 spinal nerve plexus UBERON:0001813 An intermingling of fiber fascicles from adjacent spinal nerves to form a network. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70024 To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000926 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0228603 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve_Plexus plexus nervorum spinalium FMA:5903 FMA:TA plexus of spinal nerves FMA:5903 somatic nerve plexus FMA:5903 spinal nerve plexus FMA:5903 An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine where it proceeds through the neck then the axilla and into the arm where it innervates skin and muscle. [WP,modified]. check superclass - nerve vs collection of fibers vs junction; note that FMA also has 'brachial autonomic nerve plexus' A nerve plexus originating from the anterior branches of the last four cervical and the first thoracic spinal nerves, giving off many of the principal nerves of the shoulder, chest, and arms. [TFD][VHOG] To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000180 EHDAA:3782 EMAPA:16988 FMA:5906 GAID:842 MA:0001180 MESH:D001917 NCIT:C12682 SCTID:181002002 UMLS:C0006090 VHOG:0000372 Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus brachial plexus uberon plexus brachialis UBERON:0001814 brachial nerve plexus UBERON:0001814 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray808.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Brachial_plexus_color.svg An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine where it proceeds through the neck then the axilla and into the arm where it innervates skin and muscle. [WP,modified]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus A nerve plexus originating from the anterior branches of the last four cervical and the first thoracic spinal nerves, giving off many of the principal nerves of the shoulder, chest, and arms. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000372 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/brachial+plexus To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000372 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0006090 ncithesaurus:Brachial_Plexus brachial plexus MA:0001180 plexus brachialis Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine that travels to the pelvic appendage where it innervates skin and muscle. BAMS:lsp EHDAA2:0001040 EHDAA:4673 EMAPA:17587 FMA:5907 GAID:849 MA:0001181 MESH:D008160 NCIT:C52805 SCTID:181049003 UMLS:C0024093 VHOG:0000926 Wikipedia:Lumbosacral_plexus lumbosacral plexus plexus lumbosacralis uberon plexus lumbosacralis UBERON:0001815 lumbosacral nerve plexus UBERON:0001815 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray822.png An arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine that travels to the pelvic appendage where it innervates skin and muscle. UBERON:cjm UMLS:C0024093 ncithesaurus:Lumbosacral_Plexus plexus lumbosacralis FMA:5907 FMA:TA plexus lumbosacralis Wikipedia:Lumbosacral_plexus A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18224 FMA:5910 MA:0000221 SCTID:362482000 autonomic plexus plexus autonomicus plexus nervosus visceralis plexus visceralis visceral nerve plexus visceral plexus uberon UBERON:0001816 autonomic nerve plexus UBERON:0001816 A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic plexus autonomicus FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus nervosus visceralis FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus visceralis FMA:5910 FMA:TA One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. CALOHA:TS-0655 EMAPA:37681 FMA:59502 MA:0001883 MESH:D055171 NCIT:C49593 SCTID:278941001 UMLS:C0225415 Wikipedia:Nasal_cartilage cartilage of nose uberon UBERON:0001823 nasal cartilage UBERON:0001823 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png MA One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. Wikipedia:Nasal_cartilage EMAPA:37681 MA:th UMLS:C0225415 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cartilage The mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. EMAPA:18334 FMA:59662 GAID:301 MA:0001766 MESH:D007820 NCIT:C49246 SCTID:361940006 UMLS:C0023053 laryngeal mucosa larynx mucosa larynx mucosa of organ larynx mucous membrane larynx organ mucosa mucosa of organ of larynx mucous membrane of larynx organ mucosa of larynx tunica mucosa laryngis uberon laryngeal mucous membrane UBERON:0001824 mucosa of larynx UBERON:0001824 The mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. MP:0002261 UMLS:C0023053 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Mucosa larynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic larynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic larynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of larynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of larynx OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa laryngis FMA:59662 FMA:TA laryngeal mucous membrane EMAPA:18334 The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. TODO - check lining vs part of. split olfactory and nasal mucosa? BTO:0000912 CALOHA:TS-0657 EMAPA:36026 FMA:59684 GAID:302 SCTID:310211009 Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane_of_nose mucosa of nose mucous membrane of nose tunica mucosa nasalis tunica mucosa nasi uberon nasal mucosa UBERON:0001826 nasal cavity mucosa UBERON:0001826 The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. MP:0002238 mucosa of nose FMA:59684 mucous membrane of nose FMA:59684 tunica mucosa nasi FMA:59684 FMA:TA The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. FMA has a 3-level breakdown of jaws into: region, jaw (skeleton+gums), skeleton. gingival BTO:0000519 CALOHA:TS-2074 EFO:0001925 EMAPA:35945 EV:0100064 FMA:59762 GAID:1257 MA:0000342 MESH:D005881 NCIT:C32677 SCTID:181224006 UMLS:C0017562 VHOG:0001269 Wikipedia:Gingiva galen:Gingiva gum gum tissue gums uberon gingival mucosa UBERON:0001828 gingiva UBERON:0001828 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg Carranza ISBN:0013002015 The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. ISBN:0013002015 Wikipedia:Gingiva UMLS:C0017562 ncithesaurus:Gingiva gum FMA:59762 gum tissue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] labial BTO:0001647 CALOHA:TS-0558 EMAPA:32839 FMA:59816 GAID:76 MA:0000343 MESH:D008046 NCIT:C12220 SCTID:181221003 TAO:0007006 UMLS:C0023759 VHOG:0000677 Wikipedia:Lip ZFA:0007006 galen:Lip uberon labia oris lips UBERON:0001833 lip UBERON:0001833 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lips.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Mouth.jpg ZFA BTO FMA-implicit VHOG ZFA cjm One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. Wikipedia:Lip http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007006 TAO ZFIN:curator http//:www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 UMLS:C0023759 ncithesaurus:Lip labia oris Wikipedia:Lip Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth. [ZFIN:Curator][VHOG] Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO] UBERON:0003391 EMAPA:17925 FMA:59817 MA:0000919 SCTID:245776003 TAO:0001970 VHOG:0001750 Wikipedia:Upper_lip ZFA:0005226 upper jaw lip uberon labium superius oris UBERON:0001834 upper lip UBERON:0001834 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0001970 Wikipedia:Upper_lip Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth. [ZFIN:Curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001750 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001970 TAO TAO:wd upper jaw lip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 labium superius oris Wikipedia:Upper_lip Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO]. Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] UBERON:0003392 EHDAA2:0001020 EMAPA:17909 FMA:59818 MA:0000921 NCIT:C94572 SCTID:245777007 TAO:0002060 UMLS:C0458583 Wikipedia:Lower_lip ZFA:0005225 lower jaw lip uberon labium inferius oris UBERON:0001835 lower lip UBERON:0001835 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Mouth.jpg Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0002060 Wikipedia:Lower_lip Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002060 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0458583 ncithesaurus:Lower_Lip lower jaw lip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 labium inferius oris Wikipedia:Lower_lip Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. The auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) organ of the fish, equivalent to the inner ear of amniotes. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000238 BIRNLEX:1196 BTO:0000630 CALOHA:TS-0478 EFO:0001363 EHDAA2:0000831 EHDAA:504 EMAPA:16194 EV:0100361 FMA:60909 GAID:871 MA:0000237 MAT:0000145 MESH:D007758 MIAA:0000145 NCIT:C12499 SCTID:181189006 SCTID:304982002 TAO:0000217 UMLS:C0022889 UMLS:C1268973 VHOG:0000284 Wikipedia:Internal_ear XAO:0000192 ZFA:0000217 galen:InnerEar inner ear uberon auris interna labyrinth otocyst UBERON:0001846 internal ear UBERON:0001846 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray923.png definitional Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. PMID:16217737 Wikipedia:Internal_ear ZFIN:curator The auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) organ of the fish, equivalent to the inner ear of amniotes. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000217 TAO ZFIN:curator The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000284 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0022889 BIRNLEX:1196 ncithesaurus:Internal_Ear UMLS:C1268973 BIRNLEX:1196 auris interna BTO:0000630 Cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. EMAPA:35158 FMA:61013 MA:0001227 SCTID:279627003 cartilage of pinna pinna cartilage uberon UBERON:0001848 auricular cartilage UBERON:0001848 Cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/auricular+cartilage cartilage of pinna FMA:61013 Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. cortical this class is used more generically than in FMA, and includes e.g. cortex of hair EFO:0000383 EHDAA:9344 FMA:61109 Wikipedia:Cortex_(anatomy) galen:Cortex cortex cortex of organ uberon UBERON:0001851 cortex UBERON:0001851 Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. Wikipedia:Cortex_(anatomy) this class is used more generically than in FMA, and includes e.g. cortex of hair FMA cortex FMA:61109 A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37706 FMA:61339 GAID:103 MA:0001886 MESH:D004425 NCIT:C49225 UMLS:C0013445 external ear cartilage uberon UBERON:0001867 cartilage of external ear UBERON:0001867 A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37706 MA:th UMLS:C0013445 ncithesaurus:External_Ear_Cartilage One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA]. Part of the telencephalon consisting of either of the two smooth, elongated halves of the cerebrum.[AAO] The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010480 BAMS:HEM BIRNLEX:1042 BTO:0000231 CALOHA:TS-2007 DMBA:15739 EFO:0002521 EMAPA:16653 FMA:61817 MA:0000133 MBA:403 NCIT:C12351 SCTID:278251007 UMLS:C0228174 UMLS:C0242202 VHOG:0001639 Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere galen:CerebralHemisphere neuronames:241 uberon cerebrum hemisphere hemispheric regions hemispherium cerebri medial amygdalar nucleus nucleus amygdaloideus medialis nucleus medialis amygdalae UBERON:0001869 cerebral hemisphere UBERON:0001869 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Hemispheres.png FMA-abduced-lr One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA]. FMA:61817 Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere Part of the telencephalon consisting of either of the two smooth, elongated halves of the cerebrum.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010480 AAO AAO:BJB The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001639 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0228174 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Hemisphere UMLS:C0242202 BIRNLEX:1042 neuronames:241 BIRNLEX:1042 cerebrum MA:0000133 VHOG:0001639 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1208 hemisphere VHOG:0001639 hemispheric regions BAMS:HEM hemispherium cerebri Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere medial amygdalar nucleus NeuroNames:241 nucleus amygdaloideus medialis NeuroNames:241 nucleus medialis amygdalae NeuroNames:241 A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] BAMS:phn BTO:0001063 EHDAA:4677 EMAPA:17813 FMA:6191 GAID:848 MA:0001170 MESH:D010791 NCIT:C52813 SCTID:280344009 UMLS:C0031774 VHOG:0000728 Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve uberon diaphragmatic nerve nervus phrenicus phrenic UBERON:0001884 phrenic nerve UBERON:0001884 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Gray806.png A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. VHOG:0000728 A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000728 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phrenic+nerve UMLS:C0031774 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Nerve diaphragmatic nerve BTO:0001063 nervus phrenicus BTO:0001063 Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve phrenic BTO:0001063 The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO] The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO] In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] prosencephalic FB AAO:0010147 BAMS:FB BAMS:Forebrain BIRNLEX:1509 BTO:0000478 CALOHA:TS-0380 DHBA:10156 DMBA:15566 EFO:0000909 EHDAA2:0000556 EHDAA:3470 EMAPA:16895 FMA:61992 MA:0000170 MAT:0000105 MESH:D016548 MIAA:0000105 NCIT:C40185 SCTID:362291003 TAO:0000109 UMLS:C0085140 VHOG:0000383 Wikipedia:Forebrain XAO:0000011 ZFA:0000109 neuronames:27 uberon prosencephalon UBERON:0001890 forebrain UBERON:0001890 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg definitional The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Wikipedia:Forebrain ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010147 AAO AAO:BJB The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000109 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000109 TAO In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000383 VHOG PMID:8787764 Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FB BIRNLEX:1509 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0085140 BIRNLEX:1509 ncithesaurus:Fore-Brain neuronames:27 BIRNLEX:1509 The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. developmental relationships need revised Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] mesencephalic part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships MB AAO:0010149 BAMS:MES BIRNLEX:1667 BM:MB BTO:0000138 CALOHA:TS-0630 DHBA:10648 DMBA:16649 EFO:0000919 EHDAA2:0001162 EHDAA:3694 EMAPA:16974 EV:0100242 FMA:61993 HBA:9001 MA:0000207 MAT:0000106 MBA:313 MESH:D008636 MIAA:0000106 NCIT:C12510 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001104 SCTID:279099009 TAO:0000128 UMLS:C0025462 VHOG:0000069 Wikipedia:Midbrain XAO:0000014 ZFA:0000128 neuronames:462 uberon mesencephalon UBERON:0001891 midbrain UBERON:0001891 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG definitional Bgee:AN The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. GO:0030901 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 ABA pending ZFA ABA pending Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010149 AAO AAO:BJB The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000128 TAO ZFIN:curator Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000069 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships ABA MB BIRNLEX:1667 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0025462 BIRNLEX:1667 ncithesaurus:Mesencephalon neuronames:462 BIRNLEX:1667 mesencephalon Wikipedia:Midbrain A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29 DHBA divides this into A(1-3),B(4),C(5-7) and D(8) hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain DHBA:12664 EFO:0003617 EMAPA:16148 FMA:295666 MAT:0000272 MIAA:0000272 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000669 TAO:0001064 VHOG:0000672 Wikipedia:Rhombomere XAO:0004079 ZFA:0001064 hindbrain neuromere hindbrain neuromeres rhombomere uberon future rhombencephalon rhombomeres UBERON:0001892 rhombomere UBERON:0001892 A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. Wikipedia:Rhombomere ZFIN:curator A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001064 TAO ZFIN:curator Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000672 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindbrain segment ZFA:0001064 segment of hindbrain ZFA:0001064 hindbrain neuromeres DHBA:HNM future rhombencephalon MIAA:0000272 rhombomeres VHOG:0000672 Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA:62000]. Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO] The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO] From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] cerebral telencephalic telenencephalic In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres. In ray-finned fishes and most pronounced in teleosts the roof plate of the embryonic telencephalon extends laterally with the effect that the paired alar plates forming the hemispheric walls roll out lateroventrally in a process called eversion. This is unlike the development in other vertebrate groups. [ZFA:0000079, ISBN:3764351209] In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles. In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure. dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. supratentorial region AAO:0010479 BAMS:CB BAMS:CH BAMS:IV BAMS:Tel BIRNLEX:1115 BM:Tel BTO:0000239 CALOHA:TS-1018 DHBA:10158 EFO:0000912 EHDAA2:0001982 EMAPA:16910 EV:0100165 FMA:62000 GAID:621 HBA:4007 MA:0000183 MAT:0000421 MBA:567 MESH:D013687 MIAA:0000421 PBA:128011350 SCTID:263353005 TAO:0000079 UMLS:C0039452 VHOG:0000283 Wikipedia:Telencephalon XAO:0000012 ZFA:0000079 neuronames:31 cerebrum endbrain uberon UBERON:0001893 telencephalon UBERON:0001893 Bgee:AN Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. AAO:0010479 XAO:0000012 ABA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA:62000]. FMA:62000 Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010479 AAO AAO:BJB The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000079 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000079 TAO From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000283 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. Wikipedia:Telencephalon#Variation_among_species supratentorial region Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli UMLS:C0039452 BIRNLEX:1115 neuronames:31 BIRNLEX:1115 cerebrum BTO:0000239 EMAPA:16910 FMA:62000 Wikipedia:Talk:Cerebrum/Archive_1 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1208 endbrain Swanson:2004 neuronames:31 Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[BIRNLEX:965]. The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] epencephalon BAMS:Met BIRNLEX:965 BTO:0000673 CALOHA:TS-2029 DHBA:10655 EHDAA2:0001149 EHDAA:5498 EMAPA:17071 FMA:62003 GAID:594 HBA:4833 MA:0000197 MESH:D020540 NCIT:C32741 UMLS:C0376353 UMLS:C1516904 VHOG:0000741 Wikipedia:Metencephalon neuronames:543 epencephalon-2 uberon UBERON:0001895 the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA]. metencephalon UBERON:0001895 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg definitional Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Metencephalon https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[BIRNLEX:965]. BIRNLEX:965 The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000741 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metencephalon The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000741 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ epencephalon ncithesaurus:Epencephalon UMLS:C0376353 BIRNLEX:965 UMLS:C1516904 ncithesaurus:Epencephalon neuronames:543 BIRNLEX:965 epencephalon-2 FMA:62003 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] bulb medulla AAO:0010486 BAMS:MY BAMS:Md BIRNLEX:957 BM:Me BTO:0000041 CALOHA:TS-0607 DMBA:17352 EFO:0000924 EHDAA2:0001088 EHDAA:7588 EMAPA:17550 EV:0100275 FMA:62004 GAID:590 MA:0000206 MAT:0000111 MAT:0000367 MBA:354 MESH:D008526 MIAA:0000111 NCIT:C12442 SCTID:279104005 TAO:0000545 UMLS:C0025148 UMLS:C1269575 VHOG:0000181 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_oblongata XAO:0003100 ZFA:0000545 neuronames:698 bulbus uberon medulla oblonzata metepencephalon UBERON:0001896 medulla oblongata UBERON:0001896 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. FMA:62004 GO:0021550 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_oblongata Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010486 AAO AAO:BJB The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ medulla ABA:MY UMLS:C0025148 BIRNLEX:957 ncithesaurus:Medulla_Oblongata UMLS:C1269575 BIRNLEX:957 neuronames:698 BIRNLEX:957 bulbus FMA:62004 FMA:TA medulla oblonzata Wikipedia:Medulla_oblongata metepencephalon FMA:62004 The epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells. UBERON:0003227 BTO:0001389 CALOHA:TS-1061 EHDAA2:0002069 EHDAA:5007 EMAPA:16855 EMAPA:18409 FMA:62015 MA:0001862 NCIT:C33797 UMLS:C1179002 VHOG:0001045 epithelial tissue of trachea epithelial tissue of windpipe epithelium of windpipe trachea epithelial tissue trachea epithelium tracheal epithelium windpipe epithelial tissue windpipe epithelium uberon UBERON:0001901 epithelium of trachea UBERON:0001901 The epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells. ISBN:0-397-51047-0 MGI:cwg MP:0002285 UMLS:C1179002 ncithesaurus:Tracheal_Epithelium epithelial tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic epithelium of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the mid intestine.[TAO] BTO:0001258 CALOHA:TS-2104 EMAPA:35778 FMA:62017 MA:0001553 SCTID:45480009 TAO:0005127 ZFA:0005127 epithelial tissue of small bowel epithelial tissue of small intestine epithelium of small bowel mid intestine epithelium small bowel epithelial tissue small bowel epithelium small intestinal epithelium small intestine epithelial tissue small intestine epithelium uberon UBERON:0001902 epithelium of small intestine UBERON:0001902 FMA An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the mid intestine.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005127 TAO ZFIN:curator epithelial tissue of small bowel OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of small intestine OBOL:automatic epithelium of small bowel OBOL:automatic mid intestine epithelium ZFA:0005127 small bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic small bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic small intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004954 CALOHA:TS-0112 EMAPA:36292 FMA:62114 MA:0000711 NCIT:C49215 UMLS:C0006904 blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0001915 endothelium of capillary UBERON:0001915 An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0006904 ncithesaurus:Capillary_Endothelium blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36286 FMA:62115 MA:0000705 NCIT:C49192 UMLS:C1179024 arteriole endothelium uberon UBERON:0001916 endothelium of arteriole UBERON:0001916 An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179024 ncithesaurus:Arteriole_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011013 BTO:0004757 EMAPA:35148 FMA:62116 MA:0000707 NCIT:C49194 UMLS:C1179025 VHOG:0001215 XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium artery endothelium uberon UBERON:0001917 endothelium of artery UBERON:0001917 An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011013 AAO XAO:curator Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001215 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1179025 ncithesaurus:Artery_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36290 FMA:62117 MA:0000716 NCIT:C49319 UMLS:C1179026 venule endothelium uberon UBERON:0001918 endothelium of venule UBERON:0001918 An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179026 ncithesaurus:Venule_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011110 BTO:0004756 EMAPA:36288 FMA:62118 MA:0000712 NCIT:C49317 UMLS:C1179027 VHOG:0001216 XAO:0000358 vein endothelium venous endothelium uberon veinous endothelium UBERON:0001919 endothelium of vein UBERON:0001919 An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001216 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1179027 ncithesaurus:Vein_Endothelium veinous endothelium VHOG:0001216 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] MTg tegmentum BAMS:MTg BIRNLEX:1200 BTO:0003388 DHBA:12195 EFO:0000921 EHDAA2:0004475 EMAPA:18215 FMA:62393 HBA:9002 MA:0000212 MAT:0000452 SCTID:362392007 TAO:0000160 UMLS:C0039441 VHOG:0001367 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum XAO:0004271 ZFA:0000160 neuronames:491 tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum of midbrain uberon mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum mesencephalicum UBERON:0001943 'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum midbrain tegmentum UBERON:0001943 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gray712.png ZFA Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. FMA:FMA ISBN:0471888893 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001367 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ MTg BIRNLEX:1200 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource tegmentum ISBN:0471888893 UMLS:C0039441 BIRNLEX:1200 neuronames:491 BIRNLEX:1200 tegmentum mesencephali Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum mesencephalic tegmentum VHOG:0001367 tegmentum mesencephalicum NeuroNames:491 A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1496 NCIT:C33969 SCTID:244437008 UMLS:C1268166 uberon spinal cord part UBERON:0001948 regional part of spinal cord UBERON:0001948 A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1268166 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Part A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. In humans: 15% orthokeratinized, 75% parakeratinized, 10% non-keratinized; diurnal; decreased keratinization with age. Note that in FMA this is classified as keratinized squamous - this perhaps refers to the epithelium of the attached or free gingiva BTO:0004998 FMA:62423 MA:0001576 NCIT:C49239 UMLS:C1179154 epithelial tissue of gingiva epithelium of gingiva gingiva epithelial tissue gingiva epithelium uberon UBERON:0001949 gingival epithelium UBERON:0001949 A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. BTO:0004998 UMLS:C1179154 ncithesaurus:Gingival_Epithelium epithelial tissue of gingiva OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelium OBOL:automatic An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN). The 6-layer neocortex is well conserved in all extant mammals, but not present in birds or reptils BAMS:ISO BAMS:Iso-cortex BAMS:NCX BIRNLEX:2547 BTO:0000920 DHBA:10160 EHDAA2:0004662 EMAPA:32842 EMAPA:35589 FMA:62429 GAID:677 MA:0002754 MBA:315 MESH:D019579 PBA:294021746 UMLS:C0175173 Wikipedia:Neocortex neuronames:757 cerebral neocortex homogenetic cortex homotypical cortex isocortex (sensu lato) neocortex (isocortex) neopallial cortex neopallium isocortex uberon iso-cortex nonolfactory cortex nucleus hypoglossalis UBERON:0001950 neocortex UBERON:0001950 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Neocortex.jpg Wikipedia An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN). BIRNLEX:2547 OldNeuroNames:754 ABA The 6-layer neocortex is well conserved in all extant mammals, but not present in birds or reptils PMID:23027930 UMLS:C0175173 BIRNLEX:2547 neuronames:757 BIRNLEX:2547 homogenetic cortex ISBN:0471888893 homotypical cortex BIRNLEX:2547 isocortex (sensu lato) FMA:62429 neocortex (isocortex) DHBA:10160 isocortex BRAINSPAN:BRAINSPAN iso-cortex BAMS:iso-cortex nonolfactory cortex BTO:0000920 nucleus hypoglossalis NeuroNames:757 An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003237 BTO:0004480 CALOHA:TS-0662 EHDAA2:0001241 EHDAA:7090 EMAPA:17672 FMA:62452 MA:0001865 NCIT:C49263 UMLS:C1179157 VHOG:0001038 epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue of nasopharynx epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of nasal part of pharynx epithelium of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue nasal part of pharynx epithelium nasopharynx epithelial tissue nasopharynx epithelium rhinopharynx epithelial tissue rhinopharynx epithelium uberon nasopharyngeal epithelium UBERON:0001951 epithelium of nasopharynx UBERON:0001951 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179157 ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx_Epithelium epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic nasopharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic nasopharyngeal epithelium BTO:0004480 The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. EMAPA:35192 FMA:62649 MA:0001835 NCIT:C49209 SCTID:278980009 UMLS:C0225604 bronchi cartilage bronchial cartilage bronchial cartilage ring bronchial trunk cartilage bronchus cartilage cartilage of bronchi cartilage of bronchial trunk cartilagines bronchiales uberon UBERON:0001956 cartilage of bronchus UBERON:0001956 MP The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. MP:0010988 UMLS:C0225604 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Cartilage bronchi cartilage OBOL:automatic bronchial cartilage ring MP:0010988 bronchial trunk cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchi OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic cartilagines bronchiales A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002108 EMAPA:37449 FMA:62653 MA:0001837 NCIT:C49214 SCTID:85546005 UMLS:C0225601 bronchi submucosa bronchial submucosa bronchial trunk submucosa bronchus submucosa submucosa of bronchi submucosa of bronchial trunk tela submucosa bronchi uberon submucous layer of bronchi UBERON:0001957 submucosa of bronchus UBERON:0001957 A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37449 MA:th UMLS:C0225601 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Submucosa bronchi submucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic tela submucosa bronchi FMA:62653 FMA:TA submucous layer of bronchi BTO:0002108 An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole. A pseudostratified epithelium, containing basal cells, stem cells of the airway, submucosal glands and cartilage rings, is limited to the trachea and large lobar airways in the mouse (Morrisey and Hogan, 2010). This more complex epithelium extends to terminal bronchioles in the human[DOI:10.1242/dev.115469] EMAPA:36283 FMA:62794 MA:0001774 NCIT:C33755 UMLS:C1179400 bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue bronchiolus terminalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis epithelium of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue terminal bronchiole epithelium uberon UBERON:0001958 terminal bronchiole epithelium UBERON:0001958 FMA An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1179400 ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole_Epithelium bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic epithelium of terminal bronchiole FMA:62794 terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid. seminal Note that in this ontology, semen is defined as the sum of sperm and seminal fluid, where seminal fluid is defined in taxonomically generic way (see comments for UBERON:0006530). BTO:0001230 CALOHA:TS-0917 EMAPA:31488 FMA:62966 GAID:1169 MA:0002522 MESH:D012661 NCIT:C13277 NCIT:C13713 UMLS:C1518159 UMLS:C2756969 Wikipedia:Semen uberon ejaculate sperm UBERON:0001968 semen UBERON:0001968 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Human_semen_in_petri_dish2.jpg Organism substance that is composed of sperm cells suspended in seminal fluid. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1518159 ncithesaurus:Male_Genital_System_Fluid_or_Secretion UMLS:C2756969 ncithesaurus:Semen sperm BTO:0001230 The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. plasma portion of plasma BTO:0000131 CALOHA:TS-0800 EFO:0001905 EMAPA:35690 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:D010949 MIAA:0000052 NCIT:C13356 UMLS:C0032105 Wikipedia:Blood_plasma blood plasm portion of blood plasma uberon UBERON:0001969 blood plasma UBERON:0001969 The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 plasma MA:0002501 portion of plasma FMA:62970 UMLS:C0032105 ncithesaurus:Plasma Vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine bile salts function to emulsify dietary fats and facilitate their intestinal absorption elimination of cholesterol major excretory route for potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances many hormones and pheromones are excreted in bile, and contribute to growth and development of the intestine in some species and provide attractants for the weaning of non-human vertebrates protects the organism from enteric infections by excreting immune globulin A (IgA), inflammatory cytokines, and stimulating the innate immune system in the intestine BTO:0000121 CALOHA:TS-1172 ENVO:02000023 FMA:62971 GAID:1157 MA:0002513 MESH:D001646 NCIT:C13192 UMLS:C0005388 Wikipedia:Bile ZFA:0005857 galen:Bile uberon fel gall UBERON:0001970 bile UBERON:0001970 0.3% in humans Vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. DOI:10.1002/cphy.c120027 Wikipedia:Bile UMLS:C0005388 ncithesaurus:Bile fel BTO:0000121 gall BTO:0000121 . BTO:0000501 FMA:62972 GAID:1160 MA:0002519 MESH:D005750 NCIT:C32661 UMLS:C0017133 Wikipedia:Gastric_juice galen:GastricJuice stomach secretion uberon succus gastricus UBERON:0001971 gastric juice UBERON:0001971 . Wikipedia:Gastric_juice UMLS:C0017133 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Secretion succus gastricus BTO:0000501 A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002109 EMAPA:35325 FMA:62997 MA:0002724 SCTID:362128009 esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus tela submucosa (oesophagus) tela submucosa esophagi tela submucosa oesophageae tela submucosa of esophagus uberon submucous layer of esophagus tela submucosa oesophagi UBERON:0001972 submucosa of esophagus UBERON:0001972 A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gullet submucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic submucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic tela submucosa (oesophagus) FMA:62997 FMA:TA tela submucosa esophagi BTO:0002109 tela submucosa oesophageae FMA:62997 FMA:TA submucous layer of esophagus BTO:0002109 tela submucosa oesophagi BTO:0002109 A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26987 FMA:63050 MA:0001568 NCIT:C49223 UMLS:C1707949 esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae uberon esophageal lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria UBERON:0001974 lamina propria of esophagus UBERON:0001974 FMA A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707949 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Lamina_Propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic esophageal lamina propria EMAPA:26987 A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35322 FMA:63057 MA:0001571 esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae uberon oesophagus serosa UBERON:0001975 serosa of esophagus UBERON:0001975 A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic gullet serosa OBOL:automatic gullet serous membrane OBOL:automatic oesophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of gullet OBOL:automatic serous membrane of esophagus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gullet OBOL:automatic serous membrane of oesophagus OBOL:automatic tunica serosa oesophageae FMA:63057 FMA:TA The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus. TODO check epithelium types: in FMA: Nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; mouse has basal and squamous subtypes; in ZFA it is columnar Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] BTO:0001578 CALOHA:TS-0698 EFO:0003041 EHDAA2:0001287 EMAPA:16835 FMA:63063 MA:0001565 NCIT:C49221 TAO:0001499 UMLS:C1179544 ZFA:0001499 epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue uberon oesophagus epithelium UBERON:0001976 epithelium of esophagus UBERON:0001976 FMA The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000468 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001499 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C1179544 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Epithelium epithelial tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic epithelium of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelium of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelium OBOL:automatic oesophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic EMAPA:32925 FMA:63120 MA:0000724 SCTID:371401008 VHOG:0001430 pancreas parenchyma pancreatic parenchyma uberon UBERON:0001978 parenchyma of pancreas UBERON:0001978 One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins. Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] BTO:0002626 EMAPA:35917 FMA:63130 MA:0000071 MESH:D014699 NCIT:C12818 SCTID:341687009 TAO:0005315 UMLS:C0042520 VHOG:0001765 Wikipedia:Venule ZFA:0005315 uberon venula UBERON:0001979 venule UBERON:0001979 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins. MESH:A07.231.432.952 MP:0004125 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005315 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0042520 ncithesaurus:Venule venula Wikipedia:Venule The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] AAO:0010253 BTO:0001997 EMAPA:35146 FMA:63182 MA:0000063 MESH:D001160 NCIT:C12672 SCTID:337724002 TAO:0002138 UMLS:C0003847 VHOG:0001763 Wikipedia:Arteriole ZFA:0005255 uberon arteriola UBERON:0001980 arteriole UBERON:0001980 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg MA The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. GO:0014830 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002138 TAO ZFIN:curator Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010253 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0003847 ncithesaurus:Arteriole arteriola Wikipedia:Arteriole A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX vascular element AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 BTO:0001102 CALOHA:TS-0080 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 EMAPA:32743 EMAPA:35993 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:D001808 NCIT:C12679 NLXANAT:090901 SCTID:361097006 TAO:0002137 UMLS:C0005847 VHOG:0001250 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 region of vascular tree organ vascular tree organ region uberon vas sanguineum UBERON:0001981 blood vessel UBERON:0001981 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg AEO EHDAA2 GO:0072360 A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011004 AAO AAO:EJS The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX FMA vascular element EMAPA:35993 UMLS:C0005847 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel region of vascular tree organ FMA:50722 vascular tree organ region FMA:50722 vas sanguineum Wikipedia:Blood_vessel Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. not all sources agree capillary is a blood vessel - consider adopting EMAPA superclass of vascular element Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] capillaries lack tunica media and tunica adventitia; only the endothelial wall of the tunica intima belongs AAO:0010252 BTO:0002045 CALOHA:TS-2006 EFO:0001906 EMAPA:35198 EV:0100035 FMA:63194 MA:0000065 MESH:D002196 NCIT:C12685 NLXANAT:090902 TAO:0005250 UMLS:C0935624 VHOG:0001253 Wikipedia:Capillary XAO:0000116 ZFA:0005250 blood capillary capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0001982 capillary https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 UBERON:0001982 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/A_red_blood_cell_in_a_capillary,_pancreatic_tissue_-_TEM.jpg Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Capillary https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/137 Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010252 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001253 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0935624 ncithesaurus:Capillary A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. CALOHA:TS-0172 EMAPA:35935 FMA:63882 GAID:891 MA:0001242 MESH:D004728 NCIT:C12707 SCTID:368827009 TAO:0002186 UMLS:C0014259 Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium ZFA:0001687 cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea uberon epithelium posterius corneae UBERON:0001985 corneal endothelium UBERON:0001985 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium UMLS:C0014259 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Endothelium cornea endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of cornea OBOL:automatic epithelium posterius corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]. endothelial BTO:0000393 CALOHA:TS-0278 EFO:0002548 FMA:63916 GAID:520 MESH:D004727 NCIT:C12481 SCTID:27168002 UMLS:C0014257 galen:Endothelium uberon UBERON:0001986 The term 'endothelium' has been either restricted to the continuous cell layer of the vertebrates, as we are assuming here, or applied to all the cells able to adhere to the luminal surface of the vascular basement membrane (Casley-Smith 1980) endothelium UBERON:0001986 FMA-text-def https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/225 A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]. FMA:63916 MESH:A10.272.491 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/225 UMLS:C0014257 ncithesaurus:Endothelium Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] placental Eutherians: In eutherians, the chorioallantoic membrane of the fetus establishes intimate contact with the adjacent vascular wall of the mother's uterus to produce the placenta, a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)]. TODO - is taxon restriction too strict, even if we restrict def to allantoic placenta? - WP says: also found in some snakes and lizards with varying levels of development up to mammalian levels. Pough et al. 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. // See also: DOI:10.1002/jmor.11011 BTO:0001078 CALOHA:TS-0799 EFO:0001407 EMAPA:35689 EV:0100119 FMA:63934 GAID:379 MA:0000386 MAT:0000279 MESH:D010920 MIAA:0000279 NCIT:C13272 SCTID:181455002 UMLS:C0032043 VHOG:0001266 Wikipedia:Placenta allantoic placenta eutherian placenta uberon UBERON:0001987 Marsupials possess only a rudimentary yolk-type placenta, with reduced nutrient and oxygen exchanging capabilities. placenta UBERON:0001987 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Placenta.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Placenta.svg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1376 ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia ISBN:0073040584 Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. Wikipedia:Placenta http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001266 VHOG DOI:10.1038/35054550 Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032043 ncithesaurus:Placenta allantoic placenta ISBN:0073040584 Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]. Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] fecal excreta BTO:0000440 CALOHA:TS-2345 ENVO:00002003 FMA:64183 GAID:1199 MA:0002509 MAT:0000053 MESH:D005243 MIAA:0000053 NCIT:C13234 UMLS:C0015733 Wikipedia:Feces galen:Feces faeces fecal material fecal matter piece of shit portion of excrement portion of faeces portion of fecal material portion of fecal matter portion of feces portionem cacas stool cow dung cow pat dung fewmet frass guano portion of dung portion of guano portion of scat scat spraint uberon droppings excrement ordure spoor UBERON:0001988 feces UBERON:0001988 Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]. Wikipedia:Feces http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feces Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] FMA:64183 UMLS:C0015733 ncithesaurus:Feces piece of shit PMID:23285307 portionem cacas cow dung Wikipedia:Cow_dung cow pat Wikipedia:Cow_dung fewmet Wikipedia:Fewmet frass Wikipedia:Frass guano Wikipedia:Guano spraint Wikipedia:Spraint excrement BTO:0000440 Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium[FMA:64783]. Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.[VSAO] EMAPA:35414 FMA:64783 MA:0000109 NCIT:C32746 SCTID:39298000 UMLS:C0225362 VSAO:0000094 Wikipedia:Hyaline_cartilage XAO:0004029 hyaline cartilage uberon chondroid cartilage UBERON:0001994 hyaline cartilage tissue UBERON:0001994 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gray292.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg FMA VSAO-text-def Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000094 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium[FMA:64783]. FMA:64783 Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000094 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 UMLS:C0225362 ncithesaurus:Hyaline_Cartilage hyaline cartilage MA:0000109 chondroid cartilage http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers[FMA:64785]. Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.[VSAO] MA has a distinct class for yellow FMA:64785 MA:0000107 MA:0000485 NCIT:C32494 UMLS:C0682559 VSAO:0000091 Wikipedia:Elastic_cartilage XAO:0004197 elastic cartilage elastic cartilage tissue yellow elastic cartilage yellow elastic cartilage tissue uberon reticular cartilage yellow cartilage UBERON:0001996 elastic cartilage tissue UBERON:0001996 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gray904.png VSAO Wikipedia VSAO Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000091 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers[FMA:64785]. FMA:64785 Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000091 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 MA has a distinct class for yellow MA UMLS:C0682559 ncithesaurus:Elastic_Cartilage elastic cartilage MA:0000107 elastic cartilage tissue VSAO:0000091 yellow elastic cartilage Wikipedia:Elastic_cartilage reticular cartilage http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 yellow cartilage http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any joint that connects a rib to another structure (or another rib). Examples: costochondral, costovertebral, interchondral, sternocostal joints. FMA_RETIRED:64994 MA:0001508 NCIT:C49575 SCTID:263314001 UMLS:C1261194 rib joint uberon UBERON:0002001 joint of rib UBERON:0002001 cjm Any joint that connects a rib to another structure (or another rib). Examples: costochondral, costovertebral, interchondral, sternocostal joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1261194 ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Rib A plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. EMAPA:37460 FMA:6628 MA:0001138 NCIT:C52833 SCTID:280511002 UMLS:C0459528 Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus autonomic nerve plexus of heart autonomic plexus of heart cardiac plexus heart autonomic nerve plexus heart autonomic plexus plexus cardiacus uberon UBERON:0002008 cardiac nerve plexus UBERON:0002008 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png A plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus EMAPA:37460 MA:th UMLS:C0459528 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Nerve_Plexus autonomic nerve plexus of heart OBOL:automatic autonomic plexus of heart OBOL:automatic heart autonomic nerve plexus OBOL:automatic heart autonomic plexus OBOL:automatic plexus cardiacus Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37129 FMA:66320 MA:0002065 NCIT:C53018 UMLS:C0933449 Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery uberon arteria thoracodorsalis UBERON:0002011 thoracodorsal artery UBERON:0002011 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery EMAPA:37129 MA:th UMLS:C0933449 ncithesaurus:Thoracodorsal_Artery arteria thoracodorsalis Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung[WP] AAO:0010221 BTO:0000778 CALOHA:TS-0839 EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001575 EHDAA:4351 EMAPA:17008 FMA:66326 GAID:505 MA:0002031 MESH:D011651 NCIT:C12774 SCTID:181380003 UMLS:C0034052 VHOG:0000982 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery XAO:0004162 galen:PulmonaryArtery pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part uberon arteria pulmonalis pulmonary arterial subtree truncus pulmonalis UBERON:0002012 pulmonary artery UBERON:0002012 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png Wikipedia EHDAA2 XAO EHDAA2 An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010221 AAO AAO:BJB One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+artery On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034052 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Artery pulmonary arterial tree FMA:66326 pulmonary arterial tree organ part FMA:66326 arteria pulmonalis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery pulmonary arterial subtree FMA:66326 truncus pulmonalis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery The tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney which is covered in a thick layer of perirenal adipose tissue that functions to provide some protection from trauma and damage. provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or 'perirenal fat') renal fascia paranephric fat (or 'pararenal fat') peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly).[Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule] EMAPA:18679 FMA:66610 MA:0000370 NCIT:C12885 SCTID:243657006 UMLS:C0227637 Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule galen:CapsuleOfKidney capsula fibrosa renis capsule of kidney fibrous capsule of kidney renal capsule uberon UBERON:0002015 kidney capsule UBERON:0002015 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg The tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney which is covered in a thick layer of perirenal adipose tissue that functions to provide some protection from trauma and damage. MGI:anna MP:0011383 UMLS:C0227637 ncithesaurus:Renal_Capsule capsula fibrosa renis FMA:66610 FMA:TA fibrous capsule of kidney FMA:66610 renal capsule GO:0072127 Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] the veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010521 BTO:0001799 CALOHA:TS-0840 EHDAA2:0001579 EHDAA:2629 EMAPA:18645 FMA:66643 GAID:543 MA:0002206 MESH:D011667 NCIT:C12776 SCTID:430160002 UMLS:C0034090 VHOG:0001133 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein XAO:0000394 galen:PulmonaryVein pulmonary venous tree organ part uberon venae pulmonales UBERON:0002016 pulmonary vein UBERON:0002016 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. GO:0060577 Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010521 AAO AAO:BJB One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+vein the veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart MP:0002726,MGI:cwg On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034090 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Vein venae pulmonales Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 CALOHA:TS-0814 EHDAA2:0001485 EHDAA:6510 EMAPA:17349 FMA:66645 GAID:540 MA:0002198 MESH:D011169 NCIT:C33343 SCTID:362064007 UMLS:C0032718 VHOG:0000656 XAO:0000392 galen:PortalVein portal venous tree organ part uberon UBERON:0002017 portal vein UBERON:0002017 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png FMA A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 UMLS:C0032718 ncithesaurus:Portal_Vein portal venous tree organ part FMA:66645 A cranial nerve that originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. A small motor nerve which emerges from the lateral wall of the medulla with the roots of the vagus nerve, and innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m.cucullaris. Cranial nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius complex of muscles. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-1, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Small motor nerve which innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris.[AAO] Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve FMA has distinct cranial and spinal parts - WP says 'Traditional descriptions of the accessory nerve divide it into two parts: a spinal part and a cranial part.[1] However, because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve, becoming an integral part of said nerve, modern descriptions often consider the cranial component to be part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper.[2] AAO:0010476 BAMS:11n BAMS:XIn BIRNLEX:812 EHDAA2:0000106 EHDAA:2855 EMAPA:17265 FMA:6720 FMA:80284 GAID:825 HBA:9340 MA:0001088 MBA:717 MESH:D000055 NCIT:C32041 SCTID:362469008 UMLS:C0000905 UMLS:C1305777 VHOG:0000699 Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nerve XAO:0004214 neuronames:2085 Willis' nerve accessory XI accessory XI nerve accessory nerve accessory nerve [XI] cervical accessory nerve cranial nerve XI eleventh cranial nerve nervus accessorius [XI] pars spinalis nervus accessorius radix spinalis nervus accessorius spinal accessory nerve spinal accessory nerve tree spinal part of accessory nerve uberon CN-XI accessory spinal nerve UBERON:0002019 accessory XI nerve UBERON:0002019 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png A cranial nerve that originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:812 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://code.google.com/p/xenopus-anatomy-ontology/issues/detail?id=7 VHOG Wikipedia A small motor nerve which emerges from the lateral wall of the medulla with the roots of the vagus nerve, and innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m.cucullaris. ISBN:080184780X XAO:0004214 Cranial nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius complex of muscles. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-1, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000699 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Small motor nerve which innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010476 AAO AAO:EJS Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000699 VHOG Wikipedia:Cranial_nerves http://bgee.unil.ch/ In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve GO FMA has distinct cranial and spinal parts - WP says 'Traditional descriptions of the accessory nerve divide it into two parts: a spinal part and a cranial part.[1] However, because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve, becoming an integral part of said nerve, modern descriptions often consider the cranial component to be part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper.[2] FMA UMLS:C0000905 BIRNLEX:812 ncithesaurus:Accessory_Nerve UMLS:C1305777 BIRNLEX:812 accessory XI EHDAA2:0000106 cranial nerve XI BIRNLEX:812 eleventh cranial nerve BIRNLEX:812 nervus accessorius [XI] FMA:6720 FMA:TA pars spinalis nervus accessorius FMA:6720 FMA:TA radix spinalis nervus accessorius FMA:6720 FMA:TA spinal accessory nerve FMA:6720 CN-XI VHOG:0000699 accessory spinal nerve BAMS:XIn A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] AEO:0001012 EHDAA2:0003136 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004658 EMAPA:37596 FMA:67242 HBA:4006 MA:0001112 MESH:D066128 NCIT:C32695 TAO:0002197 UMLS:C0018220 VHOG:0001768 Wikipedia:Gray_matter ZFA:0001681 neuronames:2869 gray matter gray matter of neuraxis grey matter grey matter of neuraxis grey substance neuronal grey matter substantia grisea uberon gray mater grisea UBERON:0002020 gray matter UBERON:0002020 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. Wikipedia:Gray_matter http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002197 TAO ZFIN:curator EMAPA:37596 MA:th UMLS:C0018220 ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter gray matter of neuraxis FMA:67242 neuronal grey matter AEO:0001012 substantia grisea FMA:67242 FMA:TA gray mater ZFA:0001681 grisea The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] rhombencephalic in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps AAO:0010150 BAMS:HB BIRNLEX:942 BTO:0000672 CALOHA:TS-0457 DHBA:10653 DMBA:16808 EFO:0000923 EHDAA2:0000746 EHDAA:3514 EHDAA:6487 EMAPA:16916 FMA:67687 MA:0000195 MAT:0000107 MBA:1065 MESH:D012249 MIAA:0000107 NCIT:C40336 SCTID:303456008 TAO:0000029 UMLS:C0035507 UMLS:C1522180 VHOG:0000070 Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon XAO:0000015 ZFA:0000029 neuronames:540 uberon rhombencephalon UBERON:0002028 hindbrain UBERON:0002028 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg modified-source-relation ABA Bgee:AN The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon ZFA:0000029 ZFIN:curator ZFA ABA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending ABA PMID:8932866 Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010150 AAO AAO:BJB The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000029 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000029 TAO Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000070 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps MA UMLS:C0035507 BIRNLEX:942 ncithesaurus:Hind-Brain UMLS:C1522180 BIRNLEX:942 neuronames:540 BIRNLEX:942 The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. BTO:0001449 CALOHA:TS-1304 EMAPA:35370 FMA:67711 MA:0001632 NCIT:C49227 UMLS:C1180206 epithelial tissue of gall bladder epithelial tissue of gallbladder epithelium of gallbladder gall bladder epithelial tissue gall bladder epithelium gallbladder epithelial tissue gallbladder epithelium uberon biliary epithelium UBERON:0002029 epithelium of gall bladder UBERON:0002029 The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. MP:0009492 UMLS:C1180206 ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Epithelium epithelial tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic epithelium of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001845 CALOHA:TS-1240 EFO:0000307 EMAPA:32691 FMA:67782 MA:0001839 NCIT:C32231 UMLS:C0599333 bronchi epithelial tissue bronchi epithelium bronchial epithelium bronchial trunk epithelial tissue bronchial trunk epithelium bronchus epithelial tissue bronchus epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchi epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk epithelial tissue of bronchus epithelium of bronchi epithelium of bronchial trunk uberon UBERON:0002031 epithelium of bronchus UBERON:0002031 FMA An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0599333 ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Epithelium bronchi epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchi OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] AAO:0010762 AEO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-2047 EHDAA2:0003140 EMAPA:36390 FMA:67905 MA:0002438 NCIT:C12436 UMLS:C1331262 WBbt:0005779 Wikipedia:Striated_muscle galen:StriatedMuscle striated muscle uberon UBERON:0002036 striated muscle tissue UBERON:0002036 Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010762 AAO AAO:CAM UMLS:C1331262 ncithesaurus:Striated_Muscle_Tissue A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood. EMAPA:18608 FMA:68109 GAID:477 MA:0001923 MESH:D001981 NCIT:C32230 SCTID:244247009 UMLS:C0006257 Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery bronchial arterial tree uberon arteriae bronchiales rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae UBERON:0002040 Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. bronchial artery UBERON:0002040 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray1032.png A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery UMLS:C0006257 ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Artery arteriae bronchiales Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. BAMS:PnR BAMS:RA-PONS BAMS:RPn BIRNLEX:1110 DHBA:12471 DHBA:12475 FMA:68875 HBA:9159 MA:0001022 MBA:238 UMLS:C0175423 Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus neuronames:589 raphe of pons raphe pontis uberon nucleus raphe pontis nucleus raphes pontis raphe (mediana pontina) raphe pontis nucleus UBERON:0002047 pontine raphe nucleus UBERON:0002047 Wikipedia The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0175423 BIRNLEX:1110 neuronames:589 BIRNLEX:1110 raphe pontis FMA:68875 FMA:TA nucleus raphe pontis NeuroNames:589 nucleus raphes pontis Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus raphe (mediana pontina) NeuroNames:589 Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus. Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] pulmonary respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 CALOHA:TS-0568 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 FMA:7195 GAID:345 MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:D008168 MIAA:0000135 NCIT:C12468 SCTID:181216001 UMLS:C0024109 VHOG:0000310 Wikipedia:Lung XAO:0000119 galen:Lung pulmo uberon UBERON:0002048 Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] lung https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 UBERON:0002048 some species only have a single lung Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-5104 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-5104 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010567 AAO AAO:SBH Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000310 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0024109 ncithesaurus:Lung pulmo An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. see also: vascular system. Consider merging? vascular BTO:0003718 FMA:69050 TAO:0005249 ZFA:0005249 vascular network uberon UBERON:0002049 vasculature UBERON:0002049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg FMA An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. ZFA:0005249 vascular network FMA:69050 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure AAO:0000138 BILA:0000034 BTO:0000174 CALOHA:TS-2110 EFO:0000461 FBbt:00004208 FMA:69067 GAID:407 MESH:D004628 NCIT:C13229 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 SCTID:667009 TAO:0001105 UMLS:C0013948 VSAO:0000178 XAO:0003042 ZFA:0001105 developing embryonic structure embryonic anatomical structure uberon developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic structures UBERON:0002050 embryonic structure UBERON:0002050 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. BTO:0000174 ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000138 AAO AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001105 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000178 VSAO ZFIN:curator in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure FMA UMLS:C0013948 ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Structure developing embryonic structure FBbt:00004208 embryonic anatomical structure RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 embryonale Struktur BTO:0000174 embryonic structures ZFA:0001105 An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001866 CALOHA:TS-0570 EMAPA:32693 FMA:69077 MA:0001772 NCIT:C48942 UMLS:C1181296 bronchiolar epithelium bronchiole epithelial tissue bronchiole epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiole uberon UBERON:0002051 epithelium of bronchiole UBERON:0002051 FMA An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1181296 ncithesaurus:Bronchiole_Epithelium bronchiolar epithelium BTO:0001866 bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiole OBOL:automatic An artery that supplies the diaphragm. In humans this includes the superior and inferior phrenic arteries EMAPA:37108 FMA:69330 MA:0002019 NCIT:C33320 UMLS:C1181536 uberon UBERON:0002057 phrenic artery UBERON:0002057 An artery that supplies the diaphragm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37108 MA:th UMLS:C1181536 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Artery The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. Artery which supplies blood via branches to the hindlimbs.[AAO] AAO:0010222 BTO:0001624 CALOHA:TS-0321 EMAPA:35342 FMA:70248 GAID:494 MA:0001951 MESH:D005263 NCIT:C12715 SCTID:244332003 UMLS:C0015801 Wikipedia:Femoral_artery galen:FemoralArtery uberon arteria femoralis UBERON:0002060 femoral artery UBERON:0002060 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray546.png FMA WP The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_artery Artery which supplies blood via branches to the hindlimbs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010222 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0015801 ncithesaurus:Femoral_Artery arteria femoralis Wikipedia:Femoral_artery The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. assume spelling error for ncit EHDAA2:0004143 EMAPA:35887 FMA:70301 GAID:554 MA:0000103 MESH:D014338 NCIT:C34317 SCTID:308828009 UMLS:C1519589 Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) uberon UBERON:0002061 truncus arteriosus UBERON:0002061 EHDAA2 FMA MA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) assume spelling error for ncit ncit UMLS:C1519589 ncithesaurus:Trancus_Arteriosus The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000434 EHDAA2:0004028 EHDAA:2586 EMAPA:16696 FMA:70302 MA:0000078 MESH:D054089 TAO:0001317 VHOG:0000932 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_cushions XAO:0004189 ZFA:0001317 AV cushion atrioventricular cushion cardiac cushion endocardial cushion tissue uberon atrioventricular canal cushion endocardial cushions UBERON:0002062 GO graph seems to suggest this is an endothelium. WP: The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards to interior of the heart tube). Latest (2010-06-01) new def suggested for GO, added above. Note that EHDAA2 has a more detailed model which we may later adopt. JB: Patterning makes the cushions lay down connective tissue in three domains that force out the local endothelial lining and so the leaflets form endocardial cushion UBERON:0002062 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png ZFA The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. GO:0003197 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_cushions ZFIN:curator Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001317 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001317 TAO (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000932 VHOG DOI:10.1038/35047564 Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3 http://bgee.unil.ch/ atrioventricular cushion Wikipedia:Endocardial_cushion cardiac cushion PMID:15797462 endocardial cushion tissue EHDAA2:0000434 atrioventricular canal cushion FMA:70302 endocardial cushions The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] In fish, receives venous blood from the systemic circulation through paired hepatic veins, anterior jugular veins and Cuvierian ducts[PMID:20735616] In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarmu In zebrafish, the sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract inflow tract AAO:0010505 EHDAA2:0001839 EHDAA:480 EMAPA:16237 FMA:70303 NCIT:C34299 NCIT:C34300 TAO:0000154 UMLS:C0225857 UMLS:C0231084 VHOG:0000177 Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus ZFA:0000154 uberon sinus venarum sinus venosus cordis venarum venarum sinus venosus UBERON:0002063 sinus venosus UBERON:0002063 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png VHOG Bgee:AN The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. PMID:20735616 Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000154 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010505 AAO AAO:BJB In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000177 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In zebrafish, the sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract ZFA:0000154 inflow tract ZFA:0000154 UMLS:C0225857 ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venarum UMLS:C0231084 ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venosus sinus venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus sinus venosus cordis Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum sinus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venosus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] dermal AAO:0000128 BTO:0000294 CALOHA:TS-2076 EFO:0000953 EMAPA:17527 EV:0100154 FMA:70323 GAID:1321 MA:0000152 MAT:0000153 MESH:D020405 MIAA:0000153 NCIT:C12701 SCTID:361696001 TAO:0001119 UMLS:C0011646 VHOG:0000108 Wikipedia:Dermis XAO:0000217 ZFA:0001119 vertebrate dermis uberon corium cutis UBERON:0002067 dermis UBERON:0002067 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/EpidermisPainted.svg FMA definitional The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermis ZFIN:curator A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001119 TAO ZFIN:curator When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000108 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011646 ncithesaurus:Dermis corium BTO:0000294 Wikipedia:Dermis cutis BTO:0000294 Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544]. hypodermal subcutaneous subcutaneus BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO:0001314 CALOHA:TS-2366 EMAPA:37505 FMA:70544 NCIT:C33645 TAO:0001136 UMLS:C0278403 Wikipedia:Hypodermis ZFA:0001136 hypoderm vertebrate hypodermis uberon sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea UBERON:0002072 hypodermis UBERON:0002072 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg ZFA FMA-modified Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. Wikipedia:Hypodermis A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001136 TAO ZFIN:curator A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544]. FMA:70544 BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO EMAPA:37505 MA:th UMLS:C0278403 ncithesaurus:Subcutis sub-tegumental tissue BTO:0004525 subcutaneous tissue Wikipedia:Hypodermis subtegumental tissue BTO:0004525 superficial fascia tela subcutanea Wikipedia:Hypodermis An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs. AAO:0010386 BTO:0001491 EHDAA:512 EMAPA:16245 FMA:7085 MA:0000019 MESH:D014781 NCIT:C28287 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 SCTID:118760003 UMLS:C0042779 Wikipedia:Viscus XAO:0003034 visceral organ visceral organ system uberon splanchnic tissue viscera visceral tissue UBERON:0002075 viscus UBERON:0002075 An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. BTO:0001491 Wikipedia:Viscus https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/14 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010386 AAO BTO:0001491 general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs. FMA UMLS:C0042779 ncithesaurus:Viscera visceral organ RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 visceral organ system MA:0000019 splanchnic tissue BTO:0001491 visceral tissue BTO:0001491 A cardiac atrium that is in the right side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern AAO:0010248 BTO:0001703 EHDAA2:0000290 EMAPA:17321 FMA:7096 MA:0000075 NCIT:C12868 SCTID:244383003 UMLS:C0225844 VHOG:0000328 Wikipedia:Right_atrium XAO:0003192 galen:RightAtrium cardiac right atrium heart right atrium right atrium right atrium of heart right cardiac atrium uberon atrium dextrum UBERON:0002078 right cardiac atrium UBERON:0002078 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg A cardiac atrium that is in the right side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Wikipedia:Right_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] FMA:7096 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000328 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225844 ncithesaurus:Right_Atrium heart right atrium MA:0000075 right atrium VHOG:0000328 atrium dextrum Wikipedia:Right_atrium A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve. Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs[XAO:EJS]. The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern AAO:0010247 BTO:0001702 EHDAA2:0000275 EMAPA:17315 FMA:7097 MA:0000074 NCIT:C12869 SCTID:244387002 UMLS:C0225860 VHOG:0000369 Wikipedia:Left_atrium XAO:0003191 galen:LeftAtrium atrium sinistrum cardiac left atrium heart left atrium left atrium left atrium of heart left cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0002079 left cardiac atrium UBERON:0002079 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve. Wikipedia:Left_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] FMA:7097 The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs[XAO:EJS]. XAO:EJS The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000369 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225860 ncithesaurus:Left_Atrium atrium sinistrum Wikipedia:Left_atrium heart left atrium MA:0000074 left atrium VHOG:0000369 A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In mammals continuous with the pulmonary arteries BTO:0001630 CALOHA:TS-0443 EHDAA2:0000196 EMAPA:17340 FMA:7098 MA:0000093 NCIT:C12870 SCTID:244384009 UMLS:C0225883 VHOG:0000717 Wikipedia:Right_ventricle galen:RightVentricle cardiac right ventricle right ventricle right ventricle of heart uberon right cardiac ventricle ventriculus dexter UBERON:0002080 heart right ventricle UBERON:0002080 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg PMID:17276708 cjm A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000717 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225883 ncithesaurus:Right_Ventricle right ventricle FMA:7098 right cardiac ventricle EMAPA:17340 ventriculus dexter Wikipedia:Right_ventricle Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. One of four heart chambers.[TAO] One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010246 BTO:0000903 CALOHA:TS-0437 EFO:0000277 EHDAA2:0000154 EHDAA:1265 EMAPA:16688 EV:0100019 FMA:7099 GAID:555 MA:0000073 MAT:0000496 MESH:D006325 NCIT:C12728 SCTID:261405004 TAO:0000471 UMLS:C0018792 VHOG:0000175 Wikipedia:Heart_atrium ZFA:0000471 galen:Atrium atria atrium atrium of heart cardiac atria heart atrium uberon atrial tissue UBERON:0002081 cardiac atrium UBERON:0002081 Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. Wikipedia:Heart_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000471 TAO ZFIN:curator One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010246 AAO AAO:BJB In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000175 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018792 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Atrium atria atrium ZFA:0000471 cardiac atria atrial tissue BTO:0000903 Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] One of four heart chambers.[TAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] ventricle AAO:0010249 BTO:0000862 CALOHA:TS-0444 EFO:0000317 EHDAA2:0004164 EHDAA:1912 EMAPA:17331 EV:0100020 FMA:7100 GAID:568 MA:0000091 MAT:0000497 MESH:D006352 NCIT:C12730 SCTID:277699000 TAO:0000009 UMLS:C0018827 VHOG:0000435 Wikipedia:Ventricle_(heart) XAO:0003193 ZFA:0000009 galen:Ventricle heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ventricle of heart uberon UBERON:0002082 cardiac ventricle UBERON:0002082 Bgee:AN Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. Wikipedia:Ventricle_(heart) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010249 AAO AAO:BJB One of four heart chambers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000009 TAO ZFIN:curator In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000435 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018827 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Ventricle A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In mammals continuous with aorta BTO:0001629 CALOHA:TS-0439 EHDAA2:0002178 EMAPA:17337 FMA:7101 MA:0000092 NCIT:C12871 SCTID:244385005 UMLS:C0225897 VHOG:0000718 Wikipedia:Left_ventricle galen:LeftVentricle cardiac left ventricle left cardiac ventricle left ventricle left ventricle of heart uberon ventriculus sinister cordis UBERON:0002084 heart left ventricle UBERON:0002084 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg GO A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225897 ncithesaurus:Left_Ventricle left ventricle FMA:7101 ventriculus sinister cordis Wikipedia:Left_ventricle A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000838 EHDAA:1896 EMAPA:17011 FMA:7108 MA:0000084 NCIT:C32818 SCTID:362016003 UMLS:C0225836 VHOG:0000385 Wikipedia:Interatrial_septum galen:InteratrialSeptum atrial septum atrium septum interatrial septal wall uberon UBERON:0002085 interatrial septum UBERON:0002085 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interatrial+septum The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225836 ncithesaurus:Interatrial_Septum Companion vein of the thoracodorsal artery, draining the apical part of the latissimus dorsi and merging with the circumflex scapular vein to form a subscapular vein. EMAPA:37198 FMA:71213 MA:0002238 uberon UBERON:0002089 thoracodorsal vein UBERON:0002089 FMA/obol Companion vein of the thoracodorsal artery, draining the apical part of the latissimus dorsi and merging with the circumflex scapular vein to form a subscapular vein. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=97559 EMAPA:37198 MA:th The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] axial skeleton AAO:0000034 EFO:0000942 EHDAA2:0000161 EHDAA:5049 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:37721 FMA:71221 MA:0002986 MAT:0000148 MIAA:0000148 TAO:0000317 VHOG:0000317 VSAO:0000093 XAO:0003073 ZFA:0000317 post-cranial axial skeleton uberon UBERON:0002090 previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed. postcranial axial skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton UBERON:0002090 The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. ZFA:0000317 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000093 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000034 AAO AAO:LAP The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000317 TAO ZFIN:curator The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000317 VHOG DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ axial skeleton FMA:71221 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton EMAPA:37721 MA:th Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. AAO:0000747 EFO:0000951 EMAPA:32729 FMA:71222 MA:0000290 MAT:0000278 MIAA:0000278 NCIT:C49477 SCTID:322050006 UMLS:C0222646 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000076 Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton XAO:0003166 appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton paired fin skeleton uberon skeleton appendiculare UBERON:0002091 appendicular skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton UBERON:0002091 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Appendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000076 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000027 TAO TAO:wd The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000747 AAO AAO:LAP ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. FMA UMLS:C0222646 ncithesaurus:Appendicular_Skeleton entire appendicular skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/59 paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:32668 EV:0100313 FMA:71236 MA:0000815 NCIT:C49332 SCTID:309321003 UMLS:C0459393 VHOG:0000270 cranial dura mater dura mater cranialis dura mater encephali dura mater of brain uberon UBERON:0002092 brain dura mater UBERON:0002092 The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. MP:0009025 The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000270 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000270 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0459393 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Dura_Mater cranial dura mater FMA:71236 dura mater cranialis FMA:71236 FMA:TA A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:17806 FMA:71237 MA:0001132 NCIT:C49799 SCTID:362302001 UMLS:C0228124 VHOG:0000411 dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord dura mater of spinal cord spinal cord dura mater spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0002093 spinal dura mater UBERON:0002093 A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000411 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000411 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0228124 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Dura_Mater dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA]. The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] involves the recruitment of myocardial cells as well as of non- muscular mesenchymal cells (Kaufman and Bard, 1999) BTO:0002483 EFO:0001956 EHDAA:2603 EMAPA:17333 FMA:7133 MA:0000085 NCIT:C32874 SCTID:362019005 UMLS:C0225870 VHOG:0000386 Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum galen:InterventricularSeptum heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum uberon interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis intraventricular septum s. interventriculare cordis septum inferius septum membranaceum ventricle septum ventricular septum UBERON:0002094 interventricular septum UBERON:0002094 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:7133 The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interventricular+septum The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430 http://bgee.unil.ch/ involves the recruitment of myocardial cells as well as of non- muscular mesenchymal cells (Kaufman and Bard, 1999) ISBN:0124020607 UMLS:C0225870 ncithesaurus:Interventricular_Septum heart interventricular septum MA:0000085 heart ventricular septum MA:0000085 interventricular septum of heart BTO:0002483 interventriculare cordis BTO:0002483 intraventricular septum Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum s. interventriculare cordis Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum septum inferius Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum septum membranaceum Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum ventricular septum MA:0000085 Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. mesenteric in Uberon, this term is used in the generic sense, not necessarily restricted to the peritoneum, consistent with FMA. WP: 'In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.'. TODO - check. Consider FMA:259286 - Region of mesentery. AAO:0011061 BTO:0001380 EV:0100083 FMA:7144 GAID:21 MESH:D008643 NCIT:C33103 SCTID:362707009 UMLS:C0025474 Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28general.29 galen:Mesentery generic mesentery mesentery (generic) uberon UBERON:0002095 mesentery UBERON:0002095 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray1038.png Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. FMA:7144 Wikipedia:Mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28general.29 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/85 in Uberon, this term is used in the generic sense, not necessarily restricted to the peritoneum, consistent with FMA. WP: 'In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.'. TODO - check. Consider FMA:259286 - Region of mesentery. FMA UMLS:C0025474 ncithesaurus:Mesentery generic mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (generic) Wikipedia:Mesentery The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin BTO:0001253 CALOHA:TS-0934 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MESH:D012867 MFMO:0000099 NCIT:C12470 SCTID:181469002 UMLS:C1123023 Wikipedia:Skin XAO:0000023 galen:Skin entire skin skin organ uberon entire integument integument integumental organ pelt skin UBERON:0002097 skin of body UBERON:0002097 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg Wikipathways:WP2062 The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. UBERON:cjm MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin FMA UMLS:C1123023 ncithesaurus:Skin The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. 'Terrestrial vertebrates have divided hearts in which septae separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the pulmonary and systemic circulations' in GO, septum morphogenesis is part of cardiac chamber morphogenesis; need to add axioms to infer this EMAPA:35400 FMA:7180 GAID:562 MA:0000083 MESH:D006346 NCIT:C49485 SCTID:362014000 UMLS:C0018819 cardiac septa heart septa heart septum septum of heart uberon spiral septa UBERON:0002099 cardiac septum UBERON:0002099 The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. MESH:A07.541.459 in GO, septum morphogenesis is part of cardiac chamber morphogenesis; need to add axioms to infer this GO UMLS:C0018819 ncithesaurus:Heart_Septum cardiac septa heart septa spiral septa XAO:0004141 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] AAO:0010339 BILA:0000116 BTO:0001493 CALOHA:TS-1071 EFO:0000966 EMAPA:31857 FMA:7181 MA:0000004 MAT:0000296 MIAA:0000296 NCIT:C33816 SCTID:262225004 TAO:0001115 UMLS:C0460005 Wikipedia:Torso XAO:0000054 XAO:0003025 ZFA:0001115 galen:Trunk thoracolumbar region torso trunk region uberon Rumpf UBERON:0002100 trunk UBERON:0002100 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. TAO:0001115 UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Torso ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010339 AAO AAO:BJB Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001115 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0460005 ncithesaurus:Trunk trunk region XAO:0000054 Rumpf BTO:0001493 A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010336 AEO:0000172 CALOHA:TS-0552 EFO:0000876 EHDAA2:0003172 EHDAA:1697 EHDAA:8273 EMAPA:16405 FMA:24875 GAID:36 MA:0000007 MAT:0000090 MIAA:0000090 NCIT:C12429 SCTID:243996003 UMLS:C0015385 VHOG:0000336 VSAO:0000121 Wikipedia:Limb XAO:0003027 galen:Extremity free limb limb sensu Vertebrata pentadactyl limb tetrapod limb flipper uberon extremities extremity UBERON:0002101 limb UBERON:0002101 Sarcopterygians extends to stem tetrapods such as Eusthenopteron A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010336 AAO AAO:BJB Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000336 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0015385 ncithesaurus:Limb free limb FMA:24875 limb sensu Vertebrata MAT:0000090 flipper extremities A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. Note distinction between arm and forelimb. hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle.[AAO] note that this corresponds to FMA:'free upper limb' (a limb segment), NOT FMA:'upper limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb AAO:0000205 BTO:0001729 CALOHA:TS-2214 EFO:0000882 EHDAA2:0002133 EHDAA:6208 EMAPA:17412 EV:0100014 FMA:24878 GAID:1215 GAID:51 MA:0000025 MAT:0000394 MESH:D005552 MIAA:0000394 NCIT:C12671 SCTID:182245002 UMLS:C1140618 VHOG:0000338 VSAO:0000148 Wikipedia:Forelimb XAO:0003030 galen:UpperExtremity anteriormost limb fore limb forelimb free part of upper limb free upper limb membrum superius pectoral limb superior member upper extremity upper limb pectoral flipper uberon foreleg UBERON:0002102 forelimb UBERON:0002102 A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000205 AAO AAO:LAP note that this corresponds to FMA:'free upper limb' (a limb segment), NOT FMA:'upper limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb FMA UMLS:C1140618 ncithesaurus:Upper_Extremity free part of upper limb FMA:24878 free upper limb FMA:24878 UBERONREF:0000003 membrum superius FMA:7183 FMA:TA pectoral flipper A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] crural note that this corresponds to FMA:'free lower limb' (a limb segment), NOT 'lower limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. Note that AAO class probably refers to skeleton AAO:0000219 BTO:0002345 CALOHA:TS-2215 EFO:0000883 EHDAA2:0001033 EHDAA:6094 EMAPA:17458 EV:0100015 FMA:24879 GAID:1221 GAID:38 MA:0000026 MAT:0000395 MESH:D006614 MIAA:0000395 NCIT:C12742 NCIT:C77625 SCTID:182281004 UMLS:C0023216 UMLS:C1522391 VHOG:0000337 VSAO:0000150 Wikipedia:Hindlimb XAO:0003031 galen:LowerExtremity free lower limb hind limb hind-limb hindlimb inferior member lower limb membrum inferius uberon free part of lower limb lower extremity membrum inferius pelvic appendage UBERON:0002103 hindlimb UBERON:0002103 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray1239.png A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Hindlimb Wikipedia:Lower_limb Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000219 AAO AAO:LAP Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000337 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ note that this corresponds to FMA:'free lower limb' (a limb segment), NOT 'lower limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. Note that AAO class probably refers to skeleton FMA UMLS:C0023216 ncithesaurus:Lower_Extremity UMLS:C1522391 ncithesaurus:Hind_Limb free lower limb FMA:24879 UBERONREF:0000003 hind-limb VSAO:0000150 membrum inferius FMA:7184 FMA:TA free part of lower limb FMA:24879 membrum inferius Wikipedia:Lower_limb The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] UBERON:0007036 AAO:0000632 BILA:0000140 EMAPA:36003 FMA:7191 MA:0002444 NCIT:C12888 SCTID:281831001 TAO:0001127 UMLS:C0587900 Wikipedia:Visual_system XAO:0003198 ZFA:0001127 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/FMAID_7191 photosensory system visual organ system uberon UBERON:0002104 visual system UBERON:0002104 The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. NIFSTD:FMAID_7191 The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000632 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0587900 ncithesaurus:Visual_System photosensory system BILA:0000140 Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] AAO:0000631 EMAPA:36002 EMAPA:37985 FMA:78500 TAO:0001138 XAO:0003195 ZFA:0001138 auditory organ system vestibuloauditory system uberon auditory system auditory/vestibular system vestibuloauditory system UBERON:0002105 vestibulo-auditory system UBERON:0002105 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. ZFA:0001138 The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000631 AAO AAO:EJS EMAPA:37985 MA:th The organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets. An organ involved in red blood cell filtration and immune response.[AAO] With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates.[well established][VHOG] lienal splenic In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron Neither hagfish nor lampreys possess what might be considered a discrete and condensed spleen. Hagfish possess dispersed lymphoid tissue within the submucosa of the intestine (96) associated with the portal vein (97), whereas lymphoid tissue is associated with the typhlosole portion of the intestine in lampreys (96) It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells AAO:0010395 BTO:0001281 CALOHA:TS-0956 EFO:0000869 EMAPA:18767 EV:0100055 FMA:7196 GAID:1289 MA:0000141 MAT:0000085 MESH:D013154 MIAA:0000085 NCIT:C12432 SCTID:181279003 TAO:0000436 UMLS:C0037993 VHOG:0000120 Wikipedia:Spleen XAO:0000328 ZFA:0000436 galen:Spleen uberon lien UBERON:0002106 spleen UBERON:0002106 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg multiple sources - true spleen appear in jawed vertebrates The organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000689 An organ involved in red blood cell filtration and immune response.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010395 AAO AAO:BMZ With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000120 VHOG ISBN:978-0781765190 Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Neither hagfish nor lampreys possess what might be considered a discrete and condensed spleen. Hagfish possess dispersed lymphoid tissue within the submucosa of the intestine (96) associated with the portal vein (97), whereas lymphoid tissue is associated with the typhlosole portion of the intestine in lampreys (96) PMID:20959416 UMLS:C0037993 ncithesaurus:Spleen lien Wikipedia:Spleen An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] hepatic An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003). The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates. secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function. AAO:0010111 BTO:0000759 CALOHA:TS-0564 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:D008099 MIAA:0000097 NCIT:C12392 SCTID:181268008 TAO:0000123 UMLS:C0023884 VHOG:0000257 Wikipedia:Liver XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver uberon iecur jecur UBERON:0002107 liver UBERON:0002107 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg BTO EHDAA2 GO-def ZFA ZFA-weakened EHDAA2 http://www.stembook.org/node/512 An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. BTO:0000759 Wikipedia:Liver Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010111 AAO AAO:BJB relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010111 AAO All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000257 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function. ZFA UMLS:C0023884 ncithesaurus:Liver iecur Wikipedia:Liver jecur Wikipedia:Liver Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010397 BTO:0000651 CALOHA:TS-0942 EFO:0000841 EMAPA:32834 EV:0100072 FMA:7200 GAID:313 MA:0000337 MAT:0000047 MESH:D007421 MIAA:0000047 NCIT:C12386 SCTID:181250005 TAO:0001323 UMLS:C0021852 VHOG:0000055 Wikipedia:Small_intestine XAO:0000130 ZFA:0001323 galen:SmallIntestine small bowel small intestine uberon anterior intestine intestinum tenue mid intestine UBERON:0002108 small intestine UBERON:0002108 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg 2 cjm Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Small_intestine The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001323 TAO ZFIN:curator Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000055 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0021852 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestine intestinum tenue BTO:0000651 Wikipedia:Small_intestine 2 Pair of nostrils. this is a 'set of anatomical planes' in FMA FMA:72005 Wikipedia:Nares nares set nostrils pair of nostrils uberon nares set of nares UBERON:0002109 pair of nares UBERON:0002109 Pair of nostrils. Wikipedia:Nares http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html this is a 'set of anatomical planes' in FMA FMA set of nares FMA:72005 An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010114 BTO:0000493 CALOHA:TS-0394 EFO:0000853 EHDAA2:0000699 EHDAA:8062 EMAPA:17202 EV:0100090 FMA:7202 MA:0000356 MAT:0000072 MESH:D005704 MIAA:0000072 NCIT:C12377 SCTID:181269000 TAO:0000208 UMLS:C0016976 VHOG:0000221 Wikipedia:Gallbladder XAO:0000135 ZFA:0000208 galen:Gallbladder cholecyst gall bladder uberon vesica biliaris vesica fellea UBERON:0002110 Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988) gallbladder UBERON:0002110 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/GallbladderAnatomy-en.svg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Abdomal_organs.svg BTO definitional An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Wikipedia:Gallbladder ISBN:9780120749034 GOC:mr ISBN:9781840761122 GOC:mr ISBN:9781840761122 Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000221 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010114 AAO AAO:BJB relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010114 AAO The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000221 VHOG DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0016976 ncithesaurus:Gallbladder cholecyst WikipediaVersioned:Gallbladder&oldid=1092217922 vesica biliaris Wikipedia:Gallbladder vesica fellea Wikipedia:Gallbladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000087 CALOHA:TS-1198 EMAPA:36285 FMA:72024 MA:0000708 NCIT:C49195 UMLS:C1706851 arterial smooth muscle artery smooth muscle artery smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of artery uberon arterial smooth muscle cell UBERON:0002111 artery smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0002111 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1706851 ncithesaurus:Artery_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue arterial smooth muscle BTO:0000087 smooth muscle of artery FMA:72024 arterial smooth muscle cell BTO:0000087 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35323 FMA:72025 MA:0001573 esophageal smooth muscle esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus uberon oesophagus smooth muscle UBERON:0002112 smooth muscle of esophagus UBERON:0002112 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gullet involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gullet non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] renal AAO:0000250 BTO:0000671 CALOHA:TS-0510 EFO:0000929 EMAPA:17373 EV:0100096 FMA:7203 GAID:423 MA:0000368 MAT:0000119 MESH:D007668 MIAA:0000119 NCIT:C12415 SCTID:181414000 UMLS:C0022646 Wikipedia:Kidney XAO:0003267 galen:Kidney reniculate kidney uberon UBERON:0002113 kidney UBERON:0002113 FMA definitional A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. Wikipedia:Kidney http://anatomy.uams.edu/anatomyhtml/kidney.html One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000250 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0022646 ncithesaurus:Kidney reniculate kidney Wikipedia:Reniculate_kidney The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] duodenal In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10-15 inches (25-38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. AAO:0010402 BTO:0000365 CALOHA:TS-0214 EFO:0000851 EMAPA:18852 EV:0100073 FMA:7206 GAID:284 MA:0000338 MAT:0000044 MESH:D004386 MIAA:0000044 NCIT:C12263 SCTID:181247007 UMLS:C0013303 VHOG:0000052 Wikipedia:Duodenum XAO:0000236 galen:Duodenum uberon proximal intestine upper intestine UBERON:0002114 duodenum UBERON:0002114 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Tractus_intestinalis_duodenum.svg 3 cjm The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Duodenum ZFA:0000348 The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000052 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. NCBITaxon:32443 Wikipedia:Duodenum In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10-15 inches (25-38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. NCBITaxon:9606 Wikipedia:Duodenum UMLS:C0013303 ncithesaurus:Duodenum proximal intestine BTO:0000365 upper intestine BTO:0000365 An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37367 FMA:7213 MA:0001705 NCIT:C33487 SCTID:280123002 UMLS:C0227873 uberon UBERON:0002118 right ovary UBERON:0002118 An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37367 MA:th UMLS:C0227873 ncithesaurus:Right_Ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo EMAPA:37366 FMA:7214 MA:0001704 NCIT:C32969 SCTID:280124008 UMLS:C0227874 uberon UBERON:0002119 left ovary UBERON:0002119 An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo Wikipedia:Ovary#In_other_animals EMAPA:37366 MA:th UMLS:C0227874 ncithesaurus:Left_Ovary In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO] The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] pronephric UBERON:0005794 AAO:0011089 BTO:0001541 EFO:0000927 EHDAA2:0001570 EHDAA:1017 EMAPA:16579 FMA:72170 MAT:0000117 MESH:D060910 MIAA:0000117 NCIT:C34280 SCTID:308804007 TAO:0000151 UMLS:C0231048 VHOG:0000037 Wikipedia:Pronephros XAO:0002000 ZFA:0000151 pronephric kidney uberon archinephron embryonic kidney pronephron UBERON:0002120 Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. // TODO - check developmental relationships. Note that we previously include the ZFA/XAO terms under the more specific 'pronephric kidney', but these are now merged. TODO GCI: relationship: capable_of GO:0030104 pronephros UBERON:0002120 GO OG ZFA In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. GO:0048793 Wikipedia:Pronephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000037 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011089 AAO XAO:curator The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000151 TAO ZFIN:curator In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000037 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231048 ncithesaurus:Pronephros pronephric kidney XAO:0002000 archinephron BTO:0001541 embryonic kidney BTO:0001541 pronephron BTO:0001541 A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO:0021718] The SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates. BAMS:SOC BIRNLEX:1307 DHBA:12462 EMAPA:35840 EV:0100263 FMA:72247 HBA:9177 MA:0001026 MBA:398 MESH:D065832 UMLS:C0175427 VHOG:0001381 Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex neuronames:569 nucleus olivaris superior superior olivary nuclei uberon regio olivaris superioris superior olivary nucleus superior olivary nucleus (Barr & Kiernan) superior olive UBERON:0002128 superior olivary complex UBERON:0002128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray713.png NIFSTD A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. ISBN:0-19-502694-2 Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0175427 BIRNLEX:1307 neuronames:569 BIRNLEX:1307 nucleus olivaris superior FMA:72247 FMA:TA superior olivary nuclei FMA:72247 regio olivaris superioris NeuroNames:569 superior olivary nucleus FMA:72247 superior olivary nucleus (Barr & Kiernan) NeuroNames:569 superior olive FMA:72247 ISBN:0-19-502694-2 The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. TODO - check ZFA/pons. also GO says part of dorsorostral pons BAMS:CAE BAMS:LC BIRNLEX:905 BM:Pons-LC BTO:0001408 DHBA:12819 DMBA:16972 EFO:0001963 EMAPA:35502 FMA:72478 GAID:577 HBA:9148 MA:0001017 MBA:147 MESH:D008125 NCIT:C97333 SCTID:369016004 TAO:0000539 UMLS:C0023951 Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus ZFA:0000539 neuronames:583 Noradrenergic cell group A6 blue nucleus caerulean nucleus locus caeruleus locus coeruleu locus coeruleus nucleus caeruleus nucleus of locus caeruleus nucleus pigmentosus pontis substantia ferruginea uberon loci coeruleus locus cinereus locus coeruleus (Vicq d'Azyr) nucleus loci caerulei UBERON:0002148 locus ceruleus UBERON:0002148 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray709.png check ZFA NIFSTD The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. GAID:577 GO:0021703 Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus ABA ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0023951 BIRNLEX:905 ncithesaurus:Locus_Coeruleus neuronames:583 BIRNLEX:905 Noradrenergic cell group A6 Noradrenergic_cell_group_A6&oldid=981960774 blue nucleus BIRNLEX:905 locus caeruleus BIRNLEX:905 nucleus caeruleus FMA:72478 FMA:TA nucleus pigmentosus pontis BIRNLEX:905 substantia ferruginea BIRNLEX:905 loci coeruleus ZFA:0000539 locus cinereus BTO:0001408 locus coeruleus (Vicq d'Azyr) NeuroNames:583 nucleus loci caerulei NeuroNames:583 Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703). BAMS:SSN BAMS:SuS BIRNLEX:1131 DHBA:12435 EHDAA2:0004646 EMAPA:37756 FMA:72482 HBA:9194 MA:0001027 MBA:462 SCTID:369028007 UMLS:C0175447 Wikipedia:Superior_salivatory_nucleus neuronames:590 superior salivary nucleus uberon nucleus salivarius superior nucleus salivatorius cranialis nucleus salivatorius rostralis nucleus salivatorius superior UBERON:0002149 superior salivatory nucleus UBERON:0002149 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray788.png definitional Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703). BIRNLEX:1131 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA EMAPA:37756 MA:th UMLS:C0175447 BIRNLEX:1131 neuronames:590 BIRNLEX:1131 superior salivary nucleus GO:0021753 nucleus salivarius superior NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius cranialis NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius rostralis NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius superior NeuroNames:590 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber. UBERON:0006225 AAO:0010408 BTO:0000387 CALOHA:TS-2075 EFO:0000821 EHDAA2:0004153 EMAPA:17868 EMAPA:32686 EV:0100021 FMA:7280 GAID:550 MA:0000076 MAT:0000455 MESH:D004699 NCIT:C13004 SCTID:362013006 TAO:0001320 UMLS:C0014124 VHOG:0000084 Wikipedia:Endocardium XAO:0000066 ZFA:0001320 galen:Endocardium endocardial lining endocardial tissue heart endocardium uberon heart endocardial tissue UBERON:0002165 fixed in GO to reflect FMA. See email to David/Varsha June 18 2010 endocardium UBERON:0002165 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png Bgee:AN The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. GO:0003157 Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001320 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010408 AAO AAO:BJB Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber. FMA:7280 UMLS:C0014124 ncithesaurus:Endocardium endocardial lining EMAPA:32686 endocardial tissue EMAPA:17868 heart endocardial tissue VHOG:0000084 Endocardium that is part of the atrium. EMAPA:32745 FMA:7284 MA:0000077 SCTID:192001005 TAO:0002169 VHOG:0000606 ZFA:0001614 Cardiac atria endocardium atrial endocardium atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium uberon atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0002166 endocardium of atrium UBERON:0002166 Endocardium that is part of the atrium. ZFIN:curator Cardiac atria endocardium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0000606 Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]. Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 MA:0000426 NCIT:C33483 SCTID:361967000 UMLS:C0225706 VHOG:0000301 Wikipedia:Right_lung uberon UBERON:0002167 right lung UBERON:0002167 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Gray972.png Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Right_lung Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000301 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225706 ncithesaurus:Right_Lung Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]. Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 MA:0000425 NCIT:C32967 SCTID:361982005 UMLS:C0225730 VHOG:0000618 Wikipedia:Left_lung uberon UBERON:0002168 left lung UBERON:0002168 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Gray973.png Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Left_lung Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000618 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225730 ncithesaurus:Left_Lung The upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea. Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] bronchial In humans, the main bronchus is histologically identical to trachea; 2ary and 3ary bronchi are not; epithelium becomes simple columnar, goblet cell number decreases, elastic fibers in lamina propria increases, distribution more uniform. Muscular layer between mucosa and submucosa appears. cartilage rings become discontinuous plates connected by fibrous connective tissue BTO:0001340 CALOHA:TS-1229 EFO:0000932 EMAPA:32689 EV:0100041 FMA:7409 GAID:346 MA:0000436 MAT:0000133 MESH:D001980 MIAA:0000133 NCIT:C12683 SCTID:181215002 UMLS:C0006255 VHOG:0000262 Wikipedia:Bronchus XAO:0000121 bronchi bronchial trunk uberon bronchial tissue UBERON:0002185 bronchus UBERON:0002185 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg The upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea. ISBN:0-397-51047-0 MESH:A04.411.125 MGI:cwg MP:0002264 Wikipedia Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000262 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0006255 ncithesaurus:Bronchus bronchi bronchial trunk FMA:7409 bronchial tissue BTO:0001340 The conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching. bronchiolar lacks submucosa and cartilage plates; they have 3 layers: mucosa, muscular layer and outer layer In FMA2 and FMA3, lobular bronchiole is an exact synonym of bronchiole; however, there are two distinct terms for the corresponding epithelium. BTO:0002375 CALOHA:TS-2003 EHDAA:8171 EHDAA:8183 EHDAA:8199 EHDAA:8221 EMAPA:32697 FMA:7410 MA:0000422 MESH:D055745 NCIT:C12684 SCTID:278982001 UMLS:C0006270 VHOG:0000675 Wikipedia:Bronchiole uberon bronchioli bronchiolus UBERON:0002186 In some texts/references/ontologies, bronchiole has been used as an exact synonym of 'lobular bronchiole'. However, a 'lobular bronchiole' is a segment of a bronchiole. bronchiole UBERON:0002186 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png ncit FMA The conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching. ISBN:0-397-51047-0 MGI:cwg MP:0002267 lacks submucosa and cartilage plates; they have 3 layers: mucosa, muscular layer and outer layer ISBN:0123813611 In FMA2 and FMA3, lobular bronchiole is an exact synonym of bronchiole; however, there are two distinct terms for the corresponding epithelium. FMA UMLS:C0006270 ncithesaurus:Bronchiole bronchioli bronchiolus BTO:0002375 In some texts/references/ontologies, bronchiole has been used as an exact synonym of 'lobular bronchiole'. However, a 'lobular bronchiole' is a segment of a bronchiole. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2795 The last conducting structure of non-respiratory bronchioles; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls. BTO:0003223 EMAPA:36282 FMA:7411 MA:0000424 NCIT:C33754 SCTID:278981008 UMLS:C0225666 Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole bronchiolus terminalis uberon bronchioli terminalis terminal bronchiole tube UBERON:0002187 terminal bronchiole UBERON:0002187 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png The last conducting structure of non-respiratory bronchioles; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls. ISBN:0-397-51047-0 MGI:cwg MP:0002268 UMLS:C0225666 ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole bronchiolus terminalis bronchioli terminalis Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage[MP:0011156] UBERON:0008875 panniculus adiposus BTO:0004042 EMAPA:35829 FMA:74315 MA:0000473 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue hypodermis fat layer panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae subcutaneous fat layer uberon fatty layer of superficial fascia subcutaneous fat UBERON:0002190 subcutaneous adipose tissue UBERON:0002190 A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage[MP:0011156] MP:0011156 panniculus adiposus MP:0011156 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue FMA:74315 hypodermis fat layer MP:0011156 panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae FMA:74315 FMA:TA subcutaneous fat layer MP:0011156 fatty layer of superficial fascia FMA:74315 subcutaneous fat BTO:0004042 Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. CALOHA:TS-2018 EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex uberon haemolymphoid system UBERON:0002193 hemolymphoid system UBERON:0002193 MA Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates; consider 'integumental system'. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition. Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] integumental integumentary AAO:0000239 BTO:0000634 EMAPA:37504 FMA:74657 TAO:0000368 VSAO:0000029 Wikipedia:Integument ZFA:0000368 galen:Integument dermis plus epidermis plus hypodermis integumentum commune skin and subcutaneous tissue skin plus hypodermis the integument uberon dermal system dermoid system skin tegument vertebrate integument UBERON:0002199 integument UBERON:0002199 FMA FMA The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Wikipedia:Integument Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000239 AAO AAO:EJS Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000029 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000368 TAO ZFIN:curator EMAPA:37504 MA:th integumentum commune FMA:74657 FMA:TA the integument FMA:74657 dermal system BTO:0000634 dermoid system BTO:0000634 tegument BTO:0000634 Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0003656 FMA:74710 TAO:0001267 XAO:0004152 ZFA:0001267 adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head uberon head vasculature UBERON:0002200 vasculature of head UBERON:0002200 Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head vascular network OBOL:automatic adult head vasculature OBOL:automatic head vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of adult head OBOL:automatic vascular network of head OBOL:automatic vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74712 TAO:0005024 ZFA:0005024 torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso uberon UBERON:0002201 vasculature of trunk UBERON:0002201 A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic torso vascular network OBOL:automatic torso vasculature OBOL:automatic trunk vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of torso OBOL:automatic vascular network of trunk OBOL:automatic vasculature of torso OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a trachea. BTO:0002115 EMAPA:35879 FMA:7472 MA:0001860 NCIT:C49307 SCTID:4419000 UMLS:C0225586 submucosa of windpipe trachea submucosa tracheal submucosa windpipe submucosa uberon submucous layer of trachea UBERON:0002202 submucosa of trachea UBERON:0002202 A submucosa that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0225586 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Submucosa submucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe submucosa OBOL:automatic submucous layer of trachea BTO:0002115 Vasculature that is part of the eye region. not part of the eye in ZFA. Note this changed to a blood vessel in ZFA FMA:74743 SCTID:123846009 TAO:0007057 ZFA:0007057 eye vascular network ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature vascular network of eye uberon eye vasculature optic vasculature UBERON:0002203 vasculature of eye UBERON:0002203 ISBN:0781772214 Vasculature that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3489658&group_id=76834&atid=994726 not part of the eye in ZFA. Note this changed to a blood vessel in ZFA ZFA eye vascular network OBOL:automatic ocular blood vessel ZFA:0007057 vascular network of eye OBOL:automatic Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] musculoskeletal AAO:0010546 CALOHA:TS-1311 EMAPA:32714 EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:D009141 NCIT:C12754 SCTID:278858007 UMLS:C0026860 VHOG:0001275 VSAO:0000031 Wikipedia:Musculoskeletal_system XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system uberon UBERON:0002204 musculoskeletal system UBERON:0002204 check ctenophore Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. VSAO:0000031 VSAO:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77 Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010546 AAO AAO:EJS There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001275 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0026860 ncithesaurus:Musculoskeletal_System Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA]. A joint where fibrous tissue such as ligament connects two calcified tissues.[TAO] AEO:0000178 EHDAA2:0003178 EMAPA:35344 FMA:7492 MA:0000321 SCTID:37772004 TAO:0005156 Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint ZFA:0005156 articulatio fibrosa uberon junctura fibrosa UBERON:0002209 fibrous joint UBERON:0002209 FMA AEO Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint A joint where fibrous tissue such as ligament connects two calcified tissues.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005156 TAO ZFIN:curator junctura fibrosa Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA]. EMAPA:37465 FMA:7494 MA:0001500 SCTID:89358004 Wikipedia:Syndesmosis uberon UBERON:0002210 syndesmosis UBERON:0002210 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Syndesmosis EMAPA:37465 MA:th Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]. EMAPA:36581 FMA:7496 MA:0000320 SCTID:58442004 TAO:0005155 Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint ZFA:0005155 articulatio cartilaginea uberon junctura cartilaginea UBERON:0002213 cartilaginous joint UBERON:0002213 FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint junctura cartilaginea Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA]. WP considers epiphyseal plates as subtypes of this consider adding link to hyaline cartilage EMAPA:35846 FMA:7497 MA:0001501 SCTID:42903008 Wikipedia:Synchondrosis cartilago epiphysialis primary cartilaginous joint uberon epiphysial cartilage UBERON:0002215 synchondrosis UBERON:0002215 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray297.png Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Synchondrosis cartilago epiphysialis FMA:7497 FMA:TA primary cartilaginous joint FMA:7497 epiphysial cartilage FMA:7497 Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA]. consider adding fibrocartilage class EMAPA:37758 FMA:7498 MA:0001504 SCTID:1584001 Wikipedia:Symphysis secondary cartilaginous joint uberon UBERON:0002216 symphysis UBERON:0002216 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray298.png MA FMA Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Symphysis EMAPA:37758 MA:th secondary cartilaginous joint FMA:7498 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]. Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] AEO:0000183 CALOHA:TS-2138 EHDAA2:0003183 FMA:7501 MA:0000322 NCIT:C32461 SCTID:113234001 TAO:0005153 Wikipedia:Synovial_joint ZFA:0005153 galen:SynovialJoint articulatio synoviale diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint uberon diarthrodial joints UBERON:0002217 synovial joint UBERON:0002217 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]. FMA:7501 Wikipedia:Synovial_joint Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005153 TAO ZFIN:Curator diarthroses ZFA:0005153 diarthrodial joints ZFA:0005153 The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. In many species, the diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities EMAPA:36497 FMA:7565 GAID:93 MA:0000032 MESH:D035423 NCIT:C12905 SCTID:243949006 UMLS:C0230139 Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity cavitas thoracis cavity of chest cavity of thorax chest cavity pectoral cavity space of thoracic compartment thoracic lumen uberon UBERON:0002224 thoracic cavity UBERON:0002224 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray846.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity UMLS:C0230139 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Cavity cavitas thoracis Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity space of thoracic compartment FMA:7565 An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. Endochondral bone that is intersegmental and rod-shaped, forming in the peritoneal membrane and attached to the vertebral parapophyses. Ribs protect and support internal organs.[TAO] Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.[AAO] costal In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. In some species, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body They protect and support internal organs and enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest. AAO:0000545 CALOHA:TS-2209 EFO:0003066 EMAPA:18010 FMA:7574 GAID:245 MA:0000315 MESH:D012272 NCIT:C12782 SCTID:302523002 TAO:0000538 UMLS:C0035561 VHOG:0001154 Wikipedia:Rib ZFA:0000538 galen:Rib uberon dorsal rib pleural rib ribs UBERON:0002228 rib UBERON:0002228 definitional An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. Wikipedia:Rib ZFIN:curator Endochondral bone that is intersegmental and rod-shaped, forming in the peritoneal membrane and attached to the vertebral parapophyses. Ribs protect and support internal organs.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000538 TAO ZFIN:curator Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000545 AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 UMLS:C0035561 ncithesaurus:Rib ribs TAO:0000538 A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37307 FMA:75816 MA:0001395 NCIT:C52786 SCTID:181986000 SCTID:361325003 UMLS:C0730117 hand proximal phalanx phalanx proximalis manus proximal manual phalanx proximal phalanx of finger proximal phalanx of fore digit proximal phalanx of hand proximal phalanx of manual digit uberon UBERON:0002234 proximal phalanx of manus UBERON:0002234 A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37307 MA:th UMLS:C0730117 ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Hand hand proximal phalanx MA:0001395 phalanx proximalis manus FMA:75816 FMA:TA proximal phalanx of finger FMA:75816 A rib that is ventrally connected to the sternum. EMAPA:37774 FMA:7592 MA:0001419 SCTID:368044009 Wikipedia:True_ribs costa vera uberon costae verae UBERON:0002237 true rib UBERON:0002237 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray115.png A rib that is ventrally connected to the sternum. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:True_ribs EMAPA:37774 MA:th costae verae Wikipedia:True_ribs Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO). TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC? Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010151 BAMS:SP BAMS:Spinal BIRNLEX:1709 BM:SpC BTO:0001279 CALOHA:TS-0953 DHBA:12890 DMBA:17651 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EV:0100316 FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:D013116 MIAA:0000183 NCIT:C12464 SCTID:180959008 TAO:0000075 UMLS:C0037925 VHOG:0000601 Wikipedia:Spinal_cord XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 neuronames:22 uberon SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla UBERON:0002240 spinal cord UBERON:0002240 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Spinal_cord_direv.svg ZFA definitional definitional Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:1709 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010151 AAO AAO:BJB (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000601 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0037925 BIRNLEX:1709 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord neuronames:22 BIRNLEX:1709 SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure NeuroNames:22 cerebrocerebellar fissure NeuroNames:22 fissura cerebro-cerebellaris NeuroNames:22 fissura cerebrocerebellaris NeuroNames:22 medulla spinalis BTO:0001279 Wikipedia:Spinal_cord spinal cord structure ZFA:0000075 spinal medulla BTO:0001279 Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. we follow the standard evolutionary classification and treat this as endoskeletal. This means what MA calls 'chondrocranium' must in fact be neurocranium, as it includes parts of the dermatocranium (e.g. frontal, parietal) Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] chondrocranial covers the brain dorsally in chondrichthyans AAO:0010169 EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 TAO:0001424 VHOG:0000288 Wikipedia:Chondrocranium ZFA:0001424 uberon calvarium neurocranium UBERON:0002241 chondrocranium UBERON:0002241 Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chondrocranium Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010169 AAO AAO:BJB Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001424 TAO ZFIN:curator calvarium MA:0000317 neurocranium MA:0000317 One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae[VHOG]. requires checking embryonic vs adult; isa fetal organ part in FMA; adult bone of upper jaw in AAO and ZFA; split. Note that we have loops if we add develops_from UBERON:0005620 primary palate Dermal bone that forms the anteriormost element of the upper jaw. It articulates with the maxilla posterodorsally and its antimere medially. The premaxilla is paired.[TAO] One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch.[AAO] relationship loss: overlaps inter-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001950)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001676)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002253 AAO:0000461 EHDAA:6962 EHDAA:8033 EMAPA:17641 FMA:76869 FMA:77231 MA:0001493 SCTID:308884009 TAO:0000567 VHOG:0000426 Wikipedia:Incisive_bone ZFA:0000567 premaxillae premaxillary uberon incisive bone os incisivum premaxilla bone premaxillary bone UBERON:0002244 premaxilla UBERON:0002244 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png ISBN:0073040584 Bgee:AN One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae[VHOG]. VHOG:0000426 Wikipedia:Incisive_bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla Wikipedia Dermal bone that forms the anteriormost element of the upper jaw. It articulates with the maxilla posterodorsally and its antimere medially. The premaxilla is paired.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000567 TAO ZFIN:curator One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000426 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000461 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: overlaps inter-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001950)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000567 TAO relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001676)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000567 TAO relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000567 TAO (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000426 VHOG DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924), ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105 http://bgee.unil.ch/ premaxillae premaxillary PHENOSCAPE:ad incisive bone Wikipedia:Incisive_bone os incisivum Wikipedia:Premaxilla premaxilla bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla premaxillary bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. BAMS:VH BIRNLEX:2668 BTO:0005151 EMAPA:18575 EMAPA:35794 FMA:256541 MA:0001134 NCIT:C33859 SCTID:279443000 TAO:0000702 UMLS:C0228569 UMLS:C0228590 VHOG:0001288 Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord ZFA:0000702 neuronames:1751 anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord uberon anterior column anterior column of the spinal cord anterior horn (spinal cord) cornu anterius medullae spinalis ventral horn of the spinal cord ventral horns spinal cord UBERON:0002257 ventral horn of spinal cord UBERON:0002257 FMA-abduced-lr The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. GO:0021517 MP:0005112 Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord UMLS:C0228569 BIRNLEX:2668 UMLS:C0228590 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord anterior gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 anterior gray horn of spinal cord FMA:256541 anterior horn BIRNLEX:2668 columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis FMA:256541 FMA:TA spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:2668 ventral gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral gray matter of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral grey horn BIRNLEX:2668 ventral horn spinal cord ZFA:0000702 anterior column Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior column of the spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior horn (spinal cord) Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord cornu anterius medullae spinalis Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord ventral horn of the spinal cord BAMS:VH ventral horns spinal cord VHOG:0001288 An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint AAO:0010180 BTO:0001772 FBbt:00005158 FMA:77659 VHOG:0000287 XAO:0000273 olfactory organ olfactory sense organ olfactory sensory organ main olfactory organ primary olfactory organ uberon olfactory neuroepithelium organ olfactus organum olfactorium UBERON:0002268 olfactory organ UBERON:0002268 An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. UBERON:cjm olfactory organ BTO:0001772 olfactory sensory organ FBbt:00005158 olfactory neuroepithelium BTO:0001772 organ olfactus BTO:0001772 organum olfactorium BTO:0001772 A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). this class denotes the generic structure, and not a specific one such as medullary or pontine reticular formation. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. FMA has a spinal cord reticular formation but we follow NNs (classical) to restrict this to brainstem structures. This means we also include the MA class for brainstem reticular formation here. FMA has subtypes of reticular formation but we treat this as a composite structure BAMS:RET EMAPA:35188 FMA:77719 MA:0003185 MESH:D012154 NLX:143558 SCTID:361552007 Wikipedia:Reticular_formation neuronames:1223 brain stem reticular formation brainstem reticular formation reticular formation (classical) reticular formation of the brainstem uberon UBERON:0002275 reticular formation UBERON:0002275 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Gray701.png A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). NeuroNames:1223 FMA has a spinal cord reticular formation but we follow NNs (classical) to restrict this to brainstem structures. This means we also include the MA class for brainstem reticular formation here. FMA has subtypes of reticular formation but we treat this as a composite structure FMA brain stem reticular formation NeuroNames:1223 brainstem reticular formation MA:0003185 NeuroNames:1223 reticular formation (classical) NeuroNames:1223 reticular formation of the brainstem NeuroNames:1223 Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). FMA:79646 GAID:279 MA:0001273 MESH:D001659 NCIT:C12678 SCTID:361354009 Wikipedia:Biliary_system biliary apparatus uberon biliary tract UBERON:0002294 biliary system UBERON:0002294 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). Wikipedia:Biliary_system biliary apparatus FMA:79646 biliary tract FMA:79646 MA:0001273 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] EHDAA2:0004560 EHDAA:3019 EHDAA:3033 EHDAA:3921 EHDAA:3934 EHDAA:3957 EHDAA:3971 FMA:79795 SCTID:308823000 TAO:0005130 Wikipedia:Mesentery#Development ZFA:0005130 uberon dorsal mesogastrium mesenterium dorsale commune UBERON:0002296 dorsal mesentery UBERON:0002296 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Gray985.png EHDAA2 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Development ZFIN:curator The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005130 TAO ZFIN:curator dorsal mesogastrium Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery mesenterium dorsale commune Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707]. the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP] BAMS:BS BIRNLEX:1565 BTO:0000146 CALOHA:TS-0093 EFO:0001962 EMAPA:32678 EV:0100241 FMA:79876 MA:0000169 MBA:343 MESH:D001933 NCIT:C12441 SCTID:180925009 TAO:0002156 UMLS:C0006121 VHOG:0001457 Wikipedia:Brainstem ZFA:0001707 neuronames:236 brain stem truncus encephali uberon accessory medullary lamina of pallidum lamella pallidi incompleta lamina medullaris accessoria lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi lamina pallidi incompleta truncus encephalicus UBERON:0002298 'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions). brainstem UBERON:0002298 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray719.png Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. ISBN:0471888893 MP:0005277 Wikipedia:Brainstem ZFA:0001707 we apply a strict definition ZFA ABA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending we apply a strict definition Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002156 TAO ISBN:3764351209 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707]. ZFA:0001707 the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP] MP:0005277 UMLS:C0006121 BIRNLEX:1565 ncithesaurus:Brain_Stem neuronames:236 BIRNLEX:1565 brain stem ABA:BS truncus encephali Wikipedia:Brainstem accessory medullary lamina of pallidum NeuroNames:236 lamella pallidi incompleta NeuroNames:236 lamina medullaris accessoria NeuroNames:236 lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi NeuroNames:236 lamina pallidi incompleta NeuroNames:236 truncus encephalicus BTO:0000146 One of the layers of the neocortex. These layers are defined by distinctive populations of cells based on somata size, shape, or density, that are aligned into sheets. cortical layer ABA:CTX1-6b EMAPA:35588 FMA:83138 MA:0000186 layer of neocortex neocortex layer uberon cerebral cortex layer lamina of neocortex UBERON:0002301 layer of neocortex UBERON:0002301 One of the layers of the neocortex. These layers are defined by distinctive populations of cells based on somata size, shape, or density, that are aligned into sheets. ISBN-10:0-87893-742-0 PMID:29081739 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 layer of neocortex FMA:83138 neocortex layer MA:0000186 cerebral cortex layer MA:0000186 lamina of neocortex FMA:83138 The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle. As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003087 EMAPA:32746 FMA:83509 MA:0000081 SCTID:191910002 TAO:0001374 VHOG:0000602 ZFA:0001374 atrial myocardium atrium myocardium uberon atrium cardiac muscle UBERON:0002302 myocardium of atrium UBERON:0002302 The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010493 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000602 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ atrial myocardium ZFA:0001374 atrium cardiac muscle VHOG:0000602 A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. EMAPA:35185 FMA:83840 MA:0000811 NCIT:C49346 SCTID:426465002 UMLS:C1706993 ZFA:0005575 brain nucleus uberon brain nuclei UBERON:0002308 nucleus of brain UBERON:0002308 A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1706993 ncithesaurus:Brain_Nucleus brain nuclei ZFA:0005575 The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. BAMS:Scgrey DHBA:146035048 EMAPA:35792 FMA:256580 MA:0000002 NCIT:C32696 NLXANAT:100204 SCTID:279441003 UMLS:C0475853 neuronames:2619 gray matter of spinal cord gray substance of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance substantia grisea medullae spinalis uberon UBERON:0002315 gray matter of spinal cord UBERON:0002315 The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. MP:0008503 UMLS:C0475853 ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord gray matter of spinal cord OBOL:automatic gray substance of spinal cord FMA:256580 spinal cord gray matter OBOL:automatic spinal cord grey substance OBOL:automatic substantia grisea medullae spinalis FMA:256580 FMA:TA Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord[FMA:83929]. Multi-tissue structure comprised largely of myelinated axons.[TAO] The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain.[well established][VHOG] nlx_anat_101177 seems to have been lost in the transition from NIFGA to Neurolex AEO:0000139 AEO:0001011 EMAPA:35927 FMA:83929 HBA:9218 MA:0001135 MESH:D066127 NCIT:C33892 NLX:412 NLXANAT:101177 PBA:294022044 TAO:0000145 TAO:0002142 TAO:0002143 UMLS:C0682708 VHOG:0001764 Wikipedia:White_matter ZFA:0001682 neuronames:2870 CNS tract/commissure neuronal white matter white matter of neuraxis white substance uberon CNS tracts and commissures CNS white matter substantia alba white mater UBERON:0002316 white matter UBERON:0002316 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_very_high_mag.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. Wikipedia:White_matter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord[FMA:83929]. FMA:83929 Multi-tissue structure comprised largely of myelinated axons.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002142 TAO ZFIN:curator The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001764 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature09614 Nave KA, Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia. Nature (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ nlx_anat_101177 seems to have been lost in the transition from NIFGA to Neurolex NIF https://github.com/SciCrunch/NIF-Ontology/issues/83 UMLS:C0682708 ncithesaurus:White_Matter CNS tract/commissure ZFA:0001682 neuronal white matter AEO:0001011 white matter of neuraxis FMA:83929 CNS tracts and commissures TAO:0000145 CNS white matter TAO:0002143 substantia alba Wikipedia:White_matter white mater VHOG:0001764 The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. BAMS:SCwhite DHBA:146035088 EMAPA:35795 FMA:83945 MA:0000910 NCIT:C33893 SCTID:279436006 UMLS:C0458457 spinal cord white matter spinal cord white matter of neuraxis spinal cord white substance substantia alba medullae spinalis white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord white substance of spinal cord uberon UBERON:0002318 white matter of spinal cord UBERON:0002318 The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. MP:0008027 UMLS:C0458457 ncithesaurus:White_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord white matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic spinal cord white substance OBOL:automatic substantia alba medullae spinalis FMA:83945 FMA:TA white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic white substance of spinal cord OBOL:automatic The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities UBERON:0000169 body cavity AEO:0000186 BTO:0001707 EHDAA2:0000267 FBbt:00005060 FMA:85006 NCIT:C25444 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003186 SCTID:361348008 TAO:0001438 UMLS:C0333343 ZFA:0001438 galen:BodyCavity coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen main body cavity space of body compartment ventral body cavity uberon celom coelom coelome hemocoel UBERON:0002323 coelemic cavity lumen UBERON:0002323 definitional The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. BTO:0001707 Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. 2012-09-12 ZFA:0001438 ZFA ZFIN:curator The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. 2012-09-12 BTO:0001707 BTO BTO body cavity BTO:0001707 UMLS:C0333343 ncithesaurus:Cavity coelomic cavity EHDAA2:0000267 coelomic cavity lumen EHDAA2:0000267 space of body compartment FMA:85006 ventral body cavity NCBITaxon:7742 celom BTO:0001707 coelome BTO:0001707 hemocoel FBbt:00005060 Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35161 FMA:85216 MA:0000496 back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back uberon UBERON:0002324 muscle of back UBERON:0002324 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic back muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of back OBOL:automatic The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. EMAPA:31518 FMA:85275 MA:0001686 NCIT:C49309 UMLS:C1710584 epithelial tissue of urethra urethra epithelial tissue urethra epithelium uberon urethral epithelium urethral plate urethral seam UBERON:0002325 epithelium of urethra UBERON:0002325 GO The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. GO:0061071 UMLS:C1710584 ncithesaurus:Urethra_Epithelium epithelial tissue of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic urethral plate EMAPA:31518 urethral seam EMAPA:31518 A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37785 FMA:85276 MA:0001689 lamina propria mucosa of urethra lamina propria mucosae of urethra urethra lamina propria urethra lamina propria mucosa urethra lamina propria mucosae uberon urethral lamina propria UBERON:0002326 lamina propria of urethra UBERON:0002326 A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37785 MA:th lamina propria mucosa of urethra OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] notochordal In between vertebra the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus, under it degenerates, and at anterior end in some species its tissue merges with some of the cranial bones.. Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord. AAO:0000327 BTO:0001768 CALOHA:TS-0690 EHDAA2:0001277 EHDAA:1241 EHDAA:6021 EMAPA:16191 EV:0100002 FMA:85521 GAID:1311 MAT:0000281 MESH:D009672 NCIT:C12463 SCTID:308820002 TAO:0000135 UMLS:C0028439 VHOG:0000199 VSAO:0000032 Wikipedia:Notochord XAO:0000055 ZFA:0000135 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/history/notochords.jpg embryonic notocord notocord uberon notochorda UBERON:0002328 The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB] notochord UBERON:0002328 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png PMID:15890825 VSAO http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 ZFA EHDAA2 A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Notochord http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/25 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/271 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000032 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000135 TAO ZFIN:curator Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000327 AAO AAO:LAP relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000327 AAO (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000199 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0028439 ncithesaurus:Notochord notocord ZFA:0000135 notochorda Wikipedia:Notochord Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest. Consider making 'somitic mesoderm' a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] somitic mesodermal cluster AAO:0010569 AEO:0001015 BTO:0001558 EHDAA2:0003436 EHDAA:366 EHDAA:699 EMAPA:31169 FMA:85522 GAID:1306 MAT:0000068 MESH:D019170 MIAA:0000068 NCIT:C34302 TAO:0000155 UMLS:C0376449 VHOG:0000191 Wikipedia:Somite XAO:0000058 ZFA:0000155 uberon epimere epimere mesoderm epithelial somite somites somitic mesoderm somitus UBERON:0002329 When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248] somite UBERON:0002329 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 GOTAX:0000352 ZFA Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01987.x Wikipedia:Somite PMID:17237766 Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010569 AAO AAO:EJS Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010569 AAO (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000191 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ mesodermal cluster GO:0001756 UMLS:C0376449 ncithesaurus:Somite epimere ISBN:0073040584 epithelial somite https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest somites somitus Wikipedia:Somite Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. CALOHA:TS-2057 EHDAA2:0002225 EMAPA:35329 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 NCIT:C12957 UMLS:C1516995 Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland WikipediaCategory:Exocrine_system exocrine glandular system uberon UBERON:0002330 exocrine system UBERON:0002330 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland UMLS:C1516995 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_System exocrine glandular system EHDAA2:0002225 The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta. The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta.property_value, external_definition the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. umbilical BTO:0001415 CALOHA:TS-1078 EFO:0001415 EHDAA2:0000312 EHDAA:158 EMAPA:26115 EV:0100127 FMA:85541 GAID:517 MAT:0000280 MESH:D014470 MIAA:0000280 NCIT:C34320 SCTID:280644003 UMLS:C0041633 Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord chorda umbilicalis funiculus umbilicalis uberon birth cord connecting stalk funiculus umbilicalis yolk stalk UBERON:0002331 See notes for connecting stalk umbilical cord UBERON:0002331 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Umbilicalcord.jpg The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001725 PMID:9144284 Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta.property_value, external_definition the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord UMLS:C0041633 ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Cord chorda umbilicalis MP:0012134 funiculus umbilicalis MP:0012134 birth cord Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord funiculus umbilicalis Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord yolk stalk BTO:0001415 An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries. An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001576 EHDAA:9831 EMAPA:17015 FMA:8612 MA:0002033 NCIT:C116918 VHOG:0001134 galen:PulmonaryTrunk pulmonary artery (trunk) trunk of pulmonary arterial tree uberon main pulmonary artery UBERON:0002333 pulmonary trunk UBERON:0002333 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png MA An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+trunk As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ main pulmonary artery Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. CALOHA:TS-1266 EMAPA:35310 FMA:86487 MA:0002734 NCIT:C32516 SCTID:254115004 UMLS:C0227849 endometrium stroma stroma of endometrium uberon UBERON:0002337 endometrial stroma UBERON:0002337 The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma UMLS:C0227849 ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35194 FMA:86619 MA:0001836 NCIT:C49212 UMLS:C1707054 bronchi lamina propria bronchi lamina propria mucosa bronchi lamina propria mucosae bronchial trunk lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae bronchus lamina propria bronchus lamina propria mucosa bronchus lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bronchi lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa of bronchus lamina propria mucosae of bronchi lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae of bronchus lamina propria of bronchi lamina propria of bronchial trunk uberon bronchial lamina propria UBERON:0002338 lamina propria of bronchus UBERON:0002338 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707054 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Lamina_Propria bronchi lamina propria OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchus OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial lamina propria EMAPA:35194 A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams). A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010578 BTO:0001764 CALOHA:TS-0676 EHDAA2:0004419 EMAPA:32737 FMA:86666 GAID:1310 MAT:0000066 MESH:D009432 MIAA:0000066 NCIT:C34222 SCTID:361462002 TAO:0000045 UMLS:C0027789 VHOG:0000057 Wikipedia:Neural_crest XAO:0000048 ZFA:0000045 neuronames:1366 NC uberon crista neuralis neural crest material UBERON:0002342 Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells. neural crest UBERON:0002342 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray644.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png XAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest Hall and others restrict NC to vertebrates but we opt for a less restrictive constraint to avoid inconsistencies when areas such as P1 area of pallium in hagfishes inherit cell lineage from telecephalon-contributing NC cells ISBN:0073040584 BTO PMID:11523831 pre migratory https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest PMID:11523831 A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. MP:0009846 ISBN:0073040584 PMID:17377535 A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000045 TAO ZFIN:curator Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010578 AAO AAO:EJS A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] PMID:11523831 We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000057 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0027789 ncithesaurus:Neural_Crest NC XAO:0000048 crista neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_crest neural crest material VHOG:0000057 Set of all muscles in abdomen. distinction between abdomen muscle and abdomen musculature FMA:71294 FMA:86917 TAO:0001327 ZFA:0001327 abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall set of muscles of abdomen uberon UBERON:0002343 abdomen musculature UBERON:0002343 Set of all muscles in abdomen. OBOL:automatic muscle group of abdomen FMA:71294 muscles of abdomen FMA:71294 musculature of abdominal wall FMA:86917 set of muscles of abdomen FMA:71294 The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. EFO:0002527 EMAPA:18605 FMA:87217 MA:0002572 SCTID:181301002 uberon UBERON:0002345 descending thoracic aorta UBERON:0002345 The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0009868 Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] neurectodermal we prefer neurectoderm to neural ectoderm since placodal ectoderm is not classified here AAO:0011074 BILA:0000039 CALOHA:TS-1212 EHDAA2:0001248 EHDAA:1498 EHDAA:255 EMAPA:16073 EV:0100004 FBbt:00001057 FMA:87657 MAT:0000176 MIAA:0000176 NCIT:C34228 TAO:0001120 UMLS:C1518271 VHOG:0000150 Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm XAO:0000042 ZFA:0001120 neural ectoderm neuroectoderm uberon epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma neuaral ectoderm presumptive central nervous system ventral neurogenic region UBERON:0002346 neurectoderm UBERON:0002346 ZFA Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000150 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518271 ncithesaurus:Neuroectoderm epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm ventral neurogenic region VHOG:0000150 A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, they are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs EMAPA:18011 FMA:9139 GAID:244 MA:0000314 MESH:D013904 NCIT:C12798 SCTID:181821009 UMLS:C0039987 Wikipedia:Thoracic_vertebrae dorsal vertebra thorax vertebra vertebra of thorax vertebra thoracica uberon UBERON:0002347 thoracic vertebra UBERON:0002347 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray90.png A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0039987 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vertebra thorax vertebra OBOL:automatic vertebra of thorax OBOL:automatic A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. TODO - check links with UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium. develops from proepicardium. WP:Epicardium -- When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer. External layer of the heart.[TAO] The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid, which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. [Wikipedia:Epicardium] AAO:0010409 EHDAA2:0002202 FMA:9461 NCIT:C13164 TAO:0005057 UMLS:C0225968 VHOG:0000119 Wikipedia:Epicardium XAO:0000316 ZFA:0005057 galen:Epicardium heart epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper uberon pericardium visceral mesothelium UBERON:0002348 epicardium UBERON:0002348 multiple FMA-inferred FMA A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 External layer of the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005057 TAO ZFIN:curator The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010409 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0225968 ncithesaurus:Epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart FMA:9461 visceral serous pericardium proper FMA:9461 pericardium visceral mesothelium EMAPA:16589 The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers. TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] myocardial AAO:0010410 BSA:0000089 BTO:0000901 CALOHA:TS-0440 EFO:0000819 EHDAA2:0004150 EMAPA:32688 EV:0100022 FMA:9462 GAID:173 MA:0000164 MAT:0000453 MESH:D009206 NCIT:C12371 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001220 SCTID:362012001 TAO:0001319 UMLS:C0027061 VHOG:0000083 Wikipedia:Myocardium XAO:0000065 ZFA:0001319 galen:Myocardium heart myocardium muscle of heart uberon cardiac muscle heart muscle UBERON:0002349 myocardium UBERON:0002349 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Glanzstreifen.jpg The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005329 Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000083 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010410 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0027061 ncithesaurus:Myocardium muscle of heart FMA:9462 cardiac muscle ZFA:0001319 heart muscle FMA:9462 ZFA:0001319 The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]. EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003909 EHDAA2:0004185 EMAPA:35428 EV:0100025 FMA:9476 MA:0000094 MESH:D006329 SCTID:281489000 TAO:0005063 VHOG:0001271 ZFA:0005063 cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector complexus stimulans cordis heart conduction system impulse conducting system systema conducente cordis uberon central conduction system UBERON:0002350 conducting system of heart UBERON:0002350 FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]. GO:0003161 The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001271 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac conducting system VHOG:0001271 cardiac impulse conducting system GO:0003161 complexus stimulans cordis FMA:9476 FMA:TA heart conduction system GO:0003161 impulse conducting system MA:0000094 systema conducente cordis FMA:9476 FMA:TA The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. BTO:0004358 EHDAA2:0004184 EMAPA:35772 FMA:9477 GAID:561 MA:0000097 MESH:D012849 NCIT:C33555 SCTID:277687007 TAO:0005069 UMLS:C0037189 Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node ZFA:0005069 Koch's node SA nodal muscle tissue SA node cardiac pacemaker node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack uberon nodus sinuatrialis UBERON:0002351 WP:Heart states: "The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium.". Note however that ZFA has SA node. sinoatrial node UBERON:0002351 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Sinoatrial_node_2_low_mag.jpg cjm ZFA The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. GO:0003163 Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node UMLS:C0037189 ncithesaurus:Sinoatrial_Node Koch's node FMA:9477 SA nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 SA node FMA:9477 cardiac pacemaker FMA:9477 node of Keith-Flack FMA:9477 nodus sinuatrialis FMA:9477 FMA:TA sinoatrial node FMA:9477 sinu-atrial node FMA:9477 sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 sinuatrial node FMA:9477 sinus node FMA:9477 sinus node of Keith and Flack FMA:9477 nodus sinuatrialis Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0005689 EFO:0000276 EHDAA2:0004183 EMAPA:35153 FMA:9478 GAID:558 MA:0000095 MAT:0000498 MESH:D001283 NCIT:C32161 SCTID:277688002 TAO:0005070 UMLS:C0004247 VHOG:0001474 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node ZFA:0005070 AV nodal muscle tissue AV node Aschoff-Tawara node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue node of Tawara nodus atrioventricularis uberon A-V node atrio-ventricular node atriovetricular node downstream pacemaker nodus atrioventricularis UBERON:0002352 atrioventricular node UBERON:0002352 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray501.png cjm An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001474 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0004247 ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Node AV nodal muscle tissue FMA:9478 AV node FMA:9478 MA:0000095 Aschoff-Tawara node FMA:9478 atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue FMA:9478 node of Tawara FMA:9478 nodus atrioventricularis FMA:TA A-V node EMAPA:35153 atrio-ventricular node EMAPA:35153 atriovetricular node TAO:0005070 downstream pacemaker ZFA:0005070 nodus atrioventricularis Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. UBERON:0004147 BTO:0001735 EMAPA:35718 FMA:9492 GAID:560 MA:0000096 MESH:D011690 NCIT:C33430 UMLS:C0034144 Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber Purkinje fiber cardiac Purkinje fiber myofibra conducens cardiacus subendocardial branch uberon heart Purkinje fiber UBERON:0002354 cardiac Purkinje fiber UBERON:0002354 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png FMA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 FMA The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. GO:0003165 UMLS:C0034144 ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Fiber Purkinje fiber FMA:9492 MA:0000096 cardiac Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 GO:0003165 myofibra conducens cardiacus subendocardial branch Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber heart Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. pelvic MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs BTO:0001006 CALOHA:TS-2227 EFO:0002805 EMAPA:35931 EV:0100012 FMA:9578 GAID:87 MA:0000030 MESH:D010388 NCIT:C12767 SCTID:229765004 UMLS:C0030797 Wikipedia:Pelvis galen:Pelvis lesser pelvis pelvic region pelvis pelvis region true pelvis uberon UBERON:0002355 pelvic region of trunk UBERON:0002355 The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. Wikipedia:Pelvis http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/720 MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs MA UMLS:C0030797 ncithesaurus:Pelvis lesser pelvis FMA:9578 pelvis FMA:9578 MA:0000030 true pelvis FMA:9578 Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. EMAPA:19030 FMA:9582 MA:0002739 SCTID:243954002 Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium serous portion of pericardium uberon pericardium serosum UBERON:0002357 serous pericardium UBERON:0002357 FMA FMA Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 serous portion of pericardium FMA:9582 pericardium serosum Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. TODO - in ZFA is_a epithelium An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] peritoneal todo: check MA/EMAPA. AAO:0010814 BTO:0001472 CALOHA:TS-2072 EV:0100087 FMA:9584 GAID:18 MA:0000449 MESH:D010537 NCIT:C12770 TAO:0005120 UMLS:C0031153 VHOG:0001257 Wikipedia:Peritoneum XAO:0000139 ZFA:0005120 galen:Peritoneum uberon peritonaeum UBERON:0002358 peritoneum UBERON:0002358 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png MP A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. VHOG:0001257 An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005120 TAO ZFIN:curator Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010814 AAO AAO:JMG todo: check MA/EMAPA. MA UMLS:C0031153 ncithesaurus:Peritoneum peritonaeum VHOG:0001257 Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA]. most superficial part of pericardium; continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels. [Wikipedia:Pericardium] EMAPA:19029 FMA:9586 MA:0002738 SCTID:243953008 Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium fibrous portion of pericardium uberon pericardium fibrosum UBERON:0002359 fibrous pericardium UBERON:0002359 FMA FMA WP Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA]. FMA:9586 pericardium fibrosum Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] meningeal Whereas cyclostomes and fishes only have a single envelope called the primitive meninx, amphibians have two layers, consisting of an outer dura mater which is extremely dense and protective, and a pia-arachnoid or secondary meninx which is more delicate and vascular. Mammals have three meninges: pia mater (which follows all the convolutions of the brain and is the most interior), the arachnoid layer (which is delicate and sends strands to the pia mater), and the dura mater (the outer, more protective meninx). Not consider part of the CNS/neuraxis in FMA BTO:0000144 CALOHA:TS-1177 EFO:0000867 EMAPA:32660 EV:0100312 FMA:9589 GAID:687 MA:0001113 MAT:0000113 MESH:D008578 NCIT:C12348 NLXANAT:090204 TAO:0001355 UMLS:C0025285 VHOG:0001295 Wikipedia:Meninx ZFA:0001355 layer of meninges meningeal layer meninx primitiva uberon UBERON:0002360 meninx UBERON:0002360 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Illu_meninges.jpg FMA Bgee:AN Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. FMA:9589 Wikipedia:Meninx http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap15.html Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001295 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/meninges In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001295 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Not consider part of the CNS/neuraxis in FMA FMA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1261 UMLS:C0025285 ncithesaurus:Meninges meninx primitiva VHOG:0001295 Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid[Wikipedia:Dura_mater]. capable of inducing chondrogenesis - requires contact with an epithelium - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496288 some ontologies consider dura mater part of the CNS, others dispute this and claim it surrounds it (e.g. DOI:10.1111/joa.12381)[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1261] BTO:0001637 CALOHA:TS-2008 EMAPA:32664 EV:0100313 FMA:9592 GAID:691 MA:0001115 MESH:D004388 NCIT:C32488 NLXANAT:090206 SCTID:362301008 UMLS:C0013313 Wikipedia:Dura_mater neuronames:1462 dura mater of neuraxis pachymeninges uberon dura UBERON:0002363 dura mater UBERON:0002363 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Meninges-en.svg PMID:16496288 definitional Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. NLXANAT:090206 ISBN:0073040584 the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid[Wikipedia:Dura_mater]. Wikipedia:Dura_mater UMLS:C0013313 ncithesaurus:Dura_Mater pachymeninges NLXANAT:090206 dura BTO:0001637 A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] The tympanic membrane (TM) has three layers, two epithelia provided by the external acoustic meatus (EAM) and the MEC, derived respectively from the first pharyngeal cleft and pouch, and a mesenchymally derived fibrous stratum most AOs consider this part of the middle ear, so we go with this and place it in the middle ear as a border to the external, although it could be considered to overlap the external ear in that it has an EAM layer as part - for this reason we do not consider middle and external ear to be spatially disjoint. EMAPA:19062 FMA:9595 GAID:870 MA:0000257 MESH:D014432 NCIT:C12502 SCTID:181180005 UMLS:C0041445 VHOG:0001146 Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane XAO:0000212 Rivinus' membrane ear drum eardrum lateral wall of tympanic cavity membranous wall of tympanic cavity myrinx paries membranaceus cavi tympani uberon tympanum UBERON:0002364 tympanic membrane UBERON:0002364 FMA MA cjm Wikipedia cjm A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. PMID:11237469 Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane Wikipedia The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001146 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001146 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418 http://bgee.unil.ch/ most AOs consider this part of the middle ear, so we go with this and place it in the middle ear as a border to the external, although it could be considered to overlap the external ear in that it has an EAM layer as part - for this reason we do not consider middle and external ear to be spatially disjoint. PMID:11237469 UMLS:C0041445 ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Membrane paries membranaceus cavi tympani FMA:9595 FMA:TA tympanum Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas. Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses AEO:0000097 BTO:0000765 CALOHA:TS-2012 EHDAA2:0003097 EMAPA:35327 FMA:9596 GAID:34 MA:0002564 MESH:D005088 NCIT:C12712 SCTID:115976003 UMLS:C0015282 Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland ducted gland glandula exocrina uberon UBERON:0002365 exocrine gland UBERON:0002365 A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas. Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland UMLS:C0015282 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland ducted gland AEO:0000097 glandula exocrina Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. AEO:0000098 BTO:0001488 CALOHA:TS-1300 EHDAA2:0003098 EMAPA:35999 FMA:9602 GAID:335 MA:0002563 MESH:D004702 NCIT:C12704 SCTID:40818001 UMLS:C0014133 Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland ductless gland glandula endocrina uberon ductless gland glandulae endocrinae UBERON:0002368 endocrine gland UBERON:0002368 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_endocrine_system.png Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland UMLS:C0014133 ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Gland ductless gland AEO:0000098 ductless gland Wikipedia:Ductless_gland glandulae endocrinae Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones. TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA. See also: Leydig and epigonal organs consider placement of NCIT:C53466 medullary bone The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[Wikipedia:Bone_marrow] AAO:0011007 BTO:0000141 BTO:0000829 CALOHA:TS-0087 EFO:0000868 EMAPA:32760 EV:0100046 FMA:9608 GAID:1287 MA:0000134 MAT:0000084 MESH:D001853 MIAA:0000084 NCIT:C12431 SCTID:421320006 UMLS:C0005953 VHOG:0001218 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow XAO:0000123 galen:BoneMarrow medulla ossea medulla ossium uberon medulla of bone medullary bone UBERON:0002371 bone marrow UBERON:0002371 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gray72-en.svg FMA MA The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones. MGI:cwg MP:0002397 The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001218 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0005953 ncithesaurus:Bone_Marrow medulla ossea BTO:0000141 FMA:9608 medulla ossium BTO:0000141 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow medulla of bone BTO:0000141 A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton. EFO:0003886 EMAPA:36158 FMA:9612 MA:0000302 NCIT:C12751 SCTID:181977005 SCTID:425761003 UMLS:C0025526 Wikipedia:Metacarpal_bone galen:Metacarpal metacarpal uberon UBERON:0002374 metacarpal bone UBERON:0002374 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg true A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton. Wikipedia:Metacarpal_bone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0025526 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. UBERON:0003899 AAO:0000107 BTO:0000021 EFO:0003524 EHDAA2:0000322 EMAPA:18172 FMA:9616 MA:0000578 SCTID:244718003 ZFA:0001652 cephalic muscle cephalic musculature head muscle head muscle organ muscle of head muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput adult head muscle organ uberon cranial muscle head muscles UBERON:0002376 defined generically so could in theory encompass FBbt:00003260 'skeletal muscle of head', or the muscle of a starfish Aristotle's lantern, but we restrict this to craniates. Skeletal muscles of the head originate from the non-segmented head mesoderm (Noden, 1983; Wachtler et al., 1984) cranial muscle UBERON:0002376 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships EHDAA2-abduced Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cephalic muscle ZFA:0001652 head muscle MA:0000578 head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle of head FMA:9616 muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic cranial muscle ZFA:0001652 Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. EMAPA:36050 FMA:9617 GAID:149 MA:0000587 MESH:D009334 NCIT:C33163 UMLS:C0027532 muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ uberon UBERON:0002377 muscle of neck UBERON:0002377 prolog Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0027532 ncithesaurus:Neck_Muscle muscle organ of neck OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) muscle organ OBOL:automatic neck muscle organ OBOL:automatic Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. BTO:0001261 EMAPA:35103 FMA:9620 GAID:89 MA:0000520 MESH:D000009 NCIT:C32040 SCTID:361352008 UMLS:C0000739 Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle muscle organ of abdomen uberon abdominal wall musculature UBERON:0002378 muscle of abdomen UBERON:0002378 prolog Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle UMLS:C0000739 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Muscle abdomen muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdominal wall musculature EMAPA:35103 A large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:18183 FMA:9626 MA:0002398 NCIT:C33809 SCTID:181740005 UMLS:C0224361 VHOG:0000834 Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle trapezius uberon musculus trapezius spinotrapezius UBERON:0002380 trapezius muscle UBERON:0002380 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Trapezius.png external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament medial superior nuchal line spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 dbpedia external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament medial superior nuchal line spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 dbpedia posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion process and spine of scapula dbpedia posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion process and spine of scapula dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia A large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000834 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0224361 ncithesaurus:Trapezius_Muscle musculus trapezius Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle spinotrapezius Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] MA also has set of connective tissues AAO:0000098 BTO:0000421 CALOHA:TS-2009 EFO:0000952 EMAPA:35251 FMA:9640 GAID:100 MA:0000011 MAT:0000301 MESH:D003238 MIAA:0000301 NCIT:C12374 SCTID:361919005 TAO:0001641 UMLS:C0009780 VSAO:0000017 XAO:0001017 ZFA:0001632 galen:ConnectiveTissue portion of connective tissue textus connectivus uberon Bindegewebe UBERON:0002384 connective tissue UBERON:0002384 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000017 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/23 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000098 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001641 TAO TAO:wd Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000017 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 MA also has set of connective tissues MA UMLS:C0009780 ncithesaurus:Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue FMA:9640 Bindegewebe BTO:0000421 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] AAO:0000306 AEO:0000122 CALOHA:TS-0642 EHDAA2:0003122 EMAPA:32715 FMA:9641 MA:0002437 MESH:D009132 NCIT:C12435 SCTID:91727004 UMLS:C2328219 Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue galen:MuscleTissue muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis uberon UBERON:0002385 Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach. muscle tissue UBERON:0002385 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. GO:0060537 Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2801266&group_id=36855&atid=440764 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000306 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C2328219 ncithesaurus:Muscle_Tissue muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue FMA:9641 The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. The middle forelimb region. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_Boston_etc.:_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.321, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here BTO:0001447 CALOHA:TS-2205 EFO:0003053 EHDAA2:0000553 EHDAA:4172 EHDAA:6218 EMAPA:17417 FMA:9663 GAID:55 MA:0000034 MESH:D005542 NCIT:C32628 SCTID:362741001 UMLS:C0016536 VHOG:0000341 VSAO:0005058 Wikipedia:Forearm galen:Forearm antebrachial region antebrachium antibrachium arm middle limb segment arm zeugopod brachial region middle limb segment brachial region zeugopod forearm forelimb epipodium forelimb zeugopodium forelimb zygopod intermediate segment of free upper limb lower arm lower segment of arm middle limb segment of arm middle limb segment of brachial region middle limb segment of forelimb middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb regio antebrachialis zeugopod of arm zeugopod of brachial region zeugopod of forelimb zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb wing zeugopod uberon antebrachium fore epipodium UBERON:0002386 forelimb zeugopod UBERON:0002386 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Veins.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png MA The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. PHENOSCAPE:curators The middle forelimb region. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_Boston_etc.:_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.321, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000341 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000341 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0016536 ncithesaurus:Forearm antebrachium VSAO:0005058 Wikipedia:Forearm arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower arm MA:0000034 middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of forelimb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic regio antebrachialis FMA:9663 FMA:TA zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic antebrachium Wikipedia:Forearm Distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. pedal BTO:0000476 CALOHA:TS-0377 EFO:0003065 EHDAA2:0000546 EMAPA:17459 FMA:9664 GAID:40 MA:0000044 MESH:D005528 NCIT:C32622 SCTID:302545001 UMLS:C0016504 VHOG:0000350 Wikipedia:Pes_(anatomy) galen:Foot foot hindlimb autopod hindlimb autopodium hindlimb distal free limb segment pes terminal segment of free lower limb hind foot hind paw hind-paw hindfeet hindfoot hindfoot of quadruped hindpaw uberon hind limb autopodium UBERON:0002387 pes UBERON:0002387 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg Distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. Wikipedia:Foot Wikipedia:Pes_(anatomy) UMLS:C0016504 ncithesaurus:Foot foot MA:0000044 hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopodium OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic pes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hind paw EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic hind-paw EMAPA:17428 hindfeet hindpaw MA:0000044 hind limb autopodium VHOG:0000350 A digit that is part of a manus (hand). One of the fingers of the manus.[AAO] UBERON:0000028 AAO:0000857 BTO:0004669 EHDAA2:0000404 EMAPA:32642 FMA:9666 GAID:57 MA:0000041 MESH:D005385 NCIT:C32608 NLXANAT:20090602 SCTID:283992002 UMLS:C0016129 Wikipedia:Finger XAO:0003036 galen:Finger digit of hand digit of manus digitus manus finger fore digit forelimb digit hand digit manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue uberon UBERON:0002389 manual digit UBERON:0002389 PHENOSCAPE:ni A digit that is part of a manus (hand). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of the fingers of the manus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000857 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0016129 ncithesaurus:Finger digit of hand FMA:9666 finger FMA:9666 fore digit AAO:0000857 XAO:0003036 hand digit MA:0000041 manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] hematopoietic In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes AAO:0011002 BTO:0000570 CALOHA:TS-0449 EFO:0000798 EMAPA:35402 EV:0100045 FMA:9667 GAID:1008 MA:0002434 MAT:0000022 MESH:D006413 MIAA:0000022 NCIT:C12909 SCTID:362587009 TAO:0005023 UMLS:C0018957 VHOG:0001624 Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis XAO:0000122 ZFA:0005023 haematological system haemopoietic system organa haemopoietica uberon Blutbildungssystem haematopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system UBERON:0002390 hematopoietic system UBERON:0002390 FMA definitional Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011002 AAO AAO:EJS Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001624 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes WP UMLS:C0018957 ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_System Blutbildungssystem BTO:0000570 Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine. A duct that carries bile from the liver to the intestine. Any of the excretory ducts in the liver that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. [TFD][VHOG] (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] we place the ZFA class here as this fits its textual definition and child nodes. We may recommend a label change for ZFA AAO:0011019 BTO:0000122 CALOHA:TS-0075 EHDAA2:0000741 EMAPA:35171 EV:0100091 FMA:9706 GAID:280 MA:0000354 MESH:D001652 NCIT:C12376 SCTID:276157007 TAO:0001100 UMLS:C0005400 VHOG:0000212 Wikipedia:Bile_duct XAO:0000134 ZFA:0001100 uberon bile tube biliary duct gall duct hepatic duct UBERON:0002394 bile duct UBERON:0002394 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png EMAPA MA XAO Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine. Wikipedia:Bile_duct http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A duct that carries bile from the liver to the intestine. ZFA:0001100, ZFA:curator Any of the excretory ducts in the liver that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000212 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bile+duct (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000212 VHOG DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ we place the ZFA class here as this fits its textual definition and child nodes. We may recommend a label change for ZFA ZFA UMLS:C0005400 ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct biliary duct FMA:9706 gall duct BTO:0000122 hepatic duct ZFA:0001100 A proximal tarsal bone resulting from fusion of intermedium and fibulare. The talus is apparently derived from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the tibiale, articulating with tibia, the intermedium, between the bases of the tibia and fibula, and the fourth centrale, lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus. The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in artiodactyls, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed BTO:0002354 EMAPA:19135 FMA:9708 GAID:196 MA:0001351 MESH:D013628 NCIT:C52799 SCTID:182098005 UMLS:C0039277 Wikipedia:Talus_bone galen:Talus uberon astragaloid bone astragalus astragalus bone major ankle bone os tarsi tibiale os trigonum UBERON:0002395 talus UBERON:0002395 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG A proximal tarsal bone resulting from fusion of intermedium and fibulare. Wikipedia:Talus_bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The talus is apparently derived from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the tibiale, articulating with tibia, the intermedium, between the bases of the tibia and fibula, and the fourth centrale, lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus. The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in artiodactyls, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed WP UMLS:C0039277 ncithesaurus:Talus astragaloid bone BTO:0002354 astragalus ISBN:0073040584 MA:000135 Wikipedia:Talus_bone astragalus bone ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Talus_bone os tarsi tibiale BTO:0002354 os trigonum Wikipedia:Talus_bone The triangular flat bone of the nasal septum. Dermal bone that underlies the mesethmoid and inserts in a fossa on the anteroventral surface of the parasphenoid.[TAO] Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules.[AAO] relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-vomer joint (TAO:0001784)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-vomer joint (TAO:0001680)[TAO] In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] The vomer is paired in some taxa (e.g., Amia) while unpaired in others (e.g., teleosts).[TAO] AAO:0000633 FMA:9710 MA:0001496 MESH:D055172 NCIT:C33888 SCTID:272678009 TAO:0000308 UMLS:C0242403 Wikipedia:Vomer ZFA:0000308 vomer bone uberon prevomer UBERON:0002396 vomer UBERON:0002396 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg FMA The triangular flat bone of the nasal septum. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000098 Dermal bone that underlies the mesethmoid and inserts in a fossa on the anteroventral surface of the parasphenoid.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000308 TAO ZFIN:curator Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000633 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-vomer joint (TAO:0001784)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000308 TAO relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-vomer joint (TAO:0001680)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000308 TAO In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] Wikipedia:Vomer#In_other_animals The vomer is paired in some taxa (e.g., Amia) while unpaired in others (e.g., teleosts).[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0000308 TAO Curator UMLS:C0242403 ncithesaurus:Vomer prevomer TAO:0000308 The bone which normally forms the lateral upper jaw in osteichthyans, including tetrapods. Dermal bone that forms part of the upper jaw, located antero-ventral to the premaxilla. The maxilla is a paired bone.[TAO] Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae.[AAO] relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-maxillary joint (TAO:0001942)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] In some teleosts, the maxilla is located postero-ventral to the supramaxilla. Commonly, the articular process of the maxilla articulates with the autopalatine and ethmoidal region antero-medially. The maxilla is usually the largest bone in the upper jaw assemblage.[TAO] maxillary upper jaw bone AAO:0000285 CALOHA:TS-2217 EHDAA2:0001068 EHDAA:8043 EMAPA:17639 FMA:9711 GAID:220 MA:0001491 MESH:D008437 NCIT:C26470 SCTID:181813003 TAO:0000270 UMLS:C0024947 VHOG:0001021 VSAO:0000207 Wikipedia:Maxilla ZFA:0000270 galen:Maxilla uberon maxillae maxillary bone UBERON:0002397 Fusion of maxilla + premaxilla maxilla UBERON:0002397 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png FMA VSAO facial series ISBN:0073040584 FMA-abduced-lr EHDAA2 The bone which normally forms the lateral upper jaw in osteichthyans, including tetrapods. Wikipedia:Maxilla http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html Dermal bone that forms part of the upper jaw, located antero-ventral to the premaxilla. The maxilla is a paired bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000270 TAO TAO:GA_TG Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000285 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-maxillary joint (TAO:0001942)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000270 TAO relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000270 TAO In some teleosts, the maxilla is located postero-ventral to the supramaxilla. Commonly, the articular process of the maxilla articulates with the autopalatine and ethmoidal region antero-medially. The maxilla is usually the largest bone in the upper jaw assemblage.[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0000270 TAO Curator UMLS:C0024947 ncithesaurus:Maxilla maxillae maxillary bone Wikipedia:Maxilla Distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. like all limb segments, this class encompasses both the unformed hand region of the embryo to the fully formed structure complete with skeleton manual AAO:0010803 BTO:0004668 CALOHA:TS-2213 EHDAA2:0000728 EMAPA:17428 FMA:9712 GAID:56 MA:0000037 MESH:D006225 NCIT:C32712 NLXANAT:20090603 SCTID:302539009 UMLS:C0018563 VHOG:0000344 Wikipedia:Manus_(anatomy) galen:Hand forelimb autopod forelimb autopodium hand hand region terminal segment of free upper limb fore foot fore paw fore-paw forefeet forefoot forefoot of quadruped forepaw uberon UBERON:0002398 manus UBERON:0002398 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/LeftHand0.jpg Distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. Wikipedia:Hand Wikipedia:Manus_(anatomy) UMLS:C0018563 ncithesaurus:Hand forelimb autopod OBOL:automatic forelimb autopodium OBOL:automatic hand MA:0000037 hand region EHDAA2:0000728 fore foot fore paw EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic fore-paw EMAPA:17428 forefeet forefoot forepaw MA:0000037 The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. EMAPA:16776 FMA:9733 MA:0002488 NCIT:C33273 SCTID:361998003 UMLS:C0225777 VHOG:0001495 Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura uberon pleura parietalis UBERON:0002400 the part of the pleura external to the visceral pleura. It lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm, and is reflected over the structures occupying the middle of the thorax parietal pleura UBERON:0002400 The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae UMLS:C0225777 ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pleura pleura parietalis Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. FMA treats this as part of the lungs EHDAA2:0002205 EMAPA:16777 FMA:9734 MA:0002489 NCIT:C33881 SCTID:361997008 UMLS:C0225776 VHOG:0001496 pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary visceral pleura uberon lung mesothelium lung pleura pulmonary pleura UBERON:0002401 visceral pleura UBERON:0002401 FMA The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura FMA treats this as part of the lungs FMA UMLS:C0225776 ncithesaurus:Visceral_Pleura pleura pulmonalis FMA:9734 FMA:TA pleura visceralis Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura lung mesothelium EHDAA2:0002205 pulmonary pleura FMA:9734 The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] The contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure within the pleural cavity which forces the lungs to expand resulting in passive exhalation and active inhalation. This breathing process can be made forceful through the contraction of the external intercostal muscles which forces the rib cage to expand and add to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity causing the lungs to fill with air. The fluid in the cavity provides lubrication and cushioning the EHDAA2 class of the same is not equivalent. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 BTO:0004422 EHDAA2:0001475 EMAPA:16773 EMAPA:16774 FMA:9740 GAID:95 MA:0000055 MESH:D035422 NCIT:C12840 SCTID:361999006 UMLS:C0178802 VHOG:0000581 Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitas pleuralis uberon cavitum pleuralae cavitum pleurale UBERON:0002402 pleural cavity UBERON:0002402 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png Wikipedia The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000581 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the EHDAA2 class of the same is not equivalent. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 EHDAA2 UMLS:C0178802 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Cavity cavitas pleuralis Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitum pleuralae Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitum pleurale Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011003 BILA:0000104 BTO:0005810 FMA:9825 GAID:328 MA:0002711 MESH:D007107 NCIT:C12735 SCTID:362590003 TAO:0001159 UMLS:C0020962 VHOG:0001247 Wikipedia:Immune_system XAO:0003152 ZFA:0001159 uberon UBERON:0002405 immune system UBERON:0002405 Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. Wikipedia:Immune_system The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001247 VHOG PMID:21046016 Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0020962 ncithesaurus:Immune_System A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. FMA:9868 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:361326002 TAO:0000054 uberon pericardium UBERON:0002406 pericardial sac UBERON:0002406 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png FMA A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. Wikipedia:Pericardium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] pericardial In GO the concept of pericardium is developmental implicitly epithelial, but here it represents a multi-tissue structure encompassing the sac (epithelium plus connective) and cavity this class denotes a combination of fibrous PC + PC sac (itself a combination of cavity, epithelium and connective tissue). Many sources use the term 'pericardium' to denote either just the serous membrane (ZFA) or the epithelium (GO) we follow FMA in dividing pericardium into pericardial sac and fibrous pericardium AAO:0010817 BSA:0000090 BTO:0000717 CALOHA:TS-0761 EFO:0000820 EHDAA:5376 EMAPA:16133 EV:0100023 FMA:9869 GAID:569 MA:0000099 MAT:0000454 MESH:D010496 NCIT:C13005 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:181295003 TAO:0000054 UMLS:C0031050 VHOG:0001280 Wikipedia:Pericardium XAO:0004182 ZFA:0000054 galen:Pericardium uberon UBERON:0002407 pericardium UBERON:0002407 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png MA The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. Wikipedia:Pericardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010817 AAO AAO:JMG In GO the concept of pericardium is developmental implicitly epithelial, but here it represents a multi-tissue structure encompassing the sac (epithelium plus connective) and cavity FMA this class denotes a combination of fibrous PC + PC sac (itself a combination of cavity, epithelium and connective tissue). Many sources use the term 'pericardium' to denote either just the serous membrane (ZFA) or the epithelium (GO) ZFA we follow FMA in dividing pericardium into pericardial sac and fibrous pericardium FMA UMLS:C0031050 ncithesaurus:Pericardium Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. EHDAA:3422 EHDAA:5378 EMAPA:19031 FMA:9870 MA:0000483 NCIT:C94500 SCTID:243956000 UMLS:C0225969 VHOG:0000537 Wikipedia:Parietal_pericardium lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium uberon pericardial sac UBERON:0002408 parietal serous pericardium UBERON:0002408 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0225969 ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pericardium lamina parietalis pericardii FMA:9870 FMA:TA parietal pericardium VHOG:0000537 pericardial sac DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.1013 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]. BTO:0001016 FMA:9887 MA:0002530 MESH:D000069236 Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid uberon UBERON:0002409 pericardial fluid UBERON:0002409 FMA Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]. FMA:9887 Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] FMA splits this into peripheral and nervous parts; GO has ANS directly under NS; PNS is a sib AAO:0000033 BIRNLEX:1123 BTO:0002507 CALOHA:TS-2001 EHDA:10095 EHDAA2:0000158 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:65553 GAID:706 MA:0000219 MESH:D001341 NCIT:C12673 SCTID:362481007 TAO:0001574 UMLS:C0004388 UMLS:C1305381 VHOG:0000396 Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system ZFA:0001574 neuronames:2054 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system visceral nervous system uberon ANS divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici UBERON:0002410 autonomic nervous system UBERON:0002410 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png cjm EMAPA MA NIFSTD ZFA-modified-from-isa The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. GO:0048483 Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000396 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000033 AAO AAO:BJB From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000396 VHOG DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA splits this into peripheral and nervous parts; GO has ANS directly under NS; PNS is a sib FMA UMLS:C0004388 BIRNLEX:1123 ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Nervous_System UMLS:C1305381 BIRNLEX:1123 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 autonomic part of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:TA pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:TA peripheral autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 ANS divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system The small, erectile body located at the anterior end of the vulva. clitoral BTO:0002020 EHDAA2:0000255 EHDAA:9360 EMAPA:30819 FMA:9909 GAID:385 MA:0000382 MESH:D002987 NCIT:C12308 SCTID:181442003 UMLS:C0008984 VHOG:0000700 Wikipedia:Clitoris galen:Clitoris uberon UBERON:0002411 clitoris UBERON:0002411 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg Wikipedia MA Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia The small, erectile body located at the anterior end of the vulva. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0003127 UMLS:C0008984 ncithesaurus:Clitoris The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. Consider changing name to make distinction from inferred superclass 'vertebral element' clear we follow FMA in making this an irregular bone - however vertebra have 'epiphyses' which are currently classified as belonging to long bones Endochondral bone that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.[TAO] Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.[AAO] AAO:0000691 CALOHA:TS-2352 EFO:0001371 EMAPA:32740 FMA:9914 MA:0000309 NCIT:C12933 SCTID:181817002 TAO:0001189 UMLS:C0549207 Wikipedia:Vertebra XAO:0004019 ZFA:0001189 galen:Vertebra vertebra bone vertebrae uberon UBERON:0002412 vertebra UBERON:0002412 FMA The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000184 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia Endochondral bone that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001189 TAO ZFIN:curator Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000691 AAO AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 UMLS:C0549207 ncithesaurus:Vertebra vertebrae PHENOSCAPE:ad A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column. In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments. In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, almost all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks relative to body size, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). The few exceptions include the manatee and the sloths, of which the two-toed sloth has six cervical vertebrae and the three-toed sloth has up to nine cervical vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery. EMAPA:17674 FMA:9915 GAID:235 MA:0000311 MESH:D002574 NCIT:C12693 SCTID:181820005 Wikipedia:Cervical_vertebrae XAO:0003076 galen:CervicalVertebra cervical vertebrae uberon vertebrae cervicales UBERON:0002413 cervical vertebra UBERON:0002413 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Illu_vertebral_column.jpg true A vertebra that is located in the cervical region of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cervical vertebrae vertebrae cervicales Wikipedia:Cervical_vertebrae Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. Whereas all rats had six lumbar vertebrae, variable patterns in mice included mostly five vertebrae in DBA/2J, mostly six vertebrae in C57BL/6J, and a mix in B6129PF2/J CALOHA:TS-2364 EMAPA:18007 FMA:9921 GAID:240 MA:0000312 MESH:D008159 NCIT:C12744 SCTID:181822002 UMLS:C0024091 Wikipedia:Lumbar_vertebrae galen:LumbarVertebra uberon UBERON:0002414 lumbar vertebra UBERON:0002414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Gray93.png Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. Wikipedia:Lumbar_vertebrae Whereas all rats had six lumbar vertebrae, variable patterns in mice included mostly five vertebrae in DBA/2J, mostly six vertebrae in C57BL/6J, and a mix in B6129PF2/J PMCID:PMC2700063 UMLS:C0024091 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Vertebra An external caudal extension of the body. In chordates, the tail is post-anal, in other animals the anus ends in the tail. Note we also have a subclass post-anal tail, for the chordate specific structure. currently defined very generally, inclusive of caudal fin AEO:0000109 BILA:0000117 BTO:0001348 EFO:0000963 EHDAA:9198 GAID:1245 MAT:0000094 MESH:D013623 MIAA:0000094 WBbt:0005741 Wikipedia:Tail caudal subdivision uberon UBERON:0002415 tail UBERON:0002415 An external caudal extension of the body. In chordates, the tail is post-anal, in other animals the anus ends in the tail. AEO:0000109 Wikipedia:Tail caudal subdivision https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007029 AEO:0000154 BILA:0000118 CALOHA:TS-1299 CARO:0002001 EFO:0000807 EHDAA2:0000836 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003154 EHDAA:6520 EMAPA:17524 EV:0100151 FBbt:00004969 FMA:72979 HAO:0000421 MA:0000014 MAT:0000033 MESH:D034582 MIAA:0000033 NCIT:C12907 SCTID:361692004 TADS:0000108 UMLS:C0037267 VHOG:0000403 Wikipedia:Integumentary_system XAO:0000176 galen:Surface integumentary system uberon body surface dermal system external covering of organism integumentum commune organism surface surface UBERON:0002416 integumental system UBERON:0002416 Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. CARO:0002001 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/29 (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000403 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0037267 ncithesaurus:Integumentary_System integumentary system FMA:72979 dermal system MIAA:0000033 integumentum commune Wikipedia:Integumentary_system organism surface EHDAA2:0003154 surface BILA:0000118 The abdominal segment of the torso. EMAPA:35104 FMA:259211 MA:0000021 SCTID:362875007 Wikipedia:Lumbar uberon abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lower trunk lumbar region UBERON:0002417 abdominal segment of trunk UBERON:0002417 FMA The abdominal segment of the torso. Wikipedia:Lumbar abdomen/pelvis/perineum MA:0000021 lower body MA:0000021 lower trunk FMA:259211 lumbar region https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000060 AEO:0000087 BTO:0000206 EFO:0000949 EHDAA2:0003087 EMAPA:32730 EV:0100141 FMA:37377 GAID:99 MA:0000104 MAT:0000189 MESH:D002356 MIAA:0000189 NCIT:C12373 NCIT:C32268 SCTID:309312004 TAO:0001501 UMLS:C0007301 VHOG:0001207 VSAO:0000040 Wikipedia:Cartilage XAO:0000170 ZFA:0005622 galen:Cartilage cartilage tissue cartilaginous tissue chondrogenic tissue uberon cartilage cartilages portion of cartilage tissue UBERON:0002418 Previous: "A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]." See also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W] cartilage tissue UBERON:0002418 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/117 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000040 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/37 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/vertebrate-skeletal-anatomy-vsao-term-requests/5 A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000060 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001501 TAO ZFIN:curator Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000040 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000060 AAO Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001207 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0007301 ncithesaurus:Cartilage cartilage tissue FMA:37377 chondrogenic tissue VSAO:0000040 cartilages VHOG:0001207 portion of cartilage tissue FMA:37377 A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. check FMA, use plural for now as general class not there EMAPA:35774 FMA:71878 MA:0000146 SCTID:110485007 glandulae cutis uberon set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set UBERON:0002419 skin gland UBERON:0002419 A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic glandulae cutis FMA:71878 FMA:TA set of skin glands FMA:71878 skin glands skin glands set The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system. System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator]. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct [GO:0061008] AAO:0011056 CALOHA:TS-1308 EFO:0000800 EHDAA2:0000998 EHDAA:2189 EMAPA:16840 EV:0100088 MA:0000324 MAT:0000024 MIAA:0000024 NCIT:C43612 TAO:0000036 UMLS:C1711359 VHOG:0000294 Wikipedia:Hepatobiliary_system XAO:0000132 ZFA:0000036 hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system uberon liver/biliary system UBERON:0002423 hepatobiliary system UBERON:0002423 The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator]. ZFIN:curator UMLS:C1711359 ncithesaurus:Hepatobiliary_System hepaticobiliary system GO:0061008 An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues. consider including separate class for developmental structure (adult human is stratified; in EHDAA2 is unilaminar) The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme AAO:0010357 BTO:0001775 CALOHA:TS-0715 EHDAA2:0001325 EHDAA:2187 EMAPA:16839 EMAPA:26942 FMA:265152 MA:0000344 NCIT:C49595 TAO:0000816 UMLS:C1709332 VHOG:0000187 XAO:0003201 ZFA:0000816 epithelium of mucosa of mouth epithelium of oral mucosa uberon UBERON:0002424 oral epithelium UBERON:0002424 AAO-modified An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. ZFA:0000816 the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme PMID:16488870 UMLS:C1709332 ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity_Epithelium epithelium of mucosa of mouth FMA:265152 epithelium of oral mucosa FMA:265152 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. EMAPA:16589 EMAPA:19032 FMA:84882 MA:0000484 SCTID:243955001 VHOG:0000538 Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi serous visceral pericardium visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium uberon epicardium pericardium visceral mesothelium UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium UBERON:0002425 cjm FMA Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi Wikipedia:Epicardium visceral pericardium VHOG:0000538 epicardium MA:0000484 pericardium visceral mesothelium EMAPA:16589 A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37350 MA:0000596 NCIT:C52754 UMLS:C0222204 skin of arm uberon brachial region skin UBERON:0002427 arm skin UBERON:0002427 A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37350 MA:th UMLS:C0222204 ncithesaurus:Arm_Skin skin of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region skin OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. the formal definition is very inclusive, and includes sesamoids NCITA includes clavicle. MA:'limb bone' is actually a bone of limb or girdle EFO:0000945 MAT:0000151 MIAA:0000151 NCIT:C32223 SCTID:304149004 UMLS:C0582791 bone of extremity bone of limb free limb bone uberon UBERON:0002428 limb bone UBERON:0002428 A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCITA includes clavicle. MA:'limb bone' is actually a bone of limb or girdle NCIT UMLS:C0582791 ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Extremity bone of limb OBOL:automatic free limb bone UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. sometimes the term 'cerebral white matter' may be used generically but here is refers specifically to the white matter in a hemisphere The BTO class is inconsistent as it is part of the brain and spinal cord. BAMS:cw BIRNLEX:711 BTO:0000236 CALOHA:TS-2362 EMAPA:35237 FMA:241998 FMA:256174 FMA:61822 MA:0000945 NCIT:C49347 SCTID:361691006 UMLS:C0152295 UMLS:C1284115 neuronames:189 cerebral hemisphere white matter cerebral white matter white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere uberon hemisphere white matter region of cerebral white matter substantia medullaris cerebri UBERON:0002437 cerebral hemisphere white matter UBERON:0002437 White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The BTO class is inconsistent as it is part of the brain and spinal cord. BTO UMLS:C0152295 BIRNLEX:711 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_White_Matter UMLS:C1284115 BIRNLEX:711 neuronames:189 BIRNLEX:711 cerebral white matter MA:0000945 white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere FMA:61822 region of cerebral white matter FMA:256174 substantia medullaris cerebri NeuroNames:189 A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17828 FMA:76550 MA:0001237 blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel vasa sanguinea choroideae uberon set of choroid blood vessels UBERON:0002443 cannot find singular in FMA, using Set class choroidal blood vessel UBERON:0002443 A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid coat OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroidea OBOL:automatic blood vessel of posterior uvea OBOL:automatic choroid blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroid coat blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroidea blood vessel OBOL:automatic posterior uvea blood vessel OBOL:automatic vasa sanguinea choroideae FMA:76550 FMA:TA set of choroid blood vessels FMA:76550 The postaxial bone of the proximal carpal region. Found in close approximation to the ulna, often in articulation[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.[AAO] this bone is termed the triquetral bone in some mammalian taxa, notably humans AAO:0000845 EMAPA:36167 FMA:23715 MA:0001347 NCIT:C12858 SCTID:181965000 UMLS:C0223739 Wikipedia:Triquetral galen:Triquetral cuneiform bone of hand cuneiform bone of manus os triquetrum os ulnare triangular bone triquetral triquetral bone uberon cuneiform of hand triangular triquetrum ulnar carpal bone UBERON:0002445 ulnare UBERON:0002445 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png The postaxial bone of the proximal carpal region. Found in close approximation to the ulna, often in articulation[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/114 One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000845 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0223739 ncithesaurus:Triangular_Bone os triquetrum FMA:23715 FMA:TA os ulnare https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 triquetral MA:0001347 NCBITaxon:9606 cuneiform of hand MA:0001347 triangular MA:0001347 triquetrum MA:0001347 ulnar carpal bone MA:0001347 A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. patellar EMAPA:35668 FMA:24485 GAID:203 MA:0001374 MESH:D010329 NCIT:C33282 SCTID:182083008 UMLS:C0030647 Wikipedia:Patella galen:Patella uberon knee bone knee cap patella UBERON:0002446 The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. See also: fabella. patella UBERON:0002446 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg FMA A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=3470151&group_id=76834 UMLS:C0030647 ncithesaurus:Patella knee bone FMA:24485 knee cap Wikipedia:Patella patella Wikipedia:Patella The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta. TODO - check mp syn formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells. [Wikipedia:Decidua] BTO:0001360 CALOHA:TS-0193 EMAPA:35269 FMA:85538 GAID:378 MA:0001722 MAT:0000290 MESH:D003656 MIAA:0000290 NCIT:C32425 SCTID:362842004 UMLS:C0011106 Wikipedia:Decidua decidous membrane uberon decidua basalis endometrium extraembryonic part of placenta extraembryonic placenta maternal decidual layer maternal part of placenta maternal placenta placenta maternal decidual layer uterine decidua UBERON:0002450 decidua UBERON:0002450 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray33.png FMA maternal MA The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta. MP:0004256 PMID:11433360 UMLS:C0011106 ncithesaurus:Decidua decidous membrane FMA:85538 extraembryonic part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 extraembryonic placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 maternal decidual layer MP:0004256 maternal part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 maternal placenta EMAPA:35269 GOC:dph uterine decidua BTO:0001360 The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. simple or branched tubular BTO:0003433 BTO:0004518 EMAPA:29919 MA:0001726 NCIT:C33842 SCTID:361377009 UMLS:C1183035 Wikipedia:Uterine_glands endometrial gland endometrial mucuous gland endometrium gland glandulae uterinae uterine gland uberon glandulae uterinae UBERON:0002451 endometrial gland UBERON:0002451 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray1169.png MP Wikipedia:Tubular_gland The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. Wikipedia:Uterine_glands UMLS:C1183035 ncithesaurus:Uterine_Gland endometrial gland BTO:0003433 glandulae uterinae FMA:71647 FMA:TA glandulae uterinae Wikipedia:Uterine_glands The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries. Arteries that connect the dorsal aorta and the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel. They run along the vertical myotomal boundaries. At early stages these vessels don't have venous or arteriproperty_value external_definitionmarkers. They form from the primary sprouts from the dorsal aorta[ZFA:0001061]. Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006001 EHDAA2:0000882 EHDAA:4340 EMAPA:17616 MA:0001985 SCTID:360401001 TAO:0001061 VHOG:0000225 XAO:0004165 ZFA:0001061 intersegmental artery uberon intersegmental arteries UBERON:0002457 intersomitic artery UBERON:0002457 The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries. MP:0010662 Arteries that connect the dorsal aorta and the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel. They run along the vertical myotomal boundaries. At early stages these vessels don't have venous or arteriproperty_value external_definitionmarkers. They form from the primary sprouts from the dorsal aorta[ZFA:0001061]. ZFA:0001061 Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000225 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612 http://bgee.unil.ch/ intersegmental artery ZFA:0001061 intersegmental arteries ZFA:0001061 Arteries that supply the spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001890 EHDAA:4355 EMAPA:18241 MA:0002043 NCIT:C33587 SCTID:244228006 TAO:0000682 UMLS:C0447043 Wikipedia:Spinal_artery ZFA:0000682 spinal arteries uberon UBERON:0002458 spinal artery UBERON:0002458 Arteries that supply the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Spinal_artery https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0447043 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Artery spinal arteries ZFA:0000682 A tributary of the iliac vein that drains the urinary bladder. EMAPA:37205 MA:0002263 SCTID:12683000 Wikipedia:Vesical_veins venae vesicales vesical veins vesical veins set uberon UBERON:0002460 vesical vein UBERON:0002460 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png A tributary of the iliac vein that drains the urinary bladder. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Vesical_veins EMAPA:37205 MA:th venae vesicales FMA:70911 FMA:TA vesical veins Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. BTO:0000644 FMA:62974 GAID:1162 MA:0002515 MESH:D007419 NCIT:C32875 UMLS:C0021849 Wikipedia:Succus_entericus intestinal secretion succus entericus uberon intestinal juice UBERON:0002466 intestine secretion UBERON:0002466 Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. Wikipedia:Succus_entericus UMLS:C0021849 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Secretion intestinal secretion FMA:62974 succus entericus Wikipedia:Succus_entericus intestinal juice BTO:0000644 A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003345 BTO:0002859 EMAPA:26981 FMA:62996 MA:0002680 MESH:D000071041 NCIT:C32538 SCTID:362127004 UMLS:C0227176 esophageal mucosa esophageal mucous membrane esophagus mucosa esophagus mucous membrane lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of oesophagus oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucous membrane tunica mucosa esophagi tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi uberon muscularis mucosae of oesophagus tunica mucosa oesophagi UBERON:0002469 esophagus mucosa UBERON:0002469 A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227176 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Mucosa esophagus mucosa FMA:62996 esophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae FMA:62996 FMA:TA mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oesophagus FMA:62996 oesophageal mucosa FMA:62996 oesophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa oesophageae FMA:62996 FMA:TA muscularis mucosae of oesophagus FMA:62996 tunica mucosa oesophagi BTO:0002859 Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot. Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group; note that this refers to the limb segment, not just the skeleton. autopod BTO:0004359 EFO:0000877 EMAPA:32722 FMA:83015 MA:0002714 MAT:0000091 MIAA:0000091 NCIT:C77660 SCTID:95936004 UMLS:C0687080 autopodial limb segment autopodial segment autopodium autopodium region distal free limb segment distal segment of free limb uberon autopodial element distal segment of limb manus/pes paw paw/hand/foot/hoof pod UBERON:0002470 autopod region UBERON:0002470 definitional Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/303 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 autopod MA:0002714 UMLS:C0687080 ncithesaurus:Paw autopodial limb segment MA:th distal free limb segment FMA:83015 distal segment of free limb FMA:83015 distal segment of limb EMAPA:32722 The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). zeugopodial middle part of limb EFO:0000878 FMA:83016 MA:0002716 MAT:0000092 MIAA:0000092 epipodium middle free limb segment middle limb segment zeugopod limb segment zeugopodial limb segment zeugopodium zygopod zygopodium uberon middle segment of free limb UBERON:0002471 There exists some controversy about which podial segments are present in some fishes, e.g. if the autopod is not newly evolved in tetrapods, there is a question as to which segments are actually present in basal vertebrate taxa.[PHENOSCAPE:curators] zeugopod UBERON:0002471 The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). PHENOSCAPE:curators https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/101 epipodium MA:th middle free limb segment FMA:83016 zeugopod limb segment MA:th zeugopodial limb segment MA:th middle segment of free limb FMA:83016 The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton. stylopodial Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group proximal part of limb EFO:0000879 FMA:83014 MA:0002717 MAT:0000093 MIAA:0000093 propodium proximal free limb segment stylopodial limb segment stylopodium uberon proximal segment of free limb UBERON:0002472 stylopod UBERON:0002472 The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 propodium MA:th proximal free limb segment FMA:83014 stylopodial limb segment MA:th proximal segment of free limb FMA:83014 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/27 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] CALOHA:TS-2011 EMAPA:35179 FMA:224804 MA:0002780 MESH:D001842 NCIT:C13076 UMLS:C0391978 VSAO:0000047 Wikipedia:Bone_tissue XAO:0004040 ZFA:0005621 galen:BoneTissue calcium tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue mineralized bone tissue uberon bone portion of bone tissue UBERON:0002481 bone tissue UBERON:0002481 VSAO Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000047 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000047 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 UMLS:C0391978 ncithesaurus:Bone_Tissue osteogenic tissue VSAO:curator mineralized bone tissue XAO:0004040 bone MESH:A02.835.232 portion of bone tissue FMA:224804 The helix is the prominent rim of the pinna. FMA:60992 MA:0002793 NCIT:C32724 SCTID:279607004 UMLS:C0229304 Wikipedia:Helix_(ear) helical part of pinna helix helix (auricula) helix of auricle of ear helix of ear helix of pinna uberon UBERON:0002488 helix of outer ear UBERON:0002488 Wikipedia-uncited The helix is the prominent rim of the pinna. Wikipedia:Helix UMLS:C0229304 ncithesaurus:Helix helix MA:0002793 2 A suture that connects the two frontal bones of the skull. in humans, the frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted] EMAPA:19226 EMAPA:35358 FMA:52989 MA:0002796 SCTID:136854008 Wikipedia:Frontal_suture frontal suture of skull median frontal suture sutura frontalis sutura metopica uberon metopic suture sutura frontalis UBERON:0002490 frontal suture UBERON:0002490 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray134.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Frontal_suture.png two halves of the frontal bone A suture that connects the two frontal bones of the skull. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 sutura frontalis Wikipedia:Frontal_suture sutura metopica FMA:52989 FMA:TA metopic suture MA:0002796 sutura frontalis Wikipedia:Frontal_suture A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow. The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal plate or line depending on the stage of development. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage, where new bone growth takes place, lengthening the bone prior to adulthood. Bone lengthening ceases when this cartilage is lost, leaving a remnant referred to as an epiphyseal line. BTO:0004256 EMAPA:35503 FMA:7474 MA:0002802 NCIT:C33003 SCTID:332709000 UMLS:C0222647 Wikipedia:Long_bone galen:LongBone uberon os longum UBERON:0002495 Endochondral_ossification is an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, with the exception of the clavicle[Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification]. The medial and and lateral ends undergo EO, the mid-portion is formed by a process with features of EO & IO (the process is shared by the mandible)[ISBN:9780397517251] long bone UBERON:0002495 A long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than it is wide. Long bones have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow. The ends of a long bone contain spongy bone and an epiphyseal plate or line depending on the stage of development. The epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage, where new bone growth takes place, lengthening the bone prior to adulthood. Bone lengthening ceases when this cartilage is lost, leaving a remnant referred to as an epiphyseal line. Wikipedia:Long_bone https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9582.htm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2010 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/32 UMLS:C0222647 ncithesaurus:Long_Bone os longum BTO:0004256 Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa. Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of pars acromialis (AAO:0000752)[AAO] AAO:0000826 EMAPA:25119 FMA:23260 GAID:187 MA:0002805 MESH:D000174 NCIT:C32048 SCTID:181911000 UMLS:C0001209 VSAO:0005067 Wikipedia:Acromion acromion process scapular acromion uberon acromion of scapula acromion of the scapula UBERON:0002497 acromion UBERON:0002497 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Gray206.png Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa. VSAO:0005067 Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000826 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of pars acromialis (AAO:0000752)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000826 AAO UMLS:C0001209 ncithesaurus:Acromion acromion process VSAO:0005067 scapular acromion VSAO:0005067 acromion of scapula Wikipedia:Acromion acromion of the scapula Wikipedia:Acromion A rough elevation at the middle of the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. In basal Tetrapodomorph lineages often the deltoid process and the pectoral processes are separate and thus should not be made exact synonyms to the deltopectoral crest.[PHENOSCAPE:ad] AAO:0000736 EMAPA:25052 FMA:23418 MA:0002808 Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity crista ventralis deltoid crest deltoid eminence deltoid impression deltoid tuberosity deltoid tuberosity of humerus tuberositas deltoidea tuberositas deltoidea (corpus humeri) tuberositas deltoidea humeri uberon crista ventralis humeri deltoid process pectoral process UBERON:0002498 deltopectoral crest UBERON:0002498 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/HumerusFront.png A rough elevation at the middle of the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0004353 crista ventralis AAO:0000736 deltoid crest AAO:0000736 MP:0004353 deltoid eminence MP:0004353 deltoid impression MP:0004353 deltoid tuberosity FMA:23418 deltoid tuberosity of humerus FMA:23418 tuberositas deltoidea FMA:23418 FMA:TA tuberositas deltoidea humeri Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity crista ventralis humeri AAO:0000736 deltoid process MP:0004353 The bony arch in vertebrates that extends along the side or front of the skull beneath the eye socket and is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. EMAPA:36570 FMA:53120 MA:0002810 MESH:D015050 MFMO:0000108 NCIT:C33897 SCTID:272682006 UMLS:C0162485 Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch galen:Zygoma zygoma uberon arcus zygomaticus UBERON:0002500 zygomatic arch UBERON:0002500 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png MA FMA-abduced-lr The bony arch in vertebrates that extends along the side or front of the skull beneath the eye socket and is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0004469 UMLS:C0162485 ncithesaurus:Zygomatic_Arch arcus zygomaticus Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37594 FMA:32852 MA:0002822 NCIT:C32698 SCTID:182050001 UMLS:C0223865 Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter galen:GreaterTrochanter great trochanter greater trochanter of femur uberon trochanter major UBERON:0002503 greater trochanter UBERON:0002503 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png FMA The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter EMAPA:37594 MA:th UMLS:C0223865 ncithesaurus:Great_Trochanter trochanter major Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37595 FMA:32853 MA:0002823 NCIT:C32982 SCTID:182051002 UMLS:C0223866 Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter galen:LesserTrochanter lesser trochanter of femur uberon trochanter minor UBERON:0002504 lesser trochanter UBERON:0002504 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray341.png FMA The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter EMAPA:37595 MA:th UMLS:C0223866 ncithesaurus:Lesser_Trochanter trochanter minor Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35447 FMA:58517 MA:0002826 epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris uberon iris pigmented epithelium UBERON:0002506 iris epithelium UBERON:0002506 FMA MA MP An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of iris OBOL:automatic epithelium of iris OBOL:automatic epithelium pigmentosum (iris) FMA:58517 epithelium pigmentosum iridis FMA:58517 FMA:TA iris epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic iris epithelium FMA:58517 pigmented epithelium of iris FMA:58517 iris pigmented epithelium MA:0002826 The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the ventricles of the heart. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented Note that WP states they are ventricular, but MP has classes for atrial ventricular carnea. EMAPA:18626 FMA:7269 MA:0002831 SCTID:118755002 Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae ventricle trabecula carnea uberon cardiac trabecula columnae carneae heart trabecula trabecula of heart trabeculae carneae trabeculae carneae cordis ventricular trabecula UBERON:0002511 trabecula carnea UBERON:0002511 WP The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the ventricles of the heart. MGI:monikat MP:0004067 The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented WP Note that WP states they are ventricular, but MP has classes for atrial ventricular carnea. MP ventricle trabecula carnea MA:0002831 cardiac trabecula GO:0060347 columnae carneae Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae heart trabecula GO:0060347 trabeculae carneae trabeculae carneae cordis Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae ventricular trabecula MA:0002831 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. placement in this class to be inferred Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral AAO:0010776 AEO:0000083 BTO:0002157 EHDAA2:0003083 FMA:24321 TAO:0001591 VSAO:0000145 XAO:0004018 ZFA:0001591 ossified chondrogenic bone uberon cartilaginous bone endochondral bones UBERON:0002513 endochondral bone https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern UBERON:0002513 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg VSAO VSAO Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. GO:0001958 GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000145 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/54 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000145 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral ZFA ossified chondrogenic bone VSAO:0000145 cartilaginous bone BTO:0002157 endochondral bones ZFA:0001591 Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] EMAPA:36615 TAO:0001644 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification ZFA:0001635 uberon intramembranous bones membrane bone UBERON:0002514 intramembranous bone UBERON:0002514 VSAO Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001644 TAO TAO:wd [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0001644 TAO Curator intramembranous bones ZFA:0001635 membrane bone AEO:0000085 The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. basicranial FMA:52801 MA:0002840 MESH:D019291 MFMO:0000044 NCIT:C12493 SCTID:181890004 UMLS:C0149543 Wikipedia:Base_of_skull base of cranium base of skull basis cranii cranial base uberon UBERON:0002517 The skull base is formed from a series of cartilages either side of, and rostral to, the notochord, whose tip lies just caudal to the pituitary gland. It is closely associated with the sensory capsules, which partially or completely sur- round the olfactory epithelium, the eye, and the inner ear[PMID:11523816] basicranium UBERON:0002517 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. Wikipedia:Base_of_skull UMLS:C0149543 ncithesaurus:Base_of_the_Skull base of skull FMA:52801 basis cranii FMA:52801 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Base_of_skull cranial base FMA:52801 MA:0002840 Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. FMA:20113 GAID:926 MA:0002853 MESH:D004547 NCIT:C32495 SCTID:27197004 Wikipedia:Elastic_fiber elastic connective tissue textus connectivus elasticus elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0002521 elastic tissue UBERON:0002521 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Gray377.png Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 textus connectivus elasticus The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002011 EMAPA:36298 FMA:55590 GAID:170 MA:0002855 MESH:D017540 NCIT:C33821 SCTID:61695000 UMLS:C0162867 Wikipedia:Tunica_media uberon tunica media vasorum UBERON:0002522 May be composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue tunica media UBERON:0002522 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg MA cjm cjm The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tunica_media UMLS:C0162867 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Media tunica media vasorum BTO:0002011 Wikipedia:Tunica_media The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. the FMA class represents a more generic layer which is the superclass of the layer found in both blood vessels and lymph vessels (and also endocardium) - we should probably follow this structure the FMA class represents a structure which may have both epithelium and fibroelastic connective tissue as parts The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] BTO:0002012 EMAPA:36297 FMA:55589 GAID:523 MA:0002861 MESH:D017539 NCIT:C33820 SCTID:8361002 SCTID:87483006 UMLS:C0162864 Wikipedia:Tunica_intima uberon Bichat's tunic intima tunica intima vasorum UBERON:0002523 tunica intima UBERON:0002523 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg FMA check for exceptions, e.g. capillaries ISBN:0073040584 The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 NCIT:C33820 Wikipedia:Tunica_intima The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Tunica_intima UMLS:C0162864 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Intima Bichat's tunic BTO:0002012 intima BTO:0002012 tunica intima vasorum BTO:0002012 A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. TODO - align this with the CARO2 class 'appendage segment'; note the FMA class does not appear to require repetition FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z FMA:241863 MA:0002889 NCIT:C38630 UMLS:C1268195 free limb segment segment of limb subdivision of limb uberon extremity part limb region region of limb UBERON:0002529 limb segment UBERON:0002529 A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z FMA UMLS:C1268195 ncithesaurus:Extremity_Part free limb segment FMA:241863 An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ. glandular AAO:0000212 AEO:0000096 BTO:0000522 EFO:0000797 EHDAA2:0003096 EHDAA:2161 EHDAA:4475 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:18425 FBbt:00100317 FMA:7146 FMA:86294 HAO:0000375 MA:0003038 MAT:0000021 MIAA:0000021 NCIT:C13319 SCTID:134358001 UMLS:C1285092 Wikipedia:Gland WikipediaCategory:Glands galen:Gland glandular organ uberon Druese glandula UBERON:0002530 gland UBERON:0002530 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray1026.png An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ. MGI:csmith MP:0002163 UMLS:C1285092 ncithesaurus:Gland glandular organ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Druese BTO:0000522 glandula BTO:0000522 Wikipedia:Gland In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]. MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0004593 FMA:296704 MAT:0000067 MIAA:0000067 VHOG:0000243 Wikipedia:Epiblast epiblast uberon blastocyst ectoblast epiblastus primitive ectoderm UBERON:0002532 epiblast (generic) UBERON:0002532 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epiblast ZFIN:curator In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000243 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ epiblast VHOG:0000243 ectoblast MP:0003886 epiblastus Wikipedia:Epiblast primitive ectoderm VHOG:0000243 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. See notes from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011104 BTO:0001445 EFO:0002748 EHDAA2:0001976 EHDAA:1595 EMAPA:16580 MAT:0000070 MIAA:0000070 TAO:0000077 VHOG:0000201 XAO:0000107 ZFA:0000077 tail bud tailbud uberon end bud tail bud mesenchyme UBERON:0002533 post-anal tail bud UBERON:0002533 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. BTO:0001445 Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011104 AAO ISBN:0815318960 OMD:tail+bud (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000201 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ tail bud ZFA:0000077 end bud BTO:0001445 tail bud mesenchyme ZFA:0000077 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]. this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology BTO:0001237 EFO:0000939 FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 MAT:0000163 MIAA:0000163 TGMA:0000540 Wikipedia:Sensillum sensillum uberon UBERON:0002536 arthropod sensillum UBERON:0002536 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]. FBbt:00007152 Wikipedia:Sensillum sensillum FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 A gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP]. BTO:0000981 EFO:0000971 MAT:0000165 MIAA:0000165 WBbt:0005178 Wikipedia:Ovotestis hermaphrodite genitalia glandula hermaphroditica hermaphrodite gland uberon ovotestis UBERON:0002537 hermaphrodite gonad UBERON:0002537 A gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP]. Wikipedia:Ovotestis hermaphrodite genitalia GO:0040035 glandula hermaphroditica Wikipedia:Ovotestis#In_gastropods hermaphrodite gland Wikipedia:Ovotestis#In_gastropods ovotestis BTO:0000981 One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] Numbered cranial to caudal. different in mammals. branchial arch = ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7. generally gill arch 1 = pharyngeal arch 3. terminology varies as to whether branchial arch follows gill or pharyngeal numbering AAO:0010359 BTO:0001785 EFO:0000959 EHDAA:571 EMAPA:16117 FMA:293015 GAID:1292 MAT:0000242 MESH:D001934 MIAA:0000242 NCIT:C34249 SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001306 UMLS:C0080322 VHOG:0000155 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch XAO:0000096 ZFA:0001306 pharyngeal arches branchial arch uberon arcus pharyngei visceral arch UBERON:0002539 pharyngeal arch UBERON:0002539 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray41.png EHDAA2 PMID:16313389 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 PMID:16313389 One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. PMID:16313389 ZFA:yb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010359 AAO NLM:branchial+arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000155 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0080322 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arches branchial arch BTO:0001785 MP:0002884 arcus pharyngei Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans). this class represents the entire organism subdivision encompassing soft tissue as well as the underlying skeletal framework. The class represents the phalangeal part only - historically the term 'digit' has also been used to represent the unit consisting of a series of phalanges together with a metapodial bone. We may in future relabel this class to avoid confusion with this concept, but the class will continue to represent the phalangeal portion Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] digital AAO:0011126 EFO:0000881 EMAPA:32725 FMA:85518 MA:0000690 MAT:0000285 MIAA:0000285 NCIT:C40186 SCTID:361367007 UMLS:C0582802 VHOG:0000944 Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy) XAO:0003032 galen:Digit acropodial unit digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue limb digit uberon UBERON:0002544 digit UBERON:0002544 A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/420 Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000944 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature07339 Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:85518 GAT UMLS:C0582802 ncithesaurus:Digit digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb digit MA:0000690 Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. Do not merge with neurogenic placode Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons The term placode or placodes also applies to developing organs such as teeth, mammary glands, hair follicles, feathers and scales. We include a separate parent class for this. to avoid confusion, we include neurogenic placode as a subclass ectodermal placode placode AAO:0010466 EFO:0001650 FMA:293966 MAT:0000369 MIAA:0000369 XAO:0000305 ectodermal cranial placode uberon cranial placodes UBERON:0002546 cranial placode UBERON:0002546 cjm PMID:11523831 PMID:22512454 Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/135 https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/4 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/xenopus-anatomy-xao-term-requests/11/ Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons PMID:11523831 ectodermal placode FMA:293966 PMID:22512454 placode Wikipedia:Placode ectodermal cranial placode UBERON:cjm cranial placodes XAO:0000305 A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. TODO discriminate between stages and organisms Whole organism that is premetamorphic or a very immature individual.[TAO] larval AEO:0000126 BTO:0000707 FBbt:00001727 HAO:0000459 MESH:D007814 TAO:0002048 Wikipedia:Larva larval organism ammocoete bipinnaria caterpillar glochidium grub leptocephalus maggot naiad nymph planula tadpole trochophore veliger wriggler zoea uberon UBERON:0002548 larva UBERON:0002548 A distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva Whole organism that is premetamorphic or a very immature individual.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002048 TAO TAO:wd larval organism TAO:0002048 ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva naiad Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva tadpole Wikipedia:Larva trochophore Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. cavity BIRNLEX:1011 EMAPA:37442 FMA:67552 MA:0002447 NCIT:C34007 galen:Cavity uberon UBERON:0002553 anatomical cavity UBERON:0002553 Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. FMA:67552 EMAPA:37442 MA:th BIRNLEX:1019 FMA:12237 SCTID:362606005 cavity of organ uberon UBERON:0002558 organ cavity UBERON:0002558 cavity of organ FMA:12237 The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube. BIRNLEX:1029 FMA:75007 cavity of neuraxis cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis neuraxis cavity neuraxis lumen uberon UBERON:0002561 lumen of central nervous system UBERON:0002561 The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 DOI:10.1186/s12983-014-0089-2 cavity of neuraxis FMA:75007 cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis FMA:75007 neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. BIRNLEX:1167 FMA:55676 NCIT:C13031 SCTID:384763002 UMLS:C0445620 anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure brain part neuraxis segment neuroanatomical region segment of brain uberon UBERON:0002616 regional part of brain UBERON:0002616 Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. BIRNLEX:1167 UMLS:C0445620 ncithesaurus:Brain_Part anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment FMA:55676 segment of brain BIRNLEX:1167 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. BIRNLEX:1499 FMA:71166 MA:0003081 NCIT:C12892 SCTID:180960003 UMLS:C0581619 UMLS:C1278837 neuronames:1654 cervical segment of spinal cord cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] cervical spinal cord pars cervicalis medullae spinalis segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 uberon UBERON:0002726 cervical spinal cord UBERON:0002726 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0581619 BIRNLEX:1499 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Cord UMLS:C1278837 BIRNLEX:1499 cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:71166 cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] FMA:71166 cervical spinal cord FMA:71166 pars cervicalis medullae spinalis FMA:71166 FMA:TA segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 FMA:71166 FMA:TA BIRNLEX:1704 FMA:71168 MA:0003083 NCIT:C12895 SCTID:180962006 UMLS:C0581620 UMLS:C0581621 UMLS:C1278838 Wikipedia:Lumbar_spinal_cord neuronames:1677 lumbar segment of spinal cord lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] lumbar spinal cord pars lumbalis medullae spinalis segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] spinal cord lumbar segment uberon UBERON:0002792 lumbar spinal cord UBERON:0002792 UMLS:C0581620 BIRNLEX:1704 UMLS:C0581621 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spinal_Cord UMLS:C1278838 BIRNLEX:1704 lumbar segment of spinal cord FMA:71168 lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] FMA:71168 lumbar spinal cord FMA:71168 pars lumbalis medullae spinalis FMA:71168 FMA:TA segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] FMA:71168 FMA:TA spinal cord lumbar segment MA:0003083 A cerebral hemisphere that is in the left side of a brain. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern BIRNLEX:1795 FMA:61819 NCIT:C32955 SCTID:362323007 UMLS:C0228176 left hemisphere uberon UBERON:0002812 left cerebral hemisphere UBERON:0002812 A cerebral hemisphere that is in the left side of a brain. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228176 ncithesaurus:Left_Cerebral_Hemisphere left hemisphere BIRNLEX:1795 A cerebral hemisphere that is in the right side of a brain. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern BIRNLEX:1797 FMA:67292 NCIT:C33472 SCTID:362322002 UMLS:C0228175 right hemisphere uberon UBERON:0002813 right cerebral hemisphere UBERON:0002813 A cerebral hemisphere that is in the right side of a brain. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228175 ncithesaurus:Right_Cerebral_Hemisphere right hemisphere BIRNLEX:1797 Nucleus forming a longitudinal cell column in the medulla, close beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle, containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the tongue (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 453). BAMS:12 BAMS:12N BAMS:XII BIRNLEX:2644 BM:XII DHBA:12545 EHDAA2:0004635 EMAPA:35416 EV:0100286 FMA:54505 HBA:9557 MA:0001039 MBA:773 NCIT:C12899 SCTID:47361005 UMLS:C0228802 VHOG:0001358 Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nucleus ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Hypoglossal_Nerve neuronames:757 hypoglossal XII nucleus hypoglossal nerve nucleus hypoglossal nucleus nucleus nervi hypoglossi nucleus of hypoglossal nerve twelfth cranial nerve nucleus uberon nucleus hypoglossalis nucleus nervi hypoglossi UBERON:0002871 hypoglossal nucleus UBERON:0002871 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png Nucleus forming a longitudinal cell column in the medulla, close beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle, containing motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the tongue (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 453). BIRNLEX:2644 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0228802 BIRNLEX:2644 ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nucleus neuronames:757 BIRNLEX:2644 hypoglossal XII nucleus MA:0001039 hypoglossal nerve nucleus FMA:54505 hypoglossal nucleus FMA:54505 nucleus nervi hypoglossi FMA:54505 FMA:TA nucleus of hypoglossal nerve FMA:54505 twelfth cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54505 nucleus hypoglossalis NeuroNames:757 nucleus nervi hypoglossi Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. BM:V BTO:0001074 CALOHA:TS-2077 EMAPA:35883 EV:0100271 FMA:71247 GAID:604 MA:0001028 MESH:D014278 NCIT:C12807 SCTID:280164007 UMLS:C0040999 VHOG:0001353 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nifext_11 nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex trigeminal V nucleus trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus trigeminal nucleus uberon nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis UBERON:0002925 trigeminal nucleus UBERON:0002925 A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. OBOL:automatic massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. GO https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/58 UMLS:C0040999 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nucleus nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex FMA:71247 trigeminal V nucleus MA:0001028 trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus FMA:71247 trigeminal nucleus FMA:71248 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis BTO:0001074 nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis BTO:0001074 A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system. FMA:62412 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nifext_12 uberon UBERON:0002926 gustatory epithelium UBERON:0002926 NIFSTD A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system. OBOL:automatic Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133). involved in the initiation of REM sleep [Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum] BAMS:PTg BIRNLEX:923 DHBA:12416 FMA:71108 HBA:9135 MESH:D065821 SCTID:362401009 UMLS:C0228426 Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum neuronames:557 dorsal pons dorsal portion of pons tegmental portion of pons tegmentum of pons tegmentum pontis uberon pars dorsalis pontis pars posterior pontis tegmentum pontis UBERON:0003023 pontine tegmentum UBERON:0003023 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Brainstem_Abducens.png Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133). BIRNLEX:923 UMLS:C0228426 BIRNLEX:923 neuronames:557 BIRNLEX:923 dorsal portion of pons FMA:71108 tegmental portion of pons FMA:71108 tegmentum of pons FMA:71108 tegmentum pontis FMA:71108 FMA:TA pars dorsalis pontis NeuroNames:557 pars posterior pontis NeuroNames:557 tegmentum pontis Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. septal AAO:0011127 FMA:86461 Wikipedia:Septum septa uberon UBERON:0003037 general anatomical term in FMA septum UBERON:0003037 A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. Wikipedia:Septum septa The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. BIRNLEX:966 FMA:71167 MA:0003082 NCIT:C12894 SCTID:278750009 UMLS:C0581620 Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord neuronames:1718 pars thoracica medullae spinalis segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] thoracic region of spinal cord thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] thoracic spinal cord uberon UBERON:0003038 thoracic spinal cord UBERON:0003038 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gray820.png The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord UMLS:C0581620 BIRNLEX:966 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spinal_Cord pars thoracica medullae spinalis FMA:71167 FMA:TA segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] FMA:71167 FMA:TA thoracic region of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] FMA:71167 thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 A nerve fiber that is part of a trigeminal nerve. BAMS:5nf BIRNLEX:974 FMA:72501 UMLS:C0175452 neuronames:607 central part of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve fibers trigeminal nerve tract uberon fibrae nervi trigemini UBERON:0003041 trigeminal nerve fibers UBERON:0003041 A nerve fiber that is part of a trigeminal nerve. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0175452 BIRNLEX:974 neuronames:607 BIRNLEX:974 central part of trigeminal nerve FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve fibers FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve tract FMA:72501 fibrae nervi trigemini NeuroNames:607 A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011076 EFO:0003420 EHDAA2:0001232 EHDAA:1504 EMAPA:16543 FMA:293971 TAO:0000048 VHOG:0000186 Wikipedia:Nasal_placode XAO:0000005 ZFA:0000048 olfactory placodes placoda nasalis placoda olfactoria uberon nasal I placode nasal placode UBERON:0003050 Olfactory placodes are the only ectodermal placodes to produce glia, a cell type typically derived from neural crest // Note that NBK53171 classifies this as non-neurogenic olfactory placode UBERON:0003050 NCBIBook:NBK53171 ZFA EHDAA2 A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Nasal_placode XAO:0000005 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000186 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ olfactory placodes placoda nasalis placoda olfactoria An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP]. Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] One of the paired sacs of invaginated ectoderm that develop into the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. [Biology_online][VHOG] The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle.[well established][VHOG] MP defines as epithelial sac, but EHDAA defines as multi-tissue; See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1305 UBERON:0004373 AAO:0011080 BTO:0002661 EHDAA2:0001342 EMAPA:16669 FMA:302920 NCIT:C34240 SCTID:308792006 TAO:0000051 UMLS:C1518678 VHOG:0001148 Wikipedia:Otic_vesicle XAO:0000006 ZFA:0000051 otic vesicle uberon OV acoustic vesicle auditory vesicle otocyst UBERON:0003051 ear vesicle UBERON:0003051 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray40.png An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP]. MP:0009806 Wikipedia:Otic_vesicle Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000051 TAO ZFIN:curator One of the paired sacs of invaginated ectoderm that develop into the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. [Biology_online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001148 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001148 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP defines as epithelial sac, but EHDAA defines as multi-tissue; See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1305 MP UMLS:C1518678 ncithesaurus:Otic_Vesicle otic vesicle MP:0004311 acoustic vesicle VHOG:0001148 auditory vesicle BTO:0002661 otocyst MP:0004311 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. consider adding class for organizer. Consider adding separate class for isthmus as a structure Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011064 DMBA:16810 EHDAA2:0004395 EHDAA:5789 EMAPA:32857 NCIT:C93172 TAO:0000042 VHOG:0000649 XAO:0000016 ZFA:0000042 neuronames:2076 MHB mid-hindbrain boundary mid-hindbrain junction midbrain hindbrain boundary uberon isthmic organizer territory isthmo-cerebellar region isthmus isthmus/MHB UBERON:0003052 midbrain-hindbrain boundary UBERON:0003052 ZFA https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/106/ ZFA ZFA The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GO:0021555 Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000649 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ isthmic organizer territory XAO:0000016 isthmo-cerebellar region VHOG:0000649 isthmus/MHB Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] In mice, the first non-basal layer formed at ~E9.5; it is a temporary structure composed of simple squamous epithelium that serves as the first barrier to the embryo's physical environment, exists throughout the entire keratinocyte stratification process, and sheds off at ~E17, when it is replaced by corneocytes[MP] In some mammals, Eyelid Fusion is thought to be driven by a population of cells which are derived from the periderm, the outermost layer of the developing epidermis Originally the epidermis is one layer thick, in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two-layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. The periderm goes through distinct developmental phases and is ultimately sloughed into the amniotic fluid when differentiation of the underlying epidermal layers is complete. The function of the periderm is not known, but is thought to be related to transport/exchange between the fetus and the amniotic fluid (http://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/devbio/periderm.html) EHDAA2:0001846 EHDAA:6538 FMA:295662 NCIT:C34247 TAO:0001185 UMLS:C1518973 VHOG:0001680 XAO:0000029 ZFA:0001185 skin periderm uberon EVL epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer epitrichium periderm UBERON:0003055 periderm UBERON:0003055 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. ISBN:9780878932504 The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001185 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001185 TAO UMLS:C1518973 ncithesaurus:Periderm skin periderm EHDAA2:0001846 EVL ZFA:0001185 epitrichium MP:0013530 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011084 TAO:0007016 VHOG:0001200 XAO:0000045 ZFA:0007016 uberon anterior neural plate UBERON:0003056 pre-chordal neural plate UBERON:0003056 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001200 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] TAO:0007017 VHOG:0001201 XAO:0000046 ZFA:0007017 uberon posterior neural plate UBERON:0003057 chordal neural plate UBERON:0003057 The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001201 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011086 EFO:0001982 EMAPA:16189 EMAPA:16752 TAO:0000279 VHOG:0000559 XAO:0000057 ZFA:0000279 segmental plate unsegmented paraxial mesoderm uberon PSM presumptive somite mesoderm somitogenic mesoderm somitomeric mesoderm unsegmented mesenchyme UBERON:0003059 presomitic mesoderm UBERON:0003059 Bgee:AN Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. ZFIN:curator Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000279 TAO ZFIN:curator It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000559 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ unsegmented paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 somitomeric mesoderm GO:0002075 unsegmented mesenchyme VHOG:0000559 In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. Duct of the embryonic kidney, present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the anal region where it empties separately from, and just posterior to the anus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011088 NCIT:C34279 SCTID:361406002 TAO:0000150 UMLS:C1283945 VHOG:0000082 Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct XAO:0000063 ZFA:0000150 uberon archinephric duct ductus pronephricus pronephric ducts UBERON:0003060 The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney[GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10, PMID:15647339, XAO:0000063, ZFA:0000150] pronephric duct UBERON:0003060 GO Wikipedia XAO In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct Duct of the embryonic kidney, present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the anal region where it empties separately from, and just posterior to the anus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000150 TAO ZFIN:curator The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000082 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000082 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1283945 ncithesaurus:Pronephric_Duct archinephric duct VHOG:0000082 ductus pronephricus Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct pronephric ducts ZFA:0000150 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac ventral lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011006 EFO:0003489 EHDAA:207 NCIT:C34113 TAO:0000094 TE:E5.11.2.0.0.0.4 UMLS:C1511224 VHOG:0000085 Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle XAO:0000067 ZFA:0000094 blood islands uberon VBI caudal hematopoietic tissue posterior ICM posterior blood island ventral blood island UBERON:0003061 blood island UBERON:0003061 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000094 TAO ZFIN:curator Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011006 AAO AAO:EJS relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000094 TAO Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000085 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac EHDAA2 UMLS:C1511224 ncithesaurus:Blood_Island blood islands A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue. TODO - check; developmental relationship to anterior hypoblast in ZFA? Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004881 head mesenchyme head mesoderm AAO:0011085 EHDAA2:0001493 EHDAA:181 FMA:295532 TAO:0000060 VHOG:0000086 Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate XAO:0000079 ZFA:0000060 uberon UBERON:0003063 prechordal plate UBERON:0003063 ZFA PMID:16313393 A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue. ISBN:0838580343 MP:0004387 Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000060 TAO ZFIN:curator Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ head mesenchyme XAO:0000079 head mesoderm XAO:0000079 The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). AAO:0010575 EMAPA:16056 EMAPA:16178 FMA:293147 NCIT:C34193 SCTID:361476001 TAO:0001206 UMLS:C1284010 VHOG:0000087 Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm XAO:0000085 ZFA:0001206 uberon IM intermediate mesenchyme intermediate plate intermediate plate mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium UBERON:0003064 intermediate mesoderm UBERON:0003064 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png AAO EMAPA XAO The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. GOC:curators Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010575 AAO AAO:EJS (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000087 VHOG Wikipedia:Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). ZFA UMLS:C1284010 ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Mesoderm intermediate mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest intermediate plate EMAPA:16178 intermediate plate mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesenchyma intermedium Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements. The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] in XAO, develops from visceral pouch 2 2 AAO:0010363 EHDAA2:0000050 EHDAA:611 EMAPA:16272 FMA:293017 NCIT:C34288 SCTID:308768003 TAO:0001596 VHOG:0000297 Wikipedia:Second_pharyngeal_arch XAO:0000098 ZFA:0001611 2nd pharyngeal arch arcus pharyngeus secundus branchial arch 2 hyoid arch pharyngeal arch 2 second branchial arch second pharyngeal arch second visceral arch visceral arch 2 uberon 2nd arch 2nd visceral arch hyoid bars pharyngeal arches 2 UBERON:0003066 pharyngeal arch 2 UBERON:0003066 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray41.png The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements. PMID:12784288 ZFIN:yb https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/258 The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010363 AAO XAO:EJS A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000297 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in XAO, develops from visceral pouch 2 XAO arcus pharyngeus secundus Wikipedia:Second_pharyngeal_arch branchial arch 2 hyoid arch XAO:0000098 second branchial arch second visceral arch visceral arch 2 2nd arch EHDAA2:0000050 2nd visceral arch VHOG:0000297 pharyngeal arches 2 VHOG:0000297 Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001310 VHOG:0000103 XAO:0000187 ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes uberon UBERON:0003067 The only remaining dorsolateral placode in land vertebrates is the otic/octaval placode dorsolateral placode UBERON:0003067 NCBIBook:NBK53175 Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. ZFIN:curator In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000103 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ dorsolateral placodes ZFA:0001310 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] AAO:0011017 EFO:0003647 TAO:0001204 VHOG:0000107 Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm XAO:0000205 ZFA:0001204 uberon chordamesoderm UBERON:0003068 axial mesoderm UBERON:0003068 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. GO:0048318 Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000107 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ chordamesoderm Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK]. Primordium of the ear epithelium before it hollows into the otic vesicle, present beside the hindbrain rudiment in the midsegmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] With the exception of the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea, which are of neural crest origin, all compo- nents of the inner ear derive from the otic placode. In most species the thickening of the ectoderm into a placode occurs in a region adjacent to rhombomere 5 (reviewed in Ohyama et al., 2007), while in amphibians the otic placode is centered onto rhombomere 4 (Ruiz i Altaba and Jessell, 1991). AAO:0011079 EFO:0003429 EHDAA2:0001339 EHDAA:506 EMAPA:16195 FMA:293973 NCIT:C34239 TAO:0000138 UMLS:C1518677 VHOG:0000235 Wikipedia:Otic_placode XAO:0000223 ZFA:0000138 placoda otica uberon auditory placode ear placode ear/otic placode octaval VIII placode octaval placode UBERON:0003069 otic placode UBERON:0003069 invaginates NCBIBook:NBK53175 A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK]. NCBIBook:NBK53175 Wikipedia:Otic_placode Primordium of the ear epithelium before it hollows into the otic vesicle, present beside the hindbrain rudiment in the midsegmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000138 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000235 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ With the exception of the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea, which are of neural crest origin, all compo- nents of the inner ear derive from the otic placode. In most species the thickening of the ectoderm into a placode occurs in a region adjacent to rhombomere 5 (reviewed in Ohyama et al., 2007), while in amphibians the otic placode is centered onto rhombomere 4 (Ruiz i Altaba and Jessell, 1991). NCBIBook:NBK53175 UMLS:C1518677 ncithesaurus:Otic_Placodes placoda otica octaval VIII placode ISBN:0471888893 octaval placode ISBN:0471888893 A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion. The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] Consider naming this 'trigeminal placode complex'. Also, Fig9-5 of ISBN:0471888893 calls this the profundus placode; XAO says 'profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end...' EFO:0003433 EHDAA2:0004209 TAO:0000162 VHOG:0000109 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 trigeminal V placode trigeminal placode uberon profundus V placode profundus placode trigeminal placodes UBERON:0003070 trigeminal placode complex UBERON:0003070 ISBN:0471888893 A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion. PMID:22512454 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] XAO The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000162 TAO ZFIN:curator The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000109 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ trigeminal placode EHDAA2:0004209 VHOG:0000109 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 profundus V placode ISBN:0471888893 profundus placode ISBN:0471888893 trigeminal placodes ZFA:0000162 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. XAO has both optic field and eye primordium. UBERON:0005060 AAO:0011038 EFO:0003541 EHDAA2:0004431 TAO:0000570 XAO:0000227 XAO:0004090 ZFA:0000570 eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic placode optic placode of camera-type eye optic primordium uberon eye anlage eye field optic field optic placodes UBERON:0003071 eye primordium UBERON:0003071 EHDAA2 PMID:16496288 XAO Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. GO:0046619 ZFA:0000570 TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. XAO has both optic field and eye primordium. GO eye placode OBOL:automatic optic placode GO:0046619 optic placode of camera-type eye GO:0046619 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 eye anlage XAO:0000227 optic placodes Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0005351 EHDAA2:0001303 EHDAA:2912 EMAPA:16674 NCIT:C34233 SCTID:308789007 TAO:0001202 UMLS:C0231109 VHOG:0000167 ZFA:0001202 uberon eye cup eyecup ocular cup ophtalmic cup UBERON:0003072 optic cup UBERON:0003072 ZFA ZFA Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. MP:0004269 Wikipedia:Optic_cup_(embryology) ZFA:0001202 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000167 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231109 ncithesaurus:Optic_Cup eyecup BTO:0005351 ocular cup VHOG:0000167 ophtalmic cup BTO:0005351 A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006) AAO:0011055 EFO:0003494 EHDAA2:0000982 EHDAA:2908 EMAPA:16672 FMA:296767 NCIT:C34202 TAO:0000122 UMLS:C1517770 VHOG:0000166 Wikipedia:Lens_placode XAO:0000240 ZFA:0000122 uberon lens placodes placoda lentis UBERON:0003073 lens placode UBERON:0003073 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray864.png NCBIBook:NBK53175 ZFA A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Wikipedia:Lens_placode ZFIN:curator Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000122 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000166 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006) NCBIBook:NBK53175 UMLS:C1517770 ncithesaurus:Lens_Placodes lens placodes ZFA:0000122 placoda lentis Wikipedia:Lens_placode Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Consider adding subclasses for male and female specific variants TODO - mesonephric portion of the nephric duct Anatomical structure consisting of either of a pair of longitudinal ducts which carry urine and in males, sperm, to the cloaca.[AAO] The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] In the male the Wolffian duct persists, and forms for example the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle and efferent ducts. AAO:0000637 EHDAA2:0001243 EHDAA:1590 EMAPA:16577 GAID:1315 MESH:D014928 NCIT:C26469 SCTID:308800003 TAO:0000546 UMLS:C0043204 VHOG:0000082 Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct XAO:0000242 ZFA:0000546 Wolffian duct uberon Leydig's duct archinephric duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi renal duct UBERON:0003074 mesonephric duct UBERON:0003074 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png GO EHDAA2 Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct ZFIN:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/28 Anatomical structure consisting of either of a pair of longitudinal ducts which carry urine and in males, sperm, to the cloaca.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000637 AAO AAO:BJB The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000082 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000082 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0043204 ncithesaurus:Mesonephric_Duct Wolffian duct GOC:yaf Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct ZFA:0000546 Leydig's duct Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct archinephric duct VHOG:0000082 Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011072 BTO:0001765 DHBA:10153 DMBA:15565 EHDAA:346 EHDAA:902 EMAPA:35593 FMA:293879 MESH:D054258 NCIT:C34225 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001252 TAO:0000132 UMLS:C0920623 VHOG:0000068 Wikipedia:Neural_plate XAO:0000249 ZFA:0000132 neuronames:1362 uberon lamina neuralis presumptive central nervous system UBERON:0003075 neural plate UBERON:0003075 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png GOTAX:0000352 Wikipedia Bgee:AN A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]. ISBN:0815318960 OMD:neural+plate Wikipedia:Neural_plate ZFIN:curator The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000132 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000068 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0920623 ncithesaurus:Neural_Plate lamina neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011082 TAO:0007037 VHOG:0001383 XAO:0000250 ZFA:0007037 uberon UBERON:0003076 posterior neural tube UBERON:0003076 lexical (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001383 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]. Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here) AAO:0010568 EFO:0003515 EMAPA:16183 EMAPA:16751 FMA:293145 NCIT:C34244 SCTID:361475002 TAO:0000255 UMLS:C1284009 VHOG:0000114 Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm XAO:0000259 ZFA:0000255 paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm uberon mesoderma paraxiale UBERON:0003077 paraxial mesoderm UBERON:0003077 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 Bgee:AN The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]. GO:0048339 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010568 AAO AAO:EJS Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000114 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here) ZFA UMLS:C1284009 ncithesaurus:Paraxial_Mesoderm paraxial mesenchyme ZFA:0000255 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest somitic mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 mesoderma paraxiale Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] Epibranchial placodes-derived neurons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively in XAO this develops_from dorsolateral placode, but in NBK53175, this is a separate group AAO:0011036 EFO:0003455 FMA:293968 TAO:0001294 VHOG:0000117 XAO:0000284 ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes uberon ventrolateral placode UBERON:0003078 epibranchial placode UBERON:0003078 NCBIBook:NBK53175 ZFA ZFA EHDAA2-abduced Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. VHOG:0000117 Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000117 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000117 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Epibranchial placodes-derived neurons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively NCBIBook:NBK53175 in XAO this develops_from dorsolateral placode, but in NBK53175, this is a separate group XAO epibranchial placodes ZFA:0001294 ventrolateral placode ISBN:0471888893 TODO - add grouping class for the anterior end of the neural tube at all stages (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011012 TAO:0007038 VHOG:0001384 XAO:0000307 ZFA:0007038 uberon UBERON:0003080 anterior neural tube UBERON:0003080 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001384 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] subclass of mesoderm in ZFA. UBERON:0006258 AAO:0010574 EHDAA2:0000919 EHDAA:379 EMAPA:16179 FMA:293149 NCIT:C34199 SCTID:361477005 TAO:0000121 UMLS:C1517749 VHOG:0000118 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm XAO:0000311 ZFA:0000121 LPM lateral mesoderm uberon lateral plate lateral plate mesenchyme mesoderma laminae lateralis UBERON:0003081 lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0003081 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 VHOG Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. MP:0010117 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010574 AAO AAO:EJS The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ subclass of mesoderm in ZFA. ZFA UMLS:C1517749 ncithesaurus:Lateral_Mesoderm LPM ZFA:0000121 lateral mesoderm GO:0048368 lateral plate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000919 mesoderma laminae lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. The term 'myotome' is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root / spinal segment - consider adding new class, myomere. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011067 AEO:0001018 BTO:0000742 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003431 EHDAA:1721 EHDAA:1727 EHDAA:1733 EHDAA:1739 EMAPA:32841 FMA:295658 NCIT:C34214 SCTID:344535001 TAO:0001056 UMLS:C1513802 VHOG:0001244 Wikipedia:Myotome XAO:0000315 ZFA:0001056 myomeres uberon muscle plate myomere myotome region myotomes myotomus UBERON:0003082 myotome UBERON:0003082 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png AEO EHDAA2-abduced A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. AEO:0001018 Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001056 TAO ZFIN:curator In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001244 VHOG DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1513802 ncithesaurus:Myotome_Region myomeres TAO:0001056 myotomus Wikipedia:Myotome Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010582 EFO:0003605 EHDAA2:0001901 TAO:0001024 VHOG:0000062 Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest XAO:0000319 ZFA:0001024 TNC uberon trunk crest UBERON:0003083 trunk neural crest UBERON:0003083 ZFA Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010582 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000062 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ TNC XAO:0000319 Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. should probably be merged with heart rudiment. Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] AAO:0011044 BTO:0001887 NCIT:C34276 TAO:0000028 UMLS:C1514450 XAO:0000336 ZFA:0000028 uberon cardiac field fused heart primordium UBERON:0003084 heart primordium UBERON:0003084 Obol ZFA ZFA XAO Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. ZFIN:curator Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000028 TAO ZFIN:curator The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011044 AAO XAO:curator relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000028 TAO UMLS:C1514450 ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Heart cardiac field ZFA:0000028 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis.[AAO] AAO:0011023 EFO:0003472 TAO:0000011 VHOG:0000123 Wikipedia:Caudal_artery XAO:0000364 ZFA:0000011 uberon CA UBERON:0003086 caudal artery UBERON:0003086 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Wikipedia:Caudal_artery ZFIN:curator Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000011 TAO ZFIN:curator The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011023 AAO ISBN:0-226-55763-4 Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] part_of somite in XAO AAO:0010571 AEO:0000212 EHDAA2:0003439 EMAPA:31159 FMA:295652 NCIT:C34287 TAO:0001080 UMLS:C0183176 VHOG:0000680 Wikipedia:Sclerotome XAO:0000397 ZFA:0001080 sclerotomes uberon sclerotomus UBERON:0003089 sclerotome UBERON:0003089 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 VHOG:0000680 ZFA Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotome XB:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/316 Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010571 AAO AAO:EJS The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000680 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ part_of somite in XAO XAO UMLS:C0183176 ncithesaurus:Sclerotome sclerotomes TAO:0001080 sclerotomus Wikipedia:Sclerotome Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010580 EFO:0003645 EHDAA2:0004420 EMAPA:16091 TAO:0001194 VHOG:0000063 Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest XAO:0001001 ZFA:0001194 CNC cephalic neural crest cranial NCC population head NCC population uberon crista neuralis cranialis head crest head neural crest UBERON:0003099 cranial neural crest UBERON:0003099 Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. MGI:anna Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010580 AAO AAO:EJS Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001194 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000063 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ CNC XAO:0001001 cephalic neural crest EMAPA:16091 crista neuralis cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. AAO:0010030 BILA:0000028 CARO:0000028 FBbt:00007011 FMA:67812 HAO:0000028 SCTID:362608006 TAO:0000303 TGMA:0001839 XAO:0003005 ZFA:0000303 female human body uberon female UBERON:0003100 female organism UBERON:0003100 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. CARO:0000028 female human body FMA:67812 female TAO:0000303 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. AAO:0010033 BILA:0000027 CARO:0000027 FBbt:00007004 FMA:67811 HAO:0000027 SCTID:362609003 TAO:0000242 TGMA:0001838 WBbt:0007850 XAO:0003006 ZFA:0000242 male human body uberon male UBERON:0003101 male organism UBERON:0003101 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. CARO:0000027 male human body FMA:67811 male TAO:0000242 Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. consider obsoleting. See issue/1305 Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] AAO:0010337 AEO_RETIRED:0000010 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003010 TAO:0000292 VSAO:0000001 Wikipedia:Surface_structure XAO:0003028 ZFA:0000292 galen:SurfaceRegion anatomical surface feature uberon surface feature surface region surface structures UBERON:0003102 surface structure UBERON:0003102 Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/24 Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000292 TAO ZFIN:curator anatomical surface feature EHDAA2:0003010 surface structures ZFA:0000292 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. this class was introduced for consistency with CARO. However, in this ontology we typically classify organs directly under 'organ' rather than subdividing into compound and simple organs AAO:0010015 AEO:0000024 BILA:0000024 CARO:0000024 EHDAA2:0003024 HAO:0000024 TADS:0000598 TAO:0000496 TGMA:0001837 VHOG:0001723 XAO:0003041 ZFA:0000496 uberon organ UBERON:0003103 compound organ UBERON:0003103 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme. the relationship to mesoderm is weaker than develops_from in order to have classes such as 'head mesenchyme from mesoderm' make sense A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] mesenchymal AAO:0010427 AEO:0000145 BTO:0001393 CALOHA:TS-0620 EHDAA2:0003145 EV:0100007 NCIT:C13301 TAO:0000393 UMLS:C0162415 VHOG:0000170 Wikipedia:Mesenchyme XAO:0003046 ZFA:0000393 mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue uberon mesenchyma UBERON:0003104 mesenchyme UBERON:0003104 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme. https://archive.org/details/invertebratesnde00brus/page/n240/mode/2up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1641 A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000393 TAO ZFIN:curator Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010427 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0162415 ncithesaurus:Mesenchyme mesenchyma Wikipedia:Mesenchyme Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[AAO] relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] UBERONREF:0000007 has this as a syn for otic capsule AAO:0010208 TAO:0000189 XAO:0003175 ZFA:0000189 uberon cranial vault UBERON:0003110 otic region UBERON:0003110 Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000189 TAO TAO:MAH Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010208 AAO AAO:EJS relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000189 TAO cranial vault ZFA:0000189 Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the cranium. Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the neurocranium.[AAO] AAO:0010207 TAO:0000290 XAO:0003174 ZFA:0000290 uberon UBERON:0003111 sphenoid region UBERON:0003111 Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the cranium. TAO:0000290 UBERONREF:0000007 Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the neurocranium.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010207 AAO AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs.[AAO] AAO:0010206 EFO:0003525 NCIT:C98765 TAO:0000351 XAO:0003172 ZFA:0000351 uberon ethmoid region UBERON:0003112 olfactory region UBERON:0003112 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. TAO:0000351 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000351 TAO TAO:MAH Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010206 AAO AAO:EJS ethmoid region ZFA:0000351 Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. wikipedia treats skull roof and dermatocranium as synonymous, but some sources treat the roof as being part of the dermatocranium - see UBERONREF:0000007 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] AAO:0010154 TAO:0000863 VHOG:0001665 Wikipedia:Skull_roof XAO:0003169 ZFA:0000863 dendrocranium exocranium dermal skull roof dermatocranial cover roof of skull skull roof uberon dermal bone cranium dermal part of skull dermal skull bones roofing bones of the skull skull exoskeleton UBERON:0003113 dermatocranium UBERON:0003113 Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. Wikipedia:Skull_roof ZFA:0000863 ISBN:0073040584 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000863 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010154 AAO AAO:BJB dendrocranium TAO:0000863 exocranium UBERONREF:0000007 dermal skull roof PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull_roof roof of skull Wikipedia:Skull_roof skull roof PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull_roof dermal bone cranium ZFA:0000863 roofing bones of the skull Wikipedia:Skull_roof The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, contains the first aortic arch.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] in XAO, called branchial arch 1 and df VP3 3 AAO:0010365 EHDAA2:0000069 EHDAA:1080 EMAPA:16399 FMA:293029 SCTID:308769006 TAO:0001598 VHOG:0000298 XAO:0000447 ZFA:0001606 3rd pharyngeal arch first gill arch gill arch 1 third pharyngeal arch third visceral arch visceral arch 3 uberon 3rd arch 3rd visceral arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch UBERON:0003114 pharyngeal arch 3 UBERON:0003114 The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. MP:0006339 The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, contains the first aortic arch.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010365 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000298 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in XAO, called branchial arch 1 and df VP3 XAO first gill arch ZFA:0001606 gill arch 1 ZFA:0001606 3rd arch EHDAA2:0000069 3rd visceral arch VHOG:0000298 branchial arch 1 AAO:0010365 ZFA:0001606 first branchial arch ZFA:0001606 Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus. The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 4 AAO:0010366 EHDAA2:0000086 EHDAA:1663 EMAPA:16760 FMA:293035 SCTID:308770007 TAO:0001599 VHOG:0000299 XAO:0000449 ZFA:0001607 4th branchial arch 4th pharyngeal arch 4th visceral arch fourth pharyngeal arch gill arch 2 second gill arch visceral arch 4 uberon 4th arch branchial arch 2 fourth visceral arch second branchial arch UBERON:0003115 pharyngeal arch 4 UBERON:0003115 Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus. MP:0006340 The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010366 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000299 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 XAO 4th branchial arch gill arch 2 ZFA:0001607 second gill arch ZFA:0001607 4th arch EHDAA2:0000086 branchial arch 2 AAO:0010366 ZFA:0001607 fourth visceral arch VHOG:0000299 second branchial arch ZFA:0001607 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 6 UBERON:0004349 AAO:0010368 EHDAA2:0004075 EMAPA:32766 FMA:293047 SCTID:308772004 TAO:0001601 VHOG:0001205 XAO:0000453 ZFA:0001609 6th arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch visceral arch 6 uberon 6th pharyngeal arch 6th visceral arch branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch sixth visceral arch UBERON:0003117 pharyngeal arch 6 UBERON:0003117 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. MP:0006347 The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010368 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001205 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 6th arch EHDAA2:0004075 gill arch 4 ZFA:0001609 visceral arch 6 ZFA:0001609 6th pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001205 6th visceral arch VHOG:0001205 branchial arch 4 AAO:0010368 ZFA:0001609 fourth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001205 sixth visceral arch XAO:0000453 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. Disappears early in development in tetrapods ZFA states that The paired aortic arch 1 arteries branch off of the ventral aorta, and empty into the right and left lateral dorsal aortas UBERON:0004371 AAO:0010415 EHDAA2:0000007 EMAPA:16202 EMAPA:16685 SCTID:308774003 TAO:0005005 VHOG:0000149 XAO:0000342 ZFA:0005005 1st arch artery AA1 aortic arch 1 first aortic arch first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch uberon 1st aortic arch artery 1st branchial arch artery 1st pharyngeal arch artery first arch artery UBERON:0003118 pharyngeal arch artery 1 UBERON:0003118 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0010355 ZFA states that The paired aortic arch 1 arteries branch off of the ventral aorta, and empty into the right and left lateral dorsal aortas ZFA 1st arch artery EMAPA:16685 AA1 ZFA:0005005 aortic arch 1 ZFA:0005005 first aortic arch XAO:0000342 mandibular aortic arch ZFA:0005005 1st aortic arch artery EMAPA:16685 1st branchial arch artery EMAPA:16685 1st pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:16685 first arch artery EMAPA:16685 The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2]. The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 2 that is part of hyoid arch.[AAO] UBERON:0004372 AAO:0010418 EHDAA2:0000051 EMAPA:16203 EMAPA:16686 SCTID:308775002 TAO:0005006 VHOG:0000148 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2 XAO:0000343 ZFA:0005006 2nd arch artery AA2 aortic arch 2 hyoid aortic arch second aortic arch second branchial arch artery uberon 2nd aortic arch artery 2nd branchial arch artery 2nd pharyngeal arch artery UBERON:0003119 pharyngeal arch artery 2 UBERON:0003119 The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0010356 The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2 The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 2 that is part of hyoid arch.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010418 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 2nd arch artery EHDAA2:0000051 AA2 ZFA:0005006 aortic arch 2 ZFA:0005006 hyoid aortic arch ZFA:0005006 second aortic arch XAO:0000343 2nd aortic arch artery EMAPA:16686 2nd branchial arch artery EMAPA:16686 2nd pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:16686 The vessels formed within the third pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3]. The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] UBERON:0004352 AAO:0010419 EHDAA2:0000070 EMAPA:16687 SCTID:308776001 TAO:0005007 VHOG:0000147 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 XAO:0000344 ZFA:0005007 3rd arch artery AA3 aortic arch 3 carotid arch third aortic arch third branchial arch artery uberon 3rd aortic arch artery 3rd branchial arch artery 3rd pharyngeal arch artery UBERON:0003120 pharyngeal arch artery 3 UBERON:0003120 The vessels formed within the third pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0006356 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005007 TAO ZFIN:curator The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010419 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 3rd arch artery EHDAA2:0000070 AA3 ZFA:0005007 aortic arch 3 ZFA:0005007 carotid arch Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 third aortic arch XAO:0000344 3rd aortic arch artery EMAPA:16687 3rd branchial arch artery EMAPA:16687 3rd pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:16687 The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4]. Normally, the left fourth arch becomes the aortic arch, the right fourth arch contributes to the innominate artery[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] in birds it is the right fourth arch which forms the permanent aorta UBERON:0004350 AAO:0010420 EHDAA2:0000087 EMAPA:17004 SCTID:308777005 TAO:0005008 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4 XAO:0000355 ZFA:0005008 4th arch artery AA4 aortic arch 4 fourth aortic arch fourth branchial arch artery uberon 4th aortic arch artery 4th branchial arch artery 4th pharyngeal arch artery systemic arch UBERON:0003121 proximal right subclavian pharyngeal arch artery 4 UBERON:0003121 The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0006354 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005008 TAO ZFIN:curator The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010420 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4 4th arch artery EHDAA2:0000087 AA4 ZFA:0005008 aortic arch 4 ZFA:0005008 fourth aortic arch XAO:0000355 4th aortic arch artery EMAPA:17004 4th branchial arch artery EMAPA:17004 4th pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:17004 systemic arch ISBN:0073040584 XAO:0000355 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6]. the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries UBERON:0004351 AAO:0010422 EHDAA2:0000102 EMAPA:17005 SCTID:308779008 TAO:0005016 VHOG:0000144 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 XAO:0000353 ZFA:0005016 6th arch artery AA6 aortic arch 6 sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery uberon 6th aortic arch artery 6th branchial arch artery 6th pharyngeal arch artery pulmonary arch UBERON:0003123 pharyngeal arch artery 6 UBERON:0003123 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0006355 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005016 TAO ZFIN:curator The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010422 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview 6th arch artery EMAPA:17005 AA6 ZFA:0005016 aortic arch 6 ZFA:0005016 sixth aortic arch XAO:0000353 6th aortic arch artery EMAPA:17005 6th branchial arch artery EMAPA:17005 6th pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:17005 pulmonary arch ISBN:0073040584 The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes. The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] chorionic The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN:0073040584] Extra-embryonic ectoderm BTO:0000252 CALOHA:TS-0144 EFO:0002780 EHDAA2:0000245 EHDAA:150 EMAPA:16112 EV:0100121 FMA:80224 GAID:1299 MESH:D002823 NCIT:C34122 NCIT:C34124 UMLS:C0008503 UMLS:C1516505 VHOG:0000200 Wikipedia:Chorion chorion chorion (vertebrates) embryonic chorion fetal chorion uterine chorion uberon chorion frondosum chorionic sac UBERON:0003124 This term refers to the amniote structure. It is distinct from the concept of chorion in insects chorion membrane UBERON:0003124 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Gray24.png Hymans ISBN:0073040584 The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes. MESH:A10.615.284.473 MP:0002836 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22603 The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000200 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chorion The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. BTO:0000252 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000200 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Extra-embryonic ectoderm PMID:19829370 UMLS:C0008503 ncithesaurus:Chorion UMLS:C1516505 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Sac uterine chorion ZFIN:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 chorion frondosum Wikipedia:Chorion chorionic sac Wikipedia:Chorion The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. An elongated tube which carries air to and from the lungs.[AAO] The respiratory tube between the larynx and the bronchi. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea.[well established][VHOG] tracheal In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the cartilagenous rings are complete, and may even be ossified. In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes. The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx. in mouse 15-18 C-rings, 15-20 in human. AAO:0010140 BTO:0001388 CALOHA:TS-1060 EFO:0000935 EHDAA2:0002066 EHDAA:3078 EMAPA:16853 EV:0100040 FMA:7394 GAID:361 MA:0000441 MAT:0000137 MESH:D014132 MIAA:0000137 NCIT:C12428 SCTID:181213009 UMLS:C0040578 VHOG:0000371 Wikipedia:Vertebrate_trachea XAO:0000118 cartilaginous trachea vertebrate trachea windpipe uberon tracheal tubule UBERON:0003126 trachea UBERON:0003126 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg EHDAA2 The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. GO:0060438 Wikipedia:Vertebrate_trachea An elongated tube which carries air to and from the lungs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010140 AAO AAO:BJB The respiratory tube between the larynx and the bronchi. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000371 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000371 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in mouse 15-18 C-rings, 15-20 in human. ISBN:0123813611 UMLS:C0040578 ncithesaurus:Trachea vertebrate trachea tracheal tubule BTO:0001388 Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). cranial the inclusion of the FMA class here is probably not quite correct, as this class includes as parts sutures, whereas this is not part of the bones of the cranium The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton BTO:0001328 EFO:0000831 EHDAA:6029 EMAPA:17680 FMA:71325 MA:0000316 MAT:0000340 MIAA:0000340 SCTID:181889008 VHOG:0000334 Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) bones of cranium ossa cranii set of bones of cranium skull minus mandible upper part of skull uberon calvarium epicranial plate skeletal system of head UBERON:0003128 cranium UBERON:0003128 FMA-inferred Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the inclusion of the FMA class here is probably not quite correct, as this class includes as parts sutures, whereas this is not part of the bones of the cranium FMA The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton WP bones of cranium FMA:71325 ossa cranii FMA:71325 FMA:TA set of bones of cranium FMA:71325 calvarium BTO:0001328 Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. in FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. in many ontologies, the structure called the cranium is inclusive of the mandible/lower jaw skeleton A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates BTO:0001295 CALOHA:TS-2344 EHDAA2:0000325 EMAPA:17680 FMA:46565 GAID:82 MESH:D012886 NCIT:C12789 SCTID:110530005 UMLS:C0037303 Wikipedia:Skull WikipediaCategory:Skull galen:Skull uberon cranial skeleton skeletal system of head UBERON:0003129 skull UBERON:0003129 FMA Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2962656&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 in FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. FMA A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates WP UMLS:C0037303 ncithesaurus:Skull An organ involved in reproduction. GO uses genitalia for the singular organ EMAPA:17381 EMAPA:37731 MA:0001752 MESH:D005835 NCIT:C25177 SCTID:128181006 TGMA:0000591 UMLS:C0017420 WBbt:0008422 genital organ reproductive system organ sex organ uberon genitalia UBERON:0003133 reproductive organ UBERON:0003133 An organ involved in reproduction. UBERON:xp GO uses genitalia for the singular organ GO EMAPA:37731 MA:th UMLS:C0017420 ncithesaurus:Genitalia genitalia A female organ involved in reproduction. EMAPA:28540 MA:0000544 female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism uberon UBERON:0003134 female reproductive organ UBERON:0003134 A female organ involved in reproduction. UBERON:xp female organism reproductive organ OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive structure OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic female organism sex organ OBOL:automatic female reproductive gland/organ MA:0000544 reproductive organ of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of female organism OBOL:automatic sex organ of female organism OBOL:automatic A male organ involved in reproduction. MA:0000545 WBbt:0008423 male organism reproductive organ male organism reproductive structure male organism reproductive system organ male organism sex organ male reproductive gland/organ male reproductive system organ male sex organ reproductive organ of male organism reproductive structure of male organism reproductive system organ of male organism sex organ of male organism uberon male genital UBERON:0003135 male reproductive organ UBERON:0003135 A male organ involved in reproduction. UBERON:xp male organism reproductive organ OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive structure OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic male organism sex organ OBOL:automatic male reproductive gland/organ MA:0000545 reproductive organ of male organism OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of male organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of male organism OBOL:automatic sex organ of male organism OBOL:automatic male genital WBbt:0008423 Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBbt:00005159 FMA:77853 gustatory organ system organ gustatory system organ organ of gustatory organ system organ of gustatory system organ of taste system taste organ taste system organ uberon UBERON:0003212 gustatory organ UBERON:0003212 Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBC:auto_generated_definition gustatory organ system organ OBOL:automatic gustatory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory organ system OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory system OBOL:automatic organ of taste system OBOL:automatic taste system organ OBOL:automatic Anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes [GO]. The hard palate is formed from bony processes of the maxilla, premaxilla and palatine bone [Kardong]. in FMA this is divided into bony parts and submucosa EMAPA:18952 FMA:55023 GAID:221 MA:0002477 MAT:0000161 MESH:D021362 MIAA:0000161 NCIT:C12230 SCTID:245778002 UMLS:C0226901 Wikipedia:Hard_palate hard palate palatum durum uberon UBERON:0003216 hard palate UBERON:0003216 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg FMA check this EMAPA Anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes [GO]. The hard palate is formed from bony processes of the maxilla, premaxilla and palatine bone [Kardong]. GO:0060022 Wikipedia:Hard_palate in FMA this is divided into bony parts and submucosa FMA UMLS:C0226901 ncithesaurus:Hard_Palate palatum durum Wikipedia:Hard_palate Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. uberon UBERON:0003218 ovary septum UBERON:0003218 Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. GO:0080126 One of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO]. A mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the ureteric bud that gives rise to nephrons in the metanephric kidney. [TFD][VHOG] When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004062 EHDAA:4041 EHDAA:5021 EHDAA:5915 EMAPA:17375 SCTID:361529008 VHOG:0000540 Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric blastema metanephric mesoderm metanephrogenic mesenchyme metanephros associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003220 Genes: The positional specification of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme is negatively regulated by Foxc1 and Foxc2. Next the permanent kidney forming metanephrogenic mesenchyme is specified by Hox11 genes. The competence to respond to ureteric bud inducers is regulated by WT1. GDNF secretion restricted to posterior region by Robo2 and Sprouty1. The receptors for GDNF are synthesized in the nephric ducts and later in ureteric buds [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"] metanephric mesenchyme UBERON:0003220 ISBN:9780878932504 One of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072075 Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema A mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the ureteric bud that gives rise to nephrons in the metanephric kidney. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000540 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metanephric+mesenchyme When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000540 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462 http://bgee.unil.ch/ metanephric blastema Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric mesoderm Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephrogenic mesenchyme EHDAA:5021 metanephros associated mesenchyme RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001139 Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. phalangeal In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three CALOHA:TS-2211 EMAPA:32614 FMA:321661 MA:0000304 NCIT:C33317 SCTID:290029003 UMLS:C0222682 VSAO:0000199 Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones galen:Phalanx digit long bone long bone of digit phalange phalanges phalanx bone uberon UBERON:0003221 phalanx UBERON:0003221 Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. VSAO:0000199 Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three WP UMLS:C0222682 ncithesaurus:Phalanx digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanges phalanx bone Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000430 EHDAA:4168 EHDAA:6214 EMAPA:17415 VHOG:0001044 cubital region epithelial tissue cubital region epithelium elbow epithelial tissue elbow epithelium epithelial tissue of cubital region epithelial tissue of elbow epithelium of cubital region uberon UBERON:0003229 epithelium of elbow UBERON:0003229 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelium OBOL:automatic elbow epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic elbow epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic epithelium of cubital region OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000219 EHDAA:5198 carpal region epithelial tissue carpal region epithelium epithelial tissue of carpal region epithelial tissue of wrist epithelium of wrist wrist epithelial tissue wrist epithelium uberon UBERON:0003230 epithelium of carpal region UBERON:0003230 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic epithelium of wrist OBOL:automatic wrist epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic wrist epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000784 EHDAA:5155 EHDAA:6180 EMAPA:17491 VHOG:0000779 epithelial tissue of hip epithelial tissue of hip region epithelial tissue of regio coxae epithelium of hip region epithelium of regio coxae hip epithelial tissue hip epithelium hip region epithelial tissue hip region epithelium regio coxae epithelial tissue regio coxae epithelium uberon UBERON:0003231 epithelium of hip UBERON:0003231 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic epithelium of hip region OBOL:automatic epithelium of regio coxae OBOL:automatic hip epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hip epithelium OBOL:automatic hip region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hip region epithelium OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000896 EHDAA:5161 EHDAA:6186 EMAPA:17494 VHOG:0000810 epithelial tissue of knee knee epithelial tissue knee epithelium uberon UBERON:0003232 epithelium of knee UBERON:0003232 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of knee OBOL:automatic knee epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic knee epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001835 EHDAA:4182 EHDAA:6230 EMAPA:17422 VHOG:0000761 epithelial tissue of shoulder shoulder epithelial tissue shoulder epithelium uberon UBERON:0003233 epithelium of shoulder UBERON:0003233 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002119 EHDAA:8027 EMAPA:17943 EMAPA:18971 epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue of upper jaw epithelium of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue palatoquadrate arch epithelium upper jaw epithelial tissue upper jaw epithelium uberon UBERON:0003235 epithelium of upper jaw UBERON:0003235 An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper jaw OBOL:automatic epithelium of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelium OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001019 EHDAA:7999 EMAPA:35516 VHOG:0000802 epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium uberon UBERON:0003236 epithelium of lower jaw UBERON:0003236 An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower jaw OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000554 EHDAA:4174 EHDAA:6220 EMAPA:17418 VHOG:0001096 forearm epithelium uberon UBERON:0003247 epithelium of forearm UBERON:0003247 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a footplate. EHDAA2:0000548 EHDAA:5145 EHDAA:6144 EMAPA:32655 foot plate epithelium footplate epithelium uberon UBERON:0003248 epithelium of footplate UBERON:0003248 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic footplate epithelium EHDAA2:0000548 An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. check ZFA, placemeant, appears to refer to both adult structures and primordium EHDAA2:0001341 EHDAA:510 EMAPA:16197 VHOG:0000636 ZFA:0007068 epithelial tissue of otic placode otic epithelium otic placode epithelial tissue otic placode epithelium uberon UBERON:0003249 epithelium of otic placode UBERON:0003249 An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of otic placode OBOL:automatic otic epithelium https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 otic placode epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic otic placode epithelium OBOL:automatic Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs in an organism connected to the sternum and the vertebrae. Some vertebrates have abdominal ribs (gastrialia), not connected to the vertebrate - these are not considered part of the rib case. Anatomical cluster that consists of more than one rib in an individual.[TAO] FMA:7480 SCTID:361741004 Wikipedia:Human_rib_cage Wikipedia:Rib_cage galen:RibCage cavea thoracis rib cage thoracic cage uberon cavea thoracis UBERON:0003252 thoracic rib cage UBERON:0003252 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray112.png Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs in an organism connected to the sternum and the vertebrae. Some vertebrates have abdominal ribs (gastrialia), not connected to the vertebrate - these are not considered part of the rib case. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster that consists of more than one rib in an individual.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002100 TAO TAO:wd cavea thoracis FMA:7480 FMA:TA rib cage FMA:7480 thoracic cage FMA:7480 cavea thoracis Wikipedia:Human_rib_cage The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. EMAPA:37826 FMA:7576 SCTID:263359009 Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib collum costae rib neck uberon collum costae UBERON:0003253 neck of rib UBERON:0003253 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray122.png PMID:15906248 The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib EMAPA:37826 MA:th collum costae Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib rib neck FMA:7576 collum costae Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. EHDAA2:0002215 EHDAA:166 EMAPA:16086 VHOG:0000626 uberon UBERON:0003257 yolk sac endoderm UBERON:0003257 EHDAA2 The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. UBERON:cjm An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA2:0004568 EHDAA:524 foregut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003258 endoderm of foregut UBERON:0003258 An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foregut endoderm OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA:987 EMAPA:16257 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001194 VHOG:0001080 midgut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003259 endoderm of midgut UBERON:0003259 An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic midgut endoderm OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA:979 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000781 hindgut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003260 endoderm of hindgut UBERON:0003260 An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindgut endoderm OBOL:automatic A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. TODO - check UBERON:0003423 EHDAA2:0003245 EHDAA:154 EMAPA:16114 EMAPA:16266 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 VHOG:0000620 chorion mesenchyme chorion mesoderm chorionic mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) uberon UBERON:0003265 chorionic mesenchyme UBERON:0003265 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. OBOL:automatic chorion mesenchyme OBOL:automatic chorion mesoderm RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 chorionic mesenchyme EHDAA2:0003245 mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) OBOL:automatic A calcareous tooth that is part of the upper jaw region. In mammals, the upper jaw teeth are attached to the maxilla. Note that we follow EHDAA2 and consider teeth part of the jaw skeleton EHDAA:8045 EMAPA:17938 MA:0001909 NCIT:C49792 SCTID:422279005 UMLS:C1710581 upper jaw tooth maxillary tooth uberon UBERON:0003267 tooth of upper jaw UBERON:0003267 A calcareous tooth that is part of the upper jaw region. In mammals, the upper jaw teeth are attached to the maxilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1710581 ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Tooth upper jaw tooth MA:0001909 maxillary tooth NCBITaxon:40674 A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary). EHDAA2:0001029 EHDAA:8009 EMAPA:17917 FMA:321647 MA:0001907 NCIT:C49582 SCTID:422032003 UMLS:C1708757 calcareous tooth of lower jaw lower jaw calcareous tooth lower jaw dentine containing tooth lower jaw tooth lower jaw vertebrate tooth mandibular tooth uberon UBERON:0003268 tooth of lower jaw UBERON:0003268 A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1708757 ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Tooth calcareous tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower jaw calcareous tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic mandibular tooth NCBITaxon:40674 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000486 EHDAA:2923 EMAPA:17844 eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye uberon eye skeletal muscle group UBERON:0003269 skeletal muscle tissue of eye UBERON:0003269 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of eye OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle group EHDAA2:0000486 A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones. The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA/MA placement unclear. See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 upper jaw AAO:0000622 EHDAA2:0002128 EHDAA:8041 EMAPA:17927 FMA:54397 MA:0001908 VHOG:0000429 XAO:0003087 upper jaw skeleton uberon UBERON:0003277 skeleton of upper jaw UBERON:0003277 A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the upper part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: upper jaw teeth, the maxilla and other lower jaw bones. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000429 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA/MA placement unclear. See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 EMAPA upper jaw MA:0001908 A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] Inclusion of the FMA class 'lower jaw' is debatable - this mostly corresponds to the lower jaw skeleton (with 'maxillary part of mouth' corresponding to the upper jaw region); however, the FMA class also includes gingiva. See also: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 lower jaw mandible AAO:0000274 EHDAA2:0004606 EHDAA:8005 EMAPA:17906 EMAPA:17910 FMA:54398 MA:0001906 TAO:0001273 VHOG:0000428 XAO:0003084 ZFA:0001273 lower jaw skeleton uberon mandibles mandibular series UBERON:0003278 skeleton of lower jaw UBERON:0003278 EHDAA2 VHOG-modified A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001273 TAO ZFIN:curator The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000428 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Inclusion of the FMA class 'lower jaw' is debatable - this mostly corresponds to the lower jaw skeleton (with 'maxillary part of mouth' corresponding to the upper jaw region); however, the FMA class also includes gingiva. See also: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 FMA lower jaw MA:0001906 ZFA:0001273 mandible ZFA:0001273 lower jaw skeleton AAO:0000274 mandibles TAO:0001273 mandibular series ZFA:0001273 An endothelium that is part of a trachea. EHDAA:3082 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002068 endothelium of windpipe trachea endothelium windpipe endothelium uberon UBERON:0003279 endothelium of trachea UBERON:0003279 An endothelium that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic endothelium of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea endothelium OBOL:automatic windpipe endothelium OBOL:automatic The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. TODO - check primitive vs developed The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001922 EHDAA:2999 EMAPA:17024 MA:0001617 SCTID:261623000 VHOG:0000358 mesentery of ventriculus mesogaster mesogastium mesogastrium stomach mesentery ventriculus mesentery uberon UBERON:0003281 mesentery of stomach UBERON:0003281 MA MA The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000358 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium mesentery of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mesogaster http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium mesogastium MA:0001617 mesogastrium http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html stomach mesentery Obol:obol ventriculus mesentery OBOL:automatic A mesentery that surrounds the heart. EHDAA:432 EMAPA:16212 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000739 VHOG:0000353 heart mesentery uberon cardiac mesentery mesocardium UBERON:0003282 mesentery of heart UBERON:0003282 A mesentery that surrounds the heart. MA:th heart mesentery OBOL:automatic cardiac mesentery EMAPA:16212 mesocardium MA:0000098 A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001288 EHDAA:2943 EMAPA:16836 MA:0001569 VHOG:0000415 esophagus mesentery gullet mesentery mesentery of esophagus mesentery of gullet meso-esophagus oesophagus mesentery uberon UBERON:0003283 mesentery of oesophagus UBERON:0003283 A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000415 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ esophagus mesentery MA:0001569 gullet mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of esophagus OBOL:automatic mesentery of gullet OBOL:automatic oesophagus mesentery VHOG:0000415 A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001202 EHDAA:3031 EMAPA:16721 EMAPA:17039 EMAPA:17197 VHOG:0000413 midgut mesentery uberon UBERON:0003284 mesentery of midgut UBERON:0003284 A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000413 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ midgut mesentery OBOL:automatic A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001174 EHDAA:3708 EMAPA:17791 MA:0001058 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001109 VHOG:0000012 meninges of midbrain midbrain meninges midbrain meninx uberon mesencephalon meninges UBERON:0003288 meninx of midbrain UBERON:0003288 A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000012 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000012 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ meninges of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain meninges OBOL:automatic midbrain meninx OBOL:automatic mesencephalon meninges VHOG:0000012 A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001990 EHDAA:5476 EMAPA:17774 MA:0000979 VHOG:0000010 meninges of telencephalon telencephalon meninges telencephalon meninx uberon UBERON:0003289 meninx of telencephalon UBERON:0003289 A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000010 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000010 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ meninges of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000770 EHDAA:3688 EMAPA:17783 MA:0000987 VHOG:0000011 hindbrain meninges hindbrain meninx meninges of hindbrain uberon rhomencephalon meninges UBERON:0003291 meninx of hindbrain UBERON:0003291 definitional A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000011 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000011 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindbrain meninges OBOL:automatic hindbrain meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of hindbrain OBOL:automatic rhomencephalon meninges VHOG:0000011 A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. Meninges that are part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] CALOHA:TS-2148 EHDAA2:0001895 EHDAA:2865 EMAPA:17804 MA:0001130 NCIT:C12350 SCTID:181097002 UMLS:C0037938 VHOG:0000443 menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord spinal cord meninges spinal cord meninx spinal meninges spinal meninx uberon UBERON:0003292 meninx of spinal cord UBERON:0003292 A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Meninges that are part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000443 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000443 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0037938 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Meninges menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninges OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninx OBOL:automatic spinal meninges A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000567 EHDAA:950 EMAPA:16557 VHOG:0000650 foregut gland uberon UBERON:0003294 gland of foregut UBERON:0003294 A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foregut gland OBOL:automatic Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. BTO:0004849 EHDAA2:0001461 EHDAA:2967 FMA:55075 pharynx gland uberon glandulae pharyngeae UBERON:0003295 pharyngeal gland UBERON:0003295 BTO Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ pharynx gland EHDAA2:0001461 glandulae pharyngeae BTO:0004849 A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000837 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:17758 MA:0000144 VHOG:0000654 integumental gland integumental system gland integumentary gland uberon UBERON:0003297 gland of integumental system UBERON:0003297 A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic integumental gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental system gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumentary gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. in EHDAA2, gives rise to blood and dorsal aorta UBERON:0003305 EHDAA2:0003241 EHDAA:170 EMAPA:16115 mesoderm blood islands uberon mesenchyme blood island UBERON:0003304 mesoderm blood island UBERON:0003304 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic in EHDAA2, gives rise to blood and dorsal aorta EHDAA2 mesoderm blood islands EHDAA2:0003241 mesenchyme blood island OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002010 EHDAA:8150 EMAPA:35858 VHOG:0001442 testis mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003312 mesenchyme of testis UBERON:0003312 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic testis mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. TODO - change mesenchyme relationships to precursor_of EHDAA2:0000485 EHDAA:2910 EMAPA:16673 VHOG:0001084 mesenchyme of eye uberon UBERON:0003314 eye mesenchyme UBERON:0003314 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of eye OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001362 EHDAA:8128 VHOG:0001441 female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003315 mesenchyme of ovary UBERON:0003315 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic ovary mesenchyme OBOL:automatic The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. UBERON:0003264 EHDAA2:0002216 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:205 EMAPA:16087 EMAPA:16267 VHOG:0000503 VHOG:0000617 yolk sac mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003316 mesenchyme of yolk sac UBERON:0003316 The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. UBERON:cjm yolk sac mesenchyme OBOL:automatic An odontogenic papilla that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32893 MA:0003231 incisor dental papilla incisor odontogenic papilla incisor tooth odontogenic papilla odontogenic papilla of incisor tooth uberon UBERON:0003317 odontogenic papilla of incisor UBERON:0003317 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic incisor dental papilla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 incisor odontogenic papilla OBOL:automatic incisor tooth odontogenic papilla OBOL:automatic odontogenic papilla of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing elbow [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000432 EHDAA:4170 EHDAA:6216 EMAPA:17416 VHOG:0001075 cubital region mesenchyme elbow mesenchyme mesenchyme of cubital region uberon UBERON:0003318 mesenchyme of elbow UBERON:0003318 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cubital region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic elbow mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of cubital region OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme of the carpal region that contributes to the carpal skeleton. EHDAA2:0000220 EHDAA:5200 EMAPA:19122 carpal region mesenchyme carpus mesenchyme mesenchyme of wrist wrist mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003319 mesenchyme of carpal region UBERON:0003319 Mesenchyme of the carpal region that contributes to the carpal skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 carpal region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic carpus mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of wrist OBOL:automatic wrist mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hip [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000786 EHDAA:5157 EHDAA:6182 EMAPA:17492 VHOG:0001029 hip mesenchyme hip region mesenchyme mesenchyme of hip region mesenchyme of regio coxae regio coxae mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003320 mesenchyme of hip UBERON:0003320 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hip mesenchyme OBOL:automatic hip region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hip region OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of regio coxae OBOL:automatic regio coxae mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000898 EHDAA:5163 EHDAA:6188 EMAPA:17495 VHOG:0001070 knee mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003321 mesenchyme of knee UBERON:0003321 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic knee mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001837 EHDAA:4184 EHDAA:6232 EMAPA:17423 VHOG:0001035 shoulder mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003322 mesenchyme of shoulder UBERON:0003322 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic shoulder mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002124 EHDAA:8031 EMAPA:17929 VHOG:0001099 mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme upper jaw mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003323 mesenchyme of upper jaw UBERON:0003323 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic upper jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001024 EHDAA:8003 EMAPA:17916 VHOG:0001069 lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003324 mesenchyme of lower jaw UBERON:0003324 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA divides this spatially into condensation + rest, and temporally into mesenchyme and cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001469 EHDAA:8981 EMAPA:17591 VHOG:0000747 auricle mesenchyme auricle of ear mesenchyme auricle of external ear mesenchyme auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme auricula mesenchyme mesenchyme of auricle mesenchyme of auricle of ear mesenchyme of auricle of external ear mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme of pinna of ear pinna mesenchyme pinna of ear mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003325 mesenchyme of pinna UBERON:0003325 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA divides this spatially into condensation + rest, and temporally into mesenchyme and cartilage condensation EMAPA auricle mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricle of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricle of external ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricula mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of ear OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of external ear OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pinna of ear OBOL:automatic pinna mesenchyme OBOL:automatic pinna of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000555 EHDAA:4176 EHDAA:6222 EMAPA:17419 VHOG:0000504 uberon UBERON:0003327 mesenchyme of forearm UBERON:0003327 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. We group two EMAPA classes here but these may need to be separated UBERON:0005260 EHDAA2:0000549 EHDAA:5149 EHDAA:6172 EMAPA:17252 EMAPA:17488 VHOG_RETIRED:0001055 foot plate mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003328 mesenchyme of footplate UBERON:0003328 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic We group two EMAPA classes here but these may need to be separated EMAPA A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27217 EMAPA:27227 EMAPA:27535 FMA:85399 SCTID:7892006 anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon UBERON:0003329 submucosa of anal canal UBERON:0003329 A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa OBOL:automatic anal region submucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic submucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. BTO:0002114 EMAPA:27083 FMA:15034 SCTID:71683001 rectal submucosa rectum submucosa tela submucosa recti uberon UBERON:0003330 submucosa of rectum UBERON:0003330 The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. BTO:0002114 rectal submucosa FMA:15034 rectum submucosa OBOL:automatic tela submucosa recti BTO:0002114 A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27379 FMA:14985 MA:0003200 SCTID:61647009 colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel uberon UBERON:0003331 submucosa of colon UBERON:0003331 A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic colon submucosa OBOL:automatic colonic submucosa FMA:14985 large bowel submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27027 EMAPA:27097 EMAPA:27239 FMA:14943 MA:0003213 SCTID:76519004 doudenal submucosa duodenal submucosa duodenum submucosa uberon UBERON:0003332 submucosa of duodenum UBERON:0003332 A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic doudenal submucosa FMA:14943 duodenal submucosa FMA:14943 duodenum submucosa OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27087 FMA:15039 rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum visceral peritoneum of rectum uberon UBERON:0003334 serosa of rectum UBERON:0003334 A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic rectal serosa FMA:15039 rectum serosa OBOL:automatic rectum serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic visceral peritoneum of rectum FMA:15039 A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27387 FMA:14990 MA:0003199 SCTID:90132000 colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel visceral peritoneum of colon uberon UBERON:0003335 serosa of colon UBERON:0003335 A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic colon serosa OBOL:automatic colon serous membrane OBOL:automatic colonic serosa FMA:14990 large bowel serosa OBOL:automatic large bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of colon OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large bowel OBOL:automatic visceral peritoneum of colon FMA:14990 A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. 1st part serosa, 2nd - 4th adventitia EMAPA:27247 FMA:14948 MA:0003212 SCTID:1236009 doudenal serosa duodenal serosa duodenum serosa duodenum serous membrane serous membrane of duodenum visceral peritoneum of duodenum uberon UBERON:0003336 serosa of duodenum UBERON:0003336 A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic doudenal serosa FMA:14948 duodenal serosa FMA:14948 duodenum serosa OBOL:automatic duodenum serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of duodenum OBOL:automatic visceral peritoneum of duodenum FMA:14948 A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). we follow MA in including separate classes for ganglion and peripheral nervous system, even though for vertebrates gangia are always in the PNS BIRNLEX:2548 BTO:0001123 EMAPA:32814 MA:0001161 peripheral nervous system ganglion uberon UBERON:0003338 ganglion of peripheral nervous system UBERON:0003338 A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:2548 we follow MA in including separate classes for ganglion and peripheral nervous system, even though for vertebrates gangia are always in the PNS MA peripheral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 and EMAPA it has only the cranial ganglia EHDAA2:0000227 EMAPA:16658 FMA:83843 central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion uberon UBERON:0003339 ganglion of central nervous system UBERON:0003339 A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 and EMAPA it has only the cranial ganglia FMA central nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of neuraxis OBOL:automatic neuraxis ganglion OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27531 FMA:74654 NCIT:C60784 SCTID:362170004 UMLS:C0227414 anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon UBERON:0003342 mucosa of anal canal UBERON:0003342 A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227414 ncithesaurus:Anal_Mucosa anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal mucosa FMA:74654 anal mucous membrane FMA:74654 anal region mucosa OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26937 SCTID:362083000 mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0003343 mucosa of oral region UBERON:0003343 A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral opening organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral part of face organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2107 EMAPA:27081 FMA:15033 MA:0003218 SCTID:362167003 mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0003346 mucosa of rectum UBERON:0003346 A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rectum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rectum OBOL:automatic rectal mucosa FMA:15033 rectal mucous membrane FMA:15033 rectum mucosa OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic rectum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rectum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 uberon lamina epithelialis mucosa lamina epithelialis mucosae UBERON:0003350 lies on top of lamina propria epithelium of mucosa UBERON:0003350 A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosa BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosae BTO:0003752 An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] BSA:0000112 BTO:0005240 EMAPA:16708 MA:0002725 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001460 TAO:0001174 XAO:0003202 ZFA:0001174 epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium uberon UBERON:0003351 pharyngeal epithelium UBERON:0003351 ZFA ZFA An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001174 TAO ZFIN:curator epithelial tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a midgut. BTO:0005053 EHDAA2:0001195 EMAPA:16569 MA:0003205 epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium uberon UBERON:0003352 epithelium of midgut UBERON:0003352 BTO An epithelium that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of midgut OBOL:automatic midgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic midgut epithelium BTO:0005053 OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000782 EMAPA:16717 MA:0003206 epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium uberon UBERON:0003353 epithelium of hindgut UBERON:0003353 An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hindgut OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2066 EHDAA2:0001594 EMAPA:17898 FMA:17510 MA:0003219 VHOG:0001037 epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium uberon UBERON:0003354 epithelium of rectum UBERON:0003354 An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rectum OBOL:automatic rectal epithelium FMA:17510 rectum epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rectum epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32890 MA:0003223 epithelial tissue of incisor epithelial tissue of incisor tooth epithelium of incisor tooth incisor epithelial tissue incisor epithelium incisor tooth epithelial tissue incisor tooth epithelium uberon UBERON:0003355 epithelium of incisor UBERON:0003355 An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic epithelium of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic incisor epithelium OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000992 CALOHA:TS-1051 EHDAA2:0004598 EMAPA:17881 FMA:284658 MA:0001592 NCIT:C49300 UMLS:C1710436 epithelial tissue of tongue tongue epithelial tissue tongue epithelium uberon lingual epithelium UBERON:0003357 examples: tongue squamous epithelium, keratined, non-keratinized and parakeratinized epithelium, as well as gustatory epithelium. Note that not all these subtypes are named in individual anatomy ontologies. epithelium of tongue UBERON:0003357 An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710436 ncithesaurus:Tongue_Epithelium epithelial tissue of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic tongue epithelium OBOL:automatic lingual epithelium BTO:0000992 An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17663 MA:0003132 epithelial tissue of right lung right lung epithelial tissue right lung epithelium uberon UBERON:0003364 epithelium of right lung UBERON:0003364 An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic right lung epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17655 MA:0003131 epithelial tissue of left lung left lung epithelial tissue left lung epithelium uberon UBERON:0003365 epithelium of left lung UBERON:0003365 An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic left lung epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18953 epithelial tissue of hard palate hard palate epithelial tissue hard palate epithelium uberon UBERON:0003368 epithelium of hard palate UBERON:0003368 An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hard palate OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelium OBOL:automatic An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. UBERON:0005232 EHDAA2:0001034 EMAPA:16780 VHOG:0001048 hindlimb ectoderm hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm uberon leg ectoderm UBERON:0003371 pelvic appendage bud ectoderm UBERON:0003371 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic hindlimb ectoderm VHOG:0001048 hindlimb bud ectoderm EMAPA:16780 hindlimb ectoderm VHOG:0001048 lower limb bud ectoderm EHDAA2:0001034 pelvic fin bud ectoderm leg ectoderm OBOL:automatic An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. UBERON:0005231 UBERON:0005663 EHDAA2:0002134 EMAPA:16407 VHOG:0001047 forelimb bud ectoderm forelimb ectoderm pectoral fin bud ectoderm upper limb bud ectoderm wing ectoderm uberon arm ectoderm UBERON:0003372 pectoral appendage bud ectoderm UBERON:0003372 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic forelimb bud ectoderm EMAPA:16407 forelimb ectoderm VHOG:0001047 pectoral fin bud ectoderm upper limb bud ectoderm EHDAA2:0002134 wing ectoderm Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 arm ectoderm OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. EMAPA:17250 uberon UBERON:0003373 ectoderm of footplate UBERON:0003373 An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. BTO:0005145 EMAPA:16113 chorion ectoderm uberon chorion epithelium chorionic epithelium UBERON:0003374 chorionic ectoderm UBERON:0003374 ISBN:0073040584 An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. OBOL:automatic chorion ectoderm OBOL:automatic chorionic epithelium BTO:0005145 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004155 EMAPA:17326 FMA:7282 SCTID:362018002 VHOG:0001227 cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart myocardium of right atrium right atrium heart muscle right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0003379 cardiac muscle of right atrium UBERON:0003379 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium heart muscle EHDAA2:0004155 right atrium myocardium VHOG:0001227 textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004154 EMAPA:17320 FMA:7285 SCTID:189936008 VHOG:0001225 cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle of heart left atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart left atrium heart muscle left atrium myocardium myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0003380 cardiac muscle of left atrium UBERON:0003380 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium heart muscle EHDAA2:0004154 left atrium myocardium VHOG:0001225 textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17342 FMA:83452 VHOG:0001236 cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon right ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0003381 cardiac muscle of right ventricle UBERON:0003381 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle FMA:83452 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue GO:0003221 right ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0001236 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17339 FMA:83453 VHOG:0001234 cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon left ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0003382 cardiac muscle of left ventricle UBERON:0003382 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle FMA:83453 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue GO:0003220 left ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0001234 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004158 EMAPA:17335 FMA:84084 VHOG:0000999 cardiac muscle of interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum heart muscle interventricular septum myocardium uberon interventricular septum muscle UBERON:0003383 cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum UBERON:0003383 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum FMA:84084 interventricular septum cardiac muscle VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum heart muscle EHDAA2:0004158 interventricular septum myocardium VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18963 pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx uberon UBERON:0003384 skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx UBERON:0003384 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi. Not clear if we need this and intra-ocular muscle. See issue #331. MA includes ciliary and iris smooth muscle EMAPA:18807 MA:0001268 ocular smooth muscle uberon UBERON:0003386 smooth muscle of eye UBERON:0003386 Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi. MGI:cwg MP:0005247 ocular smooth muscle MA:0001268 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004244 BTO:0001391 EMAPA:19192 FMA:262010 MA:0001863 NCIT:C49306 UMLS:C1710458 trachea smooth muscle tracheal smooth muscle uberon UBERON:0003387 smooth muscle of trachea UBERON:0003387 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710458 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue trachea smooth muscle MA:0001863 tracheal smooth muscle BTO:0001391 A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001436 cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium uberon UBERON:0003388 mesothelium of pericardial cavity UBERON:0003388 A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity OBOL:automatic mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18429 diaphragm meso-epithelium diaphragm mesothelium meso-epithelium of diaphragm meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium thoracic diaphragm mesothelium uberon UBERON:0003389 mesothelium of diaphragm UBERON:0003389 A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of diaphragm OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003155 EHDAA2:0001476 EMAPA:16775 FMA:18148 meso-epithelium of pleural cavity mesothelium of pleura pleural cavity meso-epithelium pleural cavity mesothelium pleural mesothelium uberon pleura UBERON:0003390 mesothelium of pleural cavity UBERON:0003390 A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pleural cavity OBOL:automatic mesothelium of pleura FMA:18148 pleural cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic pleural cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic pleural mesothelium EMAPA:16775 pleura EMAPA:16775 A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17367 MA:0003233 excretory system mesentery mesentery of excretory system mesentery of renal system mesentery of systema urinaria renal system mesentery systema urinaria mesentery urinary system mesentery uberon UBERON:0003393 mesentery of urinary system UBERON:0003393 A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic excretory system mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of excretory system OBOL:automatic mesentery of renal system OBOL:automatic mesentery of systema urinaria OBOL:automatic renal system mesentery OBOL:automatic systema urinaria mesentery OBOL:automatic urinary system mesentery OBOL:automatic A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16718 hindgut mesentery uberon UBERON:0003394 mesentery of hindgut UBERON:0003394 A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindgut mesentery OBOL:automatic A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18664 rectum mesentery uberon UBERON:0003395 mesentery of rectum UBERON:0003395 A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic rectum mesentery OBOL:automatic A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18942 FMA:14645 SCTID:245457004 colon mesentery large bowel mesentery large intestinal mesentery mesentery of large bowel mesentery of large intestine mesocolon uberon UBERON:0003396 mesentery of colon UBERON:0003396 FMA A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic colon mesentery OBOL:automatic large bowel mesentery OBOL:automatic large intestinal mesentery FMA:14645 mesentery of large bowel OBOL:automatic mesentery of large intestine FMA:14645 mesocolon https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1473 A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19081 duodenum mesentery uberon UBERON:0003397 mesentery of duodenum UBERON:0003397 A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic duodenum mesentery OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18056 FMA:38265 MA:0000602 SCTID:181537008 forearm skin lower arm skin lower segment of arm skin skin of antebrachial region skin of lower arm skin of lower segment of arm skin of zeugopod of arm uberon UBERON:0003403 skin of forearm UBERON:0003403 A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forearm skin FMA:38265 lower arm skin OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic skin of lower arm OBOL:automatic skin of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18694 MA:0001818 apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage uberon UBERON:0003406 cartilage of respiratory system UBERON:0003406 A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system cartilage OBOL:automatic A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18815 MA:0003202 digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland uberon UBERON:0003408 gland of digestive tract UBERON:0003408 A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic digestive tract gland OBOL:automatic gland of digestive tract OBOL:automatic gland of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic gut gland MA:0003202 lower gastrointestinal tract gland OBOL:automatic Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue. EMAPA:25097 lingual gland tongue gland uberon UBERON:0003409 gland of tongue UBERON:0003409 Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/lingual%20gland lingual gland OBOL:automatic tongue gland OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001035 EMAPA:16781 TAO:0001386 ZFA:0001386 leg mesenchyme lower limb bud mesenchyme hindlimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003412 pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme UBERON:0003412 Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001386 TAO ZFIN:curator leg mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower limb bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001035 hindlimb bud mesenchyme EMAPA:16781 mesoderm pelvic fin bud ZFA:0001386 pelvic fin bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. Mesoderm that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] UBERON:0005703 EHDAA2:0002135 EHDAA:1703 EMAPA:16408 TAO:0000789 ZFA:0000789 arm mesenchyme forelimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud mesenchyme upper limb bud mesenchyme wing mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003413 pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme UBERON:0003413 Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic Mesoderm that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000789 TAO ZFIN:curator arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic forelimb bud mesenchyme EMAPA:16408 mesoderm pectoral fin bud ZFA:0000789 pectoral fin bud mesenchyme upper limb bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002135 wing mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - develops_from EHDAA2:0004614 EMAPA:17882 tongue mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003416 mesenchyme of tongue UBERON:0003416 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tongue mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004614 A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP]. TODO - check EMAPA:26127 EMAPA:35925 SCTID:368069009 Wikipedia:Wharton's_jelly Wharton's jelly umbilical cord mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003422 mesenchyme of umbilical cord UBERON:0003422 Wikipedia A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Wharton's_jelly Wharton's jelly EMAPA:26127 umbilical cord mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18954 hard palate mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003424 mesenchyme of hard palate UBERON:0003424 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hard palate mesenchyme OBOL:automatic An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000798 adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis uberon UBERON:0003426 dermis adipose tissue UBERON:0003426 An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis fat tissue OBOL:automatic dermis fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000521 nerve of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003429 abdomen nerve UBERON:0003429 A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic nerve of abdomen OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37263 MA:0000588 neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0003430 neck nerve UBERON:0003430 A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37263 MA:th neck (volume) nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of neck OBOL:automatic nerve of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37343 MA:0000673 nerve of leg uberon UBERON:0003431 leg nerve UBERON:0003431 A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37343 MA:th nerve of leg OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37336 MA:0000595 brachial region nerve nerve of arm nerve of brachial region uberon UBERON:0003433 arm nerve UBERON:0003433 A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37336 MA:th brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37339 MA:0000637 carpal region nerve nerve of carpal region nerve of wrist uberon UBERON:0003434 wrist nerve UBERON:0003434 A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37339 MA:th carpal region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of carpal region OBOL:automatic nerve of wrist OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37348 MA:0000649 SCTID:300056004 digit of foot nerve digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve digitus pedis nerve foot digit nerve hind limb digit nerve nerve of digit of foot nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve of digitus pedis nerve of foot digit nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve toe nerve foot digit nerve uberon UBERON:0003435 pedal digit nerve UBERON:0003435 A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37348 MA:th digit of foot nerve OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic digitus pedis nerve OBOL:automatic foot digit nerve MA:0000649 hind limb digit nerve OBOL:accepted nerve of digit of foot OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic nerve of foot digit OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic nerve of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic toe nerve OBOL:automatic foot digit nerve NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37335 MA:0000634 nerve of shoulder uberon UBERON:0003436 shoulder nerve UBERON:0003436 A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37335 MA:th nerve of shoulder OBOL:automatic Any nerve that innervates the iris. added for consistency with mouse ontologies. The term 'ciliary nerve' is usually used to denote either of the two nerves (with different origins) that innervate the iris, as well as ciliary muscles and cornea EMAPA:35449 MA:0001291 nerve of iris ciliary nerve uberon UBERON:0003438 iris nerve UBERON:0003438 Any nerve that innervates the iris. UBERON:cjm nerve of iris OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). EMAPA:37264 MA:0000515 nerve of torso nerve of trunk torso nerve uberon trunk nerve UBERON:0003439 nerve of trunk region UBERON:0003439 A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37264 MA:th nerve of torso OBOL:automatic nerve of trunk OBOL:automatic torso nerve OBOL:automatic trunk nerve MA:0000515 A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37291 MA:0000693 SCTID:359923002 nerve of limb uberon UBERON:0003440 limb nerve UBERON:0003440 A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37291 MA:th nerve of limb OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37334 MA:0000616 fore limb nerve nerve of fore limb nerve of forelimb nerve of superior member nerve of upper extremity wing nerve uberon UBERON:0003441 forelimb nerve UBERON:0003441 A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37334 MA:th fore limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of fore limb OBOL:automatic nerve of forelimb OBOL:automatic nerve of superior member OBOL:automatic nerve of upper extremity OBOL:automatic wing nerve NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37342 MA:0000664 hind limb nerve nerve of hind limb nerve of hindlimb nerve of inferior member nerve of lower extremity uberon UBERON:0003442 hindlimb nerve UBERON:0003442 A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37342 MA:th hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity OBOL:automatic A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. consider merging with thoracic nerve. In MA the only subclass is the phrenic nerve, which arises from a cervical nerve EMAPA:37267 MA:0000556 cavity of chest nerve cavity of thorax nerve chest cavity nerve nerve of cavity of chest nerve of cavity of thorax nerve of chest cavity nerve of pectoral cavity nerve of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity nerve uberon UBERON:0003443 thoracic cavity nerve UBERON:0003443 A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37267 MA:th cavity of chest nerve OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic chest cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve of chest cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity nerve OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37269 MA:0000542 nerve of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003444 pelvis nerve UBERON:0003444 A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37269 MA:th nerve of pelvis OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37347 MA:0000653 foot nerve nerve of foot uberon UBERON:0003445 pes nerve UBERON:0003445 A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37347 MA:th foot nerve MA:0000653 nerve of foot OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA placement dubious EMAPA:37346 MA:0000640 nerve of ankle tarsal region nerve uberon neural network of ankle UBERON:0003446 ankle nerve UBERON:0003446 A nerve that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA placement dubious FMA EMAPA:37346 MA:th nerve of ankle OBOL:automatic tarsal region nerve https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neural network of ankle FMA:86901 A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37341 MA:0000625 SCTID:181015006 digit of hand nerve digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve digitus manus nerve finger nerve hand digit nerve nerve of digit of hand nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve of digitus manus nerve of finger nerve of hand digit nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve uberon UBERON:0003447 digit nerve of manus UBERON:0003447 A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37341 MA:th digit of hand nerve OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic digitus manus nerve OBOL:automatic finger nerve OBOL:automatic hand digit nerve MA:0000625 nerve of digit of hand OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus manus OBOL:automatic nerve of finger OBOL:automatic nerve of hand digit OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37340 MA:0000629 hand nerve nerve of hand nerve of manus uberon UBERON:0003448 manus nerve UBERON:0003448 A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37340 MA:th hand nerve MA:0000629 nerve of hand UBERON:cjm nerve of manus OBOL:automatic An incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002121 EMAPA:17939 FMA:321754 MA:0001601 NCIT:C49794 SCTID:421578001 UMLS:C1710579 incisor of palatoquadrate arch incisor of upper jaw incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth of upper jaw palatoquadrate arch incisor palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth upper incisor upper jaw incisor tooth uberon maxillary incisor tooth premaxillary tooth UBERON:0003450 upper jaw incisor UBERON:0003450 An incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710579 ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Incisor incisor of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic incisor of upper jaw OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic upper incisor OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper jaw incisor tooth OBOL:automatic maxillary incisor tooth FMA:55712 premaxillary tooth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001942 EHDAA2:0001021 EMAPA:17918 MA:0001600 NCIT:C49583 UMLS:C1708755 incisor of lower jaw incisor of ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth of lower jaw incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch lower incisor lower jaw incisor tooth mandibular incisor ventral mandibular arch incisor ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth uberon UBERON:0003451 lower jaw incisor UBERON:0003451 An incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708755 ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Incisor incisor of lower jaw OBOL:automatic incisor of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower incisor OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower jaw incisor tooth OBOL:automatic mandibular incisor BTO:0001942 ventral mandibular arch incisor OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36573 FMA:84428 MA:0002833 cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea trabecula carnea cardiac muscle trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium uberon UBERON:0003452 trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue UBERON:0003452 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35996 MA:0000576 SCTID:118646007 adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head head bone organ uberon craniofacial bone UBERON:0003457 Different sources vary regarding which bones are craniofacial; e.g. hyoid bone head bone UBERON:0003457 A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head bone OBOL:automatic adult head bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of adult head OBOL:automatic bone of head OBOL:automatic bone organ of adult head OBOL:automatic bone organ of head OBOL:automatic head bone organ OBOL:automatic craniofacial bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37246 MA:0000584 bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ uberon UBERON:0003458 neck bone UBERON:0003458 A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37246 MA:th bone of neck OBOL:automatic bone of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone organ OBOL:automatic neck bone organ OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. EMAPA:37303 MA:0000592 MESH:D050280 arm bone organ bone of arm bone organ of arm uberon bone of upper extremity UBERON:0003460 arm bone UBERON:0003460 A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37303 MA:th arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm OBOL:automatic bone of upper extremity GAID:178 A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods. this is a forelimb bone in MA, but this would lead to part-disjointness violations. MA:0000631 bone of shoulder shoulder-articulating bone uberon UBERON:0003461 shoulder bone UBERON:0003461 UBERONREF:0000003 MA A bone that is connected via a shoulder joint (i.e. glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joints). The shoulder bones are the clavicle, scapula and humerus - but note that these are only considered to be shoulder bones when a true shoulder is present, as in most tetrapods. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this is a forelimb bone in MA, but this would lead to part-disjointness violations. MA bone of shoulder OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. test whether 'facial bone' is an exact synonym EMAPA:19019 EMAPA:35924 MA:0001482 MA:0003159 MESH:D005147 NCIT:C63706 SCTID:181799005 UMLS:C0015455 bone of facial skeleton facial bone facial skeleton bone uberon bone of viscerocranium viscerocranium bone UBERON:0003462 facial bone UBERON:0003462 MA A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0015455 ncithesaurus:Facial_Bone bone of facial skeleton OBOL:automatic facial bone EMAPA:19019 facial skeleton bone OBOL:automatic bone of viscerocranium OBOL:automatic viscerocranium bone OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36583 MA:0000512 SCTID:427358002 bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ uberon UBERON:0003463 trunk bone UBERON:0003463 A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone of torso OBOL:automatic bone of trunk OBOL:automatic bone organ of torso OBOL:automatic bone organ of trunk OBOL:automatic torso bone OBOL:automatic torso bone organ OBOL:automatic trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle). the MA class is actually bone of pelvic complex; in contrast the NCIT class excludes ilium etc EFO:0003842 GAID:198 NCIT:C12982 SCTID:361370006 UMLS:C0448188 bone of hind limb bone of hindlimb bone of inferior member bone of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb bone organ of hindlimb bone organ of lower extremity hind limb bone hind limb bone organ hindlimb bone organ uberon UBERON:0003464 hindlimb bone UBERON:0003464 A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the MA class is actually bone of pelvic complex; in contrast the NCIT class excludes ilium etc MA UMLS:C0448188 ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Lower_Extremity bone of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb bone OBOL:automatic hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35347 MA:0000598 antebrachial region bone antebrachial region bone organ arm zeugopod bone arm zeugopod bone organ lower arm bone zeugopod bone, forelimb zeugopod bone, upper wing zeugopod bone uberon UBERON:0003466 forelimb zeugopod bone UBERON:0003466 A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic lower arm bone MA:0000598 zeugopod bone, forelimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod bone, upper OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod bone NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter. ureteric artery EMAPA:37676 FMA:70491 MA:0002074 SCTID:65376008 Wikipedia:Ureteral_branches_of_renal_artery uberon UBERON:0003468 ureteric segment of renal artery UBERON:0003468 FMA FMA The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter. Wikipedia:Ureteral_branches_of_renal_artery ureteric artery MA:0002074 EMAPA:37676 MA:th An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37569 MA:0001804 uberon UBERON:0003469 respiratory system artery UBERON:0003469 An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37569 MA:th The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose. EMAPA:37430 FMA:49570 MA:0001917 SCTID:145137009 Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery arteria labialis superior ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis superior labial artery superior labial branch of facial artery uberon UBERON:0003470 artery of upper lip UBERON:0003470 FMA The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose. Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery EMAPA:37430 MA:th arteria labialis superior Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery superior labial artery FMA:49570 superior labial branch of facial artery FMA:49570 The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. EMAPA:37429 FMA:49567 MA:0001916 SCTID:145036002 Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery arteria labialis inferior inferior labial artery inferior labial branch of facial artery ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis uberon UBERON:0003471 artery of lower lip UBERON:0003471 FMA The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery EMAPA:37429 MA:th arteria labialis inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery inferior labial artery FMA:49567 inferior labial branch of facial artery FMA:49567 ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) FMA:TA ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity EMAPA:37241 MA:0001902 MESH:D013895 uberon thoracic artery UBERON:0003473 thoracic cavity artery UBERON:0003473 An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3317815&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity MA EMAPA:37241 MA:th thoracic artery MESH:A07.231.114.891 One of the arteries supplying a meninix[Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37104 GAID:499 MA:0002001 MESH:D008576 Wikipedia:Meningeal_arteries uberon UBERON:0003474 meningeal artery UBERON:0003474 One of the arteries supplying a meninix[Automatically generated definition]. Wikipedia:Meningeal_arteries EMAPA:37104 MA:th A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37679 MA:0002250 ureter vein vein of ureter uberon UBERON:0003475 ureteric vein UBERON:0003475 A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37679 MA:th ureter vein OBOL:automatic vein of ureter OBOL:automatic A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37584 MA:0001809 MA:0001810 apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003476 respiratory system venous blood vessel UBERON:0003476 A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37584 MA:th apparatus respiratorius vein OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein OBOL:automatic vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip. EMAPA:37204 FMA:52538 MA:0002255 SCTID:422755007 Wikipedia:Superior_labial_vein superior labial vein upper lip vein vena labialis superior uberon UBERON:0003477 vein of upper lip UBERON:0003477 The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip. Wikipedia:Superior_labial_vein EMAPA:37204 MA:th superior labial vein FMA:52538 upper lip vein OBOL:automatic vena labialis superior The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. EMAPA:37202 FMA:52541 MA:0002253 SCTID:422955002 Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein inferior labial vein lower lip vein vena labialis inferior uberon venae labiales inferiores UBERON:0003478 vein of lower lip UBERON:0003478 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein EMAPA:37202 MA:th inferior labial vein FMA:52541 lower lip vein OBOL:automatic vena labialis inferior venae labiales inferiores Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37242 MA:0001903 cavity of chest vein cavity of thorax vein chest cavity vein pectoral cavity vein vein of cavity of chest vein of cavity of thorax vein of chest cavity vein of pectoral cavity vein of thoracic cavity uberon UBERON:0003479 thoracic cavity vein UBERON:0003479 A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37242 MA:th cavity of chest vein OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax vein OBOL:automatic chest cavity vein OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity vein OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic vein of chest cavity OBOL:automatic vein of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic vein of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic A vein that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37201 MA:0002252 SCTID:360819004 clitoris vein uberon UBERON:0003480 vein of clitoris UBERON:0003480 A vein that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37201 MA:th clitoris vein OBOL:automatic A vein that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. see also caudal vein AAO:0011105 EMAPA:37761 MA:0002233 Wikipedia:Tail_vein XAO:0000393 post-vent region vein vein of post-vent region vein of tail uberon caudal vein UBERON:0003481 tail vein UBERON:0003481 A vein that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Tail_vein EMAPA:37761 MA:th post-vent region vein OBOL:automatic vein of post-vent region OBOL:automatic vein of tail OBOL:automatic caudal vein Wikipedia:Tail_vein An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37575 MA:0001808 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0003489 respiratory system capillary endothelium UBERON:0003489 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37575 MA:th apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37587 MA:0001813 apparatus respiratorius venule venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003494 respiratory system venule UBERON:0003494 A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37587 MA:th apparatus respiratorius venule OBOL:automatic venule of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venule of respiratory system OBOL:automatic An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37568 MA:0001803 uberon UBERON:0003495 respiratory system arteriole UBERON:0003495 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37568 MA:th A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36610 MA:0000575 SCTID:127865000 adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head uberon UBERON:0003496 head blood vessel UBERON:0003496 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of adult head OBOL:automatic blood vessel of head OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000518 blood vessel of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003497 abdomen blood vessel UBERON:0012254 UBERON:0003497 A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdomen OBOL:automatic UBERON:0012254 abdominal aorta artery A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35397 MA:0002483 blood vessel of heart uberon cardiac blood vessel UBERON:0003498 heart blood vessel UBERON:0003498 A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac blood vessel EMAPA:35397 A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35182 MA:0002769 blood vessel of brain uberon UBERON:0003499 brain blood vessel UBERON:0003499 A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brain OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. follow up on tracker item EMAPA:36611 MA:0001241 blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003500 corneal blood vessel UBERON:0003500 A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3564332&group_id=36855&atid=440764 PMID:17051153 blood vessel of cornea OBOL:automatic cornea blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36520 GAID:509 MA:0001317 MESH:D012171 SCTID:280692003 XAO:0004153 blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003501 retina blood vessel UBERON:0003501 A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball OBOL:automatic blood vessel of retina OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball OBOL:automatic inner layer of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic retinal blood vessel OBOL:automatic tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37236 MA:0000583 blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003502 neck blood vessel UBERON:0003502 A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37236 MA:th blood vessel of neck OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36500 MA:0000669 blood vessel of leg uberon UBERON:0003503 leg blood vessel UBERON:0003503 A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of leg OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35731 EMAPA:35995 MA:0001799 apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003504 respiratory system blood vessel UBERON:0003504 A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. UBERON:0003525 EMAPA:35874 MA:0001852 blood vessel of trachea uberon UBERON:0003505 trachea blood vessel UBERON:0003505 A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trachea OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37293 MA:0000591 blood vessel of arm uberon UBERON:0003507 arm blood vessel UBERON:0003507 A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37293 MA:th blood vessel of arm OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37302 MA:0000645 blood vessel of digit of foot blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel of digitus pedis blood vessel of foot digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel of toe digit of foot blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel digitus pedis blood vessel foot digit blood vessel hind limb digit blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel toe blood vessel foot digit blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003508 pedal digit blood vessel UBERON:0003508 A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37302 MA:th blood vessel of digit of foot OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic blood vessel of foot digit OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic blood vessel of toe OBOL:automatic digit of foot blood vessel OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic digitus pedis blood vessel OBOL:automatic foot digit blood vessel MA:0000645 hind limb digit blood vessel OBOL:accepted terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic toe blood vessel OBOL:automatic foot digit blood vessel NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. EMAPA:35144 MA:0000061 uberon UBERON:0003509 only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta. arterial blood vessel UBERON:0003509 A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37387 MA:0001290 ZFA:0005568 blood vessel of iris uberon UBERON:0003511 iris blood vessel UBERON:0003511 A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37387 MA:th blood vessel of iris OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32867 MA:0002457 blood vessel of lung uberon pulmonary vascular element UBERON:0003512 lung blood vessel UBERON:0003512 A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary vascular element EMAPA:32867 A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37237 MA:0000511 blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003513 trunk blood vessel UBERON:0003513 A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37237 MA:th blood vessel of torso OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trunk OBOL:automatic torso blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36598 MA:0000687 blood vessel of limb uberon UBERON:0003514 limb blood vessel UBERON:0003514 A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of limb OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37292 MA:0000611 anteriormost limb blood vessel blood vessel of anteriormost limb blood vessel of fore limb blood vessel of forelimb blood vessel of upper extremity fore limb blood vessel wing blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003515 forelimb blood vessel UBERON:0003515 A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37292 MA:th anteriormost limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of fore limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of forelimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper extremity OBOL:automatic fore limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic wing blood vessel NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37298 MA:0000659 blood vessel of hind limb blood vessel of hindlimb blood vessel of lower extremity hind limb blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003516 hindlimb blood vessel UBERON:0003516 A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37298 MA:th blood vessel of hind limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28457 MA:0001682 TAO:0005306 ZFA:0005306 blood vessel of kidney renal blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003517 kidney blood vessel UBERON:0003517 A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of kidney OBOL:automatic renal blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37240 MA:0000554 blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003519 thoracic cavity blood vessel UBERON:0003519 A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37240 MA:th blood vessel of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest blood vessel OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic chest cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37244 MA:0000531 blood vessel of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003520 pelvis blood vessel UBERON:0003520 A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37244 MA:th blood vessel of pelvis OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37301 MA:0000642 blood vessel of foot foot blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003521 pes blood vessel UBERON:0003521 A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37301 MA:th blood vessel of foot OBOL:automatic foot blood vessel MA:0000642 A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37297 MA:0000621 blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel finger blood vessel hand digit blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel hand digit blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003522 manual digit blood vessel UBERON:0003522 A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37297 MA:th blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic finger blood vessel OBOL:automatic hand digit blood vessel MA:0000621 terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic hand digit blood vessel NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37296 MA:0000618 blood vessel of hand blood vessel of manus hand blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003523 manus blood vessel UBERON:0003523 A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37296 MA:th blood vessel of hand OBOL:automatic blood vessel of manus OBOL:automatic hand blood vessel MA:0000618 A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35848 MA:0000695 blood vessel of post-vent region blood vessel of tail post-vent region blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003524 tail blood vessel UBERON:0003524 A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of post-vent region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region blood vessel OBOL:automatic A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37574 MA:0001807 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0003526 respiratory system capillary UBERON:0003526 A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37574 MA:th apparatus respiratorius blood capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel OBOL:automatic A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:31443 MA:0002586 SCTID:275409003 blood capillary of kidney capillary of kidney capillary vessel of kidney kidney blood capillary kidney capillary vessel renal capillary uberon UBERON:0003527 kidney capillary UBERON:0003527 A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of kidney OBOL:automatic kidney blood capillary OBOL:automatic kidney capillary vessel OBOL:automatic renal capillary OBOL:automatic A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35184 MA:0000810 NCIT:C49333 UMLS:C1707348 brain grey matter brain grey substance gray matter of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain uberon UBERON:0003528 brain gray matter UBERON:0003528 A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707348 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gray_Matter brain grey matter MA:0000810 brain grey substance OBOL:automatic gray matter of brain OBOL:automatic grey matter of brain OBOL:automatic grey substance of brain OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32942 FMA:37852 MA:0000650 NCIT:C52719 SCTID:181530005 UMLS:C1708089 digit of foot skin digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin digitus pedis skin foot digit skin hind limb digit skin skin of digit of foot skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin of digitus pedis skin of foot digit skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin toe skin foot digit skin uberon UBERON:0003530 pedal digit skin UBERON:0003530 A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708089 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_Skin digit of foot skin OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic digitus pedis skin OBOL:automatic foot digit skin MA:0000650 hind limb digit skin OBOL:accepted skin of digit of foot OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic skin of foot digit OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic skin of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin OBOL:automatic toe skin OBOL:automatic foot digit skin NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check free limb vs pectoral complex EMAPA:32612 FMA:23101 MA:0000617 NCIT:C12296 SCTID:244130001 UMLS:C0222212 anteriormost limb skin fore limb skin skin of fore limb skin of forelimb skin of upper limb upper limb skin wing skin uberon UBERON:0003531 forelimb skin UBERON:0003531 A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222212 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Upper_Limb_and_Shoulder anteriormost limb skin OBOL:automatic fore limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of fore limb OBOL:automatic skin of forelimb OBOL:automatic skin of upper limb FMA:23101 upper limb skin FMA:23101 wing skin NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check free limb vs pelvic complex EMAPA:32620 FMA:23102 MA:0000665 NCIT:C12297 SCTID:181528008 UMLS:C0222268 hind limb skin lower limb skin skin of hind limb skin of hindlimb skin of lower extremity skin of lower limb uberon UBERON:0003532 hindlimb skin UBERON:0003532 A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222268 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lower_Limb_and_Hip hind limb skin OBOL:automatic lower limb skin FMA:23102 skin of hind limb OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity OBOL:automatic skin of lower limb FMA:23102 A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32648 FMA:38304 MA:0000626 NCIT:C52720 SCTID:361711001 UMLS:C1708318 digit of hand skin digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin digitus manus skin finger skin fore limb digit skin hand digit skin skin of digit of hand skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin of digitus manus skin of finger skin of hand digit skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin hand digit skin uberon UBERON:0003533 manual digit skin UBERON:0003533 A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708318 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_Skin digit of hand skin OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic digitus manus skin OBOL:automatic finger skin OBOL:automatic fore limb digit skin OBOL:accepted hand digit skin MA:0000626 skin of digit of hand OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of digitus manus OBOL:automatic skin of finger OBOL:automatic skin of hand digit OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin OBOL:automatic hand digit skin NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36502 MA:0000700 SCTID:67214004 post-vent region skin skin of post-vent region skin of tail uberon UBERON:0003534 tail skin UBERON:0003534 A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic post-vent region skin OBOL:automatic skin of post-vent region OBOL:automatic skin of tail OBOL:automatic A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35425 MA:0001787 NCIT:C49279 SCTID:200089000 UMLS:C0225670 bronchiole of right lung uberon UBERON:0003538 right lung bronchiole UBERON:0003538 A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0225670 ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Bronchiole bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19000 MA:0001778 NCIT:C49252 SCTID:200484003 UMLS:C0225674 bronchiole of left lung uberon UBERON:0003539 left lung bronchiole UBERON:0003539 A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0225674 ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Bronchiole bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36638 MA:0001789 NCIT:C49294 UMLS:C1709961 bronchiolus terminalis of right lung right lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of right lung uberon UBERON:0003540 right lung terminal bronchiole UBERON:0003540 A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1709961 ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole bronchiolus terminalis of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36636 MA:0001780 NCIT:C49255 UMLS:C1708675 bronchiolus terminalis of left lung left lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of left lung uberon UBERON:0003541 left lung terminal bronchiole UBERON:0003541 A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708675 ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole bronchiolus terminalis of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. EMAPA:35187 HBA:9218 MA:0000820 NCIT:C49334 UMLS:C1706995 brain white matter of neuraxis brain white substance white matter of brain white matter of neuraxis of brain white substance of brain uberon UBERON:0003544 brain white matter UBERON:0003544 The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. MP:0008026 UMLS:C1706995 ncithesaurus:Brain_White_Matter brain white matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic brain white substance OBOL:automatic white matter of brain OBOL:automatic white matter of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic white substance of brain OBOL:automatic A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] CALOHA:TS-2147 EMAPA:32662 EV:0100312 MA:0000813 SCTID:180949007 VHOG:0000013 brain meninges meninges of brain meninx of brain uberon UBERON:0003547 brain meninx UBERON:0003547 A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000013 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000013 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ brain meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of brain OBOL:automatic meninx of brain OBOL:automatic A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17764 EMAPA:17774 EMAPA:37543 MA:0000883 forebrain meninx meninges of forebrain meninx of forebrain uberon UBERON:0003548 forebrain meninges UBERON:0003548 A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37543 MA:th forebrain meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of forebrain OBOL:automatic meninx of forebrain OBOL:automatic A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. EMAPA:17766 EMAPA:37545 MA:0000885 dura mater of forebrain dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain forebrain dura mater of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0003561 forebrain dura mater UBERON:0003561 A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37545 MA:th dura mater of forebrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:17793 MA:0001060 VHOG:0000410 dura mater of midbrain dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain midbrain dura mater of neuraxis uberon mesencephalon dura mater UBERON:0003562 midbrain dura mater UBERON:0003562 A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000410 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000410 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dura mater of midbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic mesencephalon dura mater VHOG:0000410 A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17776 MA:0000981 dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon dura mater of telencephalon telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0003563 telencephalon dura mater UBERON:0003563 A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon OBOL:automatic dura mater of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:17785 MA:0000989 VHOG:0000409 dura mater of hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis uberon rhombencephalon dura mater UBERON:0003565 hindbrain dura mater UBERON:0003565 A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000409 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000409 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dura mater of hindbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic rhombencephalon dura mater VHOG:0000409 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16098 MA:0000577 adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head uberon UBERON:0003566 head connective tissue UBERON:0003566 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of adult head OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of head OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000519 abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003567 abdomen connective tissue UBERON:0003567 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic abdomen portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdomen textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdomen OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37250 MA:0000585 connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0003568 neck connective tissue UBERON:0003568 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37250 MA:th connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) textus connectivus OBOL:automatic neck portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37324 MA:0000671 connective tissue of leg leg portion of connective tissue leg textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of leg textus connectivus of leg uberon UBERON:0003569 leg connective tissue UBERON:0003569 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37324 MA:th connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of leg OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35968 EMAPA:35977 MA:0001814 apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003570 respiratory system connective tissue UBERON:0003570 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trachea. EMAPA:35876 MA:0001853 connective tissue of trachea connective tissue of windpipe uberon UBERON:0003571 trachea connective tissue UBERON:0003571 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37316 MA:0000593 uberon UBERON:0003573 arm connective tissue UBERON:0003573 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37316 MA:th A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37318 MA:0000609 connective tissue of cubital region connective tissue of elbow textus connectivus of cubital region uberon UBERON:0003574 elbow connective tissue UBERON:0003574 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37318 MA:th connective tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cubital region OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37320 MA:0000636 carpal region connective tissue connective tissue of carpal region connective tissue of wrist uberon UBERON:0003575 wrist connective tissue UBERON:0003575 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37320 MA:th carpal region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37323 MA:0000656 connective tissue of hip connective tissue of hip region connective tissue of regio coxae uberon UBERON:0003576 hip connective tissue UBERON:0003576 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37323 MA:th connective tissue of hip OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37326 MA:0000667 connective tissue of knee knee portion of connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003577 knee connective tissue UBERON:0003577 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37326 MA:th connective tissue of knee OBOL:automatic knee portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37330 MA:0000647 connective tissue of digit of foot connective tissue of digitus pedis connective tissue of foot digit connective tissue of toe digitus pedis textus connectivus foot digit connective tissue hind limb digit connective tissue foot digit connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003578 pedal digit connective tissue UBERON:0003578 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37330 MA:th connective tissue of digit of foot OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of foot digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of toe OBOL:automatic digitus pedis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic foot digit connective tissue MA:0000647 hind limb digit connective tissue OBOL:accepted foot digit connective tissue NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37315 MA:0000632 connective tissue of shoulder portion of connective tissue of shoulder shoulder portion of connective tissue shoulder textus connectivus textus connectivus of shoulder uberon UBERON:0003579 shoulder connective tissue UBERON:0003579 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37315 MA:th connective tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic shoulder textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of shoulder OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37548 MA:0002409 connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0003580 lower respiratory tract connective tissue UBERON:0003580 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37548 MA:th connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37682 MA:0001864 connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx connective tissue of nasopharynx connective tissue of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx connective tissue nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus nasopharynx portion of connective tissue nasopharynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx connective tissue rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue rhinopharynx textus connectivus textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus of nasopharynx textus connectivus of rhinopharynx uberon UBERON:0003582 nasopharynx connective tissue UBERON:0003582 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37682 MA:th connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic nasopharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasopharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35471 MA:0001754 NCIT:C49245 UMLS:C1708651 connective tissue of larynx larynx portion of connective tissue larynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of larynx textus connectivus of larynx uberon laryngeal connective tissue UBERON:0003583 larynx connective tissue UBERON:0003583 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708651 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Connective_Tissue connective tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic larynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic larynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of larynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal connective tissue EMAPA:35471 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36509 MA:0000799 connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis uberon UBERON:0003585 dermis connective tissue UBERON:0003585 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic dermis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of dermis OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37252 MA:0000513 connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus uberon UBERON:0003586 trunk connective tissue UBERON:0003586 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37252 MA:th connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of torso OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trunk OBOL:automatic torso connective tissue OBOL:automatic torso portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic torso textus connectivus OBOL:automatic trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37313 MA:0000689 connective tissue of limb limb portion of connective tissue limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of limb textus connectivus of limb uberon UBERON:0003587 limb connective tissue UBERON:0003587 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37313 MA:th connective tissue of limb OBOL:automatic limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of limb OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37314 MA:0000613 connective tissue of anteriormost limb connective tissue of fore limb connective tissue of forelimb connective tissue of superior member connective tissue of upper extremity wing connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003588 forelimb connective tissue UBERON:0003588 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37314 MA:th connective tissue of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of fore limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of forelimb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of superior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper extremity OBOL:automatic wing connective tissue NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37322 MA:0000661 connective tissue of hind limb connective tissue of hindlimb connective tissue of inferior member connective tissue of lower extremity hind limb connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003589 hindlimb connective tissue UBERON:0003589 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37322 MA:th connective tissue of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32690 EMAPA:35193 MA:0001831 NCIT:C49210 UMLS:C1707052 bronchi connective tissue bronchi portion of connective tissue bronchi textus connectivus bronchial trunk connective tissue bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchi connective tissue of bronchial trunk connective tissue of bronchus portion of connective tissue of bronchi portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue of bronchus textus connectivus of bronchi textus connectivus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus of bronchus uberon bronchial connective tissue bronchial mesenchyme UBERON:0003592 bronchus connective tissue UBERON:0003592 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707052 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Connective_Tissue bronchi connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchi OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial connective tissue EMAPA:35193 bronchial mesenchyme EMAPA:32690 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37255 MA:0000555 cavity of chest connective tissue cavity of chest portion of connective tissue cavity of chest textus connectivus cavity of thorax connective tissue cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue cavity of thorax textus connectivus chest cavity connective tissue chest cavity portion of connective tissue chest cavity textus connectivus connective tissue of cavity of chest connective tissue of cavity of thorax connective tissue of chest cavity connective tissue of pectoral cavity connective tissue of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity connective tissue pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue pectoral cavity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest cavity portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity textus connectivus of cavity of chest textus connectivus of cavity of thorax textus connectivus of chest cavity textus connectivus of pectoral cavity textus connectivus of thoracic cavity thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue thoracic cavity textus connectivus uberon UBERON:0003593 thoracic cavity connective tissue UBERON:0003593 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37255 MA:th cavity of chest connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest textus connectivus OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic chest cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37257 MA:0000533 connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003594 pelvis connective tissue UBERON:0003594 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37257 MA:th connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic pelvis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pelvis OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37329 MA:0000644 connective tissue of foot connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb foot connective tissue textus connectivus of pes uberon UBERON:0003595 pes connective tissue UBERON:0003595 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37329 MA:th connective tissue of foot OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic foot connective tissue MA:0000644 textus connectivus of pes OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37328 MA:0000639 connective tissue of ankle tarsal region connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003596 ankle connective tissue UBERON:0003596 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37328 MA:th connective tissue of ankle OBOL:automatic tarsal region connective tissue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37321 MA:0000623 connective tissue of digit of hand connective tissue of digitus manus connective tissue of finger connective tissue of hand digit fore limb digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003597 manual digit connective tissue UBERON:0003597 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37321 MA:th connective tissue of digit of hand OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus manus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of finger OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand digit OBOL:automatic fore limb digit connective tissue OBOL:accepted hand digit connective tissue MA:0000623 hand digit connective tissue NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35392 MA:0000620 connective tissue of hand connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb hand connective tissue uberon UBERON:0003598 manus connective tissue UBERON:0003598 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic hand connective tissue MA:0000620 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16749 MA:0000697 connective tissue of post-vent region connective tissue of tail portion of connective tissue of post-vent region portion of connective tissue of tail post-vent region connective tissue post-vent region portion of connective tissue post-vent region textus connectivus tail portion of connective tissue tail textus connectivus textus connectivus of post-vent region textus connectivus of tail uberon UBERON:0003599 tail connective tissue UBERON:0003599 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic connective tissue of post-vent region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of post-vent region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region connective tissue OBOL:automatic post-vent region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic post-vent region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic tail portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic tail textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of post-vent region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of tail OBOL:automatic A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37251 MA:0000586 cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage uberon UBERON:0003601 neck cartilage UBERON:0003601 A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37251 MA:th cartilage of neck OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) cartilage OBOL:automatic A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37547 MA:0001819 NCIT:C49256 UMLS:C1708759 cartilage of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0003603 lower respiratory tract cartilage UBERON:0003603 A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37547 MA:th UMLS:C1708759 ncithesaurus:Lower_Respiratory_Tract_Cartilage cartilage of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic The ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea. check whether to classify as part of splanchoncranium in mammals the rings are incomplete, in avians the rings are complete. EMAPA:18699 EMAPA:35875 FMA:7434 MA:0001857 NCIT:C49304 SCTID:278979006 UMLS:C1710456 Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings cartilage of trachea cartilage of windpipe cartilaginous ring of trachea cartilaginous trachea cartilage cartilago trachealis tracheal cartilage windpipe cartilage uberon cartilage of the trachea cartilagines tracheales ring of the trachea trachea ring tracheal ring UBERON:0003604 trachea cartilage UBERON:0003604 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gray952.png The ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea. J:97123 MGI:smb MP:0003120 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1710456 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Cartilage cartilage of trachea OBOL:automatic cartilage of windpipe OBOL:automatic cartilaginous ring of trachea EMAPA:18699 cartilaginous trachea cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilago trachealis FMA:7434 tracheal cartilage FMA:7434 windpipe cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of the trachea Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings cartilagines tracheales Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings ring of the trachea Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings tracheal ring Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37530 MA:0002451 camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set uberon UBERON:0003605 eye skin gland UBERON:0003605 A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37530 MA:th camera-type eye skin gland OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic skin gland of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin gland of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin gland OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35495 MA:0000298 long bone of limb uberon UBERON:0003606 limb long bone UBERON:0003606 A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic long bone of limb OBOL:automatic A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35350 MA:0000299 anteriormost limb long bone fore limb long bone long bone of anteriormost limb long bone of fore limb long bone of forelimb long bone of superior member long bone of upper extremity superior member long bone upper extremity long bone wing long bone uberon UBERON:0003607 forelimb long bone UBERON:0003607 A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb long bone OBOL:automatic fore limb long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic long bone of fore limb OBOL:automatic long bone of forelimb OBOL:automatic long bone of superior member OBOL:automatic long bone of upper extremity OBOL:automatic superior member long bone OBOL:automatic upper extremity long bone OBOL:automatic wing long bone NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35403 MA:0000300 hind limb long bone inferior member long bone long bone of hind limb long bone of hindlimb long bone of inferior member long bone of lower extremity lower extremity long bone uberon UBERON:0003608 hindlimb long bone UBERON:0003608 A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb long bone OBOL:automatic inferior member long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of hind limb OBOL:automatic long bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic long bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic long bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity long bone OBOL:automatic The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. MA:0002859 adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta elastic lamina aorta elastic laminae aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus uberon UBERON:0003609 aorta elastic tissue UBERON:0003609 The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. MP:0009862 adult aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic aorta elastic lamina MP:0009862 aorta elastic laminae MP:0009862 aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. MA:0002858 cardiac elastic tissue elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart uberon UBERON:0003610 heart elastic tissue UBERON:0003610 The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. MP:0009863 cardiac elastic tissue MP:0009863 elastic connective tissue of heart OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of heart OBOL:automatic heart elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic heart textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of heart OBOL:automatic An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37579 MA:0001820 apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003611 respiratory system elastic tissue UBERON:0003611 An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37579 MA:th apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002857 cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system uberon UBERON:0003613 cardiovascular system elastic tissue UBERON:0003613 An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic tissue OBOL:automatic circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system OBOL:automatic Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. elastic lamina elastic laminae EMAPA:36300 MA:0002856 blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel vascular elastic lamina vascular elastic laminae vascular elastic tissue uberon UBERON:0003614 blood vessel elastic tissue UBERON:0003614 Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/mammalian-phenotype-requests/2026/ elastic lamina MP:0006083 elastic laminae MP:0006083 blood vessel elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel OBOL:automatic vascular elastic lamina http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vascular elastic laminae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vascular elastic tissue MP:0006083 Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002860 elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of lung pulmonary elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0003615 lung elastic tissue UBERON:0003615 Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of lung OBOL:automatic lung elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary elastic fiber http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001838 NCIT:C49211 UMLS:C1707053 bronchi elastic connective tissue bronchi elastic tissue bronchi textus connectivus elasticus bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue bronchial trunk elastic tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus bronchus elastic connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of bronchi elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue of bronchus elastic tissue of bronchi elastic tissue of bronchial trunk elastic tissue of bronchus textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus uberon UBERON:0003616 bronchus elastic tissue UBERON:0003616 An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707053 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Elastic_Tissue bronchi elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi elastic tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic bronchus elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus OBOL:automatic An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001861 cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue of windpipe elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic tissue of windpipe textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue vertebrate trachea elastic tissue vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus windpipe elastic connective tissue windpipe elastic tissue windpipe textus connectivus elasticus uberon UBERON:0003617 trachea elastic tissue UBERON:0003617 An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic The middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. EMAPA:35138 FMA:74433 MA:0002903 SCTID:48467007 adult aorta tunica media dorsal aorta tunica media trunk of aortic tree tunica media tunica media of adult aorta tunica media of aorta tunica media of dorsal aorta tunica media of trunk of aortic tree uberon UBERON:0003618 aorta tunica media UBERON:0003618 The middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. MP:0009873 adult aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of adult aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. BTO:0005553 EMAPA:35137 FMA:74419 MA:0002904 SCTID:362031007 adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree uberon UBERON:0003619 aorta tunica intima UBERON:0003619 The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. MP:0009872 adult aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica intima OBOL:automatic tunica intima of adult aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19113 FMA:35477 MA:0001389 NCIT:C52777 SCTID:181975002 UMLS:C1711344 fore limb digit 1 phalanx hand digit 1 phalanx manual digit I phalanx phalanx of hand digit 1 phalanx of thumb thumb phalanx hand digit 1 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003620 manual digit 1 phalanx UBERON:0003620 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1711344 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1_Phalanx fore limb digit 1 phalanx OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 phalanx MA:0001389 manual digit I phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic phalanx of thumb OBOL:automatic thumb phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted 2nd digit of the manus. indicis Anurans lack manual digit 1, so manual digit 2 is the digit after the prepollex (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012) This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). AAO:0010640 EHDAA2:0000517 EMAPA:17432 FMA:24946 MA:0000455 NCIT:C52835 SCTID:362758006 UMLS:C0230388 Wikipedia:Index_finger 2nd digit of hand 2nd finger digit 2 of fore-paw finger 2 fore digit II fore limb digit 2 hand digit 2 manual digit II second digit of hand second finger hand digit 2 index finger uberon UBERON:0003622 manual digit 2 UBERON:0003622 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Index_finger.JPG 2nd digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Index_finger This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). NCBITaxon:8782 UBERON:0012261 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN UMLS:C0230388 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2 digit 2 of fore-paw EMAPA:17432 finger 2 EHDAA2:0000517 fore digit II AAO:0010640 fore limb digit 2 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 MA:0000455 manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 second digit of hand FMA:24946 hand digit 2 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted 3rd digit of the manus. This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). AAO:0010641 EHDAA2:0000523 EMAPA:17435 FMA:24947 MA:0000456 NCIT:C52836 SCTID:362763005 UMLS:C0230393 Wikipedia:Middle_finger 3rd digit of hand 3rd finger digit 3 of fore-paw finger 3 fore digit III fore limb digit 3 hand digit 3 manual digit III third digit of hand third finger hand digit 3 middle finger uberon digitus medius long finger UBERON:0003623 manual digit 3 UBERON:0003623 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Middle_finger.jpg 3rd digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Middle_finger This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). NCBITaxon:8782 UBERON:0012262 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN UMLS:C0230393 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3 digit 3 of fore-paw EMAPA:17435 finger 3 EHDAA2:0000523 fore digit III AAO:0010641 fore limb digit 3 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 MA:0000456 manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 third digit of hand FMA:24947 hand digit 3 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted digitus medius Wikipedia:Middle_finger long finger EMAPA:17435 4th digit of the manus. AAO:0010642 EHDAA2:0000529 EMAPA:17438 FMA:24948 MA:0000457 NCIT:C52837 SCTID:362768001 UMLS:C0230398 Wikipedia:Ring_finger 4th digit of hand 4th finger digit 4 of fore-paw finger 4 fore digit IV fore limb digit 4 fourth digit of hand fourth finger hand digit 4 manual digit IV hand digit 4 ring finger uberon digitus annularis UBERON:0003624 manual digit 4 UBERON:0003624 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ring_finger.JPG 4th digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Ring_finger UMLS:C0230398 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4 digit 4 of fore-paw EMAPA:17438 finger 4 EHDAA2:0000529 fore digit IV AAO:0010642 fore limb digit 4 OBOL:accepted fourth digit of hand FMA:24948 hand digit 4 MA:0000457 manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted digitus annularis Wikipedia:Ring_finger 5th digit of the manus. AAO:0010643 EHDAA2:0000535 EMAPA:17441 FMA:24949 MA:0000458 NCIT:C52838 SCTID:362773007 UMLS:C0230403 Wikipedia:Little_finger 5th digit of hand 5th finger digit 5 of fore-paw fifth digit of hand fifth finger finger 5 fore digit V fore limb digit 5 hand digit 5 manual digit V hand digit 5 little finger uberon manual digitus V manual digitus minimus manus digiti minimi manus quintus UBERON:0003625 manual digit 5 UBERON:0003625 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pink.jpg 5th digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Little_finger UMLS:C0230403 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5 digit 5 of fore-paw EMAPA:17441 fifth digit of hand FMA:24949 finger 5 EHDAA2:0000535 fore digit V AAO:0010643 fore limb digit 5 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 MA:0000458 manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted manual digitus V Wikipedia:Little_finger manual digitus minimus Wikipedia:Little_finger manus quintus Wikipedia:Little_finger 1st digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010644 BTO:0002349 EHDAA2:0002037 EMAPA:17460 FMA:25047 GAID:45 MA:0000465 MESH:D006214 NCIT:C52839 SCTID:21699005 SCTID:302546000 UMLS:C1708079 VSAO:0000201 Wikipedia:Hallux digit 1 of hind-paw digit 1 of pes digitus primus pedis foot digit 1 great toe hallex hallux hallux; digitus primus [I] hind digit 1 hind digit I hind limb digit 1 pedal digit 1 pedal digit I pes digit I preaxial digit of hindlimb toe 1 big toe foot digit 1 hindlimb dewclaw uberon digitus primus (I) pedis first toe large toe UBERON:0003631 pedal digit 1 UBERON:0003631 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/RightFootToes.jpg 1st digit of the hind autopod. Wikipedia:Hallux UMLS:C1708079 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1 digit 1 of hind-paw EMAPA:17460 digitus primus pedis foot digit 1 MA:0000465 great toe FMA:25047 hallux FMA:TA hallux; digitus primus [I] FMA:25047 hind digit I AAO:0010644 hind limb digit 1 OBOL:accepted pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 1 EHDAA2:0002037 foot digit 1 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hindlimb dewclaw Wikipedia:Dewclaw digitus primus (I) pedis BTO:0002349 first toe EMAPA:17460 large toe EMAPA:17460 2nd digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010645 BTO:0002350 EHDAA2:0002042 EMAPA:17463 FMA:25048 MA:0000466 NCIT:C52840 SCTID:362817008 UMLS:C1708081 2nd toe digit 2 of hind-paw digitus secundus [ii] digitus secundus pedis foot digit 2 hind digit 2 hind digit II hind limb digit 2 pedal digit II pes digit II second digit of foot second toe toe 2 foot digit 2 uberon digitus secundus (II) pedis UBERON:0003632 pedal digit 2 UBERON:0003632 2nd digit of the hind autopod. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1708081 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2 digit 2 of hind-paw EMAPA:17463 digitus secundus [ii] FMA:25048 digitus secundus pedis BTO:0002350 foot digit 2 MA:0000466 hind digit II AAO:0010645 hind limb digit 2 OBOL:accepted pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 second digit of foot FMA:25048 second toe FMA:25048 toe 2 EHDAA2:0002042 foot digit 2 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted digitus secundus (II) pedis BTO:0002350 3rd digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010646 BTO:0002351 EHDAA2:0002047 EMAPA:17466 FMA:25051 MA:0000467 NCIT:C52841 SCTID:362821001 UMLS:C1708083 3rd toe digit 3 of hind-paw digitus tertius (III) pedis digitus tertius [iii] digitus tertius pedis foot digit 3 hind digit 3 hind digit III hind limb digit 3 pedal digit III pes digit III third digit of foot third toe toe 3 foot digit 3 uberon UBERON:0003633 pedal digit 3 UBERON:0003633 3rd digit of the hind autopod. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1708083 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3 digit 3 of hind-paw EMAPA:17466 digitus tertius (III) pedis BTO:0002351 digitus tertius [iii] FMA:25051 digitus tertius pedis BTO:0002351 foot digit 3 MA:0000467 hind digit III AAO:0010646 hind limb digit 3 OBOL:accepted pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 third digit of foot FMA:25051 third toe FMA:25051 toe 3 EHDAA2:0002047 foot digit 3 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted 4th digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010656 BTO:0002352 EHDAA2:0002052 EMAPA:17469 FMA:25052 MA:0000468 NCIT:C52842 SCTID:362826006 UMLS:C1708085 4th toe digit 4 of hind-paw digitus quartis pedis digitus quartus [iv] foot digit 4 fourth digit of foot fourth toe hind digit 4 hind digit IV hind limb digit 4 pedal digit IV pes digit IV toe 4 foot digit 4 uberon digitus quartus (IV) pedis UBERON:0003634 pedal digit 4 UBERON:0003634 4th digit of the hind autopod. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1708085 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4 digit 4 of hind-paw EMAPA:17469 digitus quartis pedis BTO:0002352 digitus quartus [iv] FMA:25052 foot digit 4 MA:0000468 fourth digit of foot FMA:25052 fourth toe FMA:25052 hind digit IV AAO:0010656 hind limb digit 4 OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 4 EHDAA2:0002052 foot digit 4 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted digitus quartus (IV) pedis BTO:0002352 5th digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010658 BTO:0002353 EHDAA2:0002057 EMAPA:17472 FMA:25053 MA:0000469 NCIT:C52843 SCTID:362830009 UMLS:C1708087 Wikipedia:Fifth_toe 5th toe digit 5 of hind-paw digitus V of pes digitus minimus pedis digitus minimus; digitus quintus [v] digitus quintus [V] digitus quintus [V] pedis digitus quintus of pes digitus quintus pedis fifth digit of foot fifth toe foot digit 5 hind digit 5 hind digit V hind limb digit 5 pedal digit V pedal digitus minimus pes digit V toe 5 foot digit 5 little toe uberon digitus quintus (V) pedis UBERON:0003635 pedal digit 5 UBERON:0003635 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png 5th digit of the hind autopod. Wikipedia:Fifth_toe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1708087 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5 digit 5 of hind-paw EMAPA:17472 digitus minimus pedis Wikipedia:Fifth_toe digitus minimus; digitus quintus [v] FMA:25053 digitus quintus [V] FMA:25053 digitus quintus [V] pedis FMA:25053 FMA:TA digitus quintus pedis Wikipedia:Fifth_toe fifth digit of foot FMA:25053 fifth toe FMA:25053 foot digit 5 MA:0000469 hind digit V AAO:0010658 hind limb digit 5 OBOL:accepted pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 5 EHDAA2:0002057 foot digit 5 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted digitus quintus (V) pedis BTO:0002353 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19115 FMA:35480 MA:0001390 NCIT:C52776 SCTID:361783009 UMLS:C1708312 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit 2 nd digit of hand phalanx 2 nd finger digit long bone 2 nd finger long bone of digit 2 nd finger phalanx digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone of 2 nd finger digit long bone of hand digit 2 digit long bone of second finger fore limb digit 2 phalanx hand digit 2 digit long bone hand digit 2 long bone of digit hand digit 2 phalanx index finger phalanx long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit of 2 nd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 2 long bone of digit of second finger manual digit II phalanx phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand phalanx of 2 nd finger phalanx of hand digit 2 phalanx of index finger phalanx of manual digit 2 phalanx of second finger second finger digit long bone second finger long bone of digit second finger phalanx hand digit 2 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003636 manual digit 2 phalanx UBERON:0003636 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708312 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2_Phalanx 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 2 nd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of second finger OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 2 phalanx OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 phalanx MA:0001390 index finger phalanx FMA:35480 long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of second finger OBOL:automatic manual digit II phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic phalanx of index finger FMA:35480 phalanx of manual digit 2 OBOL:accepted phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic second finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic second finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic second finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19117 FMA:35483 MA:0001391 NCIT:C52775 SCTID:361785002 UMLS:C1708314 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit 3 rd digit of hand phalanx 3 rd finger digit long bone 3 rd finger long bone of digit 3 rd finger phalanx digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone of 3 rd finger digit long bone of hand digit 3 digit long bone of third finger fore limb digit 3 phalanx hand digit 3 digit long bone hand digit 3 long bone of digit hand digit 3 phalanx long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit of 3 rd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 3 long bone of digit of third finger manual digit III phalanx middle finger phalanx phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand phalanx of 3 rd finger phalanx of hand digit 3 phalanx of middle finger phalanx of third finger third finger digit long bone third finger long bone of digit third finger phalanx hand digit 3 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003637 manual digit 3 phalanx UBERON:0003637 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708314 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3_Phalanx 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 3 rd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of third finger OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 3 phalanx OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 phalanx MA:0001391 long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of third finger OBOL:automatic manual digit III phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle finger phalanx FMA:35483 phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic phalanx of middle finger FMA:35483 phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic third finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic third finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19119 FMA:35486 MA:0001392 NCIT:C52774 SCTID:361787005 UMLS:C1708316 4 th digit of hand digit long bone 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit 4 th digit of hand phalanx 4 th finger digit long bone 4 th finger long bone of digit 4 th finger phalanx digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand digit long bone of 4 th finger digit long bone of fourth finger digit long bone of hand digit 4 fore limb digit 4 phalanx fourth finger digit long bone fourth finger long bone of digit fourth finger phalanx hand digit 4 digit long bone hand digit 4 long bone of digit hand digit 4 phalanx long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 4 th finger long bone of digit of fourth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 4 manual digit IV phalanx phalanx of 4 th digit of hand phalanx of 4 th finger phalanx of fourth finger phalanx of hand digit 4 phalanx of ring finger ring finger phalanx hand digit 4 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003638 manual digit 4 phalanx UBERON:0003638 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708316 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4_Phalanx 4 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 4 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic 4 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 4 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 4 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fourth finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 4 phalanx OBOL:accepted fourth finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic fourth finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic fourth finger phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 phalanx MA:0001392 long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fourth finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic manual digit IV phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic phalanx of ring finger FMA:35486 ring finger phalanx FMA:35486 hand digit 4 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19121 FMA:35489 MA:0001393 NCIT:C52773 SCTID:361789008 UMLS:C1708317 5 th digit of hand digit long bone 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit 5 th digit of hand phalanx 5 th finger digit long bone 5 th finger long bone of digit 5 th finger phalanx digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand digit long bone of 5 th finger digit long bone of fifth finger digit long bone of hand digit 5 fifth finger digit long bone fifth finger long bone of digit fifth finger phalanx fore limb digit 5 phalanx hand digit 5 digit long bone hand digit 5 long bone of digit hand digit 5 phalanx little finger phalanx long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 5 th finger long bone of digit of fifth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 5 manual digit V phalanx phalanx of 5 th digit of hand phalanx of 5 th finger phalanx of 5th finger phalanx of fifth digit of hand phalanx of fifth finger phalanx of hand digit 5 phalanx of little finger phalanx of manual digitus minimus hand digit 5 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003639 manual digit 5 phalanx UBERON:0003639 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708317 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5_Phalanx 5 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 5 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic 5 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 5 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic 5 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fifth finger OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic fifth finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic fifth finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic fifth finger phalanx OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 5 phalanx OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 phalanx MA:0001393 little finger phalanx FMA:35489 long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fifth finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic manual digit V phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:35489 phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic phalanx of little finger FMA:35489 phalanx of manual digitus minimus OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19124 FMA:32884 MA:0001381 NCIT:C52778 SCTID:361798006 UMLS:C1708080 big toe phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 1 digit long bone of hallux foot digit 1 digit long bone foot digit 1 long bone of digit foot digit 1 phalanx hallux digit long bone hallux long bone of digit hallux phalanx hind limb digit 1 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 1 long bone of digit of hallux pedal digit I phalanx phalanx of big toe phalanx of first digit of foot phalanx of foot digit 1 phalanx of great toe phalanx of hallux foot digit 1 phalanx uberon phalanx of first toe UBERON:0003640 pedal digit 1 phalanx UBERON:0003640 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708080 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1_Phalanx big toe phalanx FMA:32884 digit long bone of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hallux OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 phalanx MA:0001381 hallux digit long bone OBOL:automatic hallux long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hallux phalanx OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 phalanx OBOL:accepted long bone of digit of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hallux OBOL:automatic pedal digit I phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of big toe FMA:32884 phalanx of first digit of foot FMA:32884 phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic phalanx of great toe FMA:32884 phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted phalanx of first toe FMA:32884 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19126 FMA:32899 MA:0001382 NCIT:C52779 SCTID:361800004 UMLS:C1708082 digit long bone of foot digit 2 foot digit 2 digit long bone foot digit 2 long bone of digit foot digit 2 phalanx hind limb digit 2 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 2 pedal digit II phalanx phalanx of foot digit 2 phalanx of second toe second toe phalanx foot digit 2 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003641 pedal digit 2 phalanx UBERON:0003641 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708082 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2_Phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 phalanx MA:0001382 hind limb digit 2 phalanx OBOL:accepted long bone of digit of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic pedal digit II phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic phalanx of second toe FMA:32899 second toe phalanx FMA:32899 foot digit 2 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19128 FMA:32900 MA:0001383 NCIT:C52780 SCTID:361802007 UMLS:C1708084 digit long bone of foot digit 3 foot digit 3 digit long bone foot digit 3 long bone of digit foot digit 3 phalanx hind limb digit 3 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 3 pedal digit III phalanx phalanx of foot digit 3 phalanx of third toe third toe phalanx foot digit 3 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003642 pedal digit 3 phalanx UBERON:0003642 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708084 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3_Phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 phalanx MA:0001383 hind limb digit 3 phalanx OBOL:accepted long bone of digit of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic pedal digit III phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic phalanx of third toe FMA:32900 third toe phalanx FMA:32900 foot digit 3 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37565 MA:0001800 uberon UBERON:0003643 respiratory system arterial blood vessel UBERON:0003643 An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37565 MA:th An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:31436 MA:0002578 uberon kidney arterial system UBERON:0003644 kidney arterial blood vessel UBERON:0003644 An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic kidney arterial system EMAPA:31436 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint[Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone]. 1 AAO:0010616 EMAPA:19112 FMA:23899 MA:0001364 NCIT:C52796 SCTID:181973009 UMLS:C1708987 finger 1 metacarpus first digit of hand metacarpal first digit of hand metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone hand digit 1 metacarpal hand digit 1 metacarpal bone manual digit 1 metacarpus metacarpal 1 metacarpal I metacarpal bone digit 1 metacarpal bone of digit I metacarpal bone of first digit of hand metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 metacarpal bone of thumb metacarpal of first digit of hand metacarpal of hand digit 1 metacarpal of thumb thumb metacarpal thumb metacarpal bone uberon forelimb digit 1 metacarpus UBERON:0003645 metacarpal bone of digit 1 UBERON:0003645 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint[Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone UMLS:C1708987 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_1 first digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic first digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic first metacarpal bone FMA:23899 hand digit 1 metacarpal OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal I FMA:23899 metacarpal bone digit 1 MA:0001364 metacarpal bone of digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpal bone of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of thumb OBOL:automatic metacarpal of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of thumb OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic forelimb digit 1 metacarpus EMAPA:19112 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.[AAO] 2 AAO:0000853 EMAPA:19114 FMA:23900 MA:0001365 NCIT:C52795 SCTID:263399007 UMLS:C1708988 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone 2 nd finger metacarpal 2 nd finger metacarpal bone finger 2 metacarpus hand digit 2 metacarpal hand digit 2 metacarpal bone manual digit 2 metacarpus metacarpal 2 metacarpal II metacarpal bone digit 2 metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger metacarpal bone of digit II metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 metacarpal bone of second finger metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal of 2 nd finger metacarpal of hand digit 2 metacarpal of second finger second finger metacarpal second finger metacarpal bone second metacarpal bone uberon forelimb digit 2 metacarpus UBERON:0003646 metacarpal bone of digit 2 UBERON:0003646 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000853 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C1708988 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_2 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal II FMA:23900 metacarpal bone digit 2 MA:0001365 metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of second finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of second finger OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic second metacarpal bone FMA:23900 forelimb digit 2 metacarpus EMAPA:19114 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.[AAO] The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On the radial side is a smooth, concave facet for articulation with the second metacarpal, and on the ulnar side two small oval facets for the fourth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone]. 3 AAO:0000854 EMAPA:19116 FMA:23901 MA:0001366 NCIT:C52794 SCTID:263400000 UMLS:C1708989 Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone 3 rd finger metacarpal 3 rd finger metacarpal bone finger 3 metacarpus hand digit 3 metacarpal hand digit 3 metacarpal bone manual digit 3 metacarpus metacarpal 3 metacarpal III metacarpal bone digit 3 metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger metacarpal bone of digit III metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 metacarpal bone of third finger metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal of 3 rd finger metacarpal of hand digit 3 metacarpal of third finger third finger metacarpal third finger metacarpal bone third metacarpal bone forelimb cannon bone uberon forelimb digit 3 metacarpus UBERON:0003647 metacarpal bone of digit 3 UBERON:0003647 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000854 AAO AAO:LAP The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On the radial side is a smooth, concave facet for articulation with the second metacarpal, and on the ulnar side two small oval facets for the fourth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone UMLS:C1708989 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_3 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal III FMA:23901 metacarpal bone digit 3 MA:0001366 metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of third finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic third metacarpal bone FMA:23901 forelimb cannon bone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forelimb digit 3 metacarpus EMAPA:19116 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. 4 AAO:0010615 EMAPA:19118 FMA:23902 MA:0001367 NCIT:C52793 SCTID:263401001 UMLS:C1708990 4 th digit of hand metacarpal 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 4 th finger metacarpal 4 th finger metacarpal bone finger 4 metacarpus fourth finger metacarpal fourth finger metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone hand digit 4 metacarpal hand digit 4 metacarpal bone manual digit 4 metacarpus metacarpal 4 metacarpal IV metacarpal bone digit 4 metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 4 th finger metacarpal bone of digit IV metacarpal bone of fourth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal of 4 th finger metacarpal of fourth finger metacarpal of hand digit 4 uberon forelimb digit 4 metacarpus UBERON:0003648 metacarpal bone of digit 4 UBERON:0003648 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone UMLS:C1708990 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_4 4 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 4 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic 4 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic fourth metacarpal bone FMA:23902 hand digit 4 metacarpal OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal IV FMA:23902 metacarpal bone digit 4 MA:0001367 metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpal bone of fourth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fourth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic forelimb digit 4 metacarpus EMAPA:19118 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.[AAO] The fifth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the little finger or pinky finger) is the most lateral metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone]. FMA also has FMA:36782 ! Bone of fifth metacarpal bone 5 AAO:0000855 EMAPA:19120 FMA:23903 MA:0001368 NCIT:C52792 SCTID:263402008 UMLS:C1711224 5 th digit of hand metacarpal 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 5 th finger metacarpal 5 th finger metacarpal bone fifth finger metacarpal fifth finger metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone finger 5 metacarpus hand digit 5 metacarpal hand digit 5 metacarpal bone manual digit 5 metacarpus metacarpal 5 metacarpal V metacarpal bone digit 5 metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 5 th finger metacarpal bone of digit V metacarpal bone of fifth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal of 5 th finger metacarpal of fifth finger metacarpal of hand digit 5 uberon forelimb digit 5 metacarpus UBERON:0003649 metacarpal bone of digit 5 UBERON:0003649 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000855 AAO AAO:LAP The fifth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the little finger or pinky finger) is the most lateral metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone FMA also has FMA:36782 ! Bone of fifth metacarpal bone FMA UMLS:C1711224 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_5 5 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic 5 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic 5 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic fifth metacarpal bone FMA:23903 hand digit 5 metacarpal OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone digit 5 MA:0001368 metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpal bone of fifth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fifth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic forelimb digit 5 metacarpus EMAPA:19120 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.[AAO] The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. 1 AAO:0000925 EMAPA:19123 FMA:24502 MA:0001369 NCIT:C52791 SCTID:182121005 UMLS:C1708999 first metatarsal bone foot digit 1 metatarsal bone hallux metatarsal bone metatarsal 1 metatarsal I metatarsal bone digit 1 metatarsal bone of digit I metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 metatarsal bone of hallux toe 1 metatarsal toe 1 metatarsus uberon hindlimb digit 1 metatarsus UBERON:0003650 metatarsal bone of digit 1 UBERON:0003650 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000925 AAO AAO:LAP The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone UMLS:C1708999 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_1 first metatarsal bone FMA:24502 foot digit 1 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic hallux metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal I AAO:0000925 metatarsal bone digit 1 MA:0001369 metatarsal bone of digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of hallux OBOL:automatic hindlimb digit 1 metatarsus EMAPA:19123 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.[AAO] 2 AAO:0000926 EMAPA:19125 FMA:24503 MA:0001370 NCIT:C52790 SCTID:182128004 UMLS:C1709000 foot digit 2 metatarsal bone metatarsal 2 metatarsal II metatarsal bone digit 2 metatarsal bone of digit II metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 second metatarsal bone toe 2 metatarsal toe 2 metatarsus uberon hindlimb digit 2 metatarsus UBERON:0003651 metatarsal bone of digit 2 UBERON:0003651 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000926 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C1709000 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_2 foot digit 2 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal II AAO:0000926 metatarsal bone digit 2 MA:0001370 metatarsal bone of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic second metatarsal bone FMA:24503 hindlimb digit 2 metatarsus EMAPA:19125 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.[AAO] The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base[Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone]. 3 AAO:0000927 EMAPA:19127 FMA:24504 MA:0001371 NCIT:C52789 SCTID:182134006 UMLS:C1709001 Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone foot digit 3 metatarsal bone metatarsal 3 metatarsal III metatarsal bone digit 3 metatarsal bone of digit III metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 third metatarsal bone toe 3 metatarsal toe 3 metatarsus hindlimb cannon bone uberon hindlimb digit 3 metatarsal UBERON:0003652 metatarsal bone of digit 3 UBERON:0003652 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000927 AAO AAO:LAP The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base[Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone UMLS:C1709001 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_3 foot digit 3 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal III AAO:0000927 metatarsal bone digit 3 MA:0001371 metatarsal bone of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic third metatarsal bone FMA:24504 hindlimb cannon bone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hindlimb digit 3 metatarsal EMAPA:19127 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.[AAO] The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. 4 AAO:0000928 EMAPA:19129 FMA:24505 MA:0001372 NCIT:C52788 SCTID:182139001 UMLS:C1709002 foot digit 4 metatarsal bone fourth metatarsal bone metatarsal 4 metatarsal IV metatarsal bone digit 4 metatarsal bone of digit IV metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 toe 4 metatarsal toe 4 metatarsus uberon hindlimb digit 4 metatarsus UBERON:0003653 metatarsal bone of digit 4 UBERON:0003653 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000928 AAO AAO:LAP The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone UMLS:C1709002 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_4 foot digit 4 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic fourth metatarsal bone FMA:24505 metatarsal IV AAO:0000928 metatarsal bone digit 4 MA:0001372 metatarsal bone of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic hindlimb digit 4 metatarsus EMAPA:19129 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.[AAO] The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer's fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. 5 AAO:0000929 EMAPA:19131 FMA:24506 MA:0001373 NCIT:C52787 SCTID:182144008 UMLS:C1709003 fifth metatarsal bone foot digit 5 metatarsal bone metatarsal 5 metatarsal V metatarsal bone digit 5 metatarsal bone of digit V metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 toe 5 metatarsal toe 5 metatarsus uberon hindlimb digit 5 metatarsus UBERON:0003654 metatarsal bone of digit 5 UBERON:0003654 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000929 AAO AAO:LAP The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer's fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone UMLS:C1709003 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_5 fifth metatarsal bone FMA:24506 foot digit 5 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal V AAO:0000929 metatarsal bone digit 5 MA:0001373 metatarsal bone of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic hindlimb digit 5 metatarsus EMAPA:19131 Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies from individual to individual. Ethnicity can also have an impact on the age at which this occurs, with statistical variations between groups. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. BTO:0001759 CALOHA:TS-0637 EMAPA:32897 FMA:55638 MA:0000350 MESH:D008963 NCIT:C33136 SCTID:362115002 UMLS:C0026367 Wikipedia:Molar_(tooth) dens molaris molaris uberon molar UBERON:0003655 molar tooth UBERON:0003655 Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. Wikipedia:Molar_(tooth) https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/221 UMLS:C0026367 ncithesaurus:Molar_Tooth dens molaris Wikipedia:Molar_(tooth) molaris BTO:0001759 molar MA:0000350 A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton. The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost EMAPA:36579 MA:0000295 Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates basipodium bone carpal/tarsal bone mesopod bone mesopodial bone uberon UBERON:0003656 mesopodium bone UBERON:0003656 UBERON:cjm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates basipodium bone MA:th carpal/tarsal bone MA:0000295 Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. EMAPA:36501 FMA:321558 MA:0000691 SCTID:312683002 galen:LimbJoint joint of limb joint of limb skeletal system skeletal limb joint uberon UBERON:0003657 Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses limb joint UBERON:0003657 Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 joint of limb skeletal system OBOL:automatic skeletal limb joint GO:0036023 Any muscle organ that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000657 hip muscle organ hip region muscle organ muscle organ of hip muscle organ of hip region muscle organ of regio coxae regio coxae muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003658 hip muscle UBERON:0003658 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hip muscle organ OBOL:automatic hip region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip region OBOL:automatic muscle organ of regio coxae OBOL:automatic regio coxae muscle organ OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37333 MA:0000648 digit of foot muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ digitus pedis muscle organ foot digit muscle foot digit muscle organ hind limb digit muscle muscle organ of digit of foot muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ of digitus pedis muscle organ of foot digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ toe muscle organ foot digit muscle uberon UBERON:0003659 pedal digit muscle UBERON:0003659 Any muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37333 MA:th digit of foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic digitus pedis muscle organ OBOL:automatic foot digit muscle MA:0000648 foot digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic hind limb digit muscle OBOL:accepted muscle organ of digit of foot OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot digit OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic muscle organ of toe OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic toe muscle organ OBOL:automatic foot digit muscle NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32700 MA:0000692 limb muscle organ limb skeletal muscle muscle organ of limb uberon UBERON:0003661 limb muscle UBERON:0003661 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic limb muscle organ OBOL:accepted limb skeletal muscle OBOL:exploratory muscle organ of limb OBOL:accepted Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. FMA and MA class actually refer to muscles of entire pectoral complex UBERON:0005634 AAO:0000204 BTO:0000479 EMAPA:36049 FMA:37348 fore limb muscle organ forelimb muscle organ free upper limb muscle muscle of free upper limb muscle of upper limb upper limb skeletal muscle wing muscle uberon arm muscle system musculature of arm musculature of the arm UBERON:0003662 forelimb muscle UBERON:0003662 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic FMA and MA class actually refer to muscles of entire pectoral complex FMA fore limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic forelimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic free upper limb muscle FMA:37348 muscle of free upper limb FMA:37348 muscle of upper limb FMA:9621 upper limb skeletal muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 wing muscle Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic arm muscle system EHDAA2:0000141 musculature of arm musculature of the arm Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000222 EFO:0001928 FMA:37368 free lower limb muscle hind limb muscle organ hindlimb muscle organ inferior member muscle organ lower extremity muscle organ lower limb skeletal muscle muscle of free lower limb muscle of posterior limb muscle organ of hind limb muscle organ of hindlimb muscle organ of inferior member muscle organ of lower extremity uberon UBERON:0003663 hindlimb muscle UBERON:0003663 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic free lower limb muscle FMA:37368 hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower limb skeletal muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle of free lower limb FMA:37368 muscle of posterior limb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle organ of hind limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37331 MA:0000624 digit of hand muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ digitus manus muscle organ finger muscle organ fore limb digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of hand muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of digitus manus muscle organ of finger muscle organ of hand digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ hand digit muscle uberon UBERON:0003664 manual digit muscle UBERON:0003664 Any muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37331 MA:th digit of hand muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic digitus manus muscle organ OBOL:automatic finger muscle organ OBOL:automatic fore limb digit muscle OBOL:accepted hand digit muscle MA:0000624 hand digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of hand OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus manus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of finger OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hand digit OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic hand digit muscle NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A muscle organ that attaches to a tail vertebra [Automatically generated definition]. the BTO class may possibly refer to an invertebrate structure AAO:0000081 BTO:0001905 EMAPA:37759 MA:0000699 SCTID:113230005 caudal muscle muscle organ of post-vent region muscle organ of tail post-vent region muscle organ tail muscle tail muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003665 post-anal tail muscle UBERON:0003665 A muscle organ that attaches to a tail vertebra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic the BTO class may possibly refer to an invertebrate structure BTO EMAPA:37759 MA:th muscle organ of post-vent region OBOL:automatic muscle organ of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region muscle organ OBOL:automatic tail muscle MA:0000699 tail muscle organ OBOL:automatic A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002125 EHDAA:8053 EMAPA:17942 FMA:55720 MA:0001603 NCIT:C49795 UMLS:C1710580 molar tooth of upper jaw upper jaw molar tooth upper molar tooth uberon maxillary secondary molar tooth upper molar upper permanent molar tooth upper secondary molar tooth UBERON:0003666 upper jaw molar UBERON:0003666 A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710580 ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Molar molar tooth of upper jaw OBOL:automatic upper jaw molar tooth OBOL:automatic upper molar tooth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 maxillary secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 upper molar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper permanent molar tooth FMA:55720 upper secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001025 EHDAA:8017 EMAPA:17921 FMA:290267 MA:0001602 NCIT:C49584 UMLS:C1708756 lower jaw molar tooth lower molar tooth molar tooth of lower jaw uberon lower molar UBERON:0003667 lower jaw molar UBERON:0003667 A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708756 ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Molar lower jaw molar tooth OBOL:automatic lower molar tooth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 molar tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower molar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A collection of teeth arranged in some pattern in the mouth or other part of the body. The arrangement may be a simple row, a collection of rows, or a more elaborate structure, such as a toooth whorl. Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth.[AAO] The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. (MeSH[ncithesaurus:Dentition]) In FMA this is an anatomical set AAO:0000126 FMA:75150 GAID:1249 MESH:D003817 NCIT:C13072 SCTID:245543004 UMLS:C0011443 dentes set of teeth teeth teeth set uberon collection of teeth teeth UBERON:0003672 dentition UBERON:0003672 A collection of teeth arranged in some pattern in the mouth or other part of the body. The arrangement may be a simple row, a collection of rows, or a more elaborate structure, such as a toooth whorl. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000126 AAO AAO:LAP The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. (MeSH[ncithesaurus:Dentition]) ncithesaurus:Dentition In FMA this is an anatomical set FMA UMLS:C0011443 ncithesaurus:Dentition dentes FMA:75150 FMA:TA set of teeth FMA:75150 teeth FMA:75150 teeth set FMA:75150 A tooth that is typically long and pointed and bearing a single cusp. Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines. canine FMA:55636 GAID:1262 MESH:D003481 NCIT:C32258 SCTID:420817000 SCTID:88719004 UMLS:C0010482 Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine tooth cuspis dentis caniniform tooth uberon canine (tooth) canine eminence canine teeth dens caninus dentes canini dogtooth (anatomy) eye teeth eye tooth eyeteeth eyetooth fang UBERON:0003674 cuspid UBERON:0003674 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Azawakh_K9.jpg 1 cardinality not allowed with transitivity in OWL Wikipedia A tooth that is typically long and pointed and bearing a single cusp. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Although there are a few exceptions, the dental formula for the great majority of cricetids is 1.0.0.3 Wikipedia:Cricetidae UMLS:C0010482 ncithesaurus:Canine_Tooth canine tooth FMA:55636 cuspis dentis FMA:55636 FMA:TA canine (tooth) Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine eminence Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine teeth GAID:1262 Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dens caninus Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dentes canini Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dogtooth (anatomy) Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye teeth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyeteeth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyetooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth fang Wikipedia:Canine_tooth The portion of the tooth covered by enamel. FMA:55623 GAID:1275 MESH:D019228 NCIT:C32375 SCTID:362106009 UMLS:C0226993 anatomical crown corona dentis crown of tooth tooth crown uberon crown UBERON:0003675 tooth crown UBERON:0003675 The portion of the tooth covered by enamel. ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis UMLS:C0226993 ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis anatomical crown FMA:55623 corona dentis ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis crown of tooth FMA:55623 tooth crown FMA:55623 The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdomen proper (excluding the pelvic cavity). in FMA this contains the pelvic cavity, but this is inconsistent with the concept of abdominopelvic cavity EFO:0000213 EMAPA:36505 FMA:12266 GAID:17 MA:0003057 MESH:D034841 NCIT:C12664 SCTID:361294009 UMLS:C0230168 Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity galen:AbdominalCavity cavity of abdominal compartment cavity of compartment of abdomen space of abdominal compartment uberon cavitas abdominis UBERON:0003684 abdominal cavity UBERON:0003684 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdomen proper (excluding the pelvic cavity). UBERON:cjm in FMA this contains the pelvic cavity, but this is inconsistent with the concept of abdominopelvic cavity FMA UMLS:C0230168 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Cavity cavity of abdominal compartment FMA:12266 cavity of compartment of abdomen FMA:12266 space of abdominal compartment FMA:12266 cavitas abdominis GAID:17 Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. sutura suture EMAPA:35263 FMA:7493 GAID:211 MA:0001475 MESH:D003393 SCTID:244509003 Wikipedia:Suture_(joint) cranium suture suture joint of skull suture of cranium uberon UBERON:0003685 cranial suture UBERON:0003685 GO PMID:16496288 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. FMA:71385 ISBN:3110148986 Wikipedia:Suture_(joint) suture FMA:71385 cranium suture OBOL:automatic suture of cranium OBOL:automatic In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] AAO:0010826 EMAPA:37868 FMA:75306 GAID:228 MESH:D005539 NCIT:C12495 SCTID:244679008 TAO:0002045 UMLS:C0016519 Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum ZFA:0005387 uberon UBERON:0003687 Design pattern notes: check whether this fits the foramen design pattern foramen magnum UBERON:0003687 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray130.png In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002045 TAO TAO:wd EMAPA:37868 MA:th UMLS:C0016519 ncithesaurus:Foramen_Magnum A collection of sacral vertebrae in the sacral region that are fused and part of the bony pelvis. sacral the AAO class 'sacrum' is deliberately placed under 'sacral vertebra' rather than here CALOHA:TS-2201 EFO:0003071 FMA:16202 GAID:241 MESH:D012447 NCIT:C33508 SCTID:264186006 Wikipedia:Sacrum galen:Sacrum os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales I - V] sacrum sacrum [sacral vertebrae I - V] sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] uberon os sacrum sacral bone UBERON:0003690 fused sacrum UBERON:0003690 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gray95.png FMA FMA A collection of sacral vertebrae in the sacral region that are fused and part of the bony pelvis. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the AAO class 'sacrum' is deliberately placed under 'sacral vertebra' rather than here AAO os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales I - V] FMA:16202 FMA:TA sacrum FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae I - V] FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] FMA:16202 os sacrum Wikipedia:Sacrum sacral bone FMA:16202 The outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal (formed by the surrounding vertebrae) lying outside the dura mater. epidural extradural In humans the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose fatty tissue, small arteries, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the epidural venous plexus in the FMA this is treated as a space of the head, but this ontology covers non-humans, where the space may continue into the tail FMA:71228 GAID:243 MESH:D004824 SCTID:281866004 Wikipedia:Epidural_space cavum epidurale cavum extradurale extradural space spatium epidurale spatium extradurale uberon epidural cavity UBERON:0003691 epidural space UBERON:0003691 The outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal (formed by the surrounding vertebrae) lying outside the dura mater. Wikipedia:Epidural_space in the FMA this is treated as a space of the head, but this ontology covers non-humans, where the space may continue into the tail FMA cavum epidurale Wikipedia:Epidural_space cavum extradurale Wikipedia:Epidural_space extradural space FMA:71228 spatium epidurale Wikipedia:Epidural_space spatium extradurale FMA:71228 FMA:TA epidural cavity Wikipedia:Epidural_space Any joint connecting the acromonion of the scapula and clavicle. The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. FMA:25898 GAID:249 MESH:D000173 NCIT:C32047 SCTID:182166001 UMLS:C0001208 Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint uberon acromioclavicular articulation articulatio acromioclavicularis scapuloclavicular articulation UBERON:0003692 acromioclavicular joint UBERON:0003692 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray326.png FMA Any joint connecting the acromonion of the scapula and clavicle. Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. MESH:A02.835.583.032 UMLS:C0001208 ncithesaurus:Acromioclavicular_Joint acromioclavicular articulation Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint articulatio acromioclavicularis Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint scapuloclavicular articulation Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. FMA:25524 GAID:250 MESH:D001268 NCIT:C32157 SCTID:361832004 UMLS:C0004168 Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint atlanto axial joint atlantoaxial joint uberon articulatio atlantoaxialis articulatio atlantoepistrophica atlantoaxial lateral atlanto-axial joint median atlanto-axial joint UBERON:0003694 atlanto-axial joint UBERON:0003694 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray304.png The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint UMLS:C0004168 ncithesaurus:Atlanto-axial_Joint atlanto axial joint GAID:250 atlantoaxial joint GAID:250 articulatio atlantoaxialis Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint articulatio atlantoepistrophica Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint atlantoaxial Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint lateral atlanto-axial joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint median atlanto-axial joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits. We include carpometacarpophalangeal joint as a synonym - these joints connect to the carpometacarpus - this is not necessarily inconsistent with the relationship for this class to metacarpal bone, as the carpometacarpus could be considered to have a metacarpal as part metacarpal joint EMAPA:19302 FMA:35246 GAID:255 MA:0000453 MESH:D008662 NCIT:C33106 SCTID:280995004 SCTID:370651001 UMLS:C0025525 Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint galen:MetacarpoPhalangealJoint MP joint knuckle knuckles metacarpo-phalangeal joint carpometacarpophalangeal joint uberon articulationes metacarpophalangeae metacarpal phalangeal joint UBERON:0003695 metacarpophalangeal joint UBERON:0003695 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray337.png The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint metacarpal joint FMA:35246 UMLS:C0025525 ncithesaurus:Metacarpophalangeal_Joint MP joint FMA:35246 knuckle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 knuckles https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 metacarpo-phalangeal joint MA:0000453 carpometacarpophalangeal joint NCBITaxon:8782 articulationes metacarpophalangeae Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint metacarpal phalangeal joint HP:0004294 The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits FMA:35222 GAID:258 MESH:D008683 NCIT:C33108 SCTID:239747005 SCTID:302535003 SCTID:370752004 UMLS:C0025589 Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations galen:MetatarsoPhalangealJoint metatarsal-phalangeal joint uberon articulationes metatarsophalangeae metatarsal joint metatarsalphalangeal joint metatarsophalangeal metatarsophalangeal articulation UBERON:0003696 metatarsophalangeal joint UBERON:0003696 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray268.png The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations UMLS:C0025589 ncithesaurus:Metatarsophalangeal_Joint metatarsal-phalangeal joint PHENOSCAPE:ad articulationes metatarsophalangeae Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsal joint FMA:35222 metatarsalphalangeal joint Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal articulation Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. EMAPA:37064 FMA:10429 FMA:259054 GAID:26 MESH:D034861 NCIT:C77608 SCTID:181613000 UMLS:C0836916 Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis wall of abdomen wall of abdomen proper uberon abdominal wall proper layers of the abdominal wall paries abdominalis UBERON:0003697 abdominal wall UBERON:0003697 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall EMAPA:37064 MA:th UMLS:C0836916 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall paries abdominalis Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall wall of abdomen FMA:259054 wall of abdomen proper FMA:10429 abdominal wall proper FMA:10429 layers of the abdominal wall Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall A joint of the pes that connects the talus and the calcaneus. FMA:35198 GAID:260 MESH:D013380 NCIT:C33653 SCTID:182213007 UMLS:C0038593 Wikipedia:Subtalar_joint articulatio subtalaris articulatio talocalcanea subtalar joint uberon talocalcaneal articulation talocalcaneal joint UBERON:0003698 subtalar joint UBERON:0003698 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG MESH A joint of the pes that connects the talus and the calcaneus. Wikipedia:Subtalar_joint https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0038593 ncithesaurus:Subtalar_Joint articulatio subtalaris FMA:35198 FMA:TA articulatio talocalcanea FMA:35198 FMA:TA subtalar joint FMA:35198 talocalcaneal articulation Wikipedia:Subtalar_joint talocalcaneal joint GAID:260 The firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. Medial attachment of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs - Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188-192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. AAO:0000769 EMAPA:37940 FMA:16950 GAID:267 MESH:D011631 NCIT:C33425 SCTID:182200001 UMLS:C0034015 Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphysis pubis uberon interpubic articulation symphisis pubis symphysis pubica symphysis pubis UBERON:0003699 pubic symphysis UBERON:0003699 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Gray321.png FMA The firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. MP:0009575 Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis Medial attachment of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000769 AAO AAO:LAP EMAPA:37940 MA:th UMLS:C0034015 ncithesaurus:Pubic_Symphisis symphysis pubis FMA:16950 interpubic articulation Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphisis pubis Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphysis pubica Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphysis pubis Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. reduced in non-human primates bipedalism, running in FMA this is a ligament, and part of the muscle EMAPA:35853 FMA:51061 GAID:277 MA:0002993 MESH:D000125 NCIT:C32043 SCTID:181705009 UMLS:C0001074 Wikipedia:Achilles_tendon Achille's tendon Achilles tendon Achilles' tendon calcaneal tendon tendo Achillis tendo calcaneus uberon UBERON:0003701 calcaneal tendon UBERON:0003701 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg MA FMA The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. Wikipedia:Achilles_tendon in FMA this is a ligament, and part of the muscle FMA UMLS:C0001074 ncithesaurus:Achilles_Tendon Achilles tendon MA:0002993 calcaneal tendon FMA:51061 tendo Achillis Wikipedia:Achilles_tendon tendo calcaneus MA:0002993 Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. includes all the cystic duct, all the common bile duct and the extrahapetic part of the hepatic duct FMA:14678 GAID:281 MA:0002659 MESH:D017734 NCIT:C32573 SCTID:276158002 UMLS:C0206187 uberon bile duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic biliary system UBERON:0003703 extrahepatic bile duct UBERON:0003703 Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. MESH:A03.159.183.079 UMLS:C0206187 ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct bile duct extrahepatic part MA:0002659 extrahepatic biliary system GAID:281 Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. includes the hepatic duct of the caudate lobe, and the intra- and inter- lobar bile ducts Duct that collects bile from the bile ductules and connects to the extrahepatic bile duct.[TAO] FMA:15766 GAID:287 MA:0001630 MESH:D001653 NCIT:C12677 SCTID:362193005 TAO:0005169 UMLS:C0005401 ZFA:0005169 bile duct intrahepatic part uberon intrahepatic biliary system UBERON:0003704 intrahepatic bile duct UBERON:0003704 FMA MA Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. MESH:A03.159.183.158 Duct that collects bile from the bile ductules and connects to the extrahepatic bile duct.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005169 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0005401 ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct bile duct intrahepatic part MA:0001630 A circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle. In zebrafish, the circle of vessels comprised of the basal communicating artery (BCA) and posterior communicating segments (PCS) superficially resemble but are not homologous to the human circle of Willis arterial circle EHDAA2:0000252 EHDAA:9758 EMAPA:37829 FMA:50454 GAID:486 MESH:D002941 SCTID:362047009 Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis neuronames:1468 arterial circle of Willis cerebral arterial circle uberon Willis circle circulus arteriosus cerebri UBERON:0003709 circle of Willis UBERON:0003709 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg FMA-modified FMA-modified A circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle. Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis In zebrafish, the circle of vessels comprised of the basal communicating artery (BCA) and posterior communicating segments (PCS) superficially resemble but are not homologous to the human circle of Willis http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html arterial circle Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis EMAPA:37829 MA:th cerebral arterial circle GAID:486 Willis circle GAID:486 circulus arteriosus cerebri Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. EHDAA2:0000182 EHDAA:9868 FMA:4723 GAID:529 MESH:D016121 NCIT:C32816 SCTID:181371003 UMLS:C0006095 Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein galen:BrachiocephalicVein brachiocephalic venous tree innominate vein uberon innomiate vein innominate trunk innominate vein innominate veins vena brachiocephalica venae anonyma UBERON:0003711 brachiocephalic vein UBERON:0003711 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein UMLS:C0006095 ncithesaurus:Innominate_Vein brachiocephalic venous tree FMA:4723 innominate vein FMA:4723 innomiate vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate trunk Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate vein GAID:529 Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate veins Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein vena brachiocephalica Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein venae anonyma Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein A vein arising from the splenic trabecular vein in the hilum of the spleen that drains into the portal vein. EMAPA:37226 FMA:14331 GAID:541 MA:0002164 MESH:D013162 NCIT:C33608 SCTID:278029005 UMLS:C0038001 Wikipedia:Splenic_vein galen:SplenicVein vena splenica uberon lienal vein vena lienalis UBERON:0003713 splenic vein UBERON:0003713 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Gray1189.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Bilebladder.png A vein arising from the splenic trabecular vein in the hilum of the spleen that drains into the portal vein. ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein EMAPA:37226 MA:th UMLS:C0038001 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein vena splenica FMA:14331 FMA:TA lienal vein MA:0002164 Wikipedia:Splenic_vein vena lienalis Wikipedia:Splenic_vein Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] FMA definition includes vasculature AAO:0000325 AEO:0000123 EHDAA2:0003123 FMA:9642 GAID:609 MESH:D009417 NCIT:C13052 SCTID:91728009 UMLS:C0027757 nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue uberon UBERON:0003714 neural tissue UBERON:0003714 Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. FMA:9642 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000325 AAO AAO:LAP FMA definition includes vasculature FMA UMLS:C0027757 ncithesaurus:Nervous_Tissue nerve tissue FMA:9642 nervous tissue FMA:9642 portion of neural tissue FMA:9642 The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. All carry sympathetic fibers except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which carry parasympathetic fibers BAMS:spn EMAPA:37959 FMA:5883 GAID:800 MESH:D013153 SCTID:264198001 Wikipedia:Splanchnic_nerves uberon splanchnic nerves visceral nerve UBERON:0003715 splanchnic nerve UBERON:0003715 The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. MP:0008318 EMAPA:37959 MA:th splanchnic nerves BAMS:spn visceral nerve Wikipedia:Splanchnic_nerves A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch. Branch of the vagus nerve that separates from the vagus well postcranially, then continues anteriorly to innervate the larynx[AAO:0010754]. recurrent nerve AAO:0010754 FMA:6246 GAID:804 MESH:D012009 SCTID:24227007 VHOG:0001347 Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve nervus laryngeus recurrens recurrent laryngeal nerve from vagus nerve vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch uberon inferior laryngeal nerve ramus recurrens UBERON:0003716 recurrent laryngeal nerve UBERON:0003716 Wikipedia A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch. Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve Branch of the vagus nerve that separates from the vagus well postcranially, then continues anteriorly to innervate the larynx[AAO:0010754]. AAO:0010754 recurrent nerve Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve nervus laryngeus recurrens Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch VHOG:0001347 inferior laryngeal nerve GAID:804 ramus recurrens AAO:0010754 The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue. It also carries fibers from the facial nerve, which return taste information from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. BAMS:5lg EMAPA:19168 FMA:53218 GAID:835 MA:0001102 MESH:D008036 SCTID:280260006 Wikipedia:Lingual_nerve lingual branch of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve lingual branch trigeminal nerve lingual branch uberon UBERON:0003721 lingual nerve UBERON:0003721 The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the tongue. It also carries fibers from the facial nerve, which return taste information from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. Wikipedia:Lingual_nerve trigeminal V nerve lingual branch MA:0001102 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. FMA:5860 GAID:857 MESH:D013900 SCTID:360498003 Wikipedia:Thoracic_nerves neuronames:1725 nervus thoracis thoracic spinal nerve uberon nervi thoracici pectoral nerve UBERON:0003726 thoracic nerve UBERON:0003726 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. MESH:A08.800.800.720.800 nervus thoracis FMA:5860 FMA:TA thoracic spinal nerve FMA:5860 nervi thoracici Wikipedia:Thoracic_nerves pectoral nerve GAID:857 The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:18227 FMA:6028 GAID:858 MESH:D007367 NCIT:C32825 SCTID:279568001 UMLS:C1285089 Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves anterior ramus of thoracic nerve anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus thoracic anterior ramus ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve uberon nervi intercostales UBERON:0003727 intercostal nerve UBERON:0003727 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves UMLS:C1285089 ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Nerve anterior ramus of thoracic nerve FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus FMA:6028 thoracic anterior ramus FMA:6028 ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 nervi intercostales Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves The central part of the thoracic cavity enclosed by the left and right pleurae. mediastinal CALOHA:TS-2338 EFO:0003057 EMAPA:36001 FMA:9826 GAID:94 MA:0003075 MESH:D008482 NCIT:C12748 SCTID:181217005 UMLS:C0025066 Wikipedia:Mediastinum mediastinal part of chest uberon UBERON:0003728 mediastinum UBERON:0003728 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png FMA The central part of the thoracic cavity enclosed by the left and right pleurae. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Mediastinum UMLS:C0025066 ncithesaurus:Mediastinum mediastinal part of chest FMA:9826 A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. this is defined as any mucous membrane of the mouth - including palate, lips, uvula, etc. ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal. In future we may split into masticatory/keratinized (gingiva + hard palate) vs lining/non-keratinized (lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, soft palate). FMA distinguishes between mucosa of mouth and region of mouth (the latter including the buccal mucosa) the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa]. BTO:0002860 CALOHA:TS-0716 EMAPA:26937 FMA:59660 GAID:951 MA:0002794 MESH:D009061 NCIT:C77637 UMLS:C0026639 Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa mouth mucosa mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of mouth mucous membrane of mouth oral mucous membrane oral part of viscerocranial mucosa tunica mucosa oris uberon buccal mucosa mucosal lining of mouth oral mucosa tunica mucosa oris UBERON:0003729 mouth mucosa UBERON:0003729 A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa]. Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa UMLS:C0026639 ncithesaurus:Oral_Mucosa mouth mucosa FMA:59660 mouth mucous membrane OBOL:accepted mouth organ mucosa OBOL:accepted mucosa of mouth OBOL:accepted mucous membrane of mouth FMA:59660 oral part of viscerocranial mucosa FMA:59660 tunica mucosa oris FMA:59660 FMA:TA buccal mucosa GAID:951 mucosal lining of mouth MA:0002794 oral mucosa GAID:951 tunica mucosa oris Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa A bone of the metapodial skeleton. EMAPA:37284 MA:0000301 metacarpal or metatarsal bone metacarpal/metatarsal metacarpal/metatarsal bone metapodi bone metapodial bone metapodium bone uberon UBERON:0003821 metapodium bone UBERON:0003821 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern A bone of the metapodial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37284 MA:th metacarpal/metatarsal bone MA:0000301 metapodi bone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodial bone https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodium bone http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the forelimb between pectoral region and the elbow, corresponding to the humerus. Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] anatomical usage, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. FMA uses the term Arm for this class, so we place it here. Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. AAO:0000199 EHDAA2:0002112 EHDAA:4186 EHDAA:6234 EMAPA:17424 FMA:24890 MA:0000035 MESH:D001132 NCIT:C32141 SCTID:302538001 UMLS:C0446516 VHOG:0000343 VSAO:0005057 galen:Arm brachial region brachium fore propodium forelimb propodium forelimb stylopodial element forelimb stylopodium proximal segment of free upper limb regio brachialis stylopod of arm stylopod of forelimb upper arm wing stylopod uberon arm UBERON:0003822 forelimb stylopod UBERON:0003822 MA The part of the forelimb between pectoral region and the elbow, corresponding to the humerus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000887 AAO AAO:LAP Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000343 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0446516 ncithesaurus:Arm brachium VSAO:0005057 fore propodium AAO:0000199 forelimb stylopodial element MA:th forelimb stylopodium OBOL:automatic regio brachialis FMA:24890 FMA:TA upper arm MA:0000035 wing stylopod NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic arm FMA:24890 The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] sural FMA:24979 denotes the middle segment (zeugopod), its placement here is correct. See obo-anatomy archives for discussion Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here EFO:0003051 EHDAA2:0001030 EHDAA:5165 EHDAA:6190 EMAPA:17496 FMA:24979 MA:0000051 MESH:D007866 NCIT:C32974 SCTID:244015008 UMLS:C1140621 VHOG:0000348 VSAO:0005060 Wikipedia:Forearm galen:Leg crus crus of hindlimb hind limb middle limb segment hind limb zeudopodium hind limb zeugopod hindlimb epipodium hindlimb middle limb segment hindlimb zeudopodium hindlimb zeugopod hindlimb zeugopodium intermediate segment of free lower limb lower extremity middle limb segment lower extremity zeugopod lower leg middle limb segment of hind limb middle limb segment of hindlimb shank zeugopod of hind limb zeugopod of hindlimb uberon hind epipodium leg UBERON:0003823 hindlimb zeugopod UBERON:0003823 MA The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. PHENOSCAPE:curators Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000348 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:24979 denotes the middle segment (zeugopod), its placement here is correct. See obo-anatomy archives for discussion FMA UMLS:C1140621 ncithesaurus:Leg crus VSAO:0005060 hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb zeudopodium VHOG:0000348 hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeudopodium VHOG:0000348 hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopodium OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb FMA:24979 lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower leg MA:0000051 middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 shank VSAO:0005060 zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind epipodium leg FMA:24979 MESH:A01.378.610.500 A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37265 MA:0000562 MESH:D013900 SCTID:359876006 nerve of thorax thoracic segment nerve thorax nerve uberon upper body nerve UBERON:0003824 nerve of thoracic segment UBERON:0003824 A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37265 MA:th nerve of thorax OBOL:automatic thoracic segment nerve MA:0000562 thorax nerve OBOL:automatic upper body nerve MA:0000562 A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37061 MA:0000528 abdominal segment nerve uberon UBERON:0003825 nerve of abdominal segment UBERON:0003825 A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37061 MA:th abdominal segment nerve MA:0000528 A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35893 MA:0000682 uberon femur UBERON:0003826 May be merged into femur. See https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 upper leg bone UBERON:0003826 A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 femur https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37247 MA:0000559 SCTID:426649006 bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ uberon upper body bone UBERON:0003827 thoracic segment bone UBERON:0003827 A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37247 MA:th bone of thorax OBOL:automatic bone organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax bone OBOL:automatic thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic upper body bone MA:0000559 A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37058 MA:0000525 abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003828 abdominal segment bone UBERON:0003828 A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37058 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk bone OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra. EMAPA:37787 MA:0002649 uberon urethral muscle layer UBERON:0003829 urethra muscle tissue UBERON:0003829 Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37787 MA:th urethral muscle layer MA:0002649 Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000561 muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ uberon upper body muscle UBERON:0003830 thoracic segment muscle UBERON:0003830 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax muscle organ OBOL:automatic upper body muscle MA:0000561 Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35733 MA:0001828 apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003831 respiratory system muscle UBERON:0003831 Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic muscle organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system muscle organ OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. merge muscle and muscle layer? EMAPA:26983 MA:0002682 SCTID:360961009 esophageal muscle esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003832 esophagus muscle UBERON:0003832 MA Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic gullet muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of esophagus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of gullet OBOL:automatic muscle organ of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37060 MA:0000527 abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003833 abdominal segment muscle UBERON:0003833 A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37060 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37238 MA:0000558 blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel uberon upper body blood vessel UBERON:0003834 thoracic segment blood vessel UBERON:0003834 A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37238 MA:th blood vessel of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic upper body blood vessel MA:0000558 A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37057 MA:0000524 abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003835 abdominal segment blood vessel UBERON:0003835 A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37057 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37063 FMA:264898 MA:0000530 abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003836 abdominal segment skin UBERON:0003836 A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37063 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk skin OBOL:automatic skin of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37253 MA:0000560 connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus uberon upper body connective tissue UBERON:0003837 thoracic segment connective tissue UBERON:0003837 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37253 MA:th connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic upper body connective tissue MA:0000560 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37059 MA:0000526 abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003838 abdominal segment connective tissue UBERON:0003838 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37059 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19204 MA:0000614 anteriormost limb joint of limb anteriormost limb limb joint fore limb joint of limb fore limb limb joint forelimb joint of limb forelimb limb joint joint of free upper limb joint of limb of anteriormost limb joint of limb of fore limb joint of limb of forelimb joint of limb of superior member joint of limb of upper extremity limb joint of anteriormost limb limb joint of fore limb limb joint of forelimb limb joint of superior member limb joint of upper extremity superior member joint of limb superior member limb joint upper extremity joint of limb upper extremity limb joint wing joint uberon UBERON:0003839 forelimb joint UBERON:0003839 A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb limb joint OBOL:automatic fore limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic fore limb limb joint OBOL:automatic forelimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic forelimb limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of free upper limb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 joint of limb of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of fore limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of forelimb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of superior member OBOL:automatic joint of limb of upper extremity OBOL:automatic limb joint of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of fore limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of forelimb OBOL:automatic limb joint of superior member OBOL:automatic limb joint of upper extremity OBOL:automatic superior member joint of limb OBOL:automatic superior member limb joint OBOL:automatic upper extremity joint of limb OBOL:automatic upper extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic wing joint NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32635 MA:0000662 SCTID:304573000 hind limb joint of limb hind limb limb joint hindlimb joint of limb hindlimb limb joint inferior member joint of limb inferior member limb joint joint of free lower limb joint of limb of hind limb joint of limb of hindlimb joint of limb of inferior member joint of limb of lower extremity joint of lower limb limb joint of hind limb limb joint of hindlimb limb joint of inferior member limb joint of lower extremity lower extremity joint of limb lower extremity limb joint uberon UBERON:0003840 hindlimb joint UBERON:0003840 A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic hind limb limb joint OBOL:automatic hindlimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb limb joint OBOL:automatic inferior member joint of limb OBOL:automatic inferior member limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of free lower limb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 joint of limb of hind limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of hindlimb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of inferior member OBOL:automatic joint of limb of lower extremity OBOL:automatic joint of lower limb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb joint of hind limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of hindlimb OBOL:automatic limb joint of inferior member OBOL:automatic limb joint of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity joint of limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35160 MA:0002715 autopod joint of limb autopod limb joint distal free limb segment joint of limb distal free limb segment limb joint joint of limb of autopod joint of limb of distal free limb segment limb joint of autopod limb joint of distal free limb segment uberon paw joint UBERON:0003841 autopod joint UBERON:0003841 A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic autopod joint of limb OBOL:automatic autopod limb joint OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment joint of limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of autopod OBOL:automatic joint of limb of distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic limb joint of autopod OBOL:automatic limb joint of distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic paw joint MA:0002715 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005713 AAO:0011073 EHDAA2:0001269 EHDAA:2889 EHDAA:914 EMAPA:16167 VHOG:0001119 XAO:0000252 cavity of neural tube lumen of neural tube neural tube neural lumen prosencoel uberon central lumen neural lumen neurocoel UBERON:0003842 neural tube lumen UBERON:0003842 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. OBOL:automatic (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001119 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cavity of neural tube https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of neural tube https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neural tube neural lumen EHDAA2:0001269 neural lumen EHDAA:2889 neurocoel VHOG:0001119 Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. see comments for dental organ. todo - full developmental relationships In the developing molar dentition of the mouse, tooth inductive po- tential resides in the dental epithelium until embryonic day (E)12.5 (3). Thereafter, tooth inductive potential shifts to neural crest-derived dental mesenchyme, which acquires the ability to direct tooth formation in nonodontogenic tissues (3, 4) AAO:0011027 BTO:0001723 EMAPA:32903 MA:0003151 NCIT:C54296 TAO:0005134 UMLS:C1709309 VHOG:0001443 XAO:0003203 ZFA:0005134 dental epithelia dental epithelium odontogenic epithelium tooth epithelium uberon reduced enamel epithelium UBERON:0003843 dental epithelium UBERON:0003843 epithelium JB Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. ZFA:0005134 https://github.com/cerivs/zebrafish-anatomical-ontology/issues/107 In the developing molar dentition of the mouse, tooth inductive po- tential resides in the dental epithelium until embryonic day (E)12.5 (3). Thereafter, tooth inductive potential shifts to neural crest-derived dental mesenchyme, which acquires the ability to direct tooth formation in nonodontogenic tissues (3, 4) PMID:10954731 UMLS:C1709309 ncithesaurus:Odontogenic_Epithelial_Remnants dental epithelia ZFA:0005134 dental epithelium ZFA:0005134 reduced enamel epithelium BTO:0001723 In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000719 EHDAA:8703 SCTID:278192008 VHOG:0001340 Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein gonad vein gonada vein vein of gonad vein of gonada uberon UBERON:0003848 gonadal vein UBERON:0003848 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein gonad vein OBOL:automatic gonada vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonad OBOL:automatic vein of gonada OBOL:automatic A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003591 EHDAA2:0001101 EHDAA:360 TAO:0000935 VHOG:0000796 ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain uberon UBERON:0003849 mesencephalic neural crest UBERON:0003849 ZFA A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. OBOL:automatic We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000796 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ mesencephalic neural crest ZFA:0000935 neural crest midbrain ZFA:0000935 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a telencephalon. Cranial neural crest that is part of the telencephalon.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003574 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001991 TAO:0000812 VHOG:0000799 ZFA:0000812 neural crest telencephalon uberon UBERON:0003850 telencephalon neural crest UBERON:0003850 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic Cranial neural crest that is part of the telencephalon.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000812 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000799 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural crest telencephalon ZFA:0000812 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001628 EHDAA:362 EMAPA:35747 TAO:0007063 VHOG:0001210 ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest uberon rhombomere neural crest UBERON:0003852 rhombencephalon neural crest UBERON:0003852 ZFA A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007063 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001210 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural crest hindbrain ZFA:0007063 rhombencephalic neural crest ZFA:0007063 rhombomere neural crest EMAPA:35747 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:696 EMAPA:16163 EMAPA:16881 VHOG:0001006 neural crest spinal cord uberon spinal neural crest UBERON:0003853 spinal cord neural crest UBERON:0003853 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001006 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural crest spinal cord VHOG:0001006 spinal neural crest VHOG:0001006 A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] FMA:312957 TAO:0007021 VHOG:0000439 ZFA:0007021 neural plate of spinal cord uberon UBERON:0003854 spinal cord neural plate UBERON:0003854 ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural plate of spinal cord OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:5012 EMAPA:16858 EMAPA:17385 VHOG:0001090 gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada uberon UBERON:0003855 gonad mesenchyme UBERON:0003855 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme enclosed by a dental organ that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. we follow ZFA in introducing an additional distinction between the dental papilla and the (uncondensed) mesenchyme. Note that in some species such as zebrafish teeth are not part of the mouth, and sharks have dermal denticles which share similar developmental origins with teeth. For now we assume a NC origin for all and add a taxon restriction to 1st arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[MP] Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[TAO] EMAPA:32891 MA:0003152 TAO:0005139 VHOG_RETIRED:0001444 ZFA:0005139 dental mesenchyme dental organ mesenchyme enamel organ mesenchyme tooth enamel organ mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003856 uncondensed odontogenic mesenchyme UBERON:0003856 see comments Mesenchyme enclosed by a dental organ that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. https://github.com/cerivs/zebrafish-anatomical-ontology/issues/107 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[MP] MP J:153554 Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005139 TAO ZFIN:curator dental mesenchyme ZFA:0005139 dental organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic enamel organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tooth enamel organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tooth mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32628 VHOG:0001109 anteriormost limb mesenchyme fore limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of anteriormost limb mesenchyme of fore limb mesenchyme of forelimb mesenchyme of superior member mesenchyme of upper extremity superior member mesenchyme upper extremity mesenchyme wing mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003859 forelimb mesenchyme UBERON:0003859 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic fore limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of fore limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of forelimb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of superior member OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper extremity OBOL:automatic superior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic upper extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic wing mesenchyme Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32637 VHOG:0001074 hind limb mesenchyme inferior member mesenchyme lower extremity mesenchyme mesenchyme of hind limb mesenchyme of hindlimb mesenchyme of inferior member mesenchyme of lower extremity uberon UBERON:0003860 hindlimb mesenchyme UBERON:0003860 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic inferior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hind limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hindlimb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of inferior member OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower extremity OBOL:automatic Posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone.[TAO] Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally.[AAO] the dorsal bony and/or cartilaginous part of a vertebra, consisting of a pair of pedicles, a pair of laminae, and seven processes (four articular processes, two transverse processes, and one spinous process) relationship loss: develops_from basidorsal (TAO:0001060)[TAO] (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] tiny neural arches present in Hagfish (which lack a true vertebraal column). The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone vertebra neural arch AAO:0000725 EFO:0003618 FMA:11946 MA:0001453 NCIT:C32138 SCTID:317373001 TAO:0001066 UMLS:C0223076 VHOG:0001670 Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch ZFA:0001066 arcus vertebra arcus vertebrae arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) dorsal arcocentrum uberon arcus vertebrae vertebra dorsal arch UBERON:0003861 neural arch UBERON:0003861 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png Posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001066 TAO ZFIN:curator Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000725 AAO AAO:Pugener_2002 the dorsal bony and/or cartilaginous part of a vertebra, consisting of a pair of pedicles, a pair of laminae, and seven processes (four articular processes, two transverse processes, and one spinous process) MP:0004599:csmith relationship loss: develops_from basidorsal (TAO:0001060)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001066 TAO (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001670 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 http://bgee.unil.ch/ vertebra neural arch MA:0001453 UMLS:C0223076 ncithesaurus:Arch_of_the_Vertebra arcus vertebra Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebrae Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) FMA:11946 dorsal arcocentrum ZFA:0001066 arcus vertebrae Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch vertebra dorsal arch MA:0001453 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19130 FMA:32901 MA:0001384 NCIT:C52781 SCTID:361804008 UMLS:C1708086 digit long bone of foot digit 4 foot digit 4 digit long bone foot digit 4 long bone of digit foot digit 4 phalanx fourth toe phalanx hind limb digit 4 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 4 pedal digit IV phalanx phalanx of foot digit 4 phalanx of fourth toe foot digit 4 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003862 pedal digit 4 phalanx UBERON:0003862 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708086 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4_Phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 phalanx MA:0001384 fourth toe phalanx FMA:32901 hind limb digit 4 phalanx OBOL:accepted long bone of digit of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic pedal digit IV phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic phalanx of fourth toe FMA:32901 foot digit 4 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19132 FMA:32902 MA:0001385 NCIT:C52782 SCTID:361806005 UMLS:C1708088 digit long bone of foot digit 5 foot digit 5 digit long bone foot digit 5 long bone of digit foot digit 5 phalanx hind limb digit 5 phalanx little toe phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 5 pedal digit V phalanx phalanx of fifth digit of foot phalanx of fifth toe phalanx of foot digit 5 phalanx of little toe foot digit 5 phalanx uberon UBERON:0003863 pedal digit 5 phalanx UBERON:0003863 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708088 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5_Phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 phalanx MA:0001385 hind limb digit 5 phalanx OBOL:accepted little toe phalanx FMA:32902 long bone of digit of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic pedal digit V phalanx https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32902 phalanx of fifth toe FMA:32902 phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic phalanx of little toe FMA:32902 foot digit 5 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37306 FMA:75817 MA:0001394 NCIT:C12863 SCTID:113223004 SCTID:371230003 UMLS:C0223828 hand middle phalanx middle manual phalanx middle phalanx of finger middle phalanx of hand middle phalanx of manual digit phalanx media manus uberon UBERON:0003864 middle phalanx of manus UBERON:0003864 A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37306 MA:th UMLS:C0223828 ncithesaurus:Middle_Phalanx_of_the_Hand hand middle phalanx MA:0001394 middle phalanx of finger FMA:75817 middle phalanx of hand MA:0001394 phalanx media manus FMA:75817 FMA:TA A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35393 FMA:75818 MA:0001388 NCIT:C52784 SCTID:182001007 SCTID:361782004 UMLS:C1269782 distal manual phalanx distal phalanx of finger distal phalanx of hand distal phalanx of manual digit hand distal phalanx phalanx distalis manus terminal phalanx of hand ungual phalanx of hand uberon UBERON:0003865 This is typically proximally connected to the middle phalanx of manus, except in some cases such as the manual digit 1 (thumb) of many mammals such as humans, where it connects to the proximal phalanx. It always connects to some phalanx, by definition distal phalanx of manus UBERON:0003865 A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1269782 ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Hand distal phalanx of finger FMA:75818 hand distal phalanx MA:0001388 phalanx distalis manus FMA:75818 FMA:TA terminal phalanx of hand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ungual phalanx of hand http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37311 FMA:75829 MA:0001386 SCTID:83207005 foot middle phalanx middle pedal phalanx middle phalanx of foot middle phalanx of toe phalanx media pedis uberon UBERON:0003866 middle phalanx of pes UBERON:0003866 A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37311 MA:th foot middle phalanx MA:0001386 middle phalanx of toe FMA:75829 phalanx media pedis FMA:75829 FMA:TA A distal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37310 FMA:75830 MA:0001380 NCIT:C52783 SCTID:361797001 UMLS:C0224026 distal pedal phalanx distal phalanx of foot distal phalanx of toe foot distal phalanx phalanx distalis pedis terminal phalanx of foot terminal phalanx of hindlimb ungual phalanx of foot ungual phalanx of hindlimb uberon UBERON:0003867 This is typically proximally connected to the middle phalanx of pes, except in some cases such as the pedal digit 1 (big toe) in many mammals such as humans, where it connects to the proximal phalanx. It always connects to some phalanx, by definition distal phalanx of pes UBERON:0003867 A distal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37310 MA:th UMLS:C0224026 ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Foot distal phalanx of toe FMA:75830 foot distal phalanx MA:0001380 phalanx distalis pedis FMA:75830 FMA:TA terminal phalanx of foot https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 terminal phalanx of hindlimb https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ungual phalanx of foot http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 ungual phalanx of hindlimb http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37312 FMA:75828 MA:0001387 NCIT:C52785 SCTID:85533000 UMLS:C0224020 foot proximal phalanx phalanx proximalis pedis proximal pedal phalanx proximal phalanx of foot proximal phalanx of foot digit proximal phalanx of hind digit proximal phalanx of pes proximal phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0003868 proximal phalanx of pes UBERON:0003868 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37312 MA:th UMLS:C0224020 ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Foot foot proximal phalanx MA:0001387 phalanx proximalis pedis FMA:75828 FMA:TA proximal phalanx of toe FMA:75828 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. uberon UBERON:0003869 presumptive ganglion UBERON:0003869 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. OBOL:automatic A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35562 FMA:19816 MA:0002931 SCTID:250172001 Wikipedia:Mesometrium uberon mesentery of uterus UBERON:0003885 mesometrium UBERON:0003885 A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of uterus FMA:19816 MA:0002931 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. future coelomic cavity lumen uberon body cavity precursor UBERON:0003886 future coelemic cavity lumen UBERON:0003886 An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. OBOL:automatic The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom. consider merging with coelom. TODO - add spatial relationships to halves of LPM. Note the OG places XAO and ZFA coelem terms here. editor note: TODO check ZFA, which appears to be a structure present in adults (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:251 EMAPA:16088 NCIT:C34195 UMLS:C1512940 VHOG:0000316 Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom somatic coelom uberon UBERON:0003887 intraembryonic coelom UBERON:0003887 Wikipedia The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom. MGI:anna MP:0012187 (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000316 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1512940 ncithesaurus:Intraembryonic_Coelom somatic coelom Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus. Homologous to appendix testis salpinges salpinx CALOHA:TS-0732 EHDAA2:0000504 EMAPA:18984 EMAPA:35660 EV:0100112 FMA:18245 GAID:365 MA:0000385 MESH:D005187 NCIT:C12403 SCTID:181463001 UMLS:C0015560 Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube galen:FallopianTube mammalian oviduct uterine tube (sensu Mammalia) uberon fallopian tubes female paramesonephric duct paramesonephric duct of female tuba uterina UBERON:0003889 fallopian tube UBERON:0003889 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg FMA-abduced-lr Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus. MGI:smb MP:0003574 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Homologous to appendix testis Wikipedia:Talk:Fallopian_tube#Homology salpinges UMLS:C0015560 ncithesaurus:Fallopian_Tube mammalian oviduct https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/8397/ female paramesonephric duct EHDAA2:0000504 paramesonephric duct of female EMAPA:35660 tuba uterina Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube Paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) inducing the demise of this duct UBERON:0005318 AAO:0010141 EHDAA2:0004048 EMAPA:27665 GAID:1309 MESH:D009095 NCIT:C13260 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001399 SCTID:308802006 UMLS:C0026732 VHOG:0001199 Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct XAO:0000330 Muellerian duct Müllerian duct ductus paramesonephricus paramesonephric duct early paramesonephric duct uberon UBERON:0003890 Mullerian duct UBERON:0003890 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png Wikipedia Paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. GO:0061205 Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001199 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramesonephric+duct Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010141 AAO AAO:RED In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001199 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0026732 ncithesaurus:Mullerian_Duct paramesonephric duct EMAPA:27665 early paramesonephric duct EHDAA2:0004048 Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. stromal FMA:81494 NCIT:C67387 UMLS:C0927195 uberon stromal connective tissue UBERON:0003891 stroma UBERON:0003891 Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0927195 ncithesaurus:Stroma_Connective_Tissue A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. consider adding further subdivisions of the endoderm, e.g. ventral foregut. Note we place two EFO classes here, it's not clear how they differ AAO:0011058 BTO:0003391 EFO:0002577 EFO:0003428 EHDAA2:0000744 EHDAA:973 EMAPA:16847 NCIT:C34277 TAO:0000124 UMLS:C0734013 UMLS:C1514451 XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 embryological hepatic plate primordium of the liver uberon hepatic plate liver bud liver endoderm UBERON:0003894 liver primordium UBERON:0003894 EHDAA2 XAO EHDAA2 ventral foregut endoderm Zaret 1996 A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. ISBN:3211492755 UMLS:C0734013 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Cord UMLS:C1514451 ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver embryological hepatic plate https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 primordium of the liver ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver hepatic plate EHDAA2:0000744 liver bud XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 liver endoderm EFO:0002577 One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. EHDAA:5982 EMAPA:18167 MA:0003153 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000160 TAO:0001954 uberon UBERON:0003897 axial muscle UBERON:0003897 One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. HP:0003327 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. SCTID:244848007 skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0003898 skeletal muscle tissue of trunk UBERON:0003898 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeletal muscle of torso OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of torso OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011095 BTO:0000929 CALOHA:TS-0685 EHDAA2:0001253 EHDAA:4763 EMAPA:17171 EMAPA:18590 FMA:58628 MA:0000277 NCIT:C33166 TAO:0000046 UMLS:C1518263 VHOG:0000535 XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neural layer of retina neural retina neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) stratum nervosum retinae uberon neural retinal epithelium UBERON:0003902 retinal neural layer UBERON:0003902 Bgee:AN The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. GO:0003407 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000535 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518263 ncithesaurus:Neural_Retina neural layer of retina FMA:58628 neural retina XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neuroretina ZFA:0000046 stratum nervosum (retina) FMA:58628 stratum nervosum retinae FMA:58628 FMA:TA neural retinal epithelium MA:000027 Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] sinusoidal some sources give discontinuous capillary as synonym but this may be a subtype - see FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). FMA:63131 SCTID:340163004 TAO:0005261 Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium uberon endothelium of irregular blood filled space sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal endothelium UBERON:0003909 sinusoid UBERON:0003909 Wikipedia ZFA Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005261 TAO ZFIN:curator some sources give discontinuous capillary as synonym but this may be a subtype - see FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). FMA sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal capillary http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=13986 Hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. HAO:0001019 tooth-like organ uberon UBERON:0003913 see dermal denticle tooth-like structure UBERON:0003913 Hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tooth-like organ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. contrast with a multi-tissue tube, which has as parts both epithelium, connective tissue, possibly muscle layers AEO:0000114 EHDAA2:0003114 FBbt:00007474 epithelial or endothelial tube uberon UBERON:0003914 epithelial tube UBERON:0003914 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GO:0060562 PMID:12526790 Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. uberon UBERON:0003915 endothelial tube UBERON:0003915 Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. check this mesenchyme of kidney uberon UBERON:0003918 kidney mesenchyme UBERON:0003918 Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. GO:0072074 A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart. EMAPA:35932 FMA:86188 MA:0000066 segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment uberon UBERON:0003920 Compare to: vein venous blood vessel UBERON:0003920 A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/venous+blood+vessel segment of venous tree organ FMA:86188 venous tree organ segment FMA:86188 Embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. in EHDAA2 this has dorsal and ventral primordia as parts. the buds are part of the primordium, with the ducts developing from the buds; only parenchyma and ducts have contribution from buds revisit after standardizing terms 'primordium', 'anlagen', 'bud' EFO:0002579 EFO:0003434 EHDAA2:0001382 EHDAA:2163 EMAPA:17066 FMA:79792 TAO:0000254 XAO:0001101 ZFA:0000254 pancreatic primordium uberon pancreatic anlage pancreatic endoderm primordial pancreas UBERON:0003921 pancreas primordium UBERON:0003921 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray982.png Wikipedia Embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. Wikipedia:Pancreas#Embryological_development in EHDAA2 this has dorsal and ventral primordia as parts. the buds are part of the primordium, with the ducts developing from the buds; only parenchyma and ducts have contribution from buds EHDAA2 pancreatic anlage ZFA:0000254 pancreatic endoderm EFO:0002579 primordial pancreas FMA:79792 The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. EFO:0003470 EMAPA:35645 NCIT:C34242 SCTID:360398004 TAO:0001390 UMLS:C1283285 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud ZFA:0001390 pancreatic bud pancreatic buds uberon pancreas epithelium pancreatic anlage UBERON:0003922 pancreatic epithelial bud UBERON:0003922 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray982.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Pancreas#Embryological_development zebrafish Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud EHDAA2-inferred The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. PMID:16417468 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud UMLS:C1283285 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Bud pancreatic bud ZFA:0001390 pancreatic buds TAO:0001390 pancreas epithelium EMAPA:35645 Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.[AAO] In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011031 EFO:0003465 EHDAA2:0001385 EMAPA:17067 SCTID:361435005 TAO:0001370 VHOG:0001428 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud XAO:0000467 ZFA:0001370 pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud pancreas primordium dorsal bud primary pancreatic bud uberon dorsal pancreas anlage dorsal pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic bud UBERON:0003923 dorsal pancreatic bud UBERON:0003923 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray982.png EHDAA2 XAO Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011031 AAO XAO:curator In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001428 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud EHDAA2:0001385 primary pancreatic bud XAO:0000467 Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The ventral pancreatic bud becomes the head and uncinate process, and comes from the hepatic diverticulum[WP] the ventral pancreas and liver are derived from a common precursor cell population[PMID:16417468]. TODO - add this relationship. AAO:0011111 EFO:0003464 EHDAA2:0001389 EMAPA:17256 SCTID:361437002 TAO:0001369 VHOG:0001429 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud XAO:0001103 ZFA:0001369 pancreas primordium ventral bud pancreas ventral primordium duct bud uberon anterior pancreatic anlage anterior pancreatic bud ventral pancreas anlage ventral pancreatic anlage UBERON:0003924 ventral pancreatic bud UBERON:0003924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray982.png EHDAA2 PMID:16417468 WP Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001429 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ pancreas ventral primordium duct bud EHDAA2:0001389 A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. TAO:0005162 ZFA:0005162 duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct uberon UBERON:0003928 digestive system duct UBERON:0003928 A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic duct of digestive system OBOL:automatic duct of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system duct OBOL:automatic An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] BTO:0000956 EHDAA2:0004567 EMAPA:32928 FBbt:00047143 MA:0003201 NCIT:C12963 TAO:0005123 UMLS:C0836205 XAO:0003200 ZFA:0005123 digestive tract epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut gastrodermis gut epithelial tissue gut epithelium uberon alimentary tract epithelium UBERON:0003929 digestive tract epithelium UBERON:0003929 An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005123 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0836205 ncithesaurus:Gut_Epithelium digestive tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gut OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of gut OBOL:automatic gastrodermis NCBITaxon:6073 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 gut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gut epithelium EHDAA2:0004567 MA:0003201 ZFA:0005123 alimentary tract epithelium OBOL:automatic A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. EFO:0003690 TAO:0001461 ZFA:0001461 cartilage of chondrocranium cartilaginous element of chondrocranium chondrocranium cartilage neurocranium cartilage uberon UBERON:0003932 cartilage element of chondrocranium UBERON:0003932 A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cartilage of chondrocranium OBOL:accepted cartilaginous element of chondrocranium OBOL:accepted chondrocranium cartilage ZFA:0001461 neurocranium cartilage ZFA:0001461 A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] TAO:0001458 ZFA:0001458 cartilage of cranium cranium cartilage uberon cranial cartilages UBERON:0003933 cranial cartilage UBERON:0003933 A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. ZFA:0001458 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001458 TAO ZFIN:curator cartilage of cranium OBOL:automatic cranium cartilage OBOL:automatic cranial cartilages ZFA:0001458 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. MA:0001751 genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland sex gland uberon UBERON:0003937 reproductive gland UBERON:0003937 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. MP:0000653 genitalia gland OBOL:automatic gland of genitalia MP:0000653 gland of reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive gland MA:0001751 reproductive system gland OBOL:automatic sex gland MP:0000653 The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. The neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals MP defines this in a may more appropriate to somatosensory cortex UBERON:0014511 EMAPA:37954 NLXANAT:090818 Wikipedia:Somatosensory_system neuronames:2887 somatic sensory system system for detection of somatic senses uberon UBERON:0003942 somatosensory system UBERON:0003942 The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. NLXANAT:090818 The neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals MP:0000959 MP defines this in a may more appropriate to somatosensory cortex MP EMAPA:37954 MA:th The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood. Mouse-human differences: The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively ... The mouse placental labyrinth is composed of an intricate network of maternal blood spaces and embryonal blood vessels. Maternal and embryonal blood is separated by a placental barrier that consists of four cellular layers: layer I trophoblasts line the maternal lacunae, trophoblasts in layers II and III form syncytial-like layers, and endothelial cells line the embryonic vessels[DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8138 ] labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth uberon UBERON:0003946 placenta labyrinth http://placentation.ucsd.edu/placenta.html UBERON:0003946 The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood. MP:0001716 http://placentation.ucsd.edu labyrinthine layer GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer of placenta GO:0060713 The anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. anterior stroma EMAPA:37414 cornea anterior stroma uberon UBERON:0003952 anterior stroma of cornea UBERON:0003952 lexical The anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. MP:0003093 anterior stroma MP:0003093 EMAPA:37414 MA:th cornea anterior stroma MP:0003093 The posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. posterior stroma EMAPA:37415 cornea posterior stroma uberon UBERON:0003953 posterior stroma of cornea UBERON:0003953 The posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. MP:0003094 posterior stroma MP:0003094 EMAPA:37415 MA:th cornea posterior stroma MP:0003094 The part of a molar that is covered by enamel. EMAPA:37910 FMA:85301 crown of molar tooth molar tooth crown molar tooth tooth crown tooth crown of molar tooth uberon UBERON:0003955 molar crown UBERON:0003955 The part of a molar that is covered by enamel. MP:0003932 EMAPA:37910 MA:th crown of molar tooth FMA:85301 molar tooth crown FMA:85301 molar tooth tooth crown OBOL:automatic tooth crown of molar tooth OBOL:automatic An anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. add more specific classification e.g. anastomosing network - consider FMA:3726 EMAPA:18332 FMA:19834 GAID:399 MA:0003013 MESH:D012152 NCIT:C33467 SCTID:279617009 UMLS:C0035278 Wikipedia:Rete_testis Haller's rete uberon UBERON:0003959 rete testis UBERON:0003959 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg Wikipedia An anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. MP:0006416 Wikipedia:Rete_testis UMLS:C0035278 ncithesaurus:Rete_Testis Haller's rete FMA:19834 The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity. EMAPA:37841 cutaneous elastic fiber dermal elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0003967 cutaneous elastic tissue UBERON:0003967 The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity. MP:0008418 EMAPA:37841 MA:th cutaneous elastic fiber MP:0008418 dermal elastic fiber MP:0008418 Blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate. placental labyrinth vascular network vasculature of placenta labyrinth uberon placental vasculature UBERON:0003970 placental labyrinth vasculature UBERON:0003970 Blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate. MP:0008803 placental vasculature OBOL:automatic The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. BTO:0003099 FMA:45654 SCTID:303518005 female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system uberon organa genitalia feminina interna UBERON:0003975 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 internal female genitalia UBERON:0003975 The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. MP:0009209 female internal genitalia FMA:45654 internal female genital organ BTO:0003099 internal genitalia of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic organa genitalia feminina interna BTO:0003099 valvular EHDAA2:0004046 EHDAA:1892 EHDAA:4406 FMA:67611 galen:Valve anatomical valve uberon UBERON:0003978 valve UBERON:0003978 anatomical valve FMA:67611 A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] Kardong says absent in adult tetrapods, check AAO we use the term CA for the anterior chamber if it is composed of cardiac muscle, contractile, and contains conal valves internally AAO:0010250 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus uberon UBERON:0003983 conus arteriosus UBERON:0003983 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. MP:0009464 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010250 AAO AAO:BJB we use the term CA for the anterior chamber if it is composed of cardiac muscle, contractile, and contains conal valves internally ISBN:0073040584 The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP]. The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. In mammals, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the fallopian tube. In birds, where there is no fallopian tube, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the oviduct. infundibulum EMAPA:29897 FMA:18307 SCTID:362262001 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube infundibulum of fallopian tube uberon infundibulum tubae uterinae UBERON:0003984 uterine tube infundibulum UBERON:0003984 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg FMA The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP]. MP:0009466 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube In mammals, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the fallopian tube. In birds, where there is no fallopian tube, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the oviduct. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 infundibulum infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18307 infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18307 infundibulum tubae uterinae Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube The connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues. uberon UBERON:0004015 embryonic-extraembryonic boundary UBERON:0004015 The connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues. MP:0003890 A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. Not to be confused with 'dermatome segment of skin'. AAO:0011028 AEO:0001017 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003428 EHDAA:1719 EHDAA:1725 EHDAA:1731 EHDAA:1737 EMAPA:32838 FMA:295656 NCIT:C61572 UMLS:C0180383 Wikipedia:Dermatome_(embryology) XAO:0000220 cutis plate dermatomal mesenchyme uberon epimere mesoderm mesenchyma dermatomiale UBERON:0004016 dermatome UBERON:0004016 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gray64.png AEO EHDAA2-abduced A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. AEO:0001017 AEO:JB UMLS:C0180383 ncithesaurus:Dermatome cutis plate Wikipedia:Cutis_plate dermatomal mesenchyme Wikipedia:Cutis_plate mesenchyma dermatomiale Wikipedia:Dermatomal_mesenchyme The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells. As the cells adjacent to the lumen continue to divide, the migrating cells form a second layer around the original neural tube. This layer becomes progressively thicker as more cells are added to it from the germinal neuroepithelium. This new layer is called the mantle (or intermediate) zone, and the germinal epithelium is now called the ventricular zone (and, later, the ependyma)[NCBIBook:NBK10047] germinal neuroepithelial layer germinal neuroepithelium original neural tube uberon UBERON:0004022 germinal neuroepithelium UBERON:0004022 NCBIBook:NBK10047 The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells. MP:0004261 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 germinal neuroepithelial layer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 germinal neuroepithelium NCBIBook:NBK10047 original neural tube NCBIBook:NBK10047 That portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. BTO:0002879 EMAPA:31872 NCIT:C34123 SCTID:256391000 UMLS:C0230972 uberon UBERON:0004027 chorionic plate UBERON:0004027 That portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. MP:0004560 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69523 UMLS:C0230972 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Plate The transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate. The transient fetal subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the cortical plate, represents the developmental anlage of the mammalian cerebral cortex. It serves as a waiting compartment for growing cortical afferents; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical efferent projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a phylogenetically recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain. Subplate neurons are among the first generated neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex [1]. These neurons disappear during postnatal development and are important in establishing the correct wiring [2][3] and functional maturation [4] of the cerebral cortex. Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as hypoxia) which in humans are associated with motor and cognitive defects SP DHBA:10522 EMAPA:32703 PBA:294021932 Wikipedia:Subplate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_captions_in_english_copy.png/360px-Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_captions_in_english_copy.png neuronames:3233 cerebral cortex subplate subplate subplate zone uberon UBERON:0004035 cortical subplate UBERON:0004035 The transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate. MP:0008440 Wikipedia:Subplate https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/1 The transient fetal subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the cortical plate, represents the developmental anlage of the mammalian cerebral cortex. It serves as a waiting compartment for growing cortical afferents; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical efferent projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a phylogenetically recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain. Subplate neurons are among the first generated neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex [1]. These neurons disappear during postnatal development and are important in establishing the correct wiring [2][3] and functional maturation [4] of the cerebral cortex. Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as hypoxia) which in humans are associated with motor and cognitive defects WP SP BRAINSPAN:BRAINSPAN cerebral cortex subplate EMAPA:32833 subplate zone DHBA:10522 The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone. IZ EMAPA:17545 EMAPA:32712 uberon cerebral cortex mantle layer cerebral cortex mantle zone cortical mantle layer UBERON:0004040 cortical intermediate zone UBERON:0004040 Wikipedia The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone. MP:0008457 IZ BRAINSPAN:BRAINSPAN cerebral cortex mantle layer EMAPA:17545 The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum. BTO:0003097 EMAPA:30977 FMA:45642 SCTID:362264000 galen:MaleExternalGenitalia external male genital organ male external genitalia uberon organa genitalia masculina externa UBERON:0004053 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 external male genitalia UBERON:0004053 The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum. MP:0009199 external male genital organ BTO:0003097 male external genitalia FMA:45642 organa genitalia masculina externa BTO:0003097 The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands. consider splitting genitalia from genital organ BTO:0003096 FMA:45655 SCTID:310536002 internal male genital organ male internal genitalia uberon organa genitalia masculina interna UBERON:0004054 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 internal male genitalia UBERON:0004054 The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands. MP:0009205 internal male genital organ BTO:0003096 male internal genitalia FMA:45655 organa genitalia masculina interna BTO:0003096 One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP]. In ZFA, Digestive system duct that collects bile from the canaliculus and transports bile through the liver -- (check if the same) // The smallest and the most peripheral branches of the biliary tree consist of a portal part (portal ductule) and an intralobular part (intralobular ductule) BTO:0002840 EMAPA:37440 TAO:0005164 ZFA:0005164 bile ductule biliary ductule ductuli biliferi uberon bile capillary biliary ductule cholangiole terminal cholangiole UBERON:0004058 biliary ductule UBERON:0004058 BTO One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP]. BTO:0002840 MP:0009494 In ZFA, Digestive system duct that collects bile from the canaliculus and transports bile through the liver -- (check if the same) // The smallest and the most peripheral branches of the biliary tree consist of a portal part (portal ductule) and an intralobular part (intralobular ductule) ZFA EMAPA:37440 MA:th bile ductule BTO:0002840 biliary ductule http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ductuli+biliferi ductuli biliferi http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ductuli+biliferi bile capillary BTO:0002840 biliary ductule BTO:0002840 cholangiole BTO:0002840 terminal cholangiole http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium. consider merging with 'ventricular zone'; note that the MA class probably does not belong here, as this is an embryonic structure The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen ependymal layer EMAPA:17152 EMAPA:35362 EMAPA_RETIRED:16783 MA:0003193 neural tube ependymal layer neural tube ventricular germinal zone neural tube ventricular zone neural tube ependymal zone uberon UBERON:0004060 neural tube ventricular layer UBERON:0004060 NCBIBook:NBK10047 NCBIBook:NBK10047 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium. MP:0009689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen MP:0009689 ependymal layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ependymal layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ventricular germinal zone NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ventricular zone MP:0009689 neural tube ependymal zone MP:0009689 The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. EMAPA:17148 EMAPA:35360 neuronames:1367 neural tube intermediate zone uberon future brain marginal layer UBERON:0004061 neural tube mantle layer UBERON:0004061 NCBIBook:NBK10047 by division NCBIBook:NBK10047 The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. MP:0009690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube intermediate zone MP:0009690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 future brain marginal layer EMAPA:35360 The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter. EMAPA:17151 neuronames:1368 neural tube marginal zone uberon brain marginal zone UBERON:0004062 neural tube marginal layer UBERON:0004062 forms from axons The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter. MP:0009691 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube marginal zone MP:0009691 The region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. AAO:0010561 EFO:0001904 NCIT:C34111 UMLS:C1511061 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) neuronames:1372 basal plate basal plate of neural tube spinal cord basal plate uberon motor part of neural tube ventral part of neural tube UBERON:0004064 neural tube basal plate UBERON:0004064 Shh Swenson The region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. MP:0009693 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 UMLS:C1511061 ncithesaurus:Basal_Plate basal plate of neural tube Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) spinal cord basal plate MP:0009693 The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout. UBERON:0006237 EHDAA2:0000578 EHDAA:4778 EMAPA:16681 FMA:293101 NCIT:C34182 SCTID:361486000 UMLS:C1517321 VHOG:0001319 Wikipedia:Frontonasal_prominence embryonic frontonasal prominence uberon forebrain prominence frontonasal mass frontonasal process prominentia frontonasalis UBERON:0004066 frontonasal prominence UBERON:0004066 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray44.png The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout. MP:0009901 UMLS:C1517321 ncithesaurus:Frontonasal_Prominence embryonic frontonasal prominence http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forebrain prominence MP:0009901 frontonasal mass MP:0009901 frontonasal process MP:0009901 prominentia frontonasalis Wikipedia:Frontonasal_prominence The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it. Fusion of right and left medial nasal processes forms a primary palate rostrally and the nasal septum caudally. The incisive bone, including upper incisor teeth and the rostral up- per lip, are derived from the primary palate. The nasal septum consists of bone, cartilage, and a patch of soft tissue membrane that separates right & left halves of the nasal cavity. EHDAA2:0001076 EHDAA:4792 EMAPA:16808 FMA:295858 SCTID:308877001 VHOG:0000804 Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence medial nasal process medial-nasal process prominentia nasalis medialis uberon medial nasal swelling nasomedial prominence UBERON:0004068 medial nasal prominence UBERON:0004068 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Gray45.png EHDAA2 Wikipedia The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it. MP:0009903 Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence medial nasal process EHDAA2:0001076 medial-nasal process EMAPA:16808 prominentia nasalis medialis Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence medial nasal swelling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 nasomedial prominence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart. AAO:0010215 BTO:0001438 EMAPA:18415 FMA:321896 GAID:547 MA:0000068 MESH:D014684 NCIT:C12817 SCTID:244405007 UMLS:C0042460 Wikipedia:Venae_cavae uberon caval vein venae cavae UBERON:0004087 vena cava UBERON:0004087 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta,_trachea,_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Heart_numlabels.png Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Venae_cavae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0042460 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava venae cavae Wikipedia:Venae_cavae The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present. note the FMA class is more narrow though, and is more like eye + muscles + vasculature. The FMA also has FMA:72951 orbital part of eye in HP covers eyelid, eyebrow. FMA:260119 content of orbital part of eye eye region orbital part of face uberon ocular and peri-ocular region ocular region orbital content orbital part of eye UBERON:0004088 orbital region UBERON:0004088 The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in HP covers eyelid, eyebrow. HP:0000284 content of orbital part of eye FMA:260119 eye region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 orbital part of face http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 orbital content FMA:260119 orbital part of eye FMA:72951 The middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. this class is currently a union of the snout (e.g. in mouse), the midface and the lower face. Note that in MA, snout includes the whole jaw and should thus be more alike the lower face than the midface, so its placement here is not strictly accurate. In future we might introduce specific classes for each of these, and include the full parthood relationships. if this is done, then care should be taken to preserve inferences such as an abnormality of the lower face being an abnormality of the midface. midfacial EMAPA:32806 FMA:285406 MA:0001910 uberon lower face midface/lower face snout UBERON:0004089 midface UBERON:0004089 The middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. HP:0000309 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/midface snout MA:0001910 Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. FMA:38911 synovial cavity of elbow joint uberon UBERON:0004099 joint space of elbow UBERON:0004099 Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. HP:0003943 synovial cavity of elbow joint FMA:38911 The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. FMA:265239 SCTID:279371005 Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system collecting duct system kidney collecting duct system uberon tubulus renalis colligens UBERON:0004100 renal collecting system UBERON:0004100 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Gray1128.png The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. HP:0004742 Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system collecting duct system Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system kidney collecting duct system Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system tubulus renalis colligens Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system One of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. in BTO, this is part of an embryo BTO:0001383 EMAPA:35118 FMA:313923 GAID:215 MA:0003119 MESH:D000539 NCIT:C89749 SCTID:245790000 UMLS:C0447411 Wikipedia:Alveolar_ridge alveolar body alveolar bone alveolar margin alveolar process margo alveolaris uberon UBERON:0004103 alveolar ridge UBERON:0004103 PMID:19767574 Wikipedia One of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. HP:0006477 Wikipedia:Alveolar_ridge in BTO, this is part of an embryo BTO UMLS:C0447411 ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Ridge alveolar body MP:0004189 alveolar bone MP:0004189 margo alveolaris 2 Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature AEO:0000080 EHDAA2:0003080 FMA:242873 SCTID:346902003 Wikipedia:Foramen foramen foramina uberon opening ostia ostium UBERON:0004111 anatomical conduit UBERON:0004111 Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature FMA foramen EHDAA2:0003080 foramina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ostia A muscle of the tympanic cavity that attaches to an auditory ossicle. attenuate low-frequency sounds, reduce masking of high-frequency sounds by low-frequency sounds, frequency-selection filter UBERON:0004112 EMAPA:37776 FMA:49026 MA:0000256 NCIT:C33148 SCTID:244778009 UMLS:C1513769 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_auditory_ossicles auditory ossicles muscle muscle of auditory ossicles muscle of tympanic cavity ossicular muscle tympanic cavity muscle uberon muscle of middle ear UBERON:0004113 muscle of auditory ossicle UBERON:0004113 FMA A muscle of the tympanic cavity that attaches to an auditory ossicle. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37776 MA:th UMLS:C1513769 ncithesaurus:Muscle_of_the_Tympanum auditory ossicles muscle FMA:49026 muscle of auditory ossicles FMA:49026 ossicular muscle FMA:49026 tympanic cavity muscle MA:0000256 Small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. BTO:0002098 EHDAA2:0004119 EMAPA:37778 FMA:56461 SCTID:362551002 Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity anatomical cavity of middle ear cavitas tympani cavity of middle ear middle ear cavity middle-ear cavity uberon cavitas tympanica tympanum UBERON:0004114 tympanic cavity UBERON:0004114 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray923.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity EMAPA:37778 MA:th anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic cavitas tympani Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic middle-ear cavity OBOL:automatic cavitas tympanica BTO:0002098 tympanum BTO:0002098 A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37775 MA:0001219 anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel of cavity of middle ear blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel of middle ear cavity cavity of middle ear blood vessel middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel middle ear blood vessel middle ear cavity blood vessel tympanic cavity blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004115 blood vessel of tympanic cavity UBERON:0004115 A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37775 MA:th anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear blood vessel OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37777 MA:0001222 anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve cavity of middle ear nerve middle ear anatomical cavity nerve middle ear cavity nerve nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve of cavity of middle ear nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity nerve of middle ear cavity tympanic cavity nerve tympanic cavity nerves uberon UBERON:0004116 nerve of tympanic cavity UBERON:0004116 A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37777 MA:th anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear nerve OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity nerve OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic tympanic cavity nerves MA:0001222 An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. Crump et al, 2004.[TAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA also includes a distinct pouch endoderm AAO:0011113 EFO:0003627 EHDAA:1086 EHDAA:1669 EHDAA:579 EHDAA:617 EMAPA:32752 FMA:293063 NCIT:C34252 SCTID:34674002 TAO:0001106 UMLS:C0231067 VHOG:0001203 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology) XAO:0000282 ZFA:0001106 branchial pouch visceral pouch uberon pharyngeal pouches visceral pouches UBERON:0004117 The pouches are polarized structures. For example, whereas the rostral half of each pouch expresses Bmp-7, the caudal half expresses FGF-8 and the dorsal aspect of each pouch is marked via its expression of Pax-1. each pouch has an individual sense of identity. Shh expression is a prominent early feature of the caudal endoderm of the second arch, and individual pouches mark the anterior limits of expression of Hox genes within the pharyngeal endoderm; Hox-a2 has a rostral boundary at the second pouch, Hox-a3 at the third pouch and Hox-a4 at the most caudal pouch[PMID:16313389] pharyngeal pouch UBERON:0004117 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 EHDAA2 ZFA An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches. PMID:23020903 ZFA:0001106 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. Crump et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001106 TAO ZFIN:curator A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001203 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA also includes a distinct pouch endoderm EMAPA UMLS:C0231067 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Pouch branchial pouch Wikipedia:Branchial_pouch visceral pouch pharyngeal pouches VHOG:0001203 visceral pouches VHOG:0001203 A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. ZFA:0005568 iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature vascular network of iris uberon UBERON:0004118 vasculature of iris UBERON:0004118 A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic iris blood vessels ZFA:0005568 iris vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of iris OBOL:automatic An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0004119 endoderm-derived structure UBERON:0004119 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes mesodermal derivative uberon UBERON:0004120 mesoderm-derived structure UBERON:0004120 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesodermal derivative FBbt:00025998 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. Grouping term for query purposes ectodermal deriviative uberon UBERON:0004121 ectoderm-derived structure UBERON:0004121 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ectodermal deriviative FBbt:00025990 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] genitourinary urogenital AAO:0000624 BILA:0000122 BTO:0003091 EFO:0003864 EHDAA:1013 EMAPA:16367 EV:0100094 FMA:280610 GAID:362 MESH:D014566 NCIT:C12810 SCTID:278861008 UMLS:C0042066 VHOG:0000286 XAO:0000140 galen:GenitoUrinarySystem urogenital system uberon GU tract UG tract Urogenitalsystem genito-urinary system genitourinary tract urogenital tract UBERON:0004122 genitourinary system UBERON:0004122 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. VHOG:0000286 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000624 AAO AAO:EJS relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000624 AAO Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000286 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042066 ncithesaurus:Genitourinary_System Urogenitalsystem BTO:0003091 genito-urinary system FMA:280610 urogenital tract BTO:0003091 Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer. EMAPA:37475 MA:0000080 layer of myocardium myocardium layer uberon UBERON:0004123 myocardial layer UBERON:0004123 Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37475 MA:th The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the the endocardium. Unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae of the zebrafish have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] EFO:0003706 MA:0002866 TAO:0005059 ZFA:0005059 myocardial trabecular layer trabecular layer uberon heart muscle trabecula heart muscle trabeculae myocardial trabeculae carneae trabecula of heart muscle trabeculae UBERON:0004124 myocardium trabecular layer UBERON:0004124 The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. ZFA:0005059 The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the the endocardium. Unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae of the zebrafish have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005059 TAO ZFIN:curator trabecular layer ZFA:0005059 heart muscle trabeculae myocardial trabeculae carneae trabeculae TAO:0005059 A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle. TODO - check FMA FMA:83511 TAO:0005060 ZFA:0005060 myocardium of region of ventricle trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle ventricular trabecular myocardium uberon UBERON:0004126 trabecular layer of ventricle UBERON:0004126 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle. OBOL:automatic myocardium of region of ventricle FMA:83511 trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle GO:0003222 ventricular trabecular myocardium GO:0003222 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011039 EHDAA2:0001320 EMAPA:16540 FMA:293357 NCIT:C34236 SCTID:362864008 TAO:0000050 UMLS:C0231106 VHOG:0000165 Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles XAO:0000228 ZFA:0000050 uberon evagination eye vesicle ocular vesicle optic vesicles UBERON:0004128 Genes: Six3, Pax6, Rx1 are expressed together in the tip of the neural plate [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"]. Development notes: During subsequent develop- ment, the optic vesicle invaginates and becomes a two-layered structure with an inner neural retina and outer retinal pigment epithelium. As soon as the developing optic vesicle makes contact with the overlying ectoderm, it induces the ectoderm to thicken and form the lens placode [PMID:16496288] optic vesicle UBERON:0004128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gray863.png ZFA GO-def ZFA The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. GO:0003404 Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000165 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231106 ncithesaurus:Optic_Vesicle eye vesicle XAO:0000228 ocular vesicle VHOG:0000165 optic vesicles ZFA:0000050 . salivary nucleus uberon UBERON:0004133 salivatory nucleus UBERON:0004133 . GO:0021751 salivary nucleus GO:0021751 The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. TODO - check plate vs rudiment vs primordium vs endocardial tube. See XAO (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000215 EMAPA:16106 VHOG:0000975 myocardial plate uberon cardiac crescent cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment UBERON:0004139 cardiogenic plate UBERON:0004139 The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. GO:0003142 (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000975 VHOG PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ myocardial plate EHDAA2:0000215 cardiac crescent EMAPA:16106 cardiogenic crescent GO:0003142 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138] XAO:0004185 first heart field primary heart field uberon FHF PHF heart field UBERON:0004140 primary heart field UBERON:0004140 GO:0003128 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. GO:0003138 GOC:mtg_heart GOC:rl this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138] GO first heart field XAO:0004185 primary heart field PMID:17276708 XAO:0004185 FHF XAO:0004185 PHF XAO:0004185 heart field XAO:0004185 An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. the paired, longitudinal, endothelial-lined channels formed from the cardiogenic mesoderm in embryonic development; angiogenic cell clusters (aka angioblastic cords) located in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the cardiogenic plate coalesce to form the right and left endocardial heart tubes which then fuse in cephalo-caudal direction to form a single primitive heart tube. AAO:0010411 EFO:0003526 EMAPA:32685 NCIT:C34161 TAO:0000360 XAO:0000337 ZFA:0000360 embryonic heart tube endocardial heart tube endocardial tube uberon UBERON:0004141 heart tube UBERON:0004141 ZFA-modified An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GO:0003143 GOC:mtg_heart the paired, longitudinal, endothelial-lined channels formed from the cardiogenic mesoderm in embryonic development; angiogenic cell clusters (aka angioblastic cords) located in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the cardiogenic plate coalesce to form the right and left endocardial heart tubes which then fuse in cephalo-caudal direction to form a single primitive heart tube. MP:0012700 embryonic heart tube GO:0003143 endocardial heart tube MP:0012700 endocardial tube XAO:0000337 The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. XAO:0004141 uberon UBERON:0004142 outflow tract septum UBERON:0004142 The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. GO:0003148 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. Depending on the species, attached at the cardiac outflow are described the conus arteriosus, the truncus arteriosus and, or the bulbus arteriosus. At the distal limit of these outflow structures, but lying outside the pericardial cavity, is the ventral aorta[PMID:20735616] EHDAA2:0001351 EHDAA:464 EHDAA:798 EMAPA:16346 MA:0000100 VHOG:0000670 XAO:0004139 cardiac outflow tract heart outflow tract uberon arterial (outflow) pole UBERON:0004145 outflow tract UBERON:0004145 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GO:0003151 cardiac outflow tract PMID:20735616 arterial (outflow) pole PMID:20735616 The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. the intraventricular conduction system from the bundle of His to the distal Purkinje fibers, which carries the impulse to the ventricles. HPS His-Purkinji network VCS ventricular conduction system uberon UBERON:0004146 His-Purkinje system UBERON:0004146 cjm GO PMID:12626327 PMID:21234997 github:michaelerice The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GO:0003164 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/12451 the intraventricular conduction system from the bundle of His to the distal Purkinje fibers, which carries the impulse to the ventricles. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/His-Purkinje+system HPS Vein of heart that drains the myocardium. EHDAA2:0004507 EMAPA:37137 FMA:12846 NCIT:C12878 NCIT:C12882 SCTID:277726009 UMLS:C0226654 UMLS:C0226737 Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation ZFA:0005814 galen:CoronaryVein cardiac vein coronary vein heart vein vein of heart uberon coronary vein UBERON:0004148 cardiac vein UBERON:0004148 FMA Vein of heart that drains the myocardium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37137 MA:th UMLS:C0226654 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Vein UMLS:C0226737 ncithesaurus:Coronary_Vein cardiac vein FMA:12846 coronary vein ZFA:0005814 heart vein OBOL:automatic vein of heart OBOL:automatic coronary vein Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart. FMA:7095 SCTID:276456008 chamber of heart heart chamber uberon UBERON:0004151 generic enough to cover FBbt:00003156 heart chamber but this is a cavity. GO defines it as the cavity. TODO - move subclasses. Note this also includes sinus venosus cardiac chamber UBERON:0004151 A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart. GO:0003205 An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium. propepicardial Proepicardial clusters in Zebrafish form on the pericardial wall, adjacent to the atrioventricular (AV) junction and near the venous pole[ZFA] EMAPA:36025 ZFA:0005808 proepicardial cluster proepicardial organ uberon UBERON:0004160 proepicardium UBERON:0004160 todo check other taxa ZFA An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium. GO:0003342 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proepicardium proepicardial cluster ZFA:0005808 proepicardial organ ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080218-16 A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut. in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum EHDAA2:0001829 EHDAA:736 EMAPA:16318 FMA:295593 NCIT:C34296 SCTID:308819008 UMLS:C0231004 VHOG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum transverse septum uberon UBERON:0004161 septum transversum UBERON:0004161 A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. VHOG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+septum In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum EHDAA2 UMLS:C0231004 ncithesaurus:Septum_Transversum transverse septum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. FMA:45652 internal genitalia internal genitals uberon internal reproductive organ internal sex organ UBERON:0004175 TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 internal genitalia UBERON:0004175 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. GO:0035260 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. FMA:45643 SCTID:362207005 external genitalia uberon external reproductive organ external sex organ UBERON:0004176 TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 external genitalia UBERON:0004176 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. GO:0035261 Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. consider splitting out lymph organ, compare with lymph node the organs in which the formed elements of the blood and lymph are produced[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs]. the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term BTO:0004605 EMAPA:37665 FMA:7143 MA:0000747 SCTID:361338006 haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic organ hematopoietic system organ organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ lymph organ lymphoid organ uberon UBERON:0004177 hemopoietic organ UBERON:0004177 Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. GOC:Obol the organs in which the formed elements of the blood and lymph are produced[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs]. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term FMA EMAPA:37665 MA:th haematological system organ OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic organ of haematological system OBOL:automatic organ of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of hematopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica organ OBOL:automatic lymph organ MA:0000747 lymphoid organ BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta. BTO:0001685 CALOHA:TS-0048 EFO:0002775 EMAPA:35135 MA:0000702 NCIT:C49191 UMLS:C1706825 aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle uberon UBERON:0004178 aorta smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0004178 The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta. MGI:csmith MP:0009865 UMLS:C1706825 ncithesaurus:Aorta_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic aortic smooth muscle BTO:0001685 The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer blood vessel labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004183 placental labyrinth blood vessel UBERON:0004183 The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. GO:0060716 blood vessel of labyrinthine layer OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta OBOL:automatic blood vessel of placenta labyrinth OBOL:automatic labyrinthine layer blood vessel GO:0060716 labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel OBOL:automatic placenta labyrinth blood vessel OBOL:automatic A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. EMAPA:32930 endodermal gut gut endoderm uberon UBERON:0004185 endodermal part of digestive tract UBERON:0004185 A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. GO:0061031 gut endoderm EMAPA:32930 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. UBERON:0005267 BTO:0002643 EMAPA:28130 MA:0002600 kidney cortex collecting duct uberon renal cortex collecting duct UBERON:0004203 cortical collecting duct UBERON:0004203 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex. GO:0072059 kidney cortex collecting duct MA:0002600 renal cortex collecting duct MA:0002600 Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. mesenchyme of nephron nephron mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0004208 The detailed events associated with the differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme are somewhat complex. It has been suggested that each terminal branch of the ureteric bud stimulates the associated cap mesenchyme tissue to form a renal vesicle (the most primitive stage of nephron development: a stage I nephron). This then elongates, becomes a comma-shaped and then an S-shaped body (stage II nephron), and makes contact with and fuses with the distal component of the ureteric bud. The latter then forms the collecting duct. One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman's capsule (also termed the glomerular capsule). Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus. The inner epithelial layer of the Bowman's capsule (also called the visceral epithelium, or podocyte layer because it consists of podocytes) is closely apposed to the endothelial glomerulus. Together, the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. The rest of the nephron elongates to form components of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule. The distal pole of the developing nephron connects to the ureteric bud that induced it at an early stage of nephron/ collecting duct development, before differentiation of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule are complete. This connection allows the excretory products produced by the kidney to be removed and subsequently transferred, via the ureter, into the bladder where they are stored until it is appropriate to empty the bladder. [http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron] nephrogenic mesenchyme UBERON:0004208 Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron. GO:0072076 mesenchyme of nephron OBOL:automatic nephron mesenchyme OBOL:automatic The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. note that this class includes both metanephric and mesonephric vesicles - ZFA and EHDAA2 associations are placed with these classes. TODO - make a more specific develops_from relationship - see UBERON:0005107 ! metanephric cap stage I nephron uberon UBERON:0004209 renal vesicle UBERON:0004209 EHDAA2 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. GO:0072077 stage I nephron ZFA:0005586 http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Renal_vesicle.html The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. epithelial tissue of nephron epithelium of nephron nephron epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004211 nephron epithelium UBERON:0004211 The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron. GO:0072088 epithelial tissue of nephron OBOL:automatic epithelium of nephron OBOL:automatic nephron epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37344 MA:0000685 hind limb stylopod nerve hindlimb stylopod nerve lower extremity stylopod nerve thigh RELATED uberon UBERON:0004214 upper leg nerve UBERON:0004214 A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37344 MA:th hind limb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic thigh RELATED OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37268 MA:0000497 nerve of back uberon UBERON:0004215 back nerve UBERON:0004215 A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37268 MA:th nerve of back OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37338 MA:0000601 uberon UBERON:0004216 lower arm nerve UBERON:0004216 A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37338 MA:th A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37337 MA:0000607 uberon UBERON:0004217 upper arm nerve UBERON:0004217 A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37337 MA:th A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37345 MA:0000679 uberon UBERON:0004218 lower leg nerve UBERON:0004218 A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37345 MA:th A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36630 FMA:76909 MA:0001691 muscle layer of urethra muscular coat of urethra muscular layer of urethra smooth muscle of urethra smooth muscle tissue of urethra tunica muscularis urethrae urethra smooth muscle tissue uberon urethral smooth muscle UBERON:0004219 urethra smooth muscle layer UBERON:0004219 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of urethra FMA:76909 muscular coat of urethra FMA:76909 muscular layer of urethra FMA:76909 smooth muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urethra OBOL:automatic tunica muscularis urethrae FMA:TA urethra smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic urethral smooth muscle MA:0001691 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa EMAPA:35469 MA:0001547 involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine uberon UBERON:0004220 large intestine smooth muscle UBERON:0004220 MA consider merging A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA involuntary muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic large intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic large intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa BTO:0000643 EMAPA:35441 EMAPA:35443 MA:0001539 NCIT:C49243 UMLS:C1708547 bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine uberon intestinal muscularis intestinal smooth muscle UBERON:0004221 intestine smooth muscle UBERON:0004221 consider merging A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA UMLS:C1708547 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic intestinal muscularis EMAPA:35441 intestinal smooth muscle BTO:0000643 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001818 EMAPA:35823 MA:0001627 involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue uberon gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle stomach muscle UBERON:0004222 stomach smooth muscle UBERON:0004222 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic stomach non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic stomach smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic ventriculus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gastric muscle BTO:0001818 gastric smooth muscle MA:0001627 stomach muscle BTO:0001818 A muscular coat that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check MA and FMA classes mean the same thing EMAPA:29270 FMA:19239 MA:0001750 SCTID:299705008 muscle layer of deferent duct muscle layer of ductus deferens muscle layer of vas deferens muscular coat of ductus deferens muscular layer of ductus deferens muscularis of vas deferens tunica muscularis (ductus deferens) tunica muscularis ductus deferentis uberon UBERON:0004224 muscular coat of vas deferens UBERON:0004224 A muscular coat that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of deferent duct FMA:19239 muscle layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 muscle layer of vas deferens FMA:19239 muscular coat of ductus deferens FMA:19239 muscular layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 muscularis of vas deferens FMA:19239 tunica muscularis (ductus deferens) FMA:19239 tunica muscularis ductus deferentis FMA:19239 FMA:TA A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001660 EMAPA:35734 MA:0001830 respiratory smooth muscle smooth muscle of respiratory system uberon airway smooth muscle airway smooth muscle cell UBERON:0004225 respiratory system smooth muscle UBERON:0004225 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory smooth muscle BTO:0001660 smooth muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic airway smooth muscle BTO:0001660 airway smooth muscle cell BTO:0001660 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35117 MA:0001523 smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system uberon UBERON:0004226 gastrointestinal system smooth muscle UBERON:0004226 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis. EMAPA:28120 FMA:262022 MA:0002631 kidney pelvis smooth muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis uberon pelvic smooth muscle UBERON:0004227 kidney pelvis smooth muscle UBERON:0004227 The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis. MGI:csmith MP:0011335 kidney pelvis smooth muscle EMAPA:28120 renal pelvis smooth muscle EMAPA:28120 smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis FMA:262022 pelvic smooth muscle EMAPA:28120 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001849 CALOHA:TS-1087 EMAPA:37791 MA:0001697 bladder involuntary muscle bladder non-striated muscle bladder smooth muscle bladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle of bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder urinary bladder involuntary muscle urinary bladder muscle urinary bladder non-striated muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue uberon smooth muscle layer of bladder UBERON:0004228 urinary bladder smooth muscle UBERON:0004228 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37791 MA:th bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder muscle MA:0001697 urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:30123 FMA:67990 MA:0001699 bladder neck involuntary muscle bladder neck non-striated muscle bladder neck smooth muscle bladder neck smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder neck involuntary muscle of neck of bladder involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle of vesical neck neck of bladder involuntary muscle neck of bladder non-striated muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bladder neck non-striated muscle of neck of bladder non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle of bladder neck smooth muscle of neck of bladder smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck trigonal muscle trigonal muscle of urinary bladder urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck muscle urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue vesical neck involuntary muscle vesical neck non-striated muscle vesical neck smooth muscle vesical neck smooth muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0004230 urinary bladder neck smooth muscle UBERON:0004230 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic neck of bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck OBOL:automatic trigonal muscle FMA:67990 trigonal muscle of urinary bladder FMA:67990 urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck muscle MA:0001699 urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic vesical neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37394 MA:0001532 anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon UBERON:0004231 anal region smooth muscle UBERON:0004231 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37394 MA:th anal part of perineum involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal region involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal region non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal region smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal triangle involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35520 MA:0002410 involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0004233 lower respiratory tract smooth muscle UBERON:0004233 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. see notes for muscle of iris. BTO:0000655 EMAPA:35448 FMA:312338 MA:0001270 involuntary muscle of iris iridial smooth muscle iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris uberon UBERON:0004234 iris smooth muscle UBERON:0004234 MA A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of iris OBOL:automatic iridial smooth muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 iris involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic iris non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic iris smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of iris OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36287 FMA:312251 MA:0000706 uberon UBERON:0004236 arteriole smooth muscle UBERON:0004236 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to both change the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible for the redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tonus is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive vasoconstriction leads to hypertension, while excessive vasodilation as in shock leads to hypotension. UBERON:0010508 BTO:0001431 CALOHA:TS-1107 EMAPA:35177 MA:0000710 MESH:D009131 NCIT:C33853 TAO:0005321 UMLS:C1519956 Wikipedia:Vascular_smooth_muscle ZFA:0005321 blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel vascular smooth muscle vascular smooth muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0004237 blood vessel smooth muscle UBERON:0004237 Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Wikipedia:Vascular_smooth_muscle UMLS:C1519956 ncithesaurus:Vascular_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue blood vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic blood vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic vascular smooth muscle ZFA:0005321 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35807 MA:0000757 involuntary muscle of spleen non-striated muscle of spleen smooth muscle of spleen smooth muscle tissue of spleen spleen involuntary muscle spleen non-striated muscle spleen smooth muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0004238 spleen smooth muscle UBERON:0004238 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of spleen OBOL:automatic spleen involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic spleen non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic spleen smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa EMAPA:35783 MA:0001559 involuntary muscle of small bowel involuntary muscle of small intestine non-striated muscle of small bowel non-striated muscle of small intestine small bowel involuntary muscle small bowel non-striated muscle small bowel smooth muscle small bowel smooth muscle tissue small intestine involuntary muscle small intestine non-striated muscle small intestine smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of small bowel smooth muscle of small intestine smooth muscle tissue of small bowel smooth muscle tissue of small intestine uberon UBERON:0004239 small intestine smooth muscle UBERON:0004239 consider merging A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA involuntary muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic small intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic small intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic small intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small intestine OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35373 MA:0001635 NCIT:C49483 UMLS:C1708179 gall bladder involuntary muscle gall bladder non-striated muscle gall bladder smooth muscle gall bladder smooth muscle tissue gallbladder involuntary muscle gallbladder non-striated muscle gallbladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of gall bladder involuntary muscle of gallbladder non-striated muscle of gall bladder non-striated muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle of gall bladder smooth muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder uberon biliary smooth muscle UBERON:0004240 gallbladder smooth muscle UBERON:0004240 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708179 ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue gall bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gall bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gall bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic gall bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gallbladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic biliary smooth muscle MA:0001635 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004401 EMAPA:35195 MA:0001840 NCIT:C49213 UMLS:C1707055 bronchi involuntary muscle bronchi non-striated muscle bronchi smooth muscle bronchi smooth muscle tissue bronchial trunk involuntary muscle bronchial trunk non-striated muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue bronchus involuntary muscle bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchi involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk involuntary muscle of bronchus non-striated muscle of bronchi non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk non-striated muscle of bronchus smooth muscle of bronchi smooth muscle of bronchial trunk smooth muscle of bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchi smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue of bronchus uberon bronchial smooth muscle UBERON:0004242 bronchus smooth muscle UBERON:0004242 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707055 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue bronchi involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial smooth muscle EMAPA:35195 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29046 MA:0001721 fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube uberon UBERON:0004245 oviduct smooth muscle UBERON:0004245 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fallopian tube involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37708 MA:0000492 involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract uberon UBERON:0004246 outflow tract smooth muscle UBERON:0004246 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37708 MA:th involuntary muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. this class may be obsoleted. See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/93 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37248 MA:0000494 uberon back bone bone of back dorsal region bone UBERON:0004247 bone of dorsum UBERON:0004247 A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37248 MA:th back bone MA:0000494 bone of back OBOL:automatic dorsal region bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37309 MA:0000646 bone of digit of foot digit of foot bone digital bone of foot digital bone of pes digitus pedis bone digitus pedis bone organ foot digit bone foot digit bone organ hind limb digit bone toe bone toe bone organ foot digit bone uberon UBERON:0004248 pedal digit bone UBERON:0004248 A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37309 MA:th bone of digit of foot OBOL:automatic digit of foot bone OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone organ OBOL:automatic foot digit bone MA:0000646 foot digit bone organ OBOL:automatic hind limb digit bone OBOL:accepted toe bone OBOL:automatic toe bone organ OBOL:automatic foot digit bone NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37305 MA:0000622 digital bone of hand digital bone of manus finger bone fore limb digit bone hand digit bone hand digit bone uberon UBERON:0004249 manual digit bone UBERON:0004249 A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37305 MA:th finger bone OBOL:automatic fore limb digit bone OBOL:accepted hand digit bone MA:0000622 hand digit bone NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:35892 MA:0000604 humerus uberon UBERON:0004250 May be merged into humerus. See: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 upper arm bone UBERON:0004250 A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 humerus https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3586533&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:35519 MA:0000676 bone of hind limb middle limb segment bone of hind limb zeugopod bone of hindlimb middle limb segment bone of hindlimb zeugopod bone of inferior member middle limb segment bone of inferior member zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone of lower extremity middle limb segment bone of lower extremity zeugopod bone of lower leg bone of middle limb segment of hind limb bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone of middle limb segment of inferior member bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone of zeugopod of hind limb bone of zeugopod of hindlimb bone of zeugopod of inferior member bone of zeugopod of leg bone of zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment bone organ of hind limb zeugopod bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment bone organ of inferior member zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod bone organ of lower leg bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member bone organ of zeugopod of leg bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment bone hind limb middle limb segment bone organ hind limb zeugopod bone hind limb zeugopod bone organ hindlimb middle limb segment bone hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone hindlimb zeugopod bone organ inferior member middle limb segment bone inferior member middle limb segment bone organ inferior member zeugopod bone inferior member zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free lower limb bone intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ lower extremity middle limb segment bone lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ lower extremity zeugopod bone lower extremity zeugopod bone organ lower leg bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ middle limb segment of hindlimb bone middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ middle limb segment of inferior member bone middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ middle limb segment of lower extremity bone middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ zeugopod of hind limb bone zeugopod of hind limb bone organ zeugopod of hindlimb bone zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ zeugopod of inferior member bone zeugopod of inferior member bone organ zeugopod of leg bone zeugopod of leg bone organ zeugopod of lower extremity bone zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ uberon UBERON:0004251 hindlimb zeugopod bone UBERON:0004251 A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of lower leg OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower leg OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic lower leg bone MA:0000676 middle limb segment of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0000374 BTO:0001367 EMAPA:19144 FMA:22470 MA:0000684 SCTID:245013005 muscle of thigh thigh muscle upper leg muscle uberon UBERON:0004252 hindlimb stylopod muscle UBERON:0004252 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle of thigh FMA:22470 thigh muscle FMA:22470 upper leg muscle MA:0000684 Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. review as part of general integumentary system review - part of skin, or more generally, integumental system in MA, the only skin muscle is arrector pili. The only integumental muscle is panniculus carnosus. In EMAPA, the arrector pili only UBERON:0015797 EMAPA:18187 EMAPA:35776 MA:0002710 MA:0003139 integumental system muscle muscle of integumental system muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ uberon UBERON:0004253 skin muscle UBERON:0004253 Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in MA, the only skin muscle is arrector pili. The only integumental muscle is panniculus carnosus. In EMAPA, the arrector pili only MA integumental system muscle MA:0003139 muscle of integumental system EMAPA:18187 muscle organ of skin OBOL:automatic skin muscle organ OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32622 FMA:37371 MA:0000600 SCTID:181631004 forearm muscle lower arm muscle muscle of forearm wing zeugopod muscle uberon UBERON:0004254 forelimb zeugopod muscle UBERON:0004254 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forearm muscle FMA:37371 lower arm muscle MA:0000600 muscle of forearm FMA:37371 wing zeugopod muscle NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. the FMA class 'muscle of arm' belongs here, do not move See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm' EMAPA:19107 FMA:37370 MA:0000606 SCTID:244979005 muscle of upper arm upper arm muscle wing stylopod muscle uberon muscle of arm skeletal muscle of upper arm UBERON:0004255 forelimb stylopod muscle UBERON:0004255 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle of upper arm MA:0000606 upper arm muscle MA:0000606 wing stylopod muscle NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic muscle of arm FMA:37370 skeletal muscle of upper arm EMAPA:19107 Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. the FMA class 'muscle of leg' belongs here, do not move[cjm] See notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible terminological confusion over term 'leg' EMAPA:19318 FMA:22471 MA:0000678 SCTID:265806001 lower leg muscle uberon calf muscle muscle of leg UBERON:0004256 hindlimb zeugopod muscle UBERON:0004256 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower leg muscle MA:0000678 calf muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of leg FMA:22471 A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37299 MA:0000681 blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb blood vessel of thigh blood vessel of upper leg hind limb stylopod blood vessel hindlimb stylopod blood vessel thigh blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004257 upper leg blood vessel UBERON:0004257 A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37299 MA:th blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thigh OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper leg OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic thigh blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37243 MA:0000493 blood vessel of back uberon UBERON:0004258 back blood vessel UBERON:0004258 A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37243 MA:th blood vessel of back OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37295 MA:0000597 forelimb zeugopod blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004259 lower arm blood vessel UBERON:0004259 A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37295 MA:th forelimb zeugopod blood vessel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37294 MA:0000603 forelimb stylopod blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004260 upper arm blood vessel UBERON:0004260 A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37294 MA:th forelimb stylopod blood vessel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37300 MA:0000675 hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004261 lower leg blood vessel UBERON:0004261 A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37300 MA:th hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18159 FMA:37790 MA:0000686 SCTID:181547006 hind limb stylopod skin hindlimb stylopod skin skin of upper leg uberon skin of thigh thigh skin UBERON:0004262 upper leg skin UBERON:0004262 A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of upper leg OBOL:automatic skin of thigh OBOL:automatic thigh skin OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18062 FMA:37721 MA:0000608 SCTID:181531009 arm stylopod skin skin of arm stylopod skin of upper arm uberon UBERON:0004263 upper arm skin UBERON:0004263 A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arm stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of upper arm OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18156 MA:0000680 SCTID:244180007 hind limb middle limb segment skin hind limb zeugopod skin uberon UBERON:0004264 lower leg skin UBERON:0004264 A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001358 EMAPA:35623 MA:0000489 VHOG:0000603 cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart uberon UBERON:0004265 outflow tract myocardium UBERON:0004265 A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000603 VHOG PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic heart muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of outflow tract OBOL:automatic myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart myocardium OBOL:automatic outflow tract muscle of heart OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37325 MA:0000683 uberon UBERON:0004266 upper leg connective tissue UBERON:0004266 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37325 MA:th A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37256 MA:0000495 uberon mesenchyne of back UBERON:0004267 back connective tissue UBERON:0004267 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37256 MA:th mesenchyne of back OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37319 MA:0000599 uberon UBERON:0004268 lower arm connective tissue UBERON:0004268 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37319 MA:th A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37317 MA:0000605 uberon UBERON:0004269 upper arm connective tissue UBERON:0004269 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37317 MA:th A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37327 MA:0000677 uberon UBERON:0004270 lower leg connective tissue UBERON:0004270 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37327 MA:th A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37707 MA:0000491 pericardium of outflow tract uberon UBERON:0004271 outflow tract pericardium UBERON:0004271 A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37707 MA:th pericardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37463 MA:0001498 articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium cartilaginous joint cranial suture cartilaginous joint cranial sutures cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set cartilaginous joint cranium suture cartilaginous joint suture of cranium cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture of cartilaginous joint suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint uberon UBERON:0004273 cartilaginous joint suture UBERON:0004273 A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37463 MA:th articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial suture OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranium suture OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint suture of cranium OBOL:automatic cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial suture of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranium suture of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic A muscle that is part of the eye region. AAO:0000156 EMAPA:35335 MA:0000271 uberon UBERON:0004277 eye muscle UBERON:0004277 MA A muscle that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] skeletal AEO:0000168 EHDAA2:0001843 EHDAA:5047 EMAPA:17213 FMA:23875 GAID:177 MA:0003006 MAT:0000032 MESH:D012863 MIAA:0000032 SCTID:361378004 VSAO:0000026 Wikipedia:Skeleton XAO:0004053 galen:Skeleton set of all bones set of bones of body uberon UBERON:0004288 skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system UBERON:0004288 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. VSAO:0000026 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000026 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis. Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010572 AEO:0000214 EHDAA2:0003259 EMAPA:31109 FMA:295654 NCIT:C34140 TAO:0001513 UMLS:C1511786 VHOG:0000676 ZFA:0001513 uberon dermamyotome dermomyotomes UBERON:0004290 dermomyotome UBERON:0004290 AEO AEO EHDAA2 ZFA The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. AEO:0000214 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001513 TAO ZFIN:curator Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010572 AAO AAO:EJS all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dermomyotome Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000676 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1511786 ncithesaurus:Dermomyotome dermamyotome VHOG:0000676 dermomyotomes VHOG:0000676 A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] TAO:0000115 ZFA:0000115 heart cone rudimentary heart uberon UBERON:0004291 heart rudiment UBERON:0004291 A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. GO:0003313 The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000115 TAO ZFIN:curator heart cone GO:0003313 rudimentary heart ZFA:0000115 Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support[WP] EMAPA:36645 FMA:9496 Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton cardiac fibrous skeleton fibrous skeleton of heart heart fibrous skeleton skeleton of heart uberon anulus fibrosus dexter cordis anulus fibrosus sinister cordis trigona fibrosa trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis UBERON:0004292 cardiac skeleton UBERON:0004292 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray495.png Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. GO:0003204 Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton cardiac fibrous skeleton EMAPA:36645 heart fibrous skeleton GO:0003204 skeleton of heart FMA:9496 anulus fibrosus dexter cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton anulus fibrosus sinister cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigona fibrosa Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001401 EMAPA:17271 MA:0000224 SCTID:276146002 VHOG:0000641 nerve of parasympathetic nervous system uberon UBERON:0004293 parasympathetic nerve UBERON:0004293 NCBIBook:NBK10065 NCBIBook:NBK10065 A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic nerve of parasympathetic nervous system OBOL:automatic A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37573 MA:0001806 smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004297 respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle UBERON:0004297 A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37573 MA:th smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic Distal-most phalanx within a digit. In human anatomy, the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximal phalanges. The distal phalanges carry and shape nails and claws and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges. The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans. AAO:0010676 EMAPA:35287 MA:0002914 SCTID:299711006 Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges phalanx distalis terminal phalanx ungual phalanx uberon phalanx distalis UBERON:0004300 distal phalanx UBERON:0004300 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg Distal-most phalanx within a digit. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/120 phalanx distalis Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges terminal phalanx AAO:0010676 ungual phalanx http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 phalanx distalis Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges. consider using numbering system, and axioms to the effect that there is a single middle phalanx per finger in humans. This should perhaps be renamed 'intermediate phalanx', leaving the term middle phalanx open for the specific intermediate phalanx of a 3-phalanx digit Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin in some groups such as whales, there are multiple intermediate phalanges AAO:0010677 EMAPA:35572 MA:0002915 SCTID:299710007 Wikipedia:Intermediate_phalanges intermediate phalanx uberon medial phalanx penultimate phalanx phalanx 2 phalanx II UBERON:0004301 middle phalanx UBERON:0004301 A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin WP penultimate phalanx AAO:0010677 Proximal-most phalanx within a digit. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone) 1 AAO:0010680 EMAPA:35716 MA:0002916 SCTID:299708005 Wikipedia:Proximal_phalanges phalanx 1 phalanx I proximal-most phalanx uberon UBERON:0004302 proximal phalanx UBERON:0004302 Proximal-most phalanx within a digit. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone) WP proximal-most phalanx AAO:0010680 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23946 SCTID:361784003 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx 2nd finger distal phalanx distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx of 2nd finger distal phalanx of index finger distal phalanx of manual digit II distal phalanx of second digit of hand distal phalanx of second finger hand digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of hand second finger distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004311 distal phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004311 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of index finger FMA:23946 distal phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:23946 distal phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic second distal phalanx of hand FMA:23946 second finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23947 SCTID:361786001 SCTID:370674002 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx 3rd finger distal phalanx distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx of 3rd finger distal phalanx of manual digit III distal phalanx of middle finger distal phalanx of third digit of hand distal phalanx of third finger equine 3rd phalanx of forelimb digit 3 equine forelimb distal phalanx hand digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of hand third finger distal phalanx forelimb coffin bone forelimb medial claw of artiodactyl forelimb medial claw of ruminant hoof forelimb medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl forelimb pedal bone uberon UBERON:0004312 distal phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004312 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:23947 distal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:23947 distal phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic equine 3rd phalanx of forelimb digit 3 NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine forelimb distal phalanx NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hand digit 3 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic third distal phalanx of hand FMA:23947 third finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic forelimb coffin bone NCBITaxon:9787 forelimb medial claw of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 forelimb medial claw of ruminant hoof NCBITaxon:91561 forelimb medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 forelimb pedal bone NCBITaxon:9787 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23948 SCTID:361788000 4th digit of hand distal phalanx 4th finger distal phalanx distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand distal phalanx of 4th finger distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand distal phalanx of fourth finger distal phalanx of manual digit IV distal phalanx of ring finger fourth distal phalanx of hand fourth finger distal phalanx hand digit 4 distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004313 distal phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004313 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:23948 distal phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:23948 fourth distal phalanx of hand FMA:23948 fourth finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23949 SCTID:361790004 5th digit of hand distal phalanx 5th finger distal phalanx distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand distal phalanx of 5th finger distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand distal phalanx of fifth finger distal phalanx of little finger distal phalanx of manual digit V fifth distal phalanx of hand fifth finger distal phalanx hand digit 5 distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004314 distal phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004314 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:23949 distal phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of little finger FMA:23949 distal phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 fifth distal phalanx of hand FMA:23949 fifth finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32627 SCTID:361799003 distal phalanx of big toe distal phalanx of first digit of foot distal phalanx of foot digit 1 distal phalanx of great toe distal phalanx of hallux distal phalanx of pedal digit I first distal phalanx of foot foot digit 1 distal phalanx hallux distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004315 distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0004315 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of big toe FMA:32627 distal phalanx of first digit of foot FMA:32627 distal phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of great toe FMA:32627 distal phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 first distal phalanx of foot FMA:32627 foot digit 1 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic hallux distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32628 SCTID:361801000 2nd toe distal phalanx distal phalanx of 2nd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 2 distal phalanx of pedal digit II distal phalanx of second digit of foot distal phalanx of second toe distal phalanx of the 2nd toe foot digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of foot uberon UBERON:0004316 distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0004316 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32628 distal phalanx of second toe FMA:32628 distal phalanx of the 2nd toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic second distal phalanx of foot FMA:32628 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32629 SCTID:361803002 SCTID:370673008 3rd toe distal phalanx distal phalanx of 3rd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 3 distal phalanx of pedal digit III distal phalanx of the 3rd toe distal phalanx of third digit of foot distal phalanx of third toe equine 3rd phalanx of hindlimb digit 3 equine hindlimb distal phalanx foot digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of foot hindlimb coffin bone hindlimb medial claw of artiodactyl hindlimb medial claw of ruminant hoof hindlimb medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl hindlimb pedal bone uberon UBERON:0004317 distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0004317 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of the 3rd toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of third digit of foot FMA:32629 distal phalanx of third toe FMA:32629 equine 3rd phalanx of hindlimb digit 3 NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine hindlimb distal phalanx NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 foot digit 3 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic third distal phalanx of foot FMA:32629 hindlimb coffin bone NCBITaxon:9787 hindlimb medial claw of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 hindlimb medial claw of ruminant hoof NCBITaxon:91561 hindlimb medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 hindlimb pedal bone NCBITaxon:9787 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32630 SCTID:361805009 4th toe distal phalanx distal phalanx of 4th toe distal phalanx of foot digit 4 distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot distal phalanx of fourth toe distal phalanx of pedal digit IV distal phalanx of the 4th toe foot digit 4 distal phalanx fourth distal phalanx of foot uberon UBERON:0004318 distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0004318 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:32630 distal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:32630 distal phalanx of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of the 4th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth distal phalanx of foot FMA:32630 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32631 SCTID:10770001 SCTID:244674003 5th toe distal phalanx distal phalanx of 5th toe distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot distal phalanx of fifth toe distal phalanx of foot digit 5 distal phalanx of little toe distal phalanx of pedal digit V distal phalanx of the 5th toe fifth distal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004319 distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0004319 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32631 distal phalanx of fifth toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of little toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of the 5th toe OBOL:automatic fifth distal phalanx of foot FMA:32631 foot digit 5 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23933 SCTID:263407002 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx 2nd finger intermediate phalanx 2nd finger middle phalanx hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx hand digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx of second finger middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx of 2nd finger middle phalanx of index finger middle phalanx of manual digit II middle phalanx of second digit of hand middle phalanx of second finger second finger intermediate phalanx second finger middle phalanx second middle phalanx of hand uberon UBERON:0004320 middle phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004320 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of index finger FMA:23933 middle phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:23933 middle phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic second finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic second finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic second middle phalanx of hand FMA:23933 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23934 SCTID:263408007 SCTID:370729003 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx 3rd finger intermediate phalanx 3rd finger middle phalanx forelimb digit III P2 hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx hand digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx of third finger middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx of 3rd finger middle phalanx of manual digit III middle phalanx of middle finger middle phalanx of third digit of hand middle phalanx of third finger third finger intermediate phalanx third finger middle phalanx third middle phalanx of hand forelimb short pastern bone uberon UBERON:0004321 middle phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004321 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic forelimb digit III P2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:23934 middle phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic third finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic third middle phalanx of hand FMA:23934 forelimb short pastern bone NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23935 SCTID:263409004 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 4th digit of hand middle phalanx 4th finger intermediate phalanx 4th finger middle phalanx fourth finger intermediate phalanx fourth finger middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx hand digit 4 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 4th finger intermediate phalanx of fourth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand middle phalanx of 4th finger middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand middle phalanx of fourth finger middle phalanx of manual digit IV middle phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004322 middle phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004322 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth middle phalanx of hand FMA:23935 hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:23935 middle phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23936 SCTID:263410009 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 5th digit of hand middle phalanx 5th finger intermediate phalanx 5th finger middle phalanx fifth finger intermediate phalanx fifth finger middle phalanx fifth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx hand digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 5th finger intermediate phalanx of fifth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand middle phalanx of 5th finger middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand middle phalanx of fifth finger middle phalanx of little finger middle phalanx of manual digit V uberon UBERON:0004323 middle phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004323 A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth middle phalanx of hand FMA:23936 hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:23936 middle phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32623 SCTID:182152006 2nd toe intermediate phalanx 2nd toe middle phalanx foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx foot digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of 2nd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of pedal digit II middle phalanx of second digit of foot middle phalanx of second toe middle phalanx of the 2nd toe second middle phalanx of foot uberon UBERON:0004324 middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0004324 A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32623 middle phalanx of second toe FMA:32623 middle phalanx of the 2nd toe OBOL:automatic second middle phalanx of foot FMA:32623 A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32624 SCTID:182154007 SCTID:370677009 3rd toe intermediate phalanx 3rd toe middle phalanx foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx foot digit 3 middle phalanx hindlimb digit III P2 intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of 3rd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of pedal digit III middle phalanx of the 3rd toe middle phalanx of third digit of foot middle phalanx of third toe third middle phalanx of foot hindlimb short pastern bone uberon UBERON:0004325 middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0004325 A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic hindlimb digit III P2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of the 3rd toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of third digit of foot FMA:32624 middle phalanx of third toe FMA:32624 third middle phalanx of foot FMA:32624 hindlimb short pastern bone NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32625 SCTID:182156009 4th toe intermediate phalanx 4th toe middle phalanx foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx foot digit 4 middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of foot intermediate phalanx of 4th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot middle phalanx of fourth toe middle phalanx of pedal digit IV middle phalanx of the 4th toe uberon UBERON:0004326 middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0004326 A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth middle phalanx of foot FMA:32625 intermediate phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:32625 middle phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of the 4th toe OBOL:automatic A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:230984 SCTID:182158005 SCTID:244673009 5th toe intermediate phalanx 5th toe middle phalanx foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx foot digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of little toe middle phalanx of pedal digit V middle phalanx of the 5th toe uberon UBERON:0004327 middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0004327 A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 middle phalanx of the 5th toe OBOL:automatic A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23919 SCTID:263403003 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx 2nd finger proximal phalanx hand digit 2 proximal phalanx manual digit 2 proximal phalanx manual phalanx II-1 proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 2nd finger proximal phalanx of index finger proximal phalanx of manual digit II proximal phalanx of second digit of hand proximal phalanx of second finger second finger proximal phalanx second proximal phalanx of hand uberon UBERON:0004328 proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004328 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic manual digit 2 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd manual phalanx II-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of index finger FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic second finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic second proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23919 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23920 SCTID:263404009 SCTID:370735003 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx 3rd finger proximal phalanx hand digit 3 proximal phalanx manual digit 3 proximal phalanx manual phalanx III-1 proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 3rd finger proximal phalanx of manual digit III proximal phalanx of middle finger proximal phalanx of third digit of hand proximal phalanx of third finger third finger proximal phalanx third proximal phalanx of hand uberon UBERON:0004329 proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004329 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic manual digit 3 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd manual phalanx III-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic third proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23920 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23921 SCTID:263405005 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx 4th finger proximal phalanx fourth finger proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 4 proximal phalanx manual digit 4 proximal phalanx manual phalanx IV-1 proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 4th finger proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fourth finger proximal phalanx of manual digit IV proximal phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004330 proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004330 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23921 hand digit 4 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic manual digit 4 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd manual phalanx IV-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:23921 proximal phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:23921 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23922 SCTID:263406006 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx 5th finger proximal phalanx fifth finger proximal phalanx fifth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 5 proximal phalanx manual digit 5 proximal phalanx manual phalanx V-1 proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 5th finger proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fifth finger proximal phalanx of little finger proximal phalanx of manual digit V uberon UBERON:0004331 proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004331 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23922 hand digit 5 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic manual digit 5 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd manual phalanx V-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:43252 SCTID:182150003 foot digit 1 proximal phalanx hallux proximal phalanx pedal phalanx I-1 predal digit 1 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of big toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 proximal phalanx of great toe proximal phalanx of hallux proximal phalanx of pedal digit I proximal phalanx of the 1st toe uberon UBERON:0004332 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0004332 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic hallux proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic pedal phalanx I-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd predal digit 1 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of big toe FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of great toe FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32618 SCTID:182151004 2nd toe proximal phalanx foot digit 2 proximal phalanx pedal phalanx II-1 predal digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 2nd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 proximal phalanx of pedal digit II proximal phalanx of second digit of foot proximal phalanx of second toe proximal phalanx of the 2nd toe second proximal phalanx of foot uberon UBERON:0004333 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0004333 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic pedal phalanx II-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd predal digit 2 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32618 proximal phalanx of second toe FMA:32618 second proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32618 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32619 SCTID:182153001 SCTID:370734004 3rd toe proximal phalanx foot digit 3 proximal phalanx pedal phalanx III-1 predal digit 3 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 3rd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 proximal phalanx of pedal digit III proximal phalanx of the 3rd toe proximal phalanx of third digit of foot proximal phalanx of third toe third proximal phalanx of foot uberon UBERON:0004334 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0004334 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic pedal phalanx III-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd predal digit 3 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of third digit of foot FMA:32619 proximal phalanx of third toe FMA:32619 third proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32619 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32620 SCTID:182155008 4th toe proximal phalanx foot digit 4 proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of foot pedal phalanx IV-1 predal digit 4 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 4th toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fourth toe proximal phalanx of pedal digit IV proximal phalanx of the 4th toe uberon UBERON:0004335 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0004335 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fourth proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32620 pedal phalanx IV-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd predal digit 4 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32621 SCTID:182157000 SCTID:244672004 5th toe proximal phalanx fifth proximal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 proximal phalanx pedal phalanx V-1 predal digit 5 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 5th toe proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fifth toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 proximal phalanx of little toe proximal phalanx of pedal digit V proximal phalanx of the 5th toe uberon UBERON:0004336 proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0004336 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic fifth proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32621 foot digit 5 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic pedal phalanx V-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd predal digit 5 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of fifth toe FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of little toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. The human pollical distal phalanx (PDP) has a pronounced insertion for the flexor pollicis longus (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of dissymmetric ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects. FMA:23945 SCTID:182007006 PDP distal phalanx of first digit of hand distal phalanx of manual digit I distal phalanx of thumb first distal phalanx of hand manual digit 1 distal phalanx pollical distal phalanx thumb distal phalanx uberon UBERON:0004337 distal phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0004337 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The human pollical distal phalanx (PDP) has a pronounced insertion for the flexor pollicis longus (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of dissymmetric ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects. WP PDP Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges#Thumb distal phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:23945 distal phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal phalanx of thumb OBOL:automatic first distal phalanx of hand FMA:23945 manual digit 1 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd pollical distal phalanx Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges#Thumb thumb distal phalanx OBOL:automatic A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23918 SCTID:181992006 first proximal phalanx of hand manual digit 1 proximal phalanx manual phalanx I-1 proximal phalanx of first digit of hand proximal phalanx of manual digit I proximal phalanx of thumb thumb proximal uberon UBERON:0004338 proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0004338 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic first proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23918 manual digit 1 proximal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd manual phalanx I-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:23918 proximal phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal phalanx of thumb OBOL:automatic thumb proximal OBOL:automatic Upper part of skull, consisting of parietals, frontals, post-parietals, and in some species the squamosal and a portion of the alisphenoid. We follow http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523816 (Morriss-Kay) in definingenumerating the components of the skull vault. Note that there is a conflict with Kardong; e.g. in fig 7.10, Kardong places the squamosal in the temporal series. We cannot place the vault as entirely part of the dermatocranium as it has a small splanchnocranium contribution and a sclerotomal contribution The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002167 EHDAA:9538 EMAPA:18016 FMA:52800 NCIT:C81188 SCTID:140592008 UMLS:C0205950 VHOG:0000331 Wikipedia:Calvaria_(skull) ZFA:0005606 calva cranial vault skull vault skull roof uberon calvaria calvarium skullcap UBERON:0004339 Terminology notes. we include calvarium as a synonym, but Gray's Anatomy's list includes the Ethmoid and Sphenoid bone in the Calvaria. Some books (and HPO) state that calvaria consists of just the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and occipital bone. Note vault may not be precisely equivalent to calvaria vault of skull UBERON:0004339 small pharyngeal arch and sclerotomal contribution Upper part of skull, consisting of parietals, frontals, post-parietals, and in some species the squamosal and a portion of the alisphenoid. MP:0000076 PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Calvaria_(skull) The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000331 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0205950 ncithesaurus:Skullcap calva FMA:52800 cranial vault ZFA:0005606 calvaria ZFA:0005606 skullcap ZFA:0005606 A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] allantoic a diverticulum of the hindgut endoderm [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] part_of embryo in EHDAA2 - note differences in humans BTO:0000474 EHDAA2:0001504 EMAPA:16107 EMAPA_RETIRED:16084 MESH:D000482 NCIT:C34101 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000114 SCTID:308825007 UMLS:C0002084 VHOG:0000738 Wikipedia:Allantois uberon allantoic bud UBERON:0004340 allantois UBERON:0004340 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray25.png EHDAA2-modified Hymans Hymans hindgut diverticulum endoderm ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. VHOG:0000738 Wikipedia:Allantois A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000738 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allantois Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000738 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ part_of embryo in EHDAA2 - note differences in humans EHDAA2 UMLS:C0002084 ncithesaurus:Allantois allantoic bud EMAPA:16107 The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP]. (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG includes a very broad grouping here based on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9609826 EHDAA2:0001525 EHDAA:185 EMAPA:16072 FMA:293110 MESH:D054240 NCIT:C28402 SCTID:361438007 UMLS:C0033153 VHOG:0001202 Wikipedia:Primitive_streak primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring uberon UBERON:0004341 primitive streak UBERON:0004341 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray13.png EHDAA2 The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP]. MP:0002231 Wikipedia:Primitive_streak (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001202 VHOG PMID:9609826 Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG includes a very broad grouping here based on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9609826 VHOG UMLS:C0033153 ncithesaurus:Primitive_Streak primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring VHOG:0001202 Outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition. distinction between trophectoderm and trophoblast unclear/inconsistent in many sources The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] trophectodermal BTO has this has part of the trophoblast BTO:0001840 EHDAA2:0002091 EHDAA:56 EMAPA:16046 VHOG:0000979 uberon UBERON:0004345 trophectoderm UBERON:0004345 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition. MP:0005028 The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000979 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000979 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO has this has part of the trophoblast BTO An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. Early outgrowth of presumptive limb.[AAO] AAO:0010375 BTO:0001640 EMAPA:35944 FMA:296780 GAID:1307 MESH:D018878 NCIT:C34203 UMLS:C0282505 Wikipedia:Limb_bud XAO:0003161 limb buds limbbud uberon gemmae membrorum UBERON:0004347 developmentally_induced_by Fgf10, capable of initiating limb forming interactions between endoderm and mesoderm limb bud UBERON:0004347 ISBN:9780878932504 An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 Wikipedia:Limb_bud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Early outgrowth of presumptive limb.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010375 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0282505 ncithesaurus:Limb_Bud limb buds limbbud GO:0060174 gemmae membrorum Wikipedia:Limb_bud The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm. EHDAA:938 EMAPA:16322 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001308 VHOG:0001296 uberon UBERON:0004348 optic eminence UBERON:0004348 The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm. MP:0006305 Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. note that media, dorsal fins etc have AERs. Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold maintaining mesenchyme in plastic proliferating state; maintaining expression of A-P axis genes; interacting with D-V proteins. Genes: AER induced by Fgf10 in mesenchyme. AER secretes Fgf8, which stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme causing Fgf10 production - positive feedback loop AAO:0010760 EMAPA:32744 NCIT:C34109 TAO:0002146 UMLS:C1516037 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge XAO:0004121 ZFA:0001702 apical epidermal ridge uberon AER crista ectodermalis apicalis UBERON:0004356 apical ectodermal ridge UBERON:0004356 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Limbbuddiagram.jpg Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. MP:0001676 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010760 AAO AAO:EJS Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002146 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002146 TAO The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold PMID:20574421 UMLS:C1516037 ncithesaurus:Apical_Ectodermal_Ridge apical epidermal ridge XAO:0004121 AER MP:0001676 crista ectodermalis apicalis Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG:0001258 limb - fin bud paired appendage bud paired limb/fin bud uberon UBERON:0004357 Genes: In limb buds of chick and mouse, Shh expression is activated as soon as there is a morphological bud, whereas in S. canicula fin buds, consistent with reported data in other cartilaginous fishes, Shh is transcribed late in fin development[PMID:17187056] paired limb/fin bud UBERON:0004357 An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001258 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ limb - fin bud VHOG:0001258 paired limb/fin bud VHOG:0001258 The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries. The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] the first arch which contributes to development of mastication muscles, maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, Meckel's cartilage, trigeminal nerve, and maxillary artery A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 1 AAO:0010364 CALOHA:TS-2089 EHDAA2:0000006 EHDAA:573 EMAPA:16118 FMA:293019 MFMO:0000095 NCIT:C34175 SCTID:308767008 TAO:0001595 UMLS:C1517197 VHOG:0000296 Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch XAO:0000097 ZFA:0001612 1st pharyngeal arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch mandibular arch visceral arch 1 uberon 1st arch 1st visceral arch arcus pharyngeus primus UBERON:0004362 pharyngeal arch 1 UBERON:0004362 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010364 AAO XAO:EJS the first arch which contributes to development of mastication muscles, maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, Meckel's cartilage, trigeminal nerve, and maxillary artery MP:0006337,MGI:smb A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000296 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1517197 ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first visceral arch visceral arch 1 1st arch EHDAA2:0000006 1st visceral arch VHOG:0000296 arcus pharyngeus primus Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP]. add specific artery derivatives Do not confuse with arch of aorta. Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] Number varies - Lampreys have 8, hagfishes 15; only up to 6 appear in embryonic development in most gnathostome fishes and all tetrapods The third, fourth, and sixth arches, along with the seventh intersegmental arteries and the left dorsal aorta, are the primary contributors to the normal aortic arch and its major thoracic branches UBERON:0004342 AAO:0010414 EFO:0003695 EHDAA2:0000186 EHDAA:398 EHDAA:7327 EMAPA:16684 NCIT:C32123 TAO:0005004 UMLS:C0003489 VHOG:0000122 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches XAO:0000341 ZFA:0005004 PAA aortic arch aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery pharyngeal arch artery uberon a. arcuum pharyngeorum aortic arch artery arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum branchial aortic arches pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery UBERON:0004363 pharyngeal arch artery UBERON:0004363 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray473.png ZFA One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP]. MP:0002672 Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+arches When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003489 ncithesaurus:Aortic_Arch PAA MP:0002672 aortic arch ZFA:0005004 aortic arches ZFA:0005004 branchial aortic arches ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 branchial arch artery EMAPA:16684 embryonic aortic arch artery EMAPA:16684 MP:0002672 pharyngeal arch artery MP:0002672 a. arcuum pharyngeorum Wikipedia:Aortic_arches aortic arch artery EMAPA:16684 arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum Wikipedia:Aortic_arches branchial aortic arches ZFA:0005004 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery VHOG:0000122 Blood vessel that is connected to the yolk sac. EMAPA:36494 uberon UBERON:0004365 vitelline blood vessel UBERON:0004365 Blood vessel that is connected to the yolk sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. Acellular anatomical structure composed of collagen, Descemet's membrane is secreted as a basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. Located between the stroma and the corneal endothelium, it is approximately 0.15 micrometer thick at 6 months post-fertilization.[ZFIN] EMAPA:18804 FMA:58309 GAID:894 MA:0001246 MESH:D003886 NCIT:C32454 SCTID:281076002 TAO:0002157 UMLS:C0011665 Wikipedia:Descemet%27s_membrane ZFA:0001686 Descemet membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina lamina limitans posterior lamina limitans posterior corneae posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina of cornea posterior limiting membrane uberon UBERON:0004367 The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Descemet's membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/15 UBERON:0004367 Cline et al lexical A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. MP:0004285 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/15 Acellular anatomical structure composed of collagen, Descemet's membrane is secreted as a basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. Located between the stroma and the corneal endothelium, it is approximately 0.15 micrometer thick at 6 months post-fertilization.[ZFIN] 2016-05-01 TAO:0002157 ZFIN ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0011665 ncithesaurus:Descemet_s_Membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior corneae FMA:58309 FMA:TA posterior limiting lamina MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina of cornea FMA:58309 posterior limiting membrane ZFA:0001686 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals FMA:58273 MA:0001240 NCIT:C32226 SCTID:281075003 TAO:0002155 UMLS:C0229127 Wikipedia:Bowman%27s_membrane ZFA:0001684 Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane anterior elastic lamina anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea lamina limitans anterior (cornea) lamina limitans anterior corneae uberon Reichert's membrane anterior limiting membrane UBERON:0004370 anterior limiting lamina of cornea UBERON:0004370 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002155 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 UMLS:C0229127 ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane Bowman's anterior elastic lamina FMA:58273 Bowman's layer FMA:58273 Bowman's membrane FMA:58273 anterior elastic lamina ZFA:0001684 anterior limiting lamina MA:0001240 anterior limiting lamina of cornea FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior (cornea) FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior corneae FMA:58273 FMA:TA Reichert's membrane http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2956371&group_id=76834&atid=974957 anterior limiting membrane ZFA:0001684 Vascular network that is connected to the yolk sac. Wikipedia:Vitelline_circulation uberon omphalomesenteric system vitelline bloos vessel system vitelline system UBERON:0004374 vitelline vasculature UBERON:0004374 Vascular network that is connected to the yolk sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 omphalomesenteric system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vitelline bloos vessel system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vitelline system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. appendage bone bone of appendage bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton uberon UBERON:0004375 bone of free limb or fin UBERON:0004375 A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A metaphysis that is in the distal side of a diaphysis. FMA:32824 distal diaphyseal end of long bone uberon UBERON:0004377 distal metaphysis UBERON:0004377 A metaphysis that is in the distal side of a diaphysis. OBOL:automatic distal diaphyseal end of long bone FMA:32824 A metaphysis that is in the proximal side of a diaphysis. FMA:32823 proximal diaphyseal end of long bone uberon UBERON:0004378 proximal metaphysis UBERON:0004378 A metaphysis that is in the proximal side of a diaphysis. OBOL:automatic proximal diaphyseal end of long bone FMA:32823 An epiphysis that is on the distal side of the bone. FMA:32822 SCTID:279999006 distal end of long bone uberon UBERON:0004379 distal epiphysis UBERON:0004379 An epiphysis that is on the distal side of the bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal end of long bone FMA:32822 An epiphysis that is on the proximal side of the bone. FMA:32821 SCTID:279998003 proximal end of long bone uberon UBERON:0004380 proximal epiphysis UBERON:0004380 An epiphysis that is on the proximal side of the bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 proximal end of long bone FMA:32821 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the limb.[VSAO] EHDAA2 considers hip and shoulder joints part of limb skeleton. EHDAA2:0002221 EMAPA:32702 VSAO:0000300 free limb skeleton limb skeleton set of bones of limb uberon UBERON:0004381 skeleton of limb UBERON:0004381 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the limb.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000300 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 EHDAA2 considers hip and shoulder joints part of limb skeleton. EHDAA2 free limb skeleton VSAO:0000300 limb skeleton EHDAA2:0002221 An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32825 SCTID:313054009 humeral epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004382 epiphysis of humerus UBERON:0004382 An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic humeral epiphysis OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37771 FMA:33112 MA:0003113 SCTID:314626006 tibial epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004383 epiphysis of tibia UBERON:0004383 An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37771 MA:th tibial epiphysis FMA:33112 An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37539 FMA:32838 MA:0003056 SCTID:314625005 femoral epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004384 epiphysis of femur UBERON:0004384 An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37539 MA:th femoral epiphysis FMA:32838 An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33770 SCTID:313055005 radial epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004385 epiphysis of radius UBERON:0004385 An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic radial epiphysis FMA:33770 An epiphysis that is part of an ulna [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33748 SCTID:313056006 ulnar epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004386 epiphysis of ulna UBERON:0004386 An epiphysis that is part of an ulna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ulnar epiphysis FMA:33748 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:240707 SCTID:314620000 epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon epiphysis of phalanx of hand UBERON:0004387 epiphysis of phalanx of manus UBERON:0004387 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of phalanx of hand FMA:240707 An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33726 fibula epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004388 epiphysis of fibula UBERON:0004388 An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fibula epiphysis FMA:33726 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33814 SCTID:313057002 epiphysis of metatarsal metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004389 epiphysis of metatarsal bone UBERON:0004389 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:33814 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33792 SCTID:314907001 epiphysis of metacarpal metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004390 epiphysis of metacarpal bone UBERON:0004390 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33792 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33793 first metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 1 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004391 epiphysis of first metacarpal bone UBERON:0004391 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic first metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33793 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33794 metacarpal 2 epiphysis second metacarpal bone epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004392 epiphysis of second metacarpal bone UBERON:0004392 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic second metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:33794 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86328 metacarpal 3 epiphysis third metacarpal bone epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004393 epiphysis of third metacarpal bone UBERON:0004393 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic third metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:86328 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86329 fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 4 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004394 epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone UBERON:0004394 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:86329 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33815 first metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 1 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004395 epiphysis of first metatarsal bone UBERON:0004395 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic first metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:33815 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33816 metatarsal 2 epiphysis second metatarsal bone epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004396 epiphysis of second metatarsal bone UBERON:0004396 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic second metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:33816 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86313 metatarsal 3 epiphysis third metatarsal bone epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004397 epiphysis of third metatarsal bone UBERON:0004397 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic third metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:86313 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86314 fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 4 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004398 epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone UBERON:0004398 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:86314 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86315 fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 5 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0004399 epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone UBERON:0004399 An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis FMA:86315 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241364 uberon UBERON:0004400 bone tissue of epiphysis UBERON:0004400 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241374 uberon UBERON:0004401 bone tissue of distal epiphysis UBERON:0004401 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241372 uberon UBERON:0004402 bone tissue of proximal epiphysis UBERON:0004402 A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32826 SCTID:310655007 distal end of humerus lower end of humerus uberon UBERON:0004404 distal epiphysis of humerus UBERON:0004404 A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of humerus FMA:32826 lower end of humerus FMA:32826 A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33116 SCTID:302527001 Wikipedia:Lower_extremity_of_tibia distal end of tibia lower end of tibia uberon UBERON:0004405 distal epiphysis of tibia UBERON:0004405 A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of tibia FMA:33116 lower end of tibia FMA:33116 A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula.[AAO] AAO:0000893 FMA:32844 SCTID:280016000 distal femoral epiphysis uberon distal head of femur UBERON:0004406 distal epiphysis of femur UBERON:0004406 A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000893 AAO AAO:LAP distal femoral epiphysis OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal head of femur AAO:0000893 A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33776 SCTID:280013008 Wikipedia:Lower_extremity_of_radius distal end of radius lower end of radius uberon UBERON:0004407 distal epiphysis of radius UBERON:0004407 A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of radius FMA:33776 lower end of radius FMA:33776 A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33754 SCTID:302521000 distal end of ulna lower end of ulna uberon UBERON:0004408 distal epiphysis of ulna UBERON:0004408 A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of ulna FMA:33754 lower end of ulna FMA:33754 A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226577 SCTID:272707006 distal epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon distal end of phalanx of hand distal epiphysis of phalanx of hand head of phalanx of finger head of phalanx of hand ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of finger UBERON:0004409 distal epiphysis of phalanx of manus UBERON:0004409 A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of phalanx of hand FMA:226577 distal epiphysis of phalanx of hand FMA:226577 head of phalanx of finger FMA:226577 head of phalanx of hand FMA:226577 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of finger FMA:226577 A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33732 SCTID:129111008 SCTID:280018004 distal end of fibula lower end of fibula uberon UBERON:0004410 distal epiphysis of fibula UBERON:0004410 A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal end of fibula FMA:33732 lower end of fibula FMA:33732 The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. FMA:23362 SCTID:280028008 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus proximal end of humerus proximal humeral epiphysis upper end of humerus uberon head of the humerus humeral head proximal humerus upper extremity of humerus UBERON:0004411 proximal epiphysis of humerus UBERON:0004411 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray207.png The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus proximal end of humerus FMA:23362 proximal humeral epiphysis OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper end of humerus FMA:23362 head of the humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus humeral head Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus proximal humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus upper extremity of humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32841 SCTID:244702009 proximal femoral epiphysis uberon capital femoral epiphysis UBERON:0004412 proximal epiphysis of femur UBERON:0004412 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal femoral epiphysis OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 capital femoral epiphysis http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:39780 SCTID:280029000 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_radius proximal end of radius proximal radial epiphysis upper end of radius uberon UBERON:0004413 proximal epiphysis of radius UBERON:0004413 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal end of radius FMA:39780 proximal radial epiphysis OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper end of radius FMA:39780 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226482 SCTID:272704004 basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger base of phalanx of finger basis phalangis manus proximal epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon proximal epiphysis of phalanx of hand UBERON:0004414 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manus UBERON:0004414 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger FMA:226482 base of phalanx of finger FMA:226482 basis phalangis manus FMA:226482 FMA:TA proximal epiphysis of phalanx of hand FMA:226482 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33817 SCTID:119545008 base of metatarsal bone basis ossis metatarsi proximal end of metatarsal bone upper end of metatarsal bone uberon UBERON:0004415 proximal epiphysis of metatarsal bone UBERON:0004415 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 basis ossis metatarsi FMA:33817 FMA:TA proximal end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 upper end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33795 SCTID:272695001 base of metacarpal bone basis ossis metacarpi metacarpal bone base proximal end of metacarpal bone upper end of metacarpal bone uberon UBERON:0004416 proximal epiphysis of metacarpal bone UBERON:0004416 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 basis ossis metacarpi FMA:33795 FMA:TA metacarpal bone base FMA:33795 proximal end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 upper end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 1 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37489 SCTID:272700008 basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb base of phalanx of first digit of hand base of phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit I proximal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb uberon UBERON:0004417 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0004417 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 1 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 base of phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:37489 base of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 2 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37498 SCTID:368307004 basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of second digit of hand base of phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 2 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit II proximal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger uberon UBERON:0004418 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004418 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 2 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 base of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second finger FMA:37498 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 3 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37510 SCTID:181997000 basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of third digit of hand base of phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit III proximal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger uberon UBERON:0004419 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004419 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 3 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 base of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third finger FMA:37510 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 4 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37522 SCTID:368337008 basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of phalanx of fourth finger base of phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit IV proximal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004420 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004420 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 4 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37522 base of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 5 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37534 SCTID:368351008 basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of phalanx of fifth finger base of phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 5 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit V proximal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger uberon UBERON:0004421 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004421 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 5 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37534 basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42788 SCTID:181978000 base of first metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone base proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 1 uberon UBERON:0004422 proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone UBERON:0004422 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of first metacarpal bone FMA:42788 first metacarpal bone base FMA:42788 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42791 SCTID:263461004 base of second metacarpal bone proximal end of second metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 2 second metacarpal bone base uberon UBERON:0004423 proximal epiphysis of second metacarpal bone UBERON:0004423 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of second metacarpal bone FMA:42791 proximal end of second metacarpal bone FMA:42791 second metacarpal bone base FMA:42791 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42794 SCTID:263465008 base of third metacarpal bone proximal end of third metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 3 third metacarpal bone base uberon UBERON:0004424 proximal epiphysis of third metacarpal bone UBERON:0004424 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of third metacarpal bone FMA:42794 proximal end of third metacarpal bone FMA:42794 third metacarpal bone base FMA:42794 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42797 SCTID:263469002 base of fourth metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 4 uberon UBERON:0004425 proximal epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone UBERON:0004425 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 fourth metacarpal bone base FMA:42797 proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42800 SCTID:263473004 base of fifth metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 5 uberon UBERON:0004426 proximal epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone UBERON:0004426 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of fifth metacarpal bone FMA:42800 fifth metacarpal bone base FMA:42800 proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone FMA:42800 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42963 SCTID:182124002 base of first metatarsal bone proximal end of first metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 1 uberon UBERON:0004427 proximal epiphysis of first metatarsal bone UBERON:0004427 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of first metatarsal bone FMA:42963 proximal end of first metatarsal bone FMA:42963 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42964 SCTID:182130002 base of second metatarsal bone proximal end of second metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 2 uberon UBERON:0004428 proximal epiphysis of second metatarsal bone UBERON:0004428 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of second metatarsal bone FMA:42964 proximal end of second metatarsal bone FMA:42964 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42965 SCTID:182135007 base of third metatarsal bone proximal end of third metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 3 uberon UBERON:0004429 proximal epiphysis of third metatarsal bone UBERON:0004429 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of third metatarsal bone FMA:42965 proximal end of third metatarsal bone FMA:42965 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42966 SCTID:182140004 base of fourth metatarsal bone proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 4 uberon UBERON:0004430 proximal epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone UBERON:0004430 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of fourth metatarsal bone FMA:42966 proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone FMA:42966 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42967 SCTID:182145009 base of fifth metatarsal bone proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 5 uberon UBERON:0004431 proximal epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone UBERON:0004431 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of fifth metatarsal bone FMA:42967 proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone FMA:42967 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37505 SCTID:263445001 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand base of distal phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit II proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger uberon UBERON:0004432 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004432 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second finger FMA:37505 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37517 SCTID:263446000 base of distal phalanx of middle finger base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand base of distal phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit III proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger uberon UBERON:0004433 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004433 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third finger FMA:37517 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37517 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37529 SCTID:263447009 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fourth finger base of distal phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit IV proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004434 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004434 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37529 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37541 SCTID:263448004 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fifth finger base of distal phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit V proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger uberon UBERON:0004435 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004435 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37541 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37502 SCTID:263428006 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand base of middle phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit II proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger uberon UBERON:0004436 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004436 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second finger FMA:37502 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37514 SCTID:263429003 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand base of middle phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit III proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger uberon UBERON:0004437 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004437 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of middle finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third finger FMA:37514 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger FMA:37514 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37526 SCTID:263430008 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fourth finger base of middle phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit IV proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004438 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004438 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37526 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37538 SCTID:263431007 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fifth finger base of middle phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit V proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger uberon UBERON:0004439 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004439 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37538 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37499 SCTID:263412001 base of proximal phalanx of index finger base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit II proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of index finger uberon UBERON:0004440 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0004440 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of proximal phalanx of index finger FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:37499 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of index finger FMA:37499 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37511 SCTID:263413006 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit III proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger uberon UBERON:0004441 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0004441 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third finger FMA:37511 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37523 SCTID:263414000 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger base of proximal phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit IV proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger uberon UBERON:0004442 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0004442 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37523 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37535 SCTID:263415004 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger base of proximal phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit V proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger uberon UBERON:0004443 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0004443 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37493 SCTID:182008001 base of distal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit I proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb uberon UBERON:0004444 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0004444 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic base of distal phalanx of thumb FMA:37493 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb FMA:37493 NCBITaxon:9606 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37490 SCTID:181993001 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb base of proximal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit I proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb uberon UBERON:0004445 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0004445 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:37490 base of proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:37490 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:37490 NCBITaxon:9606 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:280033007 uberon UBERON:0004446 epiphysis of phalanx UBERON:0004446 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. uberon UBERON:0004447 proximal epiphysis of phalanx UBERON:0004447 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:110520001 head of phalanx uberon UBERON:0004448 distal epiphysis of phalanx UBERON:0004448 A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. Part of the internal carotid containing many branches supplying blood to the chorioid plexuses of the brain.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] in AAO this is part_of the internal carotid, but in humans the PCA intervenes for some cerebral arteries. Proper comparative review required AAO:0010493 BTO:0005205 CALOHA:TS-0126 EHDAA2:0000233 EHDAA:5294 EMAPA:18613 GAID:484 MA:0002562 MESH:D002536 NCIT:C12691 SCTID:181308008 UMLS:C0007770 Wikipedia:Cerebral_artery XAO:0000367 uberon UBERON:0004449 cerebral artery UBERON:0004449 One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. Wikipedia:Cerebral_artery Part of the internal carotid containing many branches supplying blood to the chorioid plexuses of the brain.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010493 AAO AAO:BJB relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010493 AAO in AAO this is part_of the internal carotid, but in humans the PCA intervenes for some cerebral arteries. Proper comparative review required AAO UMLS:C0007770 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Artery A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra. In humans, there are 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) it's not clear if the XAO class belongs here or below EMAPA:37722 MA:0002869 XAO:0003077 uberon presacral vertebra UBERON:0004451 trunk or cervical vertebra UBERON:0004451 A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra. UBERONREF:0000006 it's not clear if the XAO class belongs here or below XAO EMAPA:37722 MA:th presacral vertebra MA:0002869 A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001462 EHDAA2:0000218 EHDAA:5196 EMAPA:19122 EMAPA:32784 FMA:24922 GAID:59 MA:0000039 MESH:D014953 NCIT:C111033 SCTID:361289009 Wikipedia:Wrist galen:Wrist carpal limb segment carpal segment fore basipodium fore mesopodium hand mesopodium manus mesopodium regio carpalis wrist wrist region carpus of fore-paw uberon articulatio radiocarpea carpus UBERON:0004452 carpal region UBERON:0004452 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Human_wrist.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hand_parts.jpg FMA A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Wrist https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fore basipodium MA:th fore mesopodium MA:th regio carpalis FMA:24922 FMA:TA wrist MA:0000039 carpus of fore-paw EMAPA:19122 articulatio radiocarpea Wikipedia:Wrist carpus A metapodium region that is part of a manus. Note that along with FMA we treat this as a limb segment rather than a purely skeletal element metacarpal Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton CALOHA:TS-2218 EMAPA:32654 FMA:24925 MA:0000042 SCTID:370638006 distal segment of hand proper metacarpal part of hand metacarpal part of manus metacarpal region metacarpus forelimb cannon region forelimb equine cannon region uberon UBERON:0004453 metacarpus region UBERON:0004453 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg FMA PHENOSCAPE:ni A metapodium region that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic distal segment of hand proper FMA:24925 metacarpal part of hand FMA:24925 metacarpal region FMA:24925 metacarpus MA:0000042 forelimb cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forelimb equine cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesopodial segment of the pes, including the tarsal skeleton and associated tissues. this term refers to the limb segment. See also: tarsal bones and tarsal skeleton MA has both tarsus (part of foot, has tarsal bone) and ankle (part of hindlimb, has joint, nerve, skin). UBERON:0002388 CALOHA:TS-2219 EFO:0001409 EMAPA:32783 FMA:9665 GAID:41 MA:0000043 MESH:D000842 SCTID:361292008 Wikipedia:Ankle galen:Ankle ankle ankle region tarsal limb segment uberon articulatio talocruralis hind basipodium hind mesopodium hock UBERON:0004454 tarsal region UBERON:0004454 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg Mesopodial segment of the pes, including the tarsal skeleton and associated tissues. Wikipedia:Ankle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 MA has both tarsus (part of foot, has tarsal bone) and ankle (part of hindlimb, has joint, nerve, skin). MA ankle MA:0000043 articulatio talocruralis Wikipedia:Ankle hind basipodium MA:th hind mesopodium MA:th hock Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) An embryo at the neurula stage. UBERON:0007013 BILA:0000061 BTO:0001766 NCIT:C34229 UMLS:C1518306 neurula uberon UBERON:0004455 neurula embryo UBERON:0004455 An embryo at the neurula stage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1518306 ncithesaurus:Neurula neurula BTO:0001766 Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs FMA:78499 sense organ system uberon UBERON:0004456 entire sense organ system UBERON:0004456 Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 sense organ system FMA:78499 Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18171 FMA:71287 head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis set of muscles of head uberon UBERON:0004461 This class is restricted to skeletal muscles that attach to the cranial skeleton. This seems to be consistent with FMA and EMAPA usage. Note that by definition this excludes invertebrate head musculature. It corresponds to the individual muscle organ term UBERON:0002376 skeletal musculature of head https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/4 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1405 UBERON:0004461 Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic head musculature FMA:71287 muscle group of head FMA:71287 muscles of head FMA:71287 musculi capitis FMA:71287 FMA:TA set of muscles of head FMA:71287 Any collection of muscles that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. define generically to encompass both vertebrates and invertebrates BSA:0000058 BTO:0001863 EMAPA:37853 FMA:86931 WBbt:0005813 body wall musculature uberon body wall muscles UBERON:0004462 musculature of body wall UBERON:0004462 Any collection of muscles that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37853 MA:th body wall musculature FMA:86931 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50208 muscle group of thigh musculature of thigh set of muscles of thigh thigh musculature uberon UBERON:0004463 musculature of hindlimb stylopod UBERON:0004463 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of thigh FMA:50208 musculature of thigh FMA:50208 set of muscles of thigh FMA:50208 thigh musculature FMA:50208 Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here. BTO thorax muscle is a pectoral muscle or diaphragm BTO:0000508 EMAPA:37260 FMA:71293 muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis set of muscles of thorax thoracic musculature uberon UBERON:0004464 musculature of thorax UBERON:0004464 Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here. BTO thorax muscle is a pectoral muscle or diaphragm BTO EMAPA:37260 MA:th muscle group of thorax FMA:71293 muscles of thorax FMA:71293 musculi thoracis FMA:71293 FMA:TA set of muscles of thorax FMA:71293 thoracic musculature FMA:71293 Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000091 EMAPA:36050 FMA:71290 MESH:D009334 cervical muscles muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature set of muscles of neck uberon UBERON:0004465 musculature of neck UBERON:0004465 Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cervical muscles AAO:0000091 muscle group of neck FMA:71290 muscles of neck FMA:71290 musculi cervicis FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi colli FMA:71290 FMA:TA neck musculature FMA:71290 set of muscles of neck FMA:71290 Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'. This class represents the class-union of upper leg musculature and lower leg musculature (and thus may not mean precisely the same thing as the EHDAA2 class) UBERON:0005632 EHDAA2:0000973 leg muscle system uberon UBERON:0004466 musculature of leg UBERON:0004466 Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic leg muscle system EHDAA2:0000973 The collection of muscles that acts on the pharynx. FMA:264609 TAO:0001307 ZFA:0001307 pharyngeal musculature uberon set of muscles of pharynx UBERON:0004467 See comments for 'pharyngeal muscle' musculature of pharynx UBERON:0004467 The collection of muscles that acts on the pharynx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pharyngeal musculature TAO:0001307 set of muscles of pharynx FMA:264609 FMA:33061 muscle group of vertebral column uberon UBERON:0004468 set of muscles of vertebral column UBERON:0004468 muscle group of vertebral column FMA:33061 Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71291 muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi set of muscles of back uberon UBERON:0004469 musculature of back UBERON:0004469 Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of back FMA:71291 muscles of back FMA:71291 musculi dorsi FMA:71291 FMA:TA set of muscles of back FMA:71291 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. we merge two FMA classes here UBERON:0004485 UBERON:0005633 AAO:0000427 EHDAA2:0001429 EMAPA:18184 FMA:50205 FMA:50248 muscle group of pelvic girdle muscle group of pelvis pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature set of muscles of pelvic girdle uberon muscular system of pelvis set of muscles of pelvis UBERON:0004470 musculature of pelvic girdle UBERON:0004470 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic we merge two FMA classes here FMA muscle group of pelvic girdle FMA:50205 muscle group of pelvis FMA:50248 pelvic girdle muscle system EHDAA2:0001429 pelvic girdle muscles AAO:0000427 pelvic girdle musculature FMA:50205 set of muscles of pelvic girdle FMA:50205 muscular system of pelvis FMA:50248 set of muscles of pelvis FMA:50248 A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. AAO:0000423 EMAPA:37857 FMA:33519 muscle group of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle muscles pectoral girdle musculature set of muscles of pectoral girdle uberon UBERON:0004471 musculature of pectoral girdle UBERON:0004471 A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37857 MA:th muscle group of pectoral girdle FMA:33519 pectoral girdle muscles AAO:0000423 pectoral girdle musculature FMA:33519 set of muscles of pectoral girdle FMA:33519 Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. originally created to reflect the distinction drawn in FMA between a facial muscle and the entire musculature of the face. However, naming both does not serve any particular purpose FMA:71288 entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei uberon set of facial muscles set of muscles of face UBERON:0004473 musculature of face UBERON:0004473 Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic entire facial musculature https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 facial muscles FMA:71288 muscle group of face FMA:71288 musculi faciei FMA:71288 FMA:TA set of facial muscles FMA:71288 set of muscles of face FMA:71288 Any collection of muscles that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system arm musculature muscle group of arm set of muscles of arm uberon UBERON:0004474 musculature of arm UBERON:0004474 Any collection of muscles that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arm muscle system EHDAA2:0000141 arm musculature FMA:50202 muscle group of arm FMA:50202 set of muscles of arm FMA:50202 The collection of muscles that form attachments to the hip skeleton. FMA:50227 hip musculature muscle group of hip set of muscles of hip uberon UBERON:0004475 musculature of hip UBERON:0004475 The collection of muscles that form attachments to the hip skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hip musculature FMA:50227 muscle group of hip FMA:50227 set of muscles of hip FMA:50227 The collection of muscles that form attachments to the shoulder skeleton. FMA:50220 muscle group of shoulder set of muscles of shoulder uberon UBERON:0004476 musculature of shoulder UBERON:0004476 The collection of muscles that form attachments to the shoulder skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscle group of shoulder FMA:50220 set of muscles of shoulder FMA:50220 The collection of muscles that are part of the larynx. currently defined by location rather than attachment FMA:264611 FMA:46616 MESH:D007821 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_larynx laryngeal muscles laryngeal muscles set muscle group of larynx set of laryngeal muscles set of muscles of larynx uberon UBERON:0004478 musculature of larynx UBERON:0004478 The collection of muscles that are part of the larynx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 laryngeal muscles FMA:46616 laryngeal muscles set FMA:46616 muscle group of larynx FMA:46616 set of laryngeal muscles FMA:46616 set of muscles of larynx FMA:264611 Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment AAO:0011572 EFO:0003531 FMA:50187 muscle group of trunk set of muscles of trunk uberon muscular system of trunk UBERON:0004479 musculature of trunk UBERON:0004479 Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of trunk FMA:50187 set of muscles of trunk FMA:50187 muscular system of trunk FMA:50187 Any collection of muscles that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment UBERON:0005635 EHDAA2:0000995 EMAPA:32700 FMA:50188 limb muscle system limb musculature muscle group of limb set of muscles of limb uberon UBERON:0004480 musculature of limb UBERON:0004480 Any collection of muscles that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic limb muscle system EHDAA2:0000995 limb musculature FMA:50188 muscle group of limb FMA:50188 set of muscles of limb FMA:50188 Any collection of muscles that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment FMA:50396 free upper limb musculature muscle group of free upper limb musculature of free upper limb set of muscles of free upper limb uberon UBERON:0004481 musculature of upper limb UBERON:0004481 Any collection of muscles that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic free upper limb musculature FMA:50396 muscle group of free upper limb FMA:50396 musculature of free upper limb FMA:50396 set of muscles of free upper limb FMA:50396 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment FMA:50399 free lower limb musculature muscle group of free lower limb musculature of free lower limb set of muscles of free lower limb uberon UBERON:0004482 musculature of lower limb UBERON:0004482 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic free lower limb musculature FMA:50399 muscle group of free lower limb FMA:50399 musculature of free lower limb FMA:50399 set of muscles of free lower limb FMA:50399 Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:39089 muscle group of forearm musculature of forearm set of muscles of forearm uberon UBERON:0004487 musculature of forelimb zeugopod UBERON:0004487 Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of forearm FMA:39089 musculature of forearm FMA:39089 set of muscles of forearm FMA:39089 Any collection of muscles that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment FMA:50214 foot musculature muscle group of foot musculature of foot set of muscles of foot uberon UBERON:0004488 musculature of pes UBERON:0004488 Any collection of muscles that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foot musculature FMA:50214 muscle group of foot FMA:50214 musculature of foot FMA:50214 set of muscles of foot FMA:50214 Any collection of muscles that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment FMA:42368 hand musculature muscle group of hand musculature of hand set of muscles of hand uberon UBERON:0004489 musculature of manus UBERON:0004489 Any collection of muscles that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hand musculature FMA:42368 muscle group of hand FMA:42368 musculature of hand FMA:42368 set of muscles of hand FMA:42368 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. in GO, this is equivalent to the atrial myocardium, but FMA distinguishes these two. Consider merging. FMA:7283 atrial cardiac muscle tissue atrial heart muscle cardiac atrium muscle uberon atrial myocardium UBERON:0004490 cardiac muscle tissue of atrium UBERON:0004490 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in GO, this is equivalent to the atrial myocardium, but FMA distinguishes these two. Consider merging. GO atrial cardiac muscle tissue GO:0055009 atrial heart muscle GO:0055009 cardiac atrium muscle GO:0055009 atrial myocardium GO:0055009 GOC:mtg_heart A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84083 interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue interatrial septum heart muscle interatrial septum muscle interatrial septum myocardium uberon UBERON:0004491 cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum UBERON:0004491 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum myocardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226279 cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue cardiac septum heart muscle cardiac septum muscle cardiac septum myocardium uberon UBERON:0004492 cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum UBERON:0004492 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum myocardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. Note placement of MA class based on parthood relationship EMAPA:32688 FMA:261726 MA:0002441 uberon UBERON:0004493 cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium UBERON:0004493 MA A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261898 uberon UBERON:0004495 skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm UBERON:0004495 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261732 uberon skeletal muscle tissue of deltoid muscle UBERON:0004500 skeletal muscle tissue of deltoid UBERON:0004500 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of deltoid muscle FMA:261732 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261938 uberon skeletal muscle tissue of trapezius muscle UBERON:0004509 skeletal muscle tissue of trapezius UBERON:0004509 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trapezius muscle FMA:261938 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261045 uberon UBERON:0004515 smooth muscle tissue of bronchiole UBERON:0004515 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261051 uberon UBERON:0004516 smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole UBERON:0004516 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A muscle that is attached to a vertebra of the vertebral column. FMA:22594 vertebral column muscle uberon UBERON:0004518 muscle of vertebral column UBERON:0004518 A muscle that is attached to a vertebra of the vertebral column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vertebral column muscle FMA:22594 A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:87123 muscular organ vasculature uberon UBERON:0004521 vasculature of muscle organ UBERON:0004521 A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscular organ vasculature FMA:87123 A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239607 uberon UBERON:0004522 vasculature of musculoskeletal system UBERON:0004522 A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84429 uberon UBERON:0004525 cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of right ventricle UBERON:0004525 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84430 uberon UBERON:0004526 cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of left ventricle UBERON:0004526 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the maxilla. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance UBERON:0001696 AAO:0000396 FMA:52897 MA:0001492 SCTID:245795005 Wikipedia:Alveolar_process alveolar margin of maxilla alveolar part of maxilla alveolar process of maxilla alveolar ridge of maxilla lower alveolar ridge maxilla alveolar process pars dentalis of maxilla posterior alveolar ridge processus alveolaris (maxilla) processus alveolaris maxillae uberon UBERON:0004527 alveolar process of maxilla UBERON:0004527 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gray157.png The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the maxilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance WP pars dentalis of maxilla AAO:0000396 processus alveolaris maxillae FMA:52897 FMA:TA A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. should be declared disjoint from organ, but in some ontologies (e.g. ZFA), structures such as neural spines are classified as bones (and hence organs) Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO] anatomical process process AAO:0010278 FMA:67601 HAO:0000822 NCIT:C61549 TAO:0001834 VSAO:0000180 Wikipedia:Process_(anatomy) XAO:0004020 galen:Ridge processus projection flange flanges lamella lamellae lamina laminae organ process papilla process of organ processes projection projections ridge ridges shelf shelves uberon anatomical protrusion protrusion spine UBERON:0004529 anatomical projection UBERON:0004529 A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. Wikipedia:Process_(anatomy) https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/39 Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010278 AAO AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001834 TAO TAO:wd Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000180 VSAO TAO:curator process VSAO:0000180 processus FMA:67601 FMA:TA flange VSAO:0000180 flanges VSAO:0000180 lamella VSAO:0000180 lamellae VSAO:0000180 lamina VSAO:0000180 laminae VSAO:0000180 processes VSAO:0000180 projection VSAO:0000180 projections VSAO:0000180 ridge VSAO:0000180 ridges VSAO:0000180 shelf VSAO:0000180 shelves VSAO:0000180 Anatomical projection that is composed of bone tissue. FMA:75433 ZFA:0001637 bone process projection of bone uberon bony projections UBERON:0004530 bony projection UBERON:0004530 Anatomical projection that is composed of bone tissue. VSAO:wd bone process FMA:75433 bony projections ZFA:0001637 A testis that is in the left side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37370 FMA:7212 MA:0001746 NCIT:C49323 SCTID:367720001 UMLS:C0227998 left testicle uberon UBERON:0004533 left testis UBERON:0004533 A testis that is in the left side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37370 MA:th UMLS:C0227998 ncithesaurus:Left_Testis left testicle MA:0001746 A testis that is in the right side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37371 FMA:7211 MA:0001747 NCIT:C49326 SCTID:367719007 UMLS:C0227997 right testicle uberon UBERON:0004534 right testis UBERON:0004534 A testis that is in the right side of the genitalia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37371 MA:th UMLS:C0227997 ncithesaurus:Right_Testis right testicle MA:0001747 Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph. The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011001 BILA:0000016 BTO:0000088 CALOHA:TS-1297 EFO:0000791 EHDAA2:0000216 EHDAA:394 EMAPA:16104 EMAPA:16370 EV:0100017 FMA:7161 GAID:467 MA:0000010 MAT:0000016 MESH:D002319 MIAA:0000016 NCIT:C12686 SCTID:278198007 TAO:0000010 UMLS:C0007226 VHOG:0000302 WikipediaCategory:Cardiovascular_system XAO:0000100 XAO:0001010 ZFA:0000010 uberon CV system Herz und Gefaesssystem UBERON:0004535 cardiovascular system UBERON:0004535 Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000302 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0007226 ncithesaurus:Cardiovascular_System CV system BTO:0000088 Herz und Gefaesssystem BTO:0000088 A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. TAO:0001079 ZFA:0001079 blood vascular network set of blood vessels uberon blood system blood vessel system blood vessels UBERON:0004537 blood vasculature UBERON:0004537 A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 blood vessels TAO:0001079 A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:36589 FMA:7205 MA:0001655 NCIT:C34006 SCTID:362209008 UMLS:C0227614 uberon UBERON:0004538 left kidney UBERON:0004538 A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227614 ncithesaurus:Left_Kidney A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:36590 FMA:7204 MA:0001683 NCIT:C34005 SCTID:362208000 UMLS:C0227613 uberon UBERON:0004539 right kidney UBERON:0004539 A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227613 ncithesaurus:Right_Kidney The layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis. BTO:0005768 CALOHA:TS-2063 EMAPA:30445 FMA:19153 MA:0002825 epididymis epithelium epithelium of epididymis uberon UBERON:0004544 epididymis epithelium UBERON:0004544 The layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis. MGI:csmith MP:0004933 epididymis epithelium FMA:19153 epithelium of epididymis FMA:19153 An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37362 FMA:12515 MA:0002949 NCIT:C119334 SCTID:362503005 left eyeball left orbital part of face left orbital region uberon UBERON:0004548 left eye UBERON:0004548 An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37362 MA:th left eyeball FMA:12515 left orbital part of face FMA:54450 left orbital region FMA:54450 An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37363 FMA:12514 MA:0002950 NCIT:C119333 SCTID:362502000 right eyeball right orbital part of face right orbital region uberon UBERON:0004549 right eye UBERON:0004549 An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37363 MA:th right eyeball FMA:12514 right orbital part of face FMA:54449 right orbital region FMA:54449 An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. check part_of - do we need term for digit + metacarpal/tarsal bones? EMAPA:37076 MA:0001941 SCTID:181335004 uberon UBERON:0004552 digital artery UBERON:0004552 An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37076 MA:th A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37210 MA:0001953 SCTID:265791006 digital artery of manus forelimb digital arteries wing digital artery uberon UBERON:0004553 forelimb digital artery UBERON:0004553 A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37210 MA:th forelimb digital arteries MA:0001953 wing digital artery NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37214 FMA:69713 MA:0001964 digital artery of foot hindlimb digital arteries uberon UBERON:0004554 hindlimb digital artery UBERON:0004554 A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37214 MA:th digital artery of foot FMA:69713 hindlimb digital arteries MA:0001964 The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. FMA:45623 Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries systemic arterial circulatory system uberon UBERON:0004571 systemic arterial system UBERON:0004571 MA-inferred The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 systemic arterial circulatory system FMA:45623 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004690 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA:396 EMAPA:16201 EMAPA:16371 MA:0002719 SCTID:362030008 VHOG:0000273 uberon UBERON:0004572 arterial system UBERON:0004572 MA The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000273 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. EMAPA:37126 FMA:66464 Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries systemic arterial subtree uberon UBERON:0004573 systemic artery UBERON:0004573 An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37126 MA:th systemic arterial subtree FMA:66464 The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]. In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] FMA:45626 Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system systemic venous circulatory system uberon UBERON:0004581 systemic venous system UBERON:0004581 The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] FMA FMA:45626 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ systemic venous circulatory system FMA:45626 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 EMAPA:16240 MA:0002720 NCIT:C33858 SCTID:362060003 UMLS:C1267406 VHOG:0000277 vein system uberon UBERON:0004582 venous system UBERON:0004582 MA The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1267406 ncithesaurus:Venous_System A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. FMA class is not a subtype of muscle FMA:75004 NCIT:C28381 UMLS:C1409894 Wikipedia:Sphincter sphincter uberon circular muscle UBERON:0004590 sphincter muscle UBERON:0004590 A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. Wikipedia:Sphincter FMA class is not a subtype of muscle FMA UMLS:C1409894 ncithesaurus:Sphincter The third of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. under discussion: whether to generalize this beyond mammals, making it purely order-defined elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae 3 EMAPA:19433 FMA:12521 MA:0001423 NCIT:C32241 SCTID:181823007 UMLS:C0459939 C3 vertebra cervical vertebra 3 cervical vertebrae 3 third cervical vertebra third cervical vertebra of axial skeleton uberon UBERON:0004612 mammalian cervical vertebra 3 UBERON:0004612 FMA The third of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:C3_Vertebra UMLS:C0459939 ncithesaurus:C3_Vertebra C3 vertebra FMA:12521 cervical vertebra 3 MA:0001423 cervical vertebrae 3 UBERONTEMP:aeb6ac70-fd18-403d-a0b9-dd03942c7812 third cervical vertebra FMA:12521 third cervical vertebra of axial skeleton UBERONTEMP:aeb6ac70-fd18-403d-a0b9-dd03942c7812 The fourth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae 4 EMAPA:19434 FMA:12522 MA:0001424 NCIT:C32242 SCTID:181824001 UMLS:C0459941 C4 vertebra cervical vertebra 4 fourth cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0004613 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 UBERON:0004613 FMA The fourth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:C4_Vertebra UMLS:C0459941 ncithesaurus:C4_Vertebra C4 vertebra FMA:12522 cervical vertebra 4 MA:0001424 fourth cervical vertebra FMA:12522 The fifth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae 5 EMAPA:19435 FMA:12523 MA:0001425 NCIT:C32243 SCTID:181825000 UMLS:C0459943 C5 vertebra cervical vertebra 5 fifth cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0004614 mammalian cervical vertebra 5 UBERON:0004614 FMA The fifth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:C5_Vertebra UMLS:C0459943 ncithesaurus:C5_Vertebra C5 vertebra FMA:12523 cervical vertebra 5 MA:0001425 fifth cervical vertebra FMA:12523 The sixth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae 6 EMAPA:19466 FMA:12524 MA:0001426 NCIT:C32244 SCTID:181826004 UMLS:C0459944 C6 vertebra cervical vertebra 6 sixth cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0004615 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 UBERON:0004615 FMA The sixth of the seven cervical vertebrae[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:C6_Vertebra UMLS:C0459944 ncithesaurus:C6_Vertebra C6 vertebra FMA:12524 cervical vertebra 6 MA:0001426 sixth cervical vertebra FMA:12524 Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name. This spinous process is thick, nearly horizontal in direction, not bifurcated, but terminating in a tubercle to which the lower end of the ligamentum nuchae is attached. The seventh cervical vertebra (C7) has the most prominent spinous process only in about 70% of people; in the remainder, either C6 or T1 (the first thoracic vertebra) will be the most prominent. The transverse processes are of considerable size, their posterior roots are large and prominent, while the anterior are small and faintly marked; the upper surface of each has usually a shallow sulcus for the eighth spinal nerve, and its extremity seldom presents more than a trace of bifurcation. The foramen transversarium may be as large as that in the other cervical vertebrae, but is generally smaller on one or both sides; occasionally it is double, sometimes it is absent. On the left side it occasionally gives passage to the vertebral artery; more frequently the vertebral vein traverses it on both sides; but the usual arrangement is for both artery and vein to pass in front of the transverse process, and not through the foramen. Sometimes the anterior root of the transverse process attains a large size and exists as a separate bone, which is known as a cervical rib. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae 7 EMAPA:19467 FMA:12525 MA:0001427 NCIT:C32245 SCTID:181827008 UMLS:C0223176 Wikipedia:Vertebra_prominens C7 vertebra cervical vertebra 7 prominent vertebra seventh cervical vertebra vertebra prominens (CVII) vertebra prominens [C VII] uberon UBERON:0004616 mammalian cervical vertebra 7 UBERON:0004616 FMA Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name. This spinous process is thick, nearly horizontal in direction, not bifurcated, but terminating in a tubercle to which the lower end of the ligamentum nuchae is attached. The seventh cervical vertebra (C7) has the most prominent spinous process only in about 70% of people; in the remainder, either C6 or T1 (the first thoracic vertebra) will be the most prominent. The transverse processes are of considerable size, their posterior roots are large and prominent, while the anterior are small and faintly marked; the upper surface of each has usually a shallow sulcus for the eighth spinal nerve, and its extremity seldom presents more than a trace of bifurcation. The foramen transversarium may be as large as that in the other cervical vertebrae, but is generally smaller on one or both sides; occasionally it is double, sometimes it is absent. On the left side it occasionally gives passage to the vertebral artery; more frequently the vertebral vein traverses it on both sides; but the usual arrangement is for both artery and vein to pass in front of the transverse process, and not through the foramen. Sometimes the anterior root of the transverse process attains a large size and exists as a separate bone, which is known as a cervical rib. Wikipedia:Vertebra_prominens UMLS:C0223176 ncithesaurus:C7_Vertebra C7 vertebra FMA:12525 cervical vertebra 7 MA:0001427 prominent vertebra FMA:12525 seventh cervical vertebra FMA:12525 vertebra prominens (CVII) FMA:12525 vertebra prominens [C VII] FMA:12525 FMA:TA The first lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19472 FMA:13072 MA:0001428 NCIT:C32899 SCTID:181841004 UMLS:C0223492 L1 vertebra first lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0004617 lumbar vertebra 1 UBERON:0004617 The first lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:L1_Vertebra UMLS:C0223492 ncithesaurus:L1_Vertebra L1 vertebra FMA:13072 first lumbar vertebra FMA:13072 The second lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19570 FMA:13073 MA:0001429 NCIT:C32900 SCTID:181842006 UMLS:C0223507 L2 vertebra second lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0004618 lumbar vertebra 2 UBERON:0004618 FMA The second lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:L2_Vertebra UMLS:C0223507 ncithesaurus:L2_Vertebra L2 vertebra FMA:13073 second lumbar vertebra FMA:13073 The third lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19571 FMA:13074 MA:0001430 NCIT:C32901 SCTID:181843001 UMLS:C0223522 L3 vertebra third lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0004619 lumbar vertebra 3 UBERON:0004619 FMA The third lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:L3_Vertebra UMLS:C0223522 ncithesaurus:L3_Vertebra L3 vertebra FMA:13074 third lumbar vertebra FMA:13074 The fourth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19572 FMA:13075 MA:0001431 NCIT:C32902 SCTID:181844007 UMLS:C0223537 L4 vertebra fourth lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0004620 lumbar vertebra 4 UBERON:0004620 FMA The fourth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:L4_Vertebra UMLS:C0223537 ncithesaurus:L4_Vertebra L4 vertebra FMA:13075 fourth lumbar vertebra FMA:13075 The fifth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19573 FMA:13076 MA:0001432 NCIT:C32903 SCTID:181845008 UMLS:C0223552 L5 vertebra fifth lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0004621 lumbar vertebra 5 UBERON:0004621 FMA The fifth lumbar vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:L5_Vertebra UMLS:C0223552 ncithesaurus:L5_Vertebra L5 vertebra FMA:13076 fifth lumbar vertebra FMA:13076 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19588 FMA:13077 MA:0001434 NCIT:C33498 SCTID:181846009 UMLS:C0223598 S1 vertebra first sacral segment first sacral vertebra first segment of sacrum uberon UBERON:0004622 sacral vertebra 1 UBERON:0004622 UMLS:C0223598 ncithesaurus:S1_Vertebra S1 vertebra FMA:13077 first sacral segment FMA:13077 first sacral vertebra FMA:13077 first segment of sacrum FMA:13077 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19589 FMA:13078 MA:0001435 NCIT:C33499 SCTID:181847000 UMLS:C0223599 S2 vertebra second sacral segment second sacral vertebra second segment of sacrum uberon UBERON:0004623 sacral vertebra 2 UBERON:0004623 UMLS:C0223599 ncithesaurus:S2_Vertebra S2 vertebra FMA:13078 second sacral segment FMA:13078 second sacral vertebra FMA:13078 second segment of sacrum FMA:13078 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19590 FMA:13079 MA:0001436 NCIT:C33500 SCTID:181848005 UMLS:C0223600 S3 vertebra third sacral segment third sacral vertebra third segment of sacrum uberon UBERON:0004624 sacral vertebra 3 UBERON:0004624 UMLS:C0223600 ncithesaurus:S3_Vertebra S3 vertebra FMA:13079 third sacral segment FMA:13079 third sacral vertebra FMA:13079 third segment of sacrum FMA:13079 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19591 FMA:13080 MA:0001437 NCIT:C33501 SCTID:181849002 UMLS:C0223601 S4 vertebra fourth sacral segment fourth sacral vertebra fourth segment of sacrum uberon UBERON:0004625 sacral vertebra 4 UBERON:0004625 UMLS:C0223601 ncithesaurus:S4_Vertebra S4 vertebra FMA:13080 fourth sacral segment FMA:13080 fourth sacral vertebra FMA:13080 fourth segment of sacrum FMA:13080 The first thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19542 FMA:9165 MA:0001438 NCIT:C33720 SCTID:181828003 UMLS:C0459933 T1 vertebra first dorsal vertebra first thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004626 thoracic vertebra 1 UBERON:0004626 The first thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T1_Vertebra UMLS:C0459933 ncithesaurus:T1_Vertebra T1 vertebra FMA:9165 first dorsal vertebra FMA:9165 first thoracic vertebra FMA:9165 The second thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19543 FMA:9187 MA:0001439 NCIT:C33724 SCTID:181829006 UMLS:C0459936 T2 vertebra second dorsal vertebra second thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004627 thoracic vertebra 2 UBERON:0004627 FMA The second thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T2_Vertebra UMLS:C0459936 ncithesaurus:T2_Vertebra T2 vertebra FMA:9187 second dorsal vertebra FMA:9187 second thoracic vertebra FMA:9187 The third thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19544 FMA:9209 MA:0001440 NCIT:C33725 SCTID:181830001 UMLS:C0459952 T3 vertebra third dorsal vertebra third thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004628 thoracic vertebra 3 UBERON:0004628 FMA The third thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T3_Vertebra UMLS:C0459952 ncithesaurus:T3_Vertebra T3 vertebra FMA:9209 third dorsal vertebra FMA:9209 third thoracic vertebra FMA:9209 The fourth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19545 FMA:9248 MA:0001441 NCIT:C33726 SCTID:181831002 UMLS:C0459951 T4 vertebra fourth dorsal vertebra fourth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004629 thoracic vertebra 4 UBERON:0004629 FMA The fourth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T4_Vertebra UMLS:C0459951 ncithesaurus:T4_Vertebra T4 vertebra FMA:9248 fourth dorsal vertebra FMA:9248 fourth thoracic vertebra FMA:9248 The fifth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19546 FMA:9922 MA:0001442 NCIT:C33727 SCTID:181832009 UMLS:C0459950 T5 vertebra fifth dorsal vertebra fifth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004630 thoracic vertebra 5 UBERON:0004630 FMA The fifth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T5_Vertebra UMLS:C0459950 ncithesaurus:T5_Vertebra T5 vertebra FMA:9922 fifth dorsal vertebra FMA:9922 fifth thoracic vertebra FMA:9922 The sixth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19547 FMA:9945 MA:0001443 NCIT:C33728 SCTID:181834005 UMLS:C0459949 T6 vertebra sixth dorsal vertebra sixth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004631 thoracic vertebra 6 UBERON:0004631 FMA The sixth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T6_Vertebra UMLS:C0459949 ncithesaurus:T6_Vertebra T6 vertebra FMA:9945 sixth dorsal vertebra FMA:9945 sixth thoracic vertebra FMA:9945 The seventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19548 FMA:9968 MA:0001444 NCIT:C33729 SCTID:181835006 UMLS:C0459947 T7 vertebra seventh dorsal vertebra seventh thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004632 thoracic vertebra 7 UBERON:0004632 FMA The seventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T7_Vertebra UMLS:C0459947 ncithesaurus:T7_Vertebra T7 vertebra FMA:9968 seventh dorsal vertebra FMA:9968 seventh thoracic vertebra FMA:9968 The ninth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19550 FMA:10014 MA:0001446 NCIT:C33731 SCTID:181837003 UMLS:C0459954 Ninth dorsal vertebra T9 vertebra ninth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004633 thoracic vertebra 9 UBERON:0004633 FMA The ninth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T9_Vertebra UMLS:C0459954 ncithesaurus:T9_Vertebra Ninth dorsal vertebra FMA:10014 T9 vertebra FMA:10014 ninth thoracic vertebra FMA:10014 The tenth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19551 FMA:10037 MA:0001447 NCIT:C33721 SCTID:181838008 UMLS:C0459955 T10 vertebra tenth dorsal vertebra tenth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004634 thoracic vertebra 10 UBERON:0004634 FMA The tenth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T10_Vertebra UMLS:C0459955 ncithesaurus:T10_Vertebra T10 vertebra FMA:10037 tenth dorsal vertebra FMA:10037 tenth thoracic vertebra FMA:10037 The eleventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19552 FMA:10059 MA:0001448 NCIT:C33722 SCTID:181839000 UMLS:C0459956 T11 vertebra eleventh dorsal vertebra eleventh thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004635 thoracic vertebra 11 UBERON:0004635 FMA The eleventh thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T11_Vertebra UMLS:C0459956 ncithesaurus:T11_Vertebra T11 vertebra FMA:10059 eleventh dorsal vertebra FMA:10059 eleventh thoracic vertebra FMA:10059 The twelfth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. elements are to be defined spatially/topologically EMAPA:19553 FMA:10081 MA:0001449 NCIT:C33723 SCTID:181840003 UMLS:C0459957 T12 vertebra twelfth dorsal vertebra twelfth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0004636 thoracic vertebra 12 UBERON:0004636 FMA The twelfth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T12_Vertebra UMLS:C0459957 ncithesaurus:T12_Vertebra T12 vertebra FMA:10081 twelfth dorsal vertebra FMA:10081 twelfth thoracic vertebra FMA:10081 An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart. BTO:0000766 CALOHA:TS-2155 EMAPA:35176 MA:0000709 NCIT:C53395 TAO:0005257 UMLS:C1706972 ZFA:0005257 uberon UBERON:0004638 blood vessel endothelium UBERON:0004638 An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1706972 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel_Endothelium The polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein. should not be confused with the anatomic lobes of the liver (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, left lobe, and right lobe), or any of the functional lobe classification systems.[WP] EMAPA:35499 FMA:14471 MA:0002494 NCIT:C32732 SCTID:362194004 UMLS:C0227518 Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver hepatic lobule lobuli hepatici lobulus hepaticus uberon lobules of liver lobuli hepatis UBERON:0004647 liver lobule UBERON:0004647 FMA FMA MA The polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0008987 UMLS:C0227518 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Lobule hepatic lobule FMA:14471 lobuli hepatici lobulus hepaticus FMA:14471 lobules of liver Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver lobuli hepatis Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. FMA:74865 MA:0002787 keratinized epithelium of tongue uberon UBERON:0004650 tongue keratinized epithelium UBERON:0004650 A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic keratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:74865 The triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula which separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa and where the trapezius and deltoid muscles are attached. homology debated the cleithrum, the major shoulder bone of extinct land vertebrate ancestors,.. appears to survive as the scapular spine in living mammals[Matsuoka, PMC1352163] EMAPA:25123 FMA:13453 MA:0002806 SCTID:181916005 Wikipedia:Spine_of_scapula spine of scapula uberon scapular spine spina scapulae UBERON:0004651 scapula spine UBERON:0004651 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png FMA The triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula which separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa and where the trapezius and deltoid muscles are attached. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0004347 homology debated UBERON:0004741 PMC1352163 not_accepted the cleithrum, the major shoulder bone of extinct land vertebrate ancestors,.. appears to survive as the scapular spine in living mammals[Matsuoka, PMC1352163] UBERON:0004741 PMC1352163 not_accepted spine of scapula FMA:13453 scapular spine FMA:13453 MA:0002806 spina scapulae Wikipedia:Spine_of_scapula The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. EMAPA:25051 FMA:13305 MA:0002807 NCIT:C120671 SCTID:181927007 Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus body of humerus corpus humeri diaphysis of humerus humeral diaphysis shaft of humerus uberon body of the humerus medial humerus shaft of the humerus UBERON:0004652 humerus diaphysis UBERON:0004652 The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus body of humerus FMA:13305 corpus humeri FMA:13305 FMA:TA diaphysis of humerus FMA:13305 humeral diaphysis FMA:13305 shaft of humerus FMA:13305 body of the humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus medial humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus shaft of the humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. EMAPA:35139 FMA:14156 MA:0002901 aortic wall wall of aorta uberon UBERON:0004663 aorta wall UBERON:0004663 An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 aortic wall FMA:14156 wall of aorta FMA:14156 The outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers. EMAPA:35136 FMA:14283 MA:0002902 SCTID:24996002 tunica adventitia of aorta uberon UBERON:0004664 aorta tunica adventitia UBERON:0004664 The outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0009871 tunica adventitia of aorta FMA:14283 A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29773 FMA:19404 MA:0002913 muscle layer of seminal vesicle muscular coat of seminal gland muscular layer of seminal gland tunica muscularis (vesicula seminalis) tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae uberon UBERON:0004665 muscular coat of seminal vesicle UBERON:0004665 A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of seminal vesicle FMA:19404 muscular coat of seminal gland FMA:19404 muscular layer of seminal gland FMA:19404 tunica muscularis (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19404 tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19404 FMA:TA The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum[GO:0003149]. UBERON:0004143 membranous septum ventricle membranous septum ventricular membranous septum EHDAA2:0004596 EMAPA:18246 FMA:7135 MA:0002939 SCTID:278228007 VHOG:0000927 cardiac ventricular membranous septum membranous interventricular septum membranous part interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum membranous portion of interventricular septum pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) pars membranacea septi interventricularis uberon membranous interventricular septum UBERON:0004666 interventricular septum membranous part UBERON:0004666 Wikipedia The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. MP:0008823 The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum[GO:0003149]. GO:0003149 membranous septum GO:0003149 ventricle membranous septum VT:0000018 ventricular membranous septum MP:0008823 cardiac ventricular membranous septum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 membranous interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous part interventricular septum VHOG:0000927 membranous part of interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous portion of interventricular septum FMA:7135 pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) FMA:7135 pars membranacea septi interventricularis FMA:7135 FMA:TA membranous interventricular septum MA:0002939 The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum[GO] UBERON:0004144 muscular septum EHDAA2:0000885 EHDAA:2607 EMAPA:18247 FMA:7134 MA:0002940 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000888 cardiac ventricular muscular septum muscular interventricular septum muscular part interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) pars muscularis septi interventricularis septum membranaceum ventricular muscular septum uberon muscular interventricular septum UBERON:0004667 interventricular septum muscular part UBERON:0004667 The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum#Portions http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum[GO] GO:0003150 muscular septum GO:0003150 cardiac ventricular muscular septum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscular interventricular septum FMA:7134 muscular part of interventricular septum FMA:7134 pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) FMA:7134 pars muscularis septi interventricularis FMA:7134 FMA:TA septum membranaceum muscular interventricular septum MA:0002940 The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. BAMS:RA EMAPA:35721 FMA:84017 MA:0003147 MESH:D011903 NCIT:C97335 NLXANAT:20090205 TAO:0001429 UMLS:C0034671 Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei ZFA:0001429 neuronames:2495 nuclei raphes raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set uberon nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nucleus raphe of mesenchephalon set of raphe nuclei UBERON:0004684 we treat NR obscurus, NR magnus etc as parts of the raphe nuclei. This is consistent with treatment in FMA, where the class is 'set of raphe nuclei' raphe nuclei UBERON:0004684 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png GO Wikipedia Wikipedia The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. NLXANAT:20090205 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3248146&group_id=36855&atid=440764 UMLS:C0034671 ncithesaurus:Raphe_Nuclei nuclei raphes FMA:84017 FMA:TA raphe nuclei FMA:84017 NLXANAT:20090205 raphe nuclei set FMA:84017 nuclei raphes Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe cluster Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe nucleus ZFA:0001429 raphe of mesenchephalon BAMS:RA set of raphe nuclei FMA:84017 The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37496 FMA:10636 MA:0001939 SCTID:244225009 Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk costocervical trunk trunk of costocervical artery uberon truncus costocervicalis UBERON:0004688 costo-cervical trunk UBERON:0004688 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk EMAPA:37496 MA:th costocervical trunk FMA:10636 trunk of costocervical artery FMA:10636 truncus costocervicalis Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk An epithelium that is part of an external naris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18596 MA:0001321 uberon UBERON:0004692 external naris epithelium UBERON:0004692 An epithelium that is part of an external naris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36503 MA:0000704 uberon UBERON:0004695 arterial system smooth muscle UBERON:0004695 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36613 MA:0000715 uberon UBERON:0004696 venous system smooth muscle UBERON:0004696 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37800 MA:0000713 NCIT:C49318 UMLS:C1710623 uberon UBERON:0004698 vena cava endothelium UBERON:0004698 An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37800 MA:th UMLS:C1710623 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000490 VHOG:0001524 uberon UBERON:0004699 outflow tract endothelium UBERON:0004699 An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001524 VHOG DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35145 MA:0000703 NCIT:C49329 UMLS:C1706849 uberon UBERON:0004700 arterial system endothelium UBERON:0004700 An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1706849 ncithesaurus:Arterial_System_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35907 MA:0000714 NCIT:C49320 UMLS:C1710626 uberon UBERON:0004701 venous system endothelium UBERON:0004701 An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710626 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35732 MA:0001805 uberon UBERON:0004702 respiratory system blood vessel endothelium UBERON:0004702 A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. Anatomical space that is a concavity, shallow depression, or groove on a bone.[TAO] General Anatomical term in FMA; not restricted to bone in ncit; surface feature in VSAO; note that entities named 'fossa' are cavities in FMA, hence placement here fossa AAO:0010439 FMA:45791 TAO:0001743 UMLS:C0836913 VSAO:0005069 Wikipedia:Fossa#Anatomy ZFA:0005388 uberon concavities concavity depression depressions fossae groove UBERON:0004704 bone fossa UBERON:0004704 FMA-implied A depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. Wikipedia:Fossa#Anatomy Anatomical space that is a concavity, shallow depression, or groove on a bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001743 TAO TAO:wd General Anatomical term in FMA; not restricted to bone in ncit; surface feature in VSAO; note that entities named 'fossa' are cavities in FMA, hence placement here FMA UMLS:C0836913 ncithesaurus:Fossa concavities TAO:0001743 concavity TAO:0001743 depression TAO:0001743 depressions TAO:0001743 fossae TAO:0001743 groove TAO:0001743 A transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches. TODO - check relationship to bulbus arteriosus A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000197 EHDAA:438 EHDAA:768 EMAPA:16333 FMA:70300 NCIT:C34114 SCTID:361525002 UMLS:C1284055 Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis primitive right ventricle endocardium uberon UBERON:0004706 bulbus cordis UBERON:0004706 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray466.png A transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010568 A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000173 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C1284055 ncithesaurus:Bulbus_Cordis primitive right ventricle endocardium EHDAA2:0000197 A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. Corresponds to E7-E11 in Mouse (Galis et al, TREE, 2001) DrerDO:0000052 EFO:0001310 OGES:000006 Wikipedia:Pharyngula ZFS:0000050 phylotypic stage uberon pharyngula UBERON:0004707 pharyngula stage UBERON:0004707 A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. Wikipedia:Pharyngula An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. this class is the union of the classes limb, pectoral fin and pelvic fin. UBERON:0009872 VSAO:0000067 girdle-associated appendage limb or fin limb/fin pectoral or pelvic appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage jointed paired lateral appendage paired appendage uberon UBERON:0004708 paired limb/fin UBERON:0004708 VSAO VSAO definitional An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. UBERON:cjm https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/9029 girdle-associated appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pectoral or pelvic appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic/pectoral appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 jointed paired lateral appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 paired appendage VSAO:0000067 Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. UBERON:0009876 posterior appendage VSAO:0000126 hindlimb/pelvic fin pelvic appendage pelvic limb/fin posterior limb/fin posterior paired appendage uberon UBERON:0004709 pelvic appendage UBERON:0004709 definitional lexical Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. VSAO:0000150 hindlimb/pelvic fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic appendage VSAO:0000126 pelvic limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 posterior paired appendage VSAO:0000126 Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0009875 anterior appendage VHOG:0001753 VSAO:0000125 anterior limb/fin anterior paired appendage forelimb - pectoral fin forelimb or pectoral fin forelimb/pectoral fin pectoral limb/fin uberon UBERON:0004710 pectoral appendage UBERON:0004710 definitional Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. VSAO:0000150-modified While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001753 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ anterior limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 anterior paired appendage VSAO:0000148 forelimb - pectoral fin VHOG:0001753 forelimb or pectoral fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forelimb/pectoral fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pectoral limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. BTO:0001744 CALOHA:TS-0497 EMAPA:18638 GAID:536 MA:0002154 MESH:D007601 NCIT:C12738 SCTID:244403000 UMLS:C0022427 Wikipedia:Jugular_vein uberon jugular vena jugularis UBERON:0004711 jugular vein UBERON:0004711 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray558.png The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. Wikipedia:Jugular_vein UMLS:C0022427 ncithesaurus:Jugular_Vein vena jugularis BTO:0001744 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. EHDAA2 places this as a subtype of organism. This leads to the inference that a conceptus is an embryo (if an embryo is defined as an organism at embryo stage), which eliminates the embryonic + extra-embryonic = conceptus AEO:0000194 BTO:0003834 EHDAA2:0000001 EHDAA2:0003235 EMAPA:36040 NCIT:C34131 UMLS:C1516779 Wikipedia:Conceptus embryo plus adnexa uberon UBERON:0004716 conceptus UBERON:0004716 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. BTO:0003834 Wikipedia:Conceptus UMLS:C1516779 ncithesaurus:Conceptus Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. WBls:0000023 uberon UBERON:0004729 nematode larval stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/567 UBERON:0004729 Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GO:0002119 A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). We take the definition of neuromere from Puelles et al, although the existence of mesomeres and prosomeres may not be widely accepted A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[ZFA] 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z NLX:147842 TAO:0001328 Wikipedia:Neuromere ZFA:0001328 neural tube metameric segment neural tube segment neuromere neuromeres uberon neural metamere neural segment UBERON:0004731 neuromere UBERON:0004731 A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.004 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/318 A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[ZFA] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001328 TAO ZFIN:curator neural tube metameric segment http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuromeres TAO:0001328 Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. revisit this after CARO is revised and/or we have defined metameric segment; note that with the additional of an A/P axis constraint this corresponds to what Richter at al call a neuromere (PMID:21062451) uberon neuromere UBERON:0004732 segmental subdivision of nervous system UBERON:0004732 Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. FBbt:00005140 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuromere FBbt:00005140 An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61998 hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain uberon UBERON:0004733 segmental subdivision of hindbrain UBERON:0004733 An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindbrain segment FMA:61998 segment of hindbrain FMA:61998 Organism at the gastrula stage. We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here UBERON:0007012 BILA:0000060 BTO:0001403 FBbt:00005317 FMA:293108 GAID:1302 MESH:D005775 MIAA:0000179 NCIT:C34057 NCIT:C34058 UMLS:C0017199 UMLS:C1284022 Wikipedia:Gastrula Wikipedia:Trilaminar_blastocyst gastrula embryo uberon blastocystis trilaminaris tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disk trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar disc trilaminar disk trilaminar germ UBERON:0004734 gastrula UBERON:0004734 Organism at the gastrula stage. Wikipedia:Gastrula Wikipedia:Trilaminar_blastocyst We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here NCIT UMLS:C0017199 ncithesaurus:Gastrula UMLS:C1284022 ncithesaurus:Trilaminar_Embryonic_Disc gastrula embryo BILA:0000060 blastocystis trilaminaris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tri-laminar disc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tri-laminar disk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastocyst https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar germ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. VHOG:0000983 collecting duct of metanephros uberon metanephric collecting tubule UBERON:0004737 metanephric collecting duct UBERON:0004737 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Wikipedia-abduced A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metanephric collecting tubule VHOG:0000983 The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians, extending to the whole lower jaw in mammals[VHOG,modified]. Dermal bone that is usually the anteriormost bone of the lower jaw, and that articulates with the angular, or anguloarticular bone, posteriorly, and carries part of the mandibular sensory canal and pore openings of the mandibular sensory canal on its lateral surface. The dentary is a paired bone.[TAO] Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of Meckel's cartilage thereby forming the lateral side of the mandible in anurans and salamanders (Duellman & Trueb, 1994:293). In caecilians, the dentary is part of a compound bone termed the pseudodentary.[AAO] The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well. This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular. AAO:0000124 EFO:0003508 TAO:0000191 VHOG:0001022 ZFA:0000191 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif dentaries dentary bone uberon dentale os dentale sur-angulaire UBERON:0004742 dentary UBERON:0004742 ZFA mandibular series ISBN:0073040584 ZFA EHDAA2 EHDAA2-modified The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians, extending to the whole lower jaw in mammals[VHOG,modified]. VHOG:0001022 Dermal bone that is usually the anteriormost bone of the lower jaw, and that articulates with the angular, or anguloarticular bone, posteriorly, and carries part of the mandibular sensory canal and pore openings of the mandibular sensory canal on its lateral surface. The dentary is a paired bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000191 TAO TAO:GA_TG Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of Meckel's cartilage thereby forming the lateral side of the mandible in anurans and salamanders (Duellman & Trueb, 1994:293). In caecilians, the dentary is part of a compound bone termed the pseudodentary.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000124 AAO AAO:LAP The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001022 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000191 TAO Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001022 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dentaries TAO:0000191 dentary bone ZFA:0000191 dentale AAO:0000124 os dentale AAO:0000124 sur-angulaire AAO:0000124 Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull[TAP,modified]. Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull. It forms the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. Commonly the supraoccipital articulates with the parietals anteriorly, the epiotics laterally, and the exoccipitals posteroventrally. The supraoccipital is an unpaired median bone.[TAO] The supraoccipital ties the occiput to the dermal skull table.[Palaeos] a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young..[TFD] relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] See Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.237 Table 7.1; usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young UBERON:0005237 EMAPA:36618 MA:0001474 SCTID:95947006 TAO:0000595 VHOG:0001150 ZFA:0000595 supraoccipital uberon UBERON:0004747 supraoccipital bone UBERON:0004747 Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull[TAP,modified]. TAO:0000595 Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull. It forms the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. Commonly the supraoccipital articulates with the parietals anteriorly, the epiotics laterally, and the exoccipitals posteroventrally. The supraoccipital is an unpaired median bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000595 TAO TAO:GA_TG The supraoccipital ties the occiput to the dermal skull table.[Palaeos] 2012-09-06 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/occiput.html a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young..[TFD] 2012-09-06 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Supraoccipital relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000595 TAO relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000595 TAO See Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.237 Table 7.1; usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young PMID:10742104 supraoccipital VHOG:0001150 Skeletal element that consists of the scapula and the coracoid[VSAO, modified]. todo - decide whether to create separate classes for cartilage & ossified. Wikipedia considers this absent in Therians, but if considered as a grouping of scapula and coracoid then it would be present Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid.[AAO] Pectoral fin cartilage that consists of a paired cartilaginous plate of the embryonic primary pectoral girdle and from which the scapular and coracaoid bones ossify.[TAO] either a fusion of the scapula and coracoid (the two main bones of the shoulder girdle), or the scapula & coracoid considered as a single structural unit.[Palaeos] relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] ZFA defines as precursor to scapula and coracoid. Cartilage in TAO AAO:0000781 TAO:0001455 VSAO:0005002 Wikipedia:Scapulocoracoid ZFA:0001455 scapulocoracoideum coraco-scapular cartilage scapulo-coracoid cartilage scapulocoracoid cartilage uberon UBERON:0004753 scapulocoracoid UBERON:0004753 VSAO Skeletal element that consists of the scapula and the coracoid[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0005002 Wikipedia:Scapulocoracoid https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/125 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/66 Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000781 AAO AAO:LAP Pectoral fin cartilage that consists of a paired cartilaginous plate of the embryonic primary pectoral girdle and from which the scapular and coracaoid bones ossify.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001455 TAO TAO:GA_TG ZFIN:curator either a fusion of the scapula and coracoid (the two main bones of the shoulder girdle), or the scapula & coracoid considered as a single structural unit.[Palaeos] 2012-09-10 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryS.html relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000781 AAO ZFA defines as precursor to scapula and coracoid. Cartilage in TAO ZFA scapulocoracoideum VSAO:0005002 coraco-scapular cartilage ZFA:0001455 scapulo-coracoid cartilage TAO:0001455 scapulocoracoid cartilage TAO:0001455 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]. A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] EMAPA:37744 MA:0003047 SCTID:309311006 VSAO:0000015 XAO:0004038 ZFA:0005619 uberon UBERON:0004755 Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates. Editors notes: TODO - develops_from skeletal tissue UBERON:0004755 VSAO 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000015 VSAO A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000015 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/134 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000015 taken from version of VSAO used in TAO and used directly in Uberon VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 EMAPA:37744 MA:th Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. dermal element uberon UBERON:0004756 dermal skeletal element UBERON:0004756 Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/206 dermal element VSAO:curator A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27221 EMAPA:27233 EMAPA:27543 FMA:15720 FMA:15724 NCIT:C32068 SCTID:245448005 UMLS:C0162322 Wikipedia:Anal_gland gland of anal canal uberon anal gland anal sac gland of anus rectal gland UBERON:0004760 gland of anal canal UBERON:0004760 A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Anal_gland UMLS:C0162322 ncithesaurus:Anal_Gland gland of anal canal OBOL:automatic anal sac Wikipedia:Anal_gland The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) AAO:0000094 AAO:0010153 EHDAA:6031 FMA:76621 NCIT:C34121 SCTID:155540009 UMLS:C1516496 Wikipedia:Chondrocranium XAO:0003059 cartilaginous chondocranium cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull uberon cartilaginous skull chondocranium embryonic chondocranium neurocranium UBERON:0004761 cartilaginous neurocranium UBERON:0004761 FMA PMC1571569 The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) FMA UMLS:C1516496 ncithesaurus:Chondrocranium chondocranium Wikipedia:Chondrocranium neurocranium Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type (it is under bone tissue and connective tissue; there are no child classes) MA:0002837 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification uberon UBERON:0004764 intramembranous bone tissue UBERON:0004764 Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type (it is under bone tissue and connective tissue; there are no child classes) MA Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] AAO:0011129 TAO:0001890 VSAO:0000128 XAO:0004012 ZFA:0005494 galen:SkeletalStructure uberon UBERON:0004765 skeletal element UBERON:0004765 VSAO Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000128 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001890 TAO TAO:VSAO_workshop A bone that is part of a cranium. here cranium = skull - mandible SCTID:181792001 cranium bone uberon UBERON:0004766 cranial bone UBERON:0004766 A bone that is part of a cranium. UBERON:automatic cranium bone UBERON:automatic A tooth that is on the vomer. Tooth that is attached to the vomer.[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of vomer (TAO:0000308) CHANGED TO: attaches_to vomer (UBERON:0002396)[TAO] AAO:0000635 TAO:0001631 uberon UBERON:0004767 vomerine tooth UBERON:0004767 A tooth that is on the vomer. http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Vomerine%20teeth Tooth that is attached to the vomer.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001631 TAO TAO:wd relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of vomer (TAO:0000308) CHANGED TO: attaches_to vomer (UBERON:0002396)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001631 TAO Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular. Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified lower jaw bone uberon UBERON:0004768 bone of lower jaw UBERON:0004768 Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. The main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat)[WP][FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis]. EMAPA:35504 FMA:24013 GAID:189 MESH:D018483 SCTID:361729006 Wikipedia:Diaphysis body of long bone long bone diaphysis shaft of long bone uberon UBERON:0004769 diaphysis UBERON:0004769 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. FMA:24013 Wikipedia:Diaphysis Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. FMA:24013 The main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat)[WP][FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis]. FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. EMAPA:35150 FMA:23878 MA:0003007 SCTID:361827000 VSAO:0000181 joint system set of all joints of body uberon set of all joints set of joints of body UBERON:0004770 articular system UBERON:0004770 FMA Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. VSAO:0000181 joint system FMA:23878 set of all joints of body FMA:23878 set of joints of body FMA:23878 Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. One of the paired openings from the nasal cavities into the pharynx. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-6, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.[AAO] The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] Fish don't have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils In addition to tetrapods, the lungfish has internal nostrils too. In tetrapods the exhalant nostril (choana) empties into the buccal cavity. choana internal naris AAO:0000093 EHDAA2:0000242 EHDAA:7842 EMAPA:17849 FMA:53143 MA:0001323 SCTID:244507001 VHOG:0000545 Wikipedia:Posterior_nasal_apertures XAO:0000277 posterior nasal apperture uberon choanae nasopharyngeal naris posterior choana posterior naris UBERON:0004771 posterior nasal aperture UBERON:0004771 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Gray855.png Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. AAO:0000093 Wikipedia:Posterior_nasal_apertures One of the paired openings from the nasal cavities into the pharynx. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-6, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000545 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000093 AAO AAO:LAP The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000545 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Fish don't have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils WP choana Wikipedia:Choane XAO:0000277 internal naris MA:0001323 posterior nasal apperture XAO:0000277 choanae VHOG:0000545 posterior choana HP:0004496 posterior naris VHOG:0000545 A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37578 MA:0001822 apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004777 respiratory system submucosa UBERON:0004777 A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37578 MA:th apparatus respiratorius submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic submucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35474 FMA:321584 MA:0002728 SCTID:361941005 submucosa of larynx uberon laryngeal submucosa UBERON:0004778 larynx submucosa UBERON:0004778 A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of larynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal submucosa EMAPA:35474 A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37576 MA:0001821 apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa uberon UBERON:0004779 respiratory system lamina propria UBERON:0004779 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37576 MA:th apparatus respiratorius lamina propria OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. MA:0001899 NCIT:C49299 UMLS:C1708197 uberon UBERON:0004780 gastrointestinal system lamina propria UBERON:0004780 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708197 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract_Lamina_Propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35371 FMA:278594 MA:0001633 NCIT:C49228 UMLS:C1708175 gall bladder lamina propria gall bladder lamina propria mucosa gallbladder lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder lamina propria of gall bladder lamina propria of gallbladder uberon biliary lamina propria UBERON:0004781 gallbladder lamina propria UBERON:0004781 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708175 ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Lamina_Propria gall bladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic gall bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gall bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gallbladder OBOL:automatic biliary lamina propria MA:0001633 A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37592 MA:0001522 digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system uberon UBERON:0004782 gastrointestinal system serosa UBERON:0004782 A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37592 MA:th digestive system serosa OBOL:automatic digestive system serous membrane OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of digestive system OBOL:automatic serosa of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of digestive system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35372 FMA:14659 MA:0001634 SCTID:362197006 gall bladder serosa gall bladder serous membrane gallbladder serous membrane serosa of gall bladder serosa of gallbladder serous coat of gallbladder serous membrane of gall bladder serous membrane of gallbladder tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) tunica serosa vesicae biliaris uberon biliary serosa UBERON:0004783 gallbladder serosa UBERON:0004783 A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gall bladder serosa OBOL:automatic gallbladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic serosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic serous coat of gallbladder FMA:14659 serous membrane of gall bladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gallbladder OBOL:automatic tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) FMA:14659 tunica serosa vesicae biliaris FMA:14659 FMA:TA biliary serosa MA:0001634 An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13884 MA:0002791 NCIT:C119295 anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle of heart uberon wall of ventricle UBERON:0004784 heart ventricle wall UBERON:0004784 An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle wall OBOL:automatic heart ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart wall OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart wall OBOL:automatic ventricular wall FMA:13884 wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle MA:0002791 The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. TODO - split respiratory tract mucosa from respiratory system mucosa BTO:0000973 EMAPA:18334 EMAPA:37577 FMA:302092 GAID:304 MA:0001827 MESH:D020545 apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane uberon laryngeal mucous membrane respiratory mucosa respiratory tract mucosa UBERON:0004785 respiratory system mucosa UBERON:0004785 The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. MESH:A04.760 MGI:cwg MP:0002277 EMAPA:37577 MA:th apparatus respiratorius mucosa OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucous membrane OBOL:automatic laryngeal mucous membrane EMAPA:18334 respiratory mucosa BTO:0000973 A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. BTO:0000546 BTO:0005568 EMAPA:36591 MA:0001521 SCTID:410433007 digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut uberon UBERON:0004786 The gut mucosa of amphioxus has insulin-secreting cells. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417468 gastrointestinal system mucosa UBERON:0004786 PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 BTO-modified A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic digestive tract mucosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gut mucosa BTO:0000546 gut mucuous membrane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mucosa of gut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37631 MA:0001767 mucous gland of larynx uberon UBERON:0004789 larynx mucous gland UBERON:0004789 A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37631 MA:th mucous gland of larynx OBOL:automatic A mucous gland that is part of the skin. See comments for 'skin mucus' EMAPA:35775 MA:0000148 mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin mucus gland skin of body mucous gland uberon UBERON:0004790 skin mucous gland UBERON:0004790 A mucous gland that is part of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mucous gland of entire skin OBOL:automatic mucous gland of skin of body OBOL:automatic skin mucus gland OBOL:automatic skin of body mucous gland OBOL:automatic A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002517 NCIT:C33255 UMLS:C1518866 endocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic endocrine secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis uberon UBERON:0004792 secretion of endocrine pancreas UBERON:0004792 A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1518866 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Endocrine_Secretion endocrine pancreas secretion OBOL:automatic pancreatic endocrine secretion ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Endocrine_Secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis OBOL:automatic A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002518 NCIT:C33256 UMLS:C1518867 exocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic exocrine secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis uberon UBERON:0004793 secretion of exocrine pancreas UBERON:0004793 A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1518867 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Exocrine_Secretion exocrine pancreas secretion OBOL:automatic pancreatic exocrine secretion ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Exocrine_Secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis OBOL:automatic A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:79662 MA:0002514 NCIT:C52555 UMLS:C0227179 esophageal secretion gullet secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus uberon UBERON:0004794 esophagus secretion UBERON:0004794 A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227179 ncithesaurus:Esophagus_Secretion esophageal secretion FMA:79662 gullet secretion OBOL:automatic oesophagus secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of esophagus OBOL:automatic secretion of gullet OBOL:automatic secretion of oesophagus OBOL:automatic A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002516 NCIT:C13270 UMLS:C0030296 pancreatic secretion secretion of pancreas uberon UBERON:0004795 pancreas secretion UBERON:0004795 A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0030296 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Secretion pancreatic secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pancreas OBOL:automatic Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. EMAPA:36296 MA:0002854 uberon UBERON:0004797 blood vessel layer UBERON:0004797 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Blood_vessels.svg Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi. BTO:0000419 CALOHA:TS-0023 EMAPA:32827 MA:0001480 SCTID:321764001 VHOG:0000981 epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon airway epithelium respiratory epithelium UBERON:0004802 respiratory tract epithelium UBERON:0004802 The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:anna MP:0010942 epithelial tissue of respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory tract OBOL:automatic respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic airway epithelium BTO:0000419 respiratory epithelium BTO:0000419 An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004039 EMAPA:35674 MA:0001742 epithelial tissue of penis epithelium of penis penis epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004803 penis epithelium UBERON:0004803 An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of penis OBOL:automatic epithelium of penis OBOL:automatic penis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label BTO:0002402 CALOHA:TS-1316 EMAPA:29043 MA:0001718 epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube oviduct epithelial tissue uberon columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube columnar epithelium of the oviduct fallopian tube epithelium UBERON:0004804 oviduct epithelium UBERON:0004804 An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA epithelial tissue of oviduct OBOL:automatic epithelium of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic epithelium of oviduct OBOL:automatic epithelium of uterine tube FMA:62016 oviduct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube BTO:0002402 columnar epithelium of the oviduct BTO:0002402 fallopian tube epithelium BTO:0002402 An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2069 EMAPA:29771 MA:0001745 NCIT:C49295 UMLS:C1710049 epithelial tissue of seminal gland epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle epithelium of seminal gland epithelium of seminal vesicle seminal gland epithelial tissue seminal gland epithelium seminal vesicle epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004805 seminal vesicle epithelium UBERON:0004805 An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710049 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle_Epithelium epithelial tissue of seminal gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelium OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29274 FMA:225317 MA:0001749 NCIT:C49315 UMLS:C1710617 deferent duct epithelial tissue deferent duct epithelium ductus deferens epithelial tissue ductus deferens epithelium epithelial tissue of deferent duct epithelial tissue of ductus deferens epithelial tissue of sperm duct epithelial tissue of vas deferen epithelial tissue of vas deferens epithelium of deferent duct epithelium of ductus deferens epithelium of sperm duct epithelium of vas deferen epithelium of vas deferens sperm duct epithelial tissue sperm duct epithelium vas deferen epithelial tissue vas deferen epithelium vas deferens epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004806 vas deferens epithelium UBERON:0004806 An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710617 ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens_Epithelium deferent duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic deferent duct epithelium OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of deferent duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sperm duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferen OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferens OBOL:automatic epithelium of deferent duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic epithelium of sperm duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferen OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferens OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelium OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelium OBOL:automatic vas deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-0023 EMAPA:32826 MA:0001823 VHOG:0000981 apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004807 respiratory system epithelium UBERON:0004807 An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic epithelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32683 MA:0001520 digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004808 gastrointestinal system epithelium UBERON:0004808 An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelium of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic The cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1305 BTO:0005239 EMAPA:36524 MA:0001681 NCIT:C49276 UMLS:C1709902 kidney tubule epithelium uberon UBERON:0004810 nephron tubule epithelium UBERON:0004810 The cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces. MGI:csmith MP:0009640 UMLS:C1709902 ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Epithelium kidney tubule epithelium MA:0001681 An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial) EMAPA:35307 MA:0002731 SCTID:253526009 endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium uberon uterine epithelium UBERON:0004811 endometrium epithelium UBERON:0004811 An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial) PMID:19829370 endometrium epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelium of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium OBOL:automatic uterine epithelium PMID:19829370 The stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. BTO:0001811 CALOHA:TS-0920 EHDAA:8148 EMAPA:35761 FMA:19885 GAID:401 MA:0001748 MESH:D012670 NCIT:C49296 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002009 UMLS:C0036629 VHOG:0000631 Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis epithelium of seminiferous tubule epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis germinal epithelium (male) male germinal epithelium seminiferous epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue testis germinal epithelium wall of seminiferous tubule uberon UBERON:0004813 seminiferous tubule epithelium UBERON:0004813 The stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. MGI:csmith MP:0011750 UMLS:C0036629 ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Epithelium epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis OBOL:automatic germinal epithelium (male) Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) male germinal epithelium Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) seminiferous epithelium BTO:0001811 seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic testis germinal epithelium VHOG:0000631 wall of seminiferous tubule Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35894 MA:0001912 epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract epithelium of upper respiratory tract upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004814 upper respiratory tract epithelium UBERON:0004814 An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of upper respiratory tract OBOL:automatic upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37549 MA:0001481 epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004815 lower respiratory tract epithelium UBERON:0004815 An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37549 MA:th epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx [ISBN:0-397-51047-0] EHDAA2:0004065 EMAPA:35472 MA:0001765 NCIT:C49247 UMLS:C0751258 epithelial tissue of larynx epithelium of larynx laryngeal epithelium larynx epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004816 larynx epithelium UBERON:0004816 An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0751258 ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Epithelium epithelial tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of larynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal epithelium OBOL:automatic larynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic The cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces. BTO:0000059 CALOHA:TS-0505 EMAPA:35457 MA:0002846 epithelial tissue of kidney epithelium of kidney kidney epithelial tissue uberon renal epithelium UBERON:0004819 kidney epithelium UBERON:0004819 The cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces. MGI:csmith MP:0004967 epithelial tissue of kidney OBOL:automatic epithelium of kidney OBOL:automatic kidney epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic renal epithelium EMAPA:35457 Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts. The irregularly shaped proliferating bile ducts are lined by normal cuboidal epithelium. BTO:0000417 MA:0001629 NCIT:C43616 UMLS:C1711208 biliary duct epithelium epithelium of bile duct epithelium of biliary duct uberon UBERON:0004820 bile duct epithelium UBERON:0004820 Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The irregularly shaped proliferating bile ducts are lined by normal cuboidal epithelium. BTO:0000417 UMLS:C1711208 ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct_Epithelium biliary duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of bile duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of biliary duct OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000742 EHDAA:3051 MA:0002661 NCIT:C43618 UMLS:C1711347 epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004822 extrahepatic bile duct epithelium UBERON:0004822 An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1711347 ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000743 EHDAA:3053 MA:0002662 NCIT:C43617 UMLS:C1708552 epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004823 intrahepatic bile duct epithelium UBERON:0004823 An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708552 ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37788 MA:0001690 skeletal muscle of urethra skeletal muscle tissue of urethra urethra skeletal muscle tissue uberon urethra skeletal muscle urethral skeletal muscle UBERON:0004829 urethra skeletal muscle tissue UBERON:0004829 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37788 MA:th skeletal muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic urethra skeletal muscle MA:0001690 urethral skeletal muscle MA:0001690 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37583 MA:0001829 respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004830 respiratory system skeletal muscle UBERON:0004830 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37583 MA:th respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36523 MA:0001572 esophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus uberon UBERON:0004831 Most muscle tissue lining the digestive tract is smooth, but part of the externa of the esophagus is skeletal esophagus skeletal muscle UBERON:0004831 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37393 MA:0001530 anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon UBERON:0004832 anal region skeletal muscle UBERON:0004832 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37393 MA:th anal part of perineum skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. this class is derived from MA. Consider re-modeling this as being a muscle that acts on the lips. See: Wikipedia:Lip#Muscles_acting_on_the_lips EMAPA:37642 MA:0001578 lip skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of lip skeletal muscle tissue of lip uberon UBERON:0004833 lip skeletal muscle UBERON:0004833 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37642 MA:th lip skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of lip OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of lip OBOL:automatic Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct. EMAPA:37598 MA:0001640 uberon UBERON:0004834 hepatic duct smooth muscle UBERON:0004834 Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37598 MA:th A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:30747 MA:0001736 epididymis involuntary muscle epididymis non-striated muscle epididymis smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of epididymis non-striated muscle of epididymis smooth muscle of epididymis smooth muscle tissue of epididymis uberon UBERON:0004835 epididymis smooth muscle UBERON:0004835 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epididymis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of epididymis OBOL:automatic An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37566 MA:0001801 apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery uberon UBERON:0004848 respiratory system arterial endothelium UBERON:0004848 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37566 MA:th apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system artery endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37585 MA:0001811 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004849 respiratory system venous endothelium UBERON:0004849 An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37585 MA:th apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein endothelium OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic The thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. BTO:0000394 CALOHA:TS-0047 EFO:0002597 EMAPA:35134 MA:0000701 NCIT:C49190 UMLS:C1706824 adult aorta endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium uberon aortic endothelium UBERON:0004851 aorta endothelium UBERON:0004851 The thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. MGI:csmith MP:0009864 UMLS:C1706824 ncithesaurus:Aorta_Endothelium adult aorta endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of adult aorta OBOL:automatic endothelium of aorta OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree endothelium OBOL:automatic trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium OBOL:automatic aortic endothelium BTO:0000394 An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. consider merging with 'endothelium' Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001853 EMAPA:35201 GAID:519 MA:0000717 MESH:D004730 NCIT:C13053 TAO:0002171 UMLS:C0014261 VHOG:0001217 XAO:0000356 ZFA:0001639 uberon endothelia vascular endothelia UBERON:0004852 cardiovascular system endothelium UBERON:0004852 An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001217 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014261 ncithesaurus:Vascular_Endothelium endothelia ZFA:0001639 vascular endothelia XAO:0000356 A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37068 MA:0001900 digestive system mesentery mesentery of digestive system mesentery of gastrointestinal system uberon UBERON:0004854 gastrointestinal system mesentery UBERON:0004854 A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37068 MA:th digestive system mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of digestive system OBOL:automatic mesentery of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. EMAPA:37743 MA:0002868 connective tissue of skeletal muscle connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle textus connectivus skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus textus connectivus of skeletal muscle textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue uberon skeletal muscle interstitial tissue skeletal muscle interstitum UBERON:0004857 skeletal muscle connective tissue UBERON:0004857 A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37743 MA:th connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle interstitial tissue MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitum MA:0002868 A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. EMAPA:35334 MA:0000267 eye-associated gland gland of eye uberon UBERON:0004859 Examples: harderian gland, accessory lacrimal gland, gland of Moll, gland of Zeis, nictitating membrane glands eye gland UBERON:0004859 A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 eye-associated gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gland of eye OBOL:automatic A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:76552 MESH:D012171 XAO:0004153 retina vasculature retina vasculature of camera-type eye retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels vasa sanguinea retinae uberon UBERON:0004864 vasculature of retina UBERON:0004864 A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic PMID:21622558 PMID:2772405 michaelerice retina vasculature GO:0061298 retina vasculature of camera-type eye GO:0061298 retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels set FMA:76552 retinal vasculature OBOL:automatic set of blood vessels of retina OBOL:automatic set of retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 vasa sanguinea retinae FMA:76552 FMA:TA Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO]. Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps inter-parietal joint (TAO:0005245)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps posttemporal-parietal joint (TAO:0002059)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] The parietal is a flat, commonly squarish or rectangular bone.[TAO] TAO:0000486 VHOG:0001327 ZFA:0000486 actinopterygian parietal frontal bone parietal bone uberon parietals post parietal UBERON:0004865 actinopterygian parietal bone UBERON:0004865 ZFA ZFA PMID:11523816 Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO]. TAO:0000486 TAO:GA_TG Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000486 TAO TAO:GA_TG relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000486 TAO relationship loss: overlaps inter-parietal joint (TAO:0005245)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000486 TAO relationship loss: overlaps posttemporal-parietal joint (TAO:0002059)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000486 TAO relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000486 TAO The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001327 VHOG ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The parietal is a flat, commonly squarish or rectangular bone.[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0000486 TAO Curator frontal bone FMA:52734 parietal bone TAO:0000486 parietals TAO:0000486 post parietal ZFA:0000486 Anatomical cavity bounded by the orbital region of the cranium and forming the location of some or all of the eye. note that the AAO and ZFA class is a cavity AAO:0000343 FMA:84961 SCTID:280541000 Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) ZFA:0005558 uberon orbit UBERON:0004867 orbital cavity UBERON:0004867 Anatomical cavity bounded by the orbital region of the cranium and forming the location of some or all of the eye. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 note that the AAO and ZFA class is a cavity AAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/462 orbit AAO:0000343 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. check BILA AAO:0011100 BILA:0000047 FMA:295570 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers XAO:0000271 outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm uberon parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm UBERON:0004871 somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0004871 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers parietal mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 somatic mesoderm BILA:0000047 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors visceral mesoderm AAO:0011102 BILA:0000044 FMA:295568 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers XAO:0000276 inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm uberon splanchnic mesoderm UBERON:0004872 splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0004872 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors BILA visceral mesoderm BILA:0000044 http://www.drugs.com/dict/visceral-mesoderm.html http://www.stedmans.com/ splanchnic mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. TODO - check relationship to LPM EHDAA2:0001903 EHDAA:383 EMAPA:16181 FMA:295564 NCIT:C34303 UMLS:C1519472 VHOG:0000558 Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure uberon ventral splanchnic mesoderm UBERON:0004873 splanchnopleure UBERON:0004873 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray16.png EHDAA2 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure UMLS:C1519472 ncithesaurus:Splanchnopleure ventral splanchnic mesoderm Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. Gives rise to the paired appendages in jawed vertebrates. a persistent somatopleure through the redistribution and expansion of the lateral plate mesoderm is a synapomorphy for gnathostomes and a critical step in generating a novel developmental module with dramatic evolutionary potentia (Tulenko et al. 2012) http://burkelab.research.wesleyan.edu/current-projects/lamprey/ sources differ as to whether this is part-of or develops-from the LPM EHDAA2:0001847 EHDAA:381 EMAPA:16180 FMA:295566 NCIT:C34301 UMLS:C1519423 VHOG:0000557 Wikipedia:Somatopleure uberon UBERON:0004874 somatopleure UBERON:0004874 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray16.png EHDAA2 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. Wikipedia:Somatopleure UMLS:C1519423 ncithesaurus:Somatopleure A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. FMA:72168 NCIT:C34219 SCTID:361405003 UMLS:C1283944 Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord uberon chorda nephrogenica UBERON:0004875 part_of or develops_from urogenital ridge? nephrogenic cord UBERON:0004875 A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord UMLS:C1283944 ncithesaurus:Nephrogenic_Cord chorda nephrogenica Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. Less commonly, urogenital fold refers to the fold in the mesonephros which is the precursor of e.g. the suspensory ligament of the ovary. This is the case in older versions of Gray's anatomy[WP] EHDAA2:0004022 EMAPA:30888 FMA:321919 Wikipedia:Urogenital_folds urethral fold urogenital fold uberon urogenital ridge UBERON:0004876 urogenital fold UBERON:0004876 EHDAA2 Wikipedia EHDAA2 One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. MP:0011835 MP:anna Wikipedia:Urogenital_folds urethral fold EMAPA:30888 urogenital fold EHDAA2:0004022 MP:0011835 urogenital ridge MP:0011835 The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord. Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. WP treats this as synonym of axial mesoderm. Induces neural tube. Gilbert: contains an anterior head process and the notochord. AAO:0000478 EFO:0003426 TAO:0000091 ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm dorsal mesoderm presumptive notochord uberon UBERON:0004880 chordamesoderm UBERON:0004880 The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 axial chorda mesoderm ZFA:0000091 dorsal mesoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest presumptive notochord ZFA:0000091 The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. EMAPA:32866 lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0004883 lung mesenchyme UBERON:0004883 The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. GO:0060484 lung-associated mesenchyme GO:0060484 mesenchyme of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary mesenchyme GO:0060484 The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra. we follow EHDAA2 in dividing the UGS into epithelium and lumen EHDAA2:0004061 EMAPA:31509 UGE epithelium of urogenital sinus uberon UBERON:0004902 urogenital sinus epithelium UBERON:0004902 EHDAA2 The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra. PMID:18977204 we follow EHDAA2 in dividing the UGS into epithelium and lumen EHDAA2 UGE PMID:18977204 epithelium of urogenital sinus OBOL:automatic A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila. optic nerve BTO:0000966 EV:0100351 FBbt:00001956 TADS:0000232 optic nerve (generic) uberon UBERON:0004904 for the vertebrate-specific structure, see UBERON:0000941 (cranial nerve II) neuron projection bundle connecting eye with brain UBERON:0004904 A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 optic nerve BTO:0000966 Anatomical structure that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. FBbt:00005811 joint uberon UBERON:0004905 articulation UBERON:0004905 Anatomical structure that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. ectodermal gut gut ectoderm uberon UBERON:0004906 ectodermal part of digestive tract UBERON:0004906 A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. GO:0007439 gut ectoderm EMAPA:32930 The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. MA class was moved from here. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L gut FMA:49179 NCIT:C33010 SCTID:279973004 UMLS:C0226875 Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract galen:LowerGastrointestinalTract lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0004907 lower digestive tract UBERON:0004907 The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract MA class was moved from here. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 MA WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L FMA gut GO:0048565 UMLS:C0226875 ncithesaurus:Lower_Gastrointestinal_Tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus FMA:49177 NCIT:C33837 SCTID:181244000 UMLS:C0226874 Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract galen:UpperGastrointestinalTract upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0004908 upper digestive tract UBERON:0004908 The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus FMA UMLS:C0226874 ncithesaurus:Upper_Gastrointestinal_Tract An epithelium surrounding a gonad. after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts EHDAA:4032 EHDAA:5931 NCIT:C32676 UMLS:C1517534 gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium uberon gonadal sheath UBERON:0004909 epithelium of gonad UBERON:0004909 An epithelium surrounding a gonad. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1517534 ncithesaurus:Germinal_Epithelium gonad epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal sheath FBbt:00004859 An epithelium surrounding a testis. after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts BTO:0001364 EMAPA:17973 testis epithelium uberon UBERON:0004910 epithelium of male gonad UBERON:0004910 An epithelium surrounding a testis. OBOL:automatic testis epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium surrounding an ovary. after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts BTO:0003661 ovarian epithelium ovary epithelium ovarian sheath uberon UBERON:0004911 epithelium of female gonad UBERON:0004911 An epithelium surrounding an ovary. OBOL:automatic ovarian epithelium OBOL:automatic ovary epithelium OBOL:automatic ovarian sheath FBbt:00004896 EHDAA2:0000171 EMAPA:16561 EMAPA_RETIRED:16565 VHOG:0001351 uberon hepatic diverticulum UBERON:0004912 biliary bud UBERON:0004912 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Gray1088.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2-modified hepatic diverticulum EMAPA:16561 A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. Ampulla formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct where they enter the intestine.[TAO] CALOHA:TS-2348 FMA:15076 GAID:283 MESH:D014670 NCIT:C13011 SCTID:362200007 TAO:0005167 UMLS:C0042425 Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater ZFA:0005167 galen:AmpullaOfVater Vater's ampulla ampulla biliaropancreatica ampulla of Vater ampulla of bile duct biliaropancreatic ampulla papilla Vateri uberon ampulla Vaterii ampulla hepatopancreatica papilla duodeni major UBERON:0004913 hepatopancreatic ampulla UBERON:0004913 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Biliary_system_new.svg A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater Ampulla formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct where they enter the intestine.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005167 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-070212-11 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080414-12 UMLS:C0042425 ncithesaurus:Ampulla_of_Vater ampulla biliaropancreatica FMA:15076 FMA:TA ampulla of bile duct FMA:15076 papilla Vateri ZFA:0005167 ampulla Vaterii Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater ampulla hepatopancreatica Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater papilla duodeni major ZFA:0005167 One of the two small elevations on the mucosa of the duodenum, the major at the entrance of the conjoined pancreatic and common bile ducts and the minor at the entrance of the accessory pancreatic duct. EMAPA:18662 FMA:15953 MA:0003107 NCIT:C119578 SCTID:245389007 papilla duodenalis papilla of duodenum uberon papilla duodeni UBERON:0004914 duodenal papilla UBERON:0004914 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray1057.png One of the two small elevations on the mucosa of the duodenum, the major at the entrance of the conjoined pancreatic and common bile ducts and the minor at the entrance of the accessory pancreatic duct. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/duodenal+papilla papilla duodeni Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla Muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. EMAPA:18663 FMA:15077 GAID:285 MESH:D009803 NCIT:C13065 SCTID:181271000 UMLS:C0028872 Wikipedia:Sphincter_of_ampulla Oddi's sphincter hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter musculus sphincter ampullae musculus sphincter ampullae hepatopancreatica sphincter of Oddi sphincter of ampulla of vater uberon UBERON:0004915 sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla UBERON:0004915 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray1057.png Muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. Wikipedia:Sphincter_of_ampulla UMLS:C0028872 ncithesaurus:Sphincter_of_Oddi hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter FMA:15077 musculus sphincter ampullae FMA:15077 musculus sphincter ampullae hepatopancreatica FMA:15077 FMA:TA sphincter of ampulla of vater FMA:15077 A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region. EMAPA:36052 anal region sphincter sphincter analia uberon UBERON:0004916 anal sphincter UBERON:0004916 A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. EMAPA:37789 MA:0002650 SCTID:277855007 SCTID:277857004 Wikipedia:Urethral_sphincter sphincter muscle of urethra sphincter of urethra sphincter urethrae urethral sphincter muscle uberon UBERON:0004917 urethral sphincter UBERON:0004917 A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. Wikipedia:Urethral_sphincter EMAPA:37789 MA:th A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct. FBbt:00100315 FMA:71131 uberon alimentary system subdivision gut section intestinal tract segment of intestinal tract subdivision of alimentary system UBERON:0004921 subdivision of digestive tract UBERON:0004921 A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 alimentary system subdivision FMA:71131 gut section FBbt:00100315 subdivision of alimentary system FMA:71131 A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. FMA:82485 uberon UBERON:0004923 organ component layer UBERON:0004923 A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. BTO:0002113 FMA:75144 SCTID:19594009 pharyngeal submucosa pharynx submucosa tela submucosa pharyngea tela submucosa pharyngis uberon pharyngobasilar fascia submucous coat of pharynx submucous layer of pharynx UBERON:0004924 submucosa of pharynx UBERON:0004924 The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. BTO:0002113 pharyngeal submucosa FMA:75144 pharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic tela submucosa pharyngea FMA:75144 FMA:TA tela submucosa pharyngis BTO:0002113 submucous coat of pharynx BTO:0002113 submucous layer of pharynx BTO:0002113 A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18013 cystic duct submucosa cystic ductal submucosa uberon UBERON:0004926 submucosa of cystic duct UBERON:0004926 A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cystic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic cystic ductal submucosa FMA:18013 A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15027 sigmoid colon submucosa uberon UBERON:0004932 submucosa of sigmoid colon UBERON:0004932 A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon submucosa OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17059 body of stomach submucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa gastric body submucosa stomach body submucosa submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa of gastric body submucosa of stomach body uberon UBERON:0004934 submucosa of body of stomach UBERON:0004934 A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic body of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body submucosa OBOL:automatic stomach body submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic submucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17060 antrum of stomach submucosa pyloric antrum submucosa stomach pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of antrum of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum uberon UBERON:0004936 submucosa of pyloric antrum UBERON:0004936 A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum submucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27201 FMA:17462 pyloric part of stomach submucosa pyloric submucosa pylorus submucosa stomach pyloric region submucosa submucosa of pyloric part of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric region uberon UBERON:0004937 submucosa of pylorus UBERON:0004937 A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic pylorus submucosa FMA:17462 OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18009 biliary tract submucosa biliary tree submucosa submucosa of biliary tract uberon UBERON:0004938 submucosa of biliary tree UBERON:0004938 A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic biliary tract submucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18011 common bile duct submucosa common bile ductal submucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) uberon UBERON:0004939 submucosa of common bile duct UBERON:0004939 A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic common bile duct submucosa OBOL:automatic common bile ductal submucosa FMA:18011 ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18014 common hepatic duct submucosa common hepatic ductal submucosa hepatic duct submucosa submucosa of hepatic duct uberon UBERON:0004940 submucosa of common hepatic duct UBERON:0004940 A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic common hepatic ductal submucosa FMA:18014 hepatic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18015 right hepatic duct submucosa right hepatic ductal submucosa uberon UBERON:0004941 submucosa of right hepatic duct UBERON:0004941 A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic right hepatic ductal submucosa FMA:18015 A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18017 left hepatic duct submucosa left hepatic ductal submucosa uberon UBERON:0004942 submucosa of left hepatic duct UBERON:0004942 A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct submucosa OBOL:automatic left hepatic ductal submucosa FMA:18017 The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. BTO:0002117 EMAPA:32275 FMA:15929 SCTID:88384001 bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder tela submucosa (vesica urinaria) tela submucosa vesicae tela submucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder submucosa uberon submucous layer of urinary bladder UBERON:0004943 submucosa of urinary bladder UBERON:0004943 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. BTO:0002117 bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic tela submucosa (vesica urinaria) FMA:15929 FMA:TA tela submucosa vesicae FMA:15929 FMA:TA tela submucosa vesicae urinariae BTO:0002117 urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucous layer of urinary bladder BTO:0002117 A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32276 FMA:17851 bladder neck submucosa neck of bladder submucosa neck of urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder neck submucosa of neck of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder neck submucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck submucosa vesical neck submucosa uberon UBERON:0004945 submucosa of neck of urinary bladder UBERON:0004945 A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic neck of bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic submucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic submucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic vesical neck submucosa OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62775 bronchiole submucosa uberon UBERON:0004952 submucosa of bronchiole UBERON:0004952 A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bronchiole submucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15894 SCTID:40476001 galen:MucousMembraneOfUreter mucosa of organ of ureter mucosal layer of ureter mucous membrane of ureter organ mucosa of ureter tunica mucosa (ureter) tunica mucosa ureteris ureter mucosa ureter mucosa of organ ureter mucous membrane ureter organ mucosa ureteral mucosa ureteric mucosa uberon UBERON:0004980 mucosa of ureter UBERON:0004980 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ureter OBOL:automatic mucosal layer of ureter FMA:15894 mucous membrane of ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ureter OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa (ureter) FMA:15894 tunica mucosa ureteris FMA:15894 FMA:TA ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ureteral mucosa FMA:15894 ureteric mucosa FMA:15894 A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19405 SCTID:252260007 mucosa of organ of seminal gland mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal vesicle organ mucosa of seminal gland organ mucosa of seminal vesicle seminal gland mucosa seminal gland mucosa of organ seminal gland mucous membrane seminal gland organ mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa of organ seminal vesicle mucous membrane seminal vesicle organ mucosa tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae uberon UBERON:0004984 mucosa of seminal vesicle UBERON:0004984 A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucous membrane OBOL:automatic seminal gland organ mucosa OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucous membrane OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19405 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19373 ejaculatory duct mucosa ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ ejaculatory duct mucous membrane ejaculatory duct organ mucosa ejaculatory ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct uberon UBERON:0004985 mucosa of ejaculatory duct UBERON:0004985 A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ejaculatory ductal mucosa FMA:19373 mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19240 SCTID:299626000 deferent duct mucosa deferent duct mucosa of organ deferent duct mucous membrane deferent duct organ mucosa deferent ductal mucosa ductus deferens mucosa ductus deferens mucosa of organ ductus deferens mucous membrane ductus deferens organ mucosa mucosa of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of deferent duct mucosa of organ of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of sperm duct mucosa of organ of vas deferen mucosa of organ of vas deferens mucosa of sperm duct mucosa of vas deferen mucosa of vas deferens mucous membrane of deferent duct mucous membrane of ductus deferens mucous membrane of sperm duct mucous membrane of vas deferen mucous membrane of vas deferens organ mucosa of deferent duct organ mucosa of ductus deferens organ mucosa of sperm duct organ mucosa of vas deferen organ mucosa of vas deferens sperm duct mucosa sperm duct mucosa of organ sperm duct mucous membrane sperm duct organ mucosa tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) tunica mucosa ductus deferentis vas deferen mucosa vas deferen mucosa of organ vas deferen mucous membrane vas deferen organ mucosa vas deferens mucosa vas deferens mucosa of organ vas deferens mucous membrane vas deferens organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0004986 mucosa of deferent duct UBERON:0004986 A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic deferent duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent ductal mucosa FMA:19240 ductus deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ductus deferens organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of deferent duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sperm duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferens OBOL:automatic mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferens OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of deferent duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sperm duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferens OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of deferent duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferens OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sperm duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) FMA:19240 tunica mucosa ductus deferentis FMA:19240 FMA:TA vas deferen mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vas deferen organ mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vas deferens organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14690 cystic duct mucosa cystic duct mucosa of organ cystic duct mucous membrane cystic duct organ mucosa cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucous membrane of cystic duct organ mucosa of cystic duct uberon UBERON:0004988 mucosa of cystic duct UBERON:0004988 A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cystic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cystic ductal mucosa FMA:14690 mucosa of organ of cystic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cystic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cystic duct OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15026 mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0004993 mucosa of sigmoid colon UBERON:0004993 A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17054 body of stomach mucosa body of stomach mucosa of organ body of stomach mucous membrane body of stomach organ mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa gastric body mucosa gastric body mucosa of organ gastric body mucous membrane gastric body organ mucosa mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of gastric body mucosa of organ of body of stomach mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ of gastric body mucosa of organ of stomach body mucosa of stomach body mucous membrane of body of stomach mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane of gastric body mucous membrane of stomach body organ mucosa of body of stomach organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa of gastric body organ mucosa of stomach body stomach body mucosa stomach body mucosa of organ stomach body mucous membrane stomach body organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0004995 mucosa of body of stomach UBERON:0004995 A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic body of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gastric body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric body organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of body of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach body OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of body of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach body OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of body of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach body organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004107 FMA:17055 antral mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa of organ antrum of stomach mucous membrane antrum of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane of antrum of stomach mucous membrane of pyloric antrum mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa of antrum of stomach organ mucosa of pyloric antrum organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum pyloric antrum mucosa pyloric antrum mucosa of organ pyloric antrum mucous membrane pyloric antrum organ mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa uberon gastric antrum mucosa UBERON:0004997 mucosa of pyloric antrum UBERON:0004997 BTO A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic antral mucosa BTO:0004107 antrum of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric antrum mucosa BTO:0004107 A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004110 EMAPA:27199 FMA:17461 mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ of pylorus mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region mucosa of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane of pylorus mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa of pylorus organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region pyloric part of stomach mucosa pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa pylorus mucosa pylorus mucosa of organ pylorus mucous membrane pylorus organ mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ stomach pyloric region mucous membrane stomach pyloric region organ mucosa uberon antropyloric mucosa UBERON:0004998 mucosa of pylorus UBERON:0004998 A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pylorus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pylorus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pylorus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pylorus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pylorus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic antropyloric mucosa BTO:0002984 A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14695 biliary tract mucosa biliary tract mucosa of organ biliary tract mucous membrane biliary tract organ mucosa biliary tree mucosa biliary tree mucosa of organ biliary tree mucous membrane biliary tree organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tree mucous membrane of biliary tract mucous membrane of biliary tree organ mucosa of biliary tract organ mucosa of biliary tree uberon UBERON:0004999 mucosa of biliary tree UBERON:0004999 A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucous membrane OBOL:automatic biliary tract organ mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucous membrane OBOL:automatic biliary tree organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tree OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tree OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tree OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14688 common bile duct mucosa common bile duct mucosa of organ common bile duct mucous membrane common bile duct organ mucosa common bile ductal mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ of common bile duct mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane of common bile duct mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa of common bile duct organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) uberon UBERON:0005000 mucosa of common bile duct UBERON:0005000 A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic common bile duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic common bile ductal mucosa FMA:14688 ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common bile duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common bile duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common bile duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14691 common hepatic duct mucosa common hepatic duct mucosa of organ common hepatic duct mucous membrane common hepatic duct organ mucosa common hepatic ductal mucosa hepatic duct mucosa hepatic duct mucosa of organ hepatic duct mucous membrane hepatic duct organ mucosa mucosa of hepatic duct mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct mucosa of organ of hepatic duct mucous membrane of common hepatic duct mucous membrane of hepatic duct organ mucosa of common hepatic duct organ mucosa of hepatic duct uberon UBERON:0005001 mucosa of common hepatic duct UBERON:0005001 A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic common hepatic ductal mucosa FMA:14691 hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14692 mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct mucous membrane of right hepatic duct organ mucosa of right hepatic duct right hepatic duct mucosa right hepatic duct mucosa of organ right hepatic duct mucous membrane right hepatic duct organ mucosa right hepatic ductal mucosa uberon UBERON:0005002 mucosa of right hepatic duct UBERON:0005002 A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right hepatic ductal mucosa FMA:14692 A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14693 left hepatic duct mucosa left hepatic duct mucosa of organ left hepatic duct mucous membrane left hepatic duct organ mucosa left hepatic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct mucous membrane of left hepatic duct organ mucosa of left hepatic duct uberon UBERON:0005003 mucosa of left hepatic duct UBERON:0005003 A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left hepatic ductal mucosa FMA:14693 mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17806 mucosa of organ of right ureter mucous membrane of right ureter organ mucosa of right ureter right ureter mucosa right ureter mucosa of organ right ureter mucous membrane right ureter organ mucosa right ureteral mucosa uberon UBERON:0005004 mucosa of right ureter UBERON:0005004 A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right ureter OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right ureter OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureteral mucosa FMA:17806 A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17807 left ureter mucosa left ureter mucosa of organ left ureter mucous membrane left ureter organ mucosa left ureteral mucosa mucosa of organ of left ureter mucous membrane of left ureter organ mucosa of left ureter uberon UBERON:0005005 mucosa of left ureter UBERON:0005005 A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureteral mucosa FMA:17807 mucosa of organ of left ureter OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left ureter OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17931 SCTID:243482002 kidney pelvis mucosa kidney pelvis mucosa of organ kidney pelvis mucous membrane kidney pelvis organ mucosa mucosa of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of kidney pelvis mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of renal pelvis organ mucosa of kidney pelvis organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter organ mucosa of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter mucosa pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ pelvis of ureter mucous membrane pelvis of ureter organ mucosa renal pelvic mucosa renal pelvis mucosa renal pelvis mucosa of organ renal pelvis mucous membrane renal pelvis organ mucosa tunica mucosa pelvis renalis uberon UBERON:0005006 mucosa of renal pelvis UBERON:0005006 A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic mucosa of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic renal pelvic mucosa FMA:17931 renal pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic renal pelvis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa pelvis renalis FMA:17931 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17846 bladder neck mucosa bladder neck mucosa of organ bladder neck mucous membrane bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of bladder neck mucosa of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder neck mucosa of organ of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ of vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder neck mucosa of vesical neck mucous membrane of bladder neck mucous membrane of neck of bladder mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck mucous membrane of vesical neck neck of bladder mucosa neck of bladder mucosa of organ neck of bladder mucous membrane neck of bladder organ mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa organ mucosa of bladder neck organ mucosa of neck of bladder organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck organ mucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck mucosa urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ urinary bladder neck mucous membrane vesical neck mucosa vesical neck mucosa of organ vesical neck mucous membrane vesical neck organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005010 mucosa of neck of urinary bladder UBERON:0005010 A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bladder neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vesical neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vesical neck OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vesical neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18452 mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube mucosa of organ of right oviduct mucosa of organ of right uterine tube mucosa of right fallopian tube mucosa of right oviduct mucous membrane of right fallopian tube mucous membrane of right oviduct mucous membrane of right uterine tube organ mucosa of right fallopian tube organ mucosa of right oviduct organ mucosa of right uterine tube right fallopian tube mucosa right fallopian tube mucosa of organ right fallopian tube mucous membrane right fallopian tube organ mucosa right oviduct mucosa right oviduct mucosa of organ right oviduct mucous membrane right oviduct organ mucosa right uterine tube mucosa right uterine tube mucosa of organ right uterine tube mucous membrane right uterine tube organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005011 mucosa of right uterine tube UBERON:0005011 A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18453 left fallopian tube mucosa left fallopian tube mucosa of organ left fallopian tube mucous membrane left fallopian tube organ mucosa left oviduct mucosa left oviduct mucosa of organ left oviduct mucous membrane left oviduct organ mucosa left uterine tube mucosa left uterine tube mucosa of organ left uterine tube mucous membrane left uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of left fallopian tube mucosa of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube mucosa of organ of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left uterine tube mucous membrane of left fallopian tube mucous membrane of left oviduct mucous membrane of left uterine tube organ mucosa of left fallopian tube organ mucosa of left oviduct organ mucosa of left uterine tube uberon UBERON:0005012 mucosa of left uterine tube UBERON:0005012 A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239937 male urethra mucosa male urethra mucosa of organ male urethra mucous membrane male urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of male urethra mucous membrane of male urethra organ mucosa of male urethra uberon UBERON:0005013 mucosa of male urethra UBERON:0005013 A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic male urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic male urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of male urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of male urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of male urethra OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239940 female urethra mucosa female urethra mucosa of organ female urethra mucous membrane female urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of female urethra mucous membrane of female urethra organ mucosa of female urethra uberon UBERON:0005014 mucosa of female urethra UBERON:0005014 A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic female urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic female urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of female urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of female urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of female urethra OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a palate [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59765 mucosa of oral roof mucosa of organ of oral roof mucosa of organ of palate mucosa of organ of roof of mouth mucosa of roof of mouth mucous membrane of oral roof mucous membrane of palate mucous membrane of roof of mouth oral roof mucosa oral roof mucosa of organ oral roof mucous membrane oral roof organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral roof organ mucosa of palate organ mucosa of roof of mouth palate mucosa palate mucosa of organ palate mucous membrane palate organ mucosa roof of mouth mucosa roof of mouth mucosa of organ roof of mouth mucous membrane roof of mouth organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005019 mucosa of palate UBERON:0005019 A mucosa that is part of a palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of palate OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of palate OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral roof mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral roof organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic palate mucosa OBOL:automatic palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic roof of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0002553 FMA:54807 SCTID:362092002 lingual mucosa mucosa of organ of tongue mucous membrane of tongue organ mucosa of tongue tongue mucosa tongue mucosa of organ tongue mucous membrane tongue organ mucosa tunica mucosa linguae uberon UBERON:0005020 mucosa of tongue UBERON:0005020 A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lingual mucosa FMA:54807 mucosa of organ of tongue OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tongue OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic tongue mucous membrane OBOL:automatic tongue organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa linguae FMA:54807 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:54971 SCTID:361938001 mucosa of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasopharynx mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx mucosa of rhinopharynx mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane of nasopharynx mucous membrane of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx mucosa nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa nasopharynx mucosa nasopharynx mucosa of organ nasopharynx mucous membrane nasopharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa of nasopharynx organ mucosa of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx mucosa rhinopharynx mucosa of organ rhinopharynx mucous membrane rhinopharynx organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005022 mucosa of nasopharynx UBERON:0005022 A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-0631 FMA:59663 middle ear mucosa middle ear mucosa of organ middle ear mucous membrane middle ear organ mucosa mucosa of organ of middle ear mucosa of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of middle ear organ mucosa of middle ear tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae uberon UBERON:0005026 mucosa of middle ear UBERON:0005026 A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic middle ear mucous membrane OBOL:automatic middle ear organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of middle ear OBOL:automatic mucosa of tympanic cavity FMA:59663 mucous membrane of middle ear OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of middle ear OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae FMA:59663 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59832 NCIT:C12224 SCTID:362088009 UMLS:C0226933 mucosa of organ of upper lip mucous membrane of upper lip organ mucosa of upper lip upper labial mucosa upper lip mucosa upper lip mucosa of organ upper lip mucous membrane upper lip organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005031 mucosa of upper lip UBERON:0005031 A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0226933 ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Upper_Lip mucosa of organ of upper lip OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of upper lip OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of upper lip OBOL:automatic upper labial mucosa UBERON:cjm upper lip mucosa OBOL:automatic upper lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic upper lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic upper lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59833 NCIT:C12225 SCTID:362089001 UMLS:C0226939 lower labial mucosa lower lip mucosa lower lip mucosa of organ lower lip mucous membrane lower lip organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lower lip mucous membrane of lower lip organ mucosa of lower lip uberon UBERON:0005032 mucosa of lower lip UBERON:0005032 A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0226939 ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Lower_Lip lower labial mucosa UBERON:cjm lower lip mucosa OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic lower lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic lower lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lower lip OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lower lip OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lower lip OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14662 SCTID:362196002 gall bladder mucosa gall bladder mucosa of organ gall bladder mucous membrane gall bladder organ mucosa gallbladder mucosa gallbladder mucosa of organ gallbladder mucous membrane gallbladder organ mucosa mucosa of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gallbladder mucous membrane of gall bladder mucous membrane of gallbladder organ mucosa of gall bladder organ mucosa of gallbladder tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris uberon UBERON:0005033 mucosa of gallbladder UBERON:0005033 A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gall bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gallbladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gall bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gallbladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gall bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gallbladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) FMA:14662 tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris FMA:14662 FMA:TA A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62774 SCTID:10887006 bronchiole mucosa bronchiole mucosa of organ bronchiole mucous membrane bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of organ of bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiole uberon UBERON:0005039 mucosa of bronchiole UBERON:0005039 A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiole OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:263232 bronchiolus terminalis mucosa bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole mucosa terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ terminal bronchiole mucous membrane terminal bronchiole organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005040 mucosa of terminal bronchiole UBERON:0005040 A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane. in FMA this is classified as a mucosa FMA:56844 SCTID:36411006 mucosa of tympanic membrane mucous layer of tympanic membrane mucous stratum of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component tympanic membrane mucosa uberon UBERON:0005042 inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane UBERON:0005042 A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane. PMID:11237469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in FMA this is classified as a mucosa FMA mucosa of tympanic membrane FMA:56844 mucous layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56844 mucous stratum of tympanic membrane FMA:56844 tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tympanic membrane mucosa FMA:56844 A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59783 SCTID:245841005 hard palate mucosa hard palate mucous membrane mucous membrane of hard palate organ mucosa of hard palate uberon UBERON:0005046 mucosa of hard palate UBERON:0005046 A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hard palate mucosa OBOL:accepted hard palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hard palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hard palate OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18319 fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005048 mucosa of uterine tube UBERON:0005048 A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of oviduct FMA:18319 mucous membrane of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa tubae uterinae FMA:18319 FMA:TA uterine tubal mucosa FMA:18319 uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005049 mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube UBERON:0005049 A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18357 mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP]. EMAPA:18331 FMA:19812 MA:0003240 SCTID:362279007 Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis body of highmore hilum of testicle mediastinum of testis testis mediastinum uberon UBERON:0005051 mediastinum testis UBERON:0005051 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP]. Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis body of highmore FMA:19812 mediastinum of testis FMA:19812 testis mediastinum FMA:19812 An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:24008 long bone zone uberon UBERON:0005055 zone of long bone UBERON:0005055 An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. in eutherians, this is known as the vulva in and composed of the mons pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina and its glands, and the opening of the urethra and of the vagina [MP:0003126] BTO:0003100 EMAPA:30984 FMA:45649 SCTID:362234008 galen:FemaleExternalGenitalia external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia uberon organa genitalia feminina externa UBERON:0005056 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 external female genitalia UBERON:0005056 An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic external female genital organ BTO:0003100 external genitalia of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female external genitalia FMA:45649 organa genitalia feminina externa BTO:0003100 An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. immune system organ uberon UBERON:0005057 immune organ UBERON:0005057 An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. hemopoietic or lymphoid organ EMAPA:18766 MA:0002962 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland uberon haemolymphoid system gland UBERON:0005058 hemolymphoid system gland UBERON:0005058 A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hemopoietic or lymphoid organ GO:0048534 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 haemolymphoid system gland EMAPA:18766 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. AAO:0011071 EMAPA:35594 FMA:295624 NCIT:C34224 SCTID:361463007 UMLS:C0814992 Wikipedia:Neural_groove XAO:0000248 neuronames:1363 uberon UBERON:0005061 neural groove UBERON:0005061 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. GO:0001842 Wikipedia:Neural_groove http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. Wikipedia:Neural_groove UMLS:C0814992 ncithesaurus:Neural_Groove One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. EHDAA2:0001249 FMA:295618 NCIT:C34223 SCTID:361461009 UMLS:C0814993 Wikipedia:Neural_fold XAO:0004087 neuronames:1364 medullary fold uberon UBERON:0005062 neural fold UBERON:0005062 One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. GO:0001842 MP:0011256 Wikipedia:Neural_fold In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. Wikipedia:Neural_fold UMLS:C0814993 ncithesaurus:Neural_Fold medullary fold MP:0011256 uberon UBERON:0005064 left ventricular trabecular myocardium UBERON:0005064 GO uberon UBERON:0005066 right ventricular trabecular myocardium UBERON:0005066 GO A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003498 TAO:0000133 ZFA:0000133 uberon neural tube rod UBERON:0005068 neural rod UBERON:0005068 A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. GO:0014024 ZFA:0000133 An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000133 TAO ZFIN:curator neural tube rod GO:0014027 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a forebrain and adjacent_to a midbrain. The boundary between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from forebrain midbrain boundary neural tube (TAO:0007040)[TAO] EMAPA:36449 TAO:0001367 ZFA:0001367 diencephalic-mesencephalic boundary forebrain midbrain boundary forebrain-midbrain boundary region uberon UBERON:0005075 forebrain-midbrain boundary UBERON:0005075 definitional An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a forebrain and adjacent_to a midbrain. OBOL:automatic The boundary between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001367 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from forebrain midbrain boundary neural tube (TAO:0007040)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001367 TAO diencephalic-mesencephalic boundary ZFA:0001367 forebrain midbrain boundary ZFA:0001367 forebrain-midbrain boundary region EMAPA:36449 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. hindbrain-spinal cord boundary region uberon UBERON:0005076 hindbrain-spinal cord boundary UBERON:0005076 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005080 metanephric ureteric bud UBERON:0005080 The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0035502 The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005081 ureter ureteric bud UBERON:0005081 The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. GO:0035503 A hole in a tube[GO]. AEO:0000078 EHDAA2:0004618 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003078 uberon UBERON:0005082 tube lumen UBERON:0005082 A hole in a tube[GO]. GO:0060609 An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]. consder adding placodal ectoderm as a distinct class? Also place placodal ectoderm as develops_from ectoderm; need to check taxon-appropriateness With the exception of the adenohypophysis, homologues of the nonneurogenic placodes (e.g. placodes giving rise to the teeth, hair follicles and lens), appear to be lacking in invertebrate chordates. in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous - and also insect structures AEO:0000218 uberon epithelial placode UBERON:0005085 ectodermal placode UBERON:0005085 An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]. GO:0060788 in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous - and also insect structures GO https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/12223#issuecomment-215692347 epithelial placode AEO:0000112 An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. Placode that develops into a tooth. The placode is a thickening of the pharyngeal epithelium.[TAO] In mammals this may be located in the alveolar ridges, but note that some species such as zebrafish have ceratobranchial teeth. Sharks have dermal denticles that share developmental origins. Currently we don't include location information due to this diversity, but in future we may include specific subclasses and/or taxon GCIs. BTO:0001511 TAO:0001153 ZFA:0001153 dental anlage dental placode dental primordium odontogenic placode tooth anlage tooth primordium uberon tooth germ UBERON:0005087 tooth placode UBERON:0005087 NCBIBook:NBK53175 check for other species Wikipedia:Tooth_development An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. GO:0060790 Placode that develops into a tooth. The placode is a thickening of the pharyngeal epithelium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001153 TAO ZFIN:curator dental placode OBOL:automatic dental primordium ZFA:0001153 odontogenic placode OBOL:automatic tooth anlage MP:0000117 tooth primordium MP:0000117 tooth germ ZFA:0001153 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila EMAPA:32715 FMA:30316 musculus uberon muscle muscle element UBERON:0005090 muscle structure UBERON:0005090 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. GO:0061061 musculus FMA:30316 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001841 EHDAA:484 EMAPA:16239 FMA:70318 VHOG:0000489 sinus venosus right horn uberon UBERON:0005092 right horn of sinus venosus UBERON:0005092 FMA Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000489 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 http://bgee.unil.ch/ sinus venosus right horn VHOG:0000489 class added for consistency with GO - consider merging with kidney mesenchyme. uberon kidney anlage UBERON:0005095 kidney rudiment UBERON:0005095 GO kidney anlage GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. uberon UBERON:0005103 mesonephric epithelium UBERON:0005103 An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG:0001526 uberon UBERON:0005106 metanephric tubule UBERON:0005106 A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072173 The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001526 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005108 metanephric epithelium UBERON:0005108 An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. GO:0072207 Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. uberon UBERON:0005109 metanephric smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0005109 Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. GO:0072208 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005142 VHOG:0000719 uberon UBERON:0005110 metanephric nephron UBERON:0005110 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Nephron Bgee:AN A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072273 The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000719 VHOG DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994) http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0001140 uberon UBERON:0005113 metanephric cortex mesenchyme UBERON:0005113 EHDAA2 The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005115 metanephric cortical collecting duct UBERON:0005115 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. GO:0072219 The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005134 metanephric nephron epithelium UBERON:0005134 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072243 The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. UBERON:0005112 uberon UBERON:0005137 metanephric capsule UBERON:0005137 The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. GO:0072213 A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005128 UBERON:0005152 uberon UBERON:0005146 metanephric nephron tubule UBERON:0005146 ISBN:9780878932504 A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072282 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. EHDAA2:0001245 EHDAA:9346 EMAPA:27678 metanephric vesicle uberon UBERON:0005147 metanephric renal vesicle UBERON:0005147 EHDAA2 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. GO:0072283 A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. BTO:0001639 uberon UBERON:0005153 epithelial bud UBERON:0005153 A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. GO:0060572 A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. AEO:0000216 EHDAA2:0004052 uberon UBERON:0005154 epithelial cord UBERON:0005154 AEO A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. AEO:0000216 Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. reproductive system element reproductive system structure uberon UBERON:0005156 reproductive structure UBERON:0005156 Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. uberon UBERON:0005157 epithelial fold UBERON:0005157 An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. GO:0060571 The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. CNS parenchyma central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system uberon UBERON:0005158 parenchyma of central nervous system UBERON:0005158 The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. CL:tm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/8 CNS parenchyma OBOL:automatic central nervous system parenchyma OBOL:automatic parenchyma of CNS OBOL:automatic A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.' AAO:0011000 CARO:0001000 FBbt:00007060 FMA:83115 multi-cell-component structure multi-cell-part structure uberon cell part cluster UBERON:0005162 multi cell part structure UBERON:0005162 A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. CARO:0001000 we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.' CARO FMA multi-cell-component structure CARO:0001000 multi-cell-part structure CARO:0001000 cell part cluster FMA:83115 Connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. specify differentia from stroma interstital FMA:86301 SCTID:85293002 interstitium uberon UBERON:0005169 interstitial tissue UBERON:0005169 FMA Connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tissue Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion). TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine.[TAO] The excretory duct of the liver or one of its branches in the lobes of the liver. [TFD][VHOG] The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. EHDAA2:0000741 EHDAA:3049 EMAPA:16843 FMA:71891 MA:0000357 NCIT:C32730 SCTID:245399002 UMLS:C0917710 VHOG:0000219 galen:HepaticDuct uberon UBERON:0005171 hepatic duct UBERON:0005171 Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001100 TAO ZFIN:curator The excretory duct of the liver or one of its branches in the lobes of the liver. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000219 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+duct The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. GO:0061011 UMLS:C0917710 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Duct An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. MA:0000522 SCTID:272631008 abdomen organ uberon UBERON:0005172 abdomen element UBERON:0005172 An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 abdomen organ MA:0000522 An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. EMAPA:37062 MA:0000529 abdominal segment organ uberon UBERON:0005173 abdominal segment element UBERON:0005173 An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37062 MA:th abdominal segment organ MA:0000529 An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. EMAPA:37274 MA:0001901 back organ dorsal region organ uberon UBERON:0005174 dorsal region element UBERON:0005174 An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37274 MA:th back organ MA:0001901 A circumscribed mass of ectodermal cells which bud off from the dental lamina; it becomes cup-shaped and develops on its internal face the ameloblast layer of cells that produces the enamel cap of a developing tooth. A structure that is involved in tooth formation. A bell shape two layer epithelial structure that descends toward the ceratobranchial 5 bone, enclosing the dental mesenchyme. At later times in tooth development the cells at the apex of the bell may be involved in enameloid formation. This structure remains at the base of the erupted tooth and is the source of replacement teeth.[TAO] NOT develops_from NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest] Historically, enamel organ has been the term to describe this structure, but it was attempted unsuccessfully in recent years to change the name to dental organ in order to better represent its multiple functions apart from enamel formation BTO:0001722 CALOHA:TS-0271 EMAPA:32888 FMA:312389 MA:0001604 MESH:D004658 SCTID:362863002 TAO:0005138 Wikipedia:Enamel_organ ZFA:0005138 dental organ enamel organ uberon odontogenic organ organum enameleum UBERON:0005176 . Alternate definition: A cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies above a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the odontogenic papilla. tooth enamel organ UBERON:0005176 A circumscribed mass of ectodermal cells which bud off from the dental lamina; it becomes cup-shaped and develops on its internal face the ameloblast layer of cells that produces the enamel cap of a developing tooth. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010747 Wikipedia:Enamel_organ https://github.com/cerivs/zebrafish-anatomical-ontology/issues/107 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1313 A structure that is involved in tooth formation. A bell shape two layer epithelial structure that descends toward the ceratobranchial 5 bone, enclosing the dental mesenchyme. At later times in tooth development the cells at the apex of the bell may be involved in enameloid formation. This structure remains at the base of the erupted tooth and is the source of replacement teeth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005138 TAO ZFIN:curator dental organ ZFA:0005138 enamel organ MP:0010747 organum enameleum Wikipedia:Enamel_organ An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. EMAPA:37270 MA:0000516 trunk organ uberon UBERON:0005177 trunk region element UBERON:0005177 An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37270 MA:th trunk organ MA:0000516 An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. EMAPA:37273 MA:0000557 thoracic cavity organ uberon UBERON:0005178 thoracic cavity element UBERON:0005178 An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37273 MA:th thoracic cavity organ MA:0000557 An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. EMAPA:37275 MA:0000543 pelvic element pelvis organ pelvis region organ uberon UBERON:0005179 pelvic region element UBERON:0005179 An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37275 MA:th pelvis organ MA:0000543 An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. EMAPA:37271 MA:0000563 uberon upper body organ UBERON:0005181 thoracic segment organ UBERON:0005181 An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37271 MA:th upper body organ MA:0000563 An artery in males that provides blood to the vas deferens. The artery usually arises from the anterior trunk of the superior vesical artery. It accompanies the vas deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery. In this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch supplies the ureter[WP]. EMAPA:37513 FMA:18930 MA:0001940 SCTID:279659005 Wikipedia:Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens arteria ductus deferentis artery of ductus deferens ductus deferens artery vas deferens artery uberon UBERON:0005192 deferent duct artery UBERON:0005192 FMA Wikipedia An artery in males that provides blood to the vas deferens. The artery usually arises from the anterior trunk of the superior vesical artery. It accompanies the vas deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery. In this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch supplies the ureter[WP]. Wikipedia:Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens EMAPA:37513 MA:th arteria ductus deferentis Wikipedia:Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens artery of ductus deferens FMA:18930 ductus deferens artery FMA:18930 A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37197 MA:0002235 NCIT:C53142 SCTID:281472008 UMLS:C0226629 uberon UBERON:0005194 thoracic vein UBERON:0005194 A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37197 MA:th UMLS:C0226629 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vein A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37514 MA:0002100 uberon UBERON:0005195 deferent duct vein UBERON:0005195 A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37514 MA:th A tubuloacinar seromucous gland that is located principally in the submucosa of the trachea. Excretory ducts from this gland pass through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen. These glands secrete mucus, lysozyme, defensins, and other agents that help protect the lungs from particles and infectious agents. EMAPA:36574 FMA:7473 MA:0002937 SCTID:197423006 glandula trachealis tracheal gland uberon tubular seromucous gland of trachea UBERON:0005203 trachea gland UBERON:0005203 A tubuloacinar seromucous gland that is located principally in the submucosa of the trachea. Excretory ducts from this gland pass through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen. ISBN:1451113412 MGI:Anna PMID:15973734 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tracheal+glands https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1197 glandula trachealis FMA:7473 tracheal gland FMA:7473 tubular seromucous gland of trachea FMA:7473 A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35475 MA:0002729 uberon laryngeal submucosa gland UBERON:0005204 larynx submucosa gland UBERON:0005204 A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic laryngeal submucosa gland EMAPA:35475 A valve that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000302 EMAPA:17327 MA:0001871 valve of right atrium uberon right atrium valves superior vena cava valve UBERON:0005208 right atrium valve UBERON:0005208 A valve that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic valve of right atrium EMAPA:17327 right atrium valves EHDAA2:0000302 superior vena cava valve EMAPA:17327 The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes. See https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/10941/ The interstitium is necessarily involved in all intrarenal exchange processes since the reabsorption and secretion of fluid and solutes implicates a transit across the interstitial compartment. The fibroblasts in the interstitium provide the 'skeleton' of the tissue and maintain the three-dimensional architecture of the tissue. EMAPA:28518 FMA:70983 MA:0002616 NCIT:C33459 SCTID:362210003 interstitial tissue of kidney renal interstitial tissue renal interstitium renal stroma stroma of kidney uberon kidney interstitium group UBERON:0005215 kidney interstitium UBERON:0005215 The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes. DOI:10.1038/ki.1991.49 PMID:18575881 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 renal interstitium FMA:70983 renal stroma FMA:70983 stroma of kidney FMA:70983 kidney interstitium group EMAPA:28518 An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16539 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001311 VHOG:0000520 uberon UBERON:0005216 optic eminence surface ectoderm UBERON:0005216 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001010 EMAPA:18317 FMA:71657 VHOG:0000840 parenchyma of right lobe of liver uberon UBERON:0005221 liver right lobe parenchyma UBERON:0005221 A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic parenchyma of right lobe of liver FMA:71657 A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001002 EMAPA:18310 FMA:71658 VHOG:0000839 parenchyma of left lobe of liver uberon UBERON:0005222 liver left lobe parenchyma UBERON:0005222 A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic parenchyma of left lobe of liver FMA:71658 An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002131 EMAPA:17500 VHOG:0001041 uberon UBERON:0005225 upper leg epithelium UBERON:0005225 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32946 VHOG:0001031 hind limb digit epithelium toe epithelium foot digit epithelium uberon UBERON:0005226 pedal digit epithelium UBERON:0005226 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit epithelium OBOL:accepted foot digit epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000406 EMAPA:32647 VHOG:0001032 finger epithelium fore limb digit epithelium hand digit epithelium uberon UBERON:0005227 manual digit epithelium UBERON:0005227 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit epithelium OBOL:accepted hand digit epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002113 EMAPA:17425 VHOG:0000990 uberon UBERON:0005228 upper arm epithelium UBERON:0005228 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001031 EMAPA:17497 VHOG:0001050 uberon UBERON:0005229 lower leg epithelium UBERON:0005229 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001078 EMAPA:16809 FMA:312675 VHOG:0000803 uberon UBERON:0005233 medial-nasal process ectoderm UBERON:0005233 An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:940 EMAPA:16539 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001309 VHOG:0001105 uberon UBERON:0005234 optic eminence ectoderm UBERON:0005234 An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001154 EMAPA:17078 VHOG:0000320 metencephalon basal plate uberon UBERON:0005239 basal plate metencephalon UBERON:0005239 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000320 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ metencephalon basal plate EHDAA2:0001154 An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - split? EHDAA2:0000886 EHDAA2:0000887 FMA:83584 VHOG:0000615 endocardium of interventricular septum uberon interventricular septum endocardial tissue UBERON:0005243 interventricular septum endocardium UBERON:0005243 An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endocardium of interventricular septum FMA:83584 interventricular septum endocardial tissue VHOG:0000615 A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36488 VHOG:0000609 uberon bulbus cordis cardiac muscle UBERON:0005248 bulbus cordis myocardium UBERON:0005248 A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bulbus cordis cardiac muscle VHOG:0000609 A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG:0000945 metanephros pelvis uberon UBERON:0005249 metanephric renal pelvis UBERON:0005249 A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. OBOL:automatic The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000945 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ metanephros pelvis VHOG:0000945 A gland that is part of a stomodeum. check this VHOG:0000658 stomatodaeum gland uberon UBERON:0005250 stomatodeum gland UBERON:0005250 A gland that is part of a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic stomatodaeum gland VHOG:0000658 An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. In mammals, the yolk sac cavity contains fluid rather than platelets in EHDAA2, there are separate primary and secondary yolk sac cavities EMAPA:16055 FMA:63942 VHOG:0000843 cavity of yolk sac yolk sac lumen uberon yolk sac space UBERON:0005251 yolk sac cavity UBERON:0005251 An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In mammals, the yolk sac cavity contains fluid rather than platelets ISBN:0073040584 in EHDAA2, there are separate primary and secondary yolk sac cavities EHDAA2 cavity of yolk sac FMA:63942 yolk sac space FMA:63942 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] EFO:0003492 EHDAA2:0000732 EHDAA:179 EMAPA:16098 EMAPA_RETIRED:16269 FMA:76622 TAO:0000113 VHOG:0000332 ZFA:0000113 cephalic mesenchyme uberon cranial mesenchyme desmocranium UBERON:0005253 head mesenchyme UBERON:0005253 EHDAA2 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. ISBN:0683400088 MP:0011260 Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000113 TAO ZFIN:curator cephalic mesenchyme MP:0011260 cranial mesenchyme MGI:anna desmocranium FMA:76622 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002132 EMAPA:17501 VHOG:0000506 uberon UBERON:0005254 upper leg mesenchyme UBERON:0005254 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing toe [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32947 VHOG:0000463 hind limb digit mesenchyme toe mesenchyme foot digit mesenchyme uberon finger ray mesenchyme pedal digital ray mesenchyme UBERON:0005255 pedal digit mesenchyme UBERON:0005255 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit mesenchyme OBOL:accepted foot digit mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted finger ray mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digital ray mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. EFO:0003485 EHDAA2:0002092 EHDAA:377 EMAPA:16177 TAO:0000081 VHOG:0000281 ZFA:0000081 uberon trunk and cervical mesenchyme UBERON:0005256 trunk mesenchyme UBERON:0005256 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. OBOL:automatic trunk and cervical mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002092 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing finger [Automatically generated definition]. In EHDAA2, the metacarpal cartilage condensation is considered part of the digits - it might be better to call the whole structure digital ray mesenchyme/condensation EHDAA2:0000407 EMAPA:32645 VHOG:0001416 finger mesenchyme fore limb digit mesenchyme hand digit mesenchyme uberon anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme finger ray mesenchyme manual digital ray mesenchyme UBERON:0005257 manual digit mesenchyme UBERON:0005257 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit mesenchyme OBOL:accepted hand digit mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 finger ray mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digital ray mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002114 EMAPA:17426 VHOG:0000505 uberon UBERON:0005258 upper arm mesenchyme UBERON:0005258 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001032 EMAPA:17498 VHOG:0000752 uberon UBERON:0005259 lower leg mesenchyme UBERON:0005259 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An artery that supplies the renal cortex. EMAPA:28147 MA:0002582 kidney cortex artery renal cortex artery uberon renal cortex arterial system UBERON:0005268 renal cortex artery UBERON:0005268 MA An artery that supplies the renal cortex. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 kidney cortex artery MP:0011314 renal cortex artery MA:0002582 renal cortex arterial system MA:0002582 Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified]. EMAPA:28152 MA:0002592 uberon kidney cortex vein renal cortex venous system UBERON:0005269 renal cortex vein UBERON:0005269 MA Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified]. MGI:csmith kidney cortex vein MP:0011322 renal cortex venous system MA:0002592 A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells. In the renal cortex, interstitial fibroblasts produce erythropoietin and are distinguished from other interstitial cells by their prominent F-actin cytoskeleton, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and by ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression in their plasma membrane. The resident dendritic cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and fulfil a sentinel function. They are characterized by their expression of MHC class II and CD11c. EMAPA:28136 MA:0002608 SCTID:243707006 Wikipedia:Medullary_interstitium kidney cortex interstitium renal cortical interstitial tissue uberon cortical stroma UBERON:0005270 renal cortex interstitium UBERON:0005270 MA MA A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells. PMID:18575881 In the renal cortex, interstitial fibroblasts produce erythropoietin and are distinguished from other interstitial cells by their prominent F-actin cytoskeleton, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and by ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression in their plasma membrane. The resident dendritic cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and fulfil a sentinel function. They are characterized by their expression of MHC class II and CD11c. PMID:18575881 kidney cortex interstitium MA:0002608 cortical stroma EMAPA:28136 dorsal digit skin skin of dorsal part of digit uberon UBERON:0005275 dorsal skin of digit UBERON:0005275 A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a manual digit. this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA:38320 FMA:60346 dorsal finger skin skin of dorsal part of finger subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger uberon UBERON:0005276 dorsal skin of finger UBERON:0005276 A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a manual digit. OBOL:automatic this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA skin of dorsal part of finger FMA:38320 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger FMA:60346 A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a pedal digit. this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA:37868 FMA:60523 dorsal toe skin skin of dorsal part of toe subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe uberon UBERON:0005277 dorsal skin of toe UBERON:0005277 A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes FMA skin of dorsal part of toe FMA:37868 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe FMA:60523 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds - Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. Note that its not clear if this refers to the developing medulla oblongata - MA (adult) has two distinct classes BTO:0000758 CALOHA:TS-0607 CALOHA:TS-2365 DHBA:10662 EHDAA2:0001207 EHDAA:5526 EMAPA:17082 HBA:9512 MA:0000205 MESH:D054024 VHOG:0000456 Wikipedia:Myelencephalon uberon myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) UBERON:0005290 myelencephalon UBERON:0005290 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg definitional The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. BTO:0000758 Wikipedia:Myelencephalon The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myelencephalon The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) DHBA:10662 A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. CALOHA:TS-2100 portion of embryonic tissue uberon developing tissue UBERON:0005291 embryonic tissue UBERON:0005291 A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. OBOL:automatic portion of embryonic tissue OBOL:automatic Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. BTO:0003360 CALOHA:TS-2119 EFO:0001406 MAT:0000061 MIAA:0000061 extra-embryonic tissue uberon UBERON:0005292 extraembryonic tissue UBERON:0005292 Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary. TODO - check developmental relationships. merge with urogenital ridge? in eutherians, SRY transforms the indifferent gonad into testes AAO:0011047 BTO:0001402 EFO:0001414 EHDAA2:0004044 EMAPA:35899 FMA:321917 NCIT:C34184 NCIT:C34321 SCTID:308801004 SCTID:361399001 UMLS:C0231047 UMLS:C1512243 Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge XAO:0000018 genital ridge gonadal ridge indifferent gonadal ridge uberon crista gonadalis genital cord UBERON:0005294 gonadal ridge UBERON:0005294 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray1106.png The elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary. MGI:anna MP:0011411 UMLS:C0231047 ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Ridge UMLS:C1512243 ncithesaurus:Gonadal_Ridge genital ridge MP:0011411 Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge gonadal ridge Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge indifferent gonadal ridge http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 crista gonadalis Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge genital cord MP:0011411 Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. EHDAA2:0004051 NCIT:C34183 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001523 SCTID:343823004 UMLS:C1512242 Wikipedia:Sex_cords uberon genital cord gonad cord gonadal cord primitive sex cord UBERON:0005295 sex cord UBERON:0005295 EHDAA2 Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. Wikipedia:Sex_cords http://www.answers.com/topic/sex-cord UMLS:C1512242 ncithesaurus:Gonadal_Cord Structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. TODO check secondary vs cortical vs ovary EHDAA2:0001363 EHDAA:8130 EMAPA:31058 NCIT:C34134 UMLS:C1511527 VHOG:0001339 Wikipedia:Cortical_cords ovigerous cord ovigerous cords uberon cortical cord cortical sex cord ovary primitive sex cord secondary cord UBERON:0005296 ovary sex cord UBERON:0005296 Structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. Wikipedia:Cortical_cords UMLS:C1511527 ncithesaurus:Cortical_Cord ovigerous cords VHOG:0001339 The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. TODO - check primary vs testis EHDAA2:0002011 EHDAA:8152 EMAPA:29098 VHOG:0001321 Wikipedia:Testis_cords testis cord testis primary sex cords uberon primary sex cord testis primitive sex cord UBERON:0005297 testis sex cord UBERON:0005297 Bgee:AN The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. Wikipedia:Testis_cords testis cord MP:0006424 testis primary sex cords EHDAA2:0002011 A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:20168 SCTID:361374002 clitoris skin uberon UBERON:0005298 skin of clitoris UBERON:0005298 A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros.[AAO] AAO:0011091 XAO:0000285 uberon UBERON:0005309 pronephric nephron UBERON:0005309 A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. GO:0039019 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011091 AAO UBERON:0005309 The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. Bilaterally paired tubes connecting the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. In zebrafish and other teleosts, the pronephric nephron and tubules form after the pronephric duct, connecting to the anterior-most tip of the pronephric ducts. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] TAO:0001558 XAO:0004105 ZFA:0001558 pronephric tubule uberon ciliated neck segment UBERON:0005310 pronephric nephron tubule UBERON:0005310 GO The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. GO:0039020 ISBN:0073040584 Bilaterally paired tubes connecting the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. In zebrafish and other teleosts, the pronephric nephron and tubules form after the pronephric duct, connecting to the anterior-most tip of the pronephric ducts. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001558 TAO ZFIN:curator pronephric tubule ZFA:0001558 ciliated neck segment ZFA:0001558 The endothelial lining of the endocardium. FMA:83596 endocardium endothelium endothelium of endocardium uberon UBERON:0005316 endocardial endothelium UBERON:0005316 The endothelial lining of the endocardium. UBERON:cjm endocardium endothelium FMA:83596 endothelium of endocardium FMA:83596 An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. BTO:0000137 pulmonary artery endothelial tube uberon UBERON:0005317 pulmonary artery endothelium UBERON:0005317 An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube GO:0061155 The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. AAO:0010390 XAO:0000151 uberon UBERON:0005319 mesonephric collecting duct UBERON:0005319 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. GO:0061211 uberon UBERON:0005321 mesonephric smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0005321 A nephron that is part of a mesonephros. The structure that is the basic functional unit of the kidney.[AAO] AAO:0010387 XAO:0000292 ZFA:0005592 nephron of mesonephros uberon stage IV nephron UBERON:0005322 mesonephric nephron UBERON:0005322 XAO A nephron that is part of a mesonephros. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the kidney.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010387 AAO PMID:9268568 stage IV nephron ZFA:0005592 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. AAO:0011062 EHDAA2:0001132 EMAPA:16745 XAO:0000291 uberon UBERON:0005323 mesonephric mesenchyme UBERON:0005323 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061219 The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. uberon UBERON:0005330 mesonephric nephron epithelium UBERON:0005330 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061241 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. SCTID:361407006 ZFA:0005586 mesonephric vesicle uberon UBERON:0005331 mesonephric renal vesicle UBERON:0005331 ZFA The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. GO:0061243 A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. EMAPA:26947 lamina propria of oral mucosa uberon UBERON:0005334 oral lamina propria UBERON:0005334 A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. OBOL:automatic A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. FMA:13225 Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract XAO:0004140 heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle ventricular outflow tract uberon UBERON:0005337 outflow tract of ventricle UBERON:0005337 A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract heart ventricle outflow tract MP:0010224 ventricular outflow tract Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. merge with LVOT? EHDAA2:0001353 EMAPA:17329 MA:0000101 VHOG:0001394 uberon UBERON:0005338 outflow tract aortic component UBERON:0005338 An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. OBOL:automatic merge with RVOT? EHDAA2:0001359 EHDAA:4401 EMAPA:17330 MA:0000102 VHOG:0001395 uberon UBERON:0005339 outflow tract pulmonary component UBERON:0005339 The outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. A single stem cell in the ventricular layer can give rise to neurons (and glial cells) in any of the cortical layers (Walsh and Cepko 1988)[NCBIBook:NBK10047] in humans develops into cortical layers II-VI CP CxP BAMS:CTXpl DHBA:10515 EMAPA:32711 MBA:695 PBA:294021914 neuronames:2702 cerebral cortex cortical plate future cortical layers II-VI neocortex cortical plate uberon future neocortex UBERON:0005343 cortical plate UBERON:0005343 NCBIBook:NBK10047 The outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. MP:0008439 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 CP BRAINSPAN:BRAINSPAN CxP PMID:23375746 future cortical layers II-VI http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 future neocortex http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. FMA:19937 GAID:395 MESH:D013085 NCIT:C12329 SCTID:181433005 UMLS:C0037855 Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord uberon funiculus spermaticus spermatic chord UBERON:0005352 spermatic cord UBERON:0005352 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png The cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. MP:0010145 Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord UMLS:C0037855 ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Cord funiculus spermaticus Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the vagus nerve. gX EMAPA:16798 FMA:53472 MA:0001081 SCTID:244452001 TAO:0007067 VHOG:0000684 Wikipedia:Vagus_ganglion ZFA:0007067 ganglion of vagus nerve right glossopharyngeal ganglion vagal ganglion vagus ganglion vagus neural ganglion uberon vagus X UBERON:0005362 vagus X ganglion UBERON:0005362 ZFA The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the vagus nerve. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001100 gX ZFA:0007067 ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:53472 right glossopharyngeal ganglion FMA:53472 vagal ganglion ZFA:0007067 vagus neural ganglion FMA:53472 vagus X EMAPA:16798 An epithelium that lines the nasal cavity. this class may in future be split into the embryonic precursor of the oronasal membrane and the structure that is part of the mucosa in the developed organism CALOHA:TS-0656 EHDAA2:0001227 EHDAA:6803 EMAPA:17605 FMA:63140 MA:0001324 NCIT:C49261 UMLS:C1709151 VHOG:0000501 nasal epithelium uberon nasal mucosa UBERON:0005384 nasal cavity epithelium UBERON:0005384 An epithelium that lines the nasal cavity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1709151 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity_Epithelium nasal epithelium FMA:63140 nasal mucosa MA:0001324 An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. FBbt:00004200 light-sensitive tissue uberon UBERON:0005388 photoreceptor array UBERON:0005388 An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. directing or focusing light onto light receptors lens uberon UBERON:0005389 transparent eye structure UBERON:0005389 A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. This is a generic grouping class that is the superclass of the trunks/branches of the common carotid artery. Note that AOs vary widely in how they divide up and generalize arteries Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0010217 BTO:0000168 CALOHA:TS-0116 EFO:0000818 EHDAA:6385 EMAPA:18609 EV:0100379 FMA:70504 GAID:478 MA:0001925 MAT:0000501 MESH:D002339 NCIT:C12687 SCTID:362040006 SCTID:69105007 TAO:0000097 UMLS:C0007272 VHOG:0000266 Wikipedia:Carotid_artery ZFA:0000097 galen:CarotidArtery carotid carotid artery subdivision of common carotid artery uberon common carotid arterial subdivision UBERON:0005396 carotid artery segment UBERON:0005396 FMA One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. Wikipedia:Carotid_artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486870&group_id=76834&atid=994764 Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000097 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0007272 ncithesaurus:Carotid_Artery carotid AAO:0010217 carotid artery MA:0001925 subdivision of common carotid artery FMA:70504 common carotid arterial subdivision FMA:70504 A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. BTO:0000254 MA:0000383 uberon UBERON:0005398 female reproductive gland UBERON:0005398 A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. BTO:0000080 EMAPA:19285 MA:0000399 uberon accessory sex gland UBERON:0005399 male reproductive gland UBERON:0005399 A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic accessory sex gland EMAPA:19285 A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. BTO may actually be a more generic structure; FMA may represent a more specific structure. Consider merging with gray matter of telencephalon BTO:0000823 CALOHA:TS-2361 EMAPA:37477 FMA:61821 MA:0000944 cerebral gray matter cerebral grey matter cerebral hemisphere grey matter uberon UBERON:0005401 cerebral hemisphere gray matter UBERON:0005401 A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic BTO may actually be a more generic structure; FMA may represent a more specific structure. Consider merging with gray matter of telencephalon BTO EMAPA:37477 MA:th cerebral gray matter BTO:0000823 cerebral grey matter MA:0000944 A suture between frontal and nasal bones. EMAPA:35359 FMA:52948 MA:0002973 SCTID:368982004 frontonasal suture of skull uberon articulation of the nasal bone with frontal bone UBERON:0005404 frontonasal suture UBERON:0005404 A suture between frontal and nasal bones. GO:0097095 PMID:12416537 frontonasal suture of skull FMA:52948 The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. the decision to split digestive and gastrointestinal in this way may be revisited. As it currently stands, this class more closely aligns what MA calls the alimentary system The system that includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas[ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System]. All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla. BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-0407 EHDAA2:0000110 EHDAA:514 EMAPA:16246 EV:0100056 FMA:71132 GAID:294 MA:0000323 MESH:D041981 NCIT:C12378 SCTID:373871007 UMLS:C0012240 VHOG:0000412 galen:GastrointestinalTract uberon GI tract alimentary system alimentary tract gastro-intestinal system gastroenterological system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract UBERON:0005409 alimentary part of gastrointestinal system UBERON:0005409 The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The system that includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas[ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System]. ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000412 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676685 Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3 http://bgee.unil.ch/ that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla. MA UMLS:C0012240 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System GI tract GAID:294 alimentary system MA:0000323 alimentary tract MA:0000323 gastro-intestinal system FMA:71132 gastroenterological system UBERON:cjm gastrointestinal (GI) tract GAID:294 gastrointestinal system FMA:71132 gastrointestinal tract FMA:71132 A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. AAO:0010381 BTO:0001645 EHDAA:1699 EMAPA:16406 FMA:296782 MIAA:0000065 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003198 SCTID:346062002 XAO:0003065 anterior limb bud limb bud - forelimb upper limb bud wing bud uberon arm bud UBERON:0005417 Genes: Tbx5 specifies forelimbs. Wnt2b restricts Fgf10 in chick // In tetrapods, the position of the forelimb is associated with the anterior expression border of Hoxc6 in the paraxial mesoderm (Burke et al., 1995) forelimb bud UBERON:0005417 lexical A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb bud - forelimb MIAA:0000065 upper limb bud RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003198 wing bud NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. The bilateral thickening of the ectoderm in the region of the first noticeable at NF stage 47, and innervated by NF stage 51. The hind limb buds develop before the forelimb buds.[AAO] AAO:0010382 EHDAA:2358 EMAPA:16779 MIAA:0000256 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003197 SCTID:346164003 XAO:0003066 hind limb bud posterior limb bud uberon leg bud limb bud - hindlimb UBERON:0005418 Genes: Tbx4 specifies hindlimbs. Wnt8c restricts Fgf10 in chick. hindlimb bud UBERON:0005418 A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The bilateral thickening of the ectoderm in the region of the first noticeable at NF stage 47, and innervated by NF stage 51. The hind limb buds develop before the forelimb buds.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010382 AAO XAO:curator hind limb bud XAO:0003066 A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. Fin bud that develops into the pectoral fin.[TAO] While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003430 TAO:0000141 VHOG:0001754 VHOG_RETIRED:0001259 ZFA:0000141 forelimb - pectoral fin bud uberon pectoral fin bud pectoral fin buds UBERON:0005419 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pectoral fin bud' class, but we may in future pectoral appendage bud UBERON:0005419 A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. OBOL:automatic Fin bud that develops into the pectoral fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000141 TAO ZFIN:curator While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001754 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ forelimb - pectoral fin bud VHOG:0001754 pectoral fin bud TAO:0000141 pectoral fin buds TAO:0000141 A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003469 TAO:0001384 VHOG:0001260 ZFA:0001384 hindlimb/pelvic fin bud uberon pelvic fin bud pelvic fin buds UBERON:0005420 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pelvic fin bud' class, but we may in future pelvic appendage bud UBERON:0005420 A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. OBOL:automatic PMID:15893975 Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001384 TAO ZFIN:curator Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001260 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindlimb/pelvic fin bud VHOG:0001260 pelvic fin bud TAO:0001384 pelvic fin buds ZFA:0001384 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003487 EHDAA2:0000138 EMAPA:16778 TAO:0000085 TAO:0000736 VHOG:0001064 ZFA:0000085 AER forelimb apical ectodermal ridge forelimb apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge wing AER wing apical ectodermal ridge uberon aer pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin apical fold pectoral fin UBERON:0005421 pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge UBERON:0005421 EHDAA2 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001064 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000085 TAO ZFIN:curator Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001064 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x http://bgee.unil.ch/ AER forelimb VHOG:0001064 apical ectodermal ridge forelimb VHOG:0001064 apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud ZFA:0000085 upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0000138 wing AER Giesha:syn wing apical ectodermal ridge aer pectoral fin TAO:0000085 apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin TAO:0000085 apical fold pectoral fin TAO:0000085 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003681 EHDAA2:0003194 EMAPA:16892 TAO:0001385 VHOG:0001066 ZFA:0001385 apical ectodermal ridge hind limb apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge uberon AER hindlimb apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud leg AER UBERON:0005422 pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge UBERON:0005422 EHDAA2 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001385 TAO ZIFIN:curator Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x http://bgee.unil.ch/ apical ectodermal ridge hind limb VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb VHOG:0001066 lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0003194 AER hindlimb VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud TAO:0001385 AEO:0000125 CALOHA:TS-2122 EHDAA2:0003125 FBbt:00007006 FMA:292313 MIAA:0000019 uberon developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue UBERON:0005423 developing anatomical structure UBERON:0005423 developmental tissue MIAA:0000019 Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001304 EMAPA:16675 TAO:0001071 VHOG:0000490 ZFA:0001071 future neural retina future retinal neural layer inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retinas uberon future NR future neural epithelium future neural layer presumptive retina UBERON:0005425 presumptive neural retina UBERON:0005425 Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. ZFIN:curator (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000490 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ inner layer optic cup ZFA:0001071 optic cup inner layer EHDAA2:0001304 presumptive retinas ZFA:0001071 future neural epithelium EMAPA:16675 future neural layer EMAPA:16675 presumptive retina TAO:0001071 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] the lens of zebrafish (and other teleosts) forms from delamination of cells from the lens placode; thus, there is no formation of a hollow lens vesicle, in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds (Glass and Dahm, 2004) [PMID:16496288] The lens of the zebrafish forms by delamination of lens placodal cells and not through invagination. This results in a solid spherical mass as opposed to a hollow lens vesicle. Detachment of the solid lens vesicle of zebrafish at 24b26 hpf is accomplished in part by apoptosis, similar to mammals EHDAA2:0000983 EHDAA:4737 EMAPA:17163 SCTID:361510002 TAO:0002205 VHOG:0001163 ZFA:0001679 hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle uberon immature lens lens mass presumptive lens UBERON:0005426 lens vesicle UBERON:0005426 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. ZFIN:curator https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=994726&aid=3514998&group_id=76834 A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+vesicle (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the lens of zebrafish (and other teleosts) forms from delamination of cells from the lens placode; thus, there is no formation of a hollow lens vesicle, in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds (Glass and Dahm, 2004) [PMID:16496288] The lens of the zebrafish forms by delamination of lens placodal cells and not through invagination. This results in a solid spherical mass as opposed to a hollow lens vesicle. Detachment of the solid lens vesicle of zebrafish at 24b26 hpf is accomplished in part by apoptosis, similar to mammals ZFA hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle ZFA:0001679 immature lens ZFA:0001679 lens mass ZFA:0001679 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091023-49 presumptive lens ZFA:0001679 Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. TAO:0002188 ZFA:0001688 uberon UBERON:0005427 corneal primordium UBERON:0005427 ZFA Obol ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] In chicken fate mapping studies it was found to originate from neural crest residing between Somite 1-7 (S1-7); In mouse it is considered to be derived from rhombencephalic (post otic) neural crest cells and trunk neural crest cells (anterior to S5) EHDAA2:0002156 EHDAA:669 TAO:0000818 VHOG:0001208 XAO:0004191 ZFA:0000818 VNC uberon enteric neural crest post-otic neural crest UBERON:0005428 vagal neural crest UBERON:0005428 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000818 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001208 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In chicken fate mapping studies it was found to originate from neural crest residing between Somite 1-7 (S1-7); In mouse it is considered to be derived from rhombencephalic (post otic) neural crest cells and trunk neural crest cells (anterior to S5) filemaps.com VNC XAO:0004191 post-otic neural crest ZFA:0000818 The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates. the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD][http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac]. EHDAA2:0004145 EHDAA:9826 EMAPA:36461 FMA:71008 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000133 SCTID:361527005 saccus aorticus uberon UBERON:0005432 aortic sac UBERON:0005432 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates. MP:0012510 the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD][http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac saccus aorticus FMA:24219 SCTID:123958008 cervical region neck subdivision region of neck subdivision of neck uberon UBERON:0005434 cervical region UBERON:0005434 cervical region FMA:24219 neck subdivision FMA:24219 region of neck FMA:24219 subdivision of neck FMA:24219 In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches:. EHDAA2:0000308 EHDAA:8570 EMAPA:37206 FMA:14771 MA:0003094 SCTID:244263001 Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery galen:CommonHepaticArtery uberon arteria hepatica communis common hepatic UBERON:0005436 common hepatic artery UBERON:0005436 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches:. Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery EMAPA:37206 MA:th arteria hepatica communis Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery common hepatic Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. foot region FMA:24993 SCTID:362887000 foot subdivision regio pedis segment of foot subdivision of foot uberon UBERON:0005445 segment of pes UBERON:0005445 A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic foot region FMA:24993 foot subdivision FMA:24993 regio pedis FMA:24993 FMA:TA segment of foot FMA:24993 subdivision of foot FMA:24993 The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. A circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.vity. [Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum][VHOG] It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale.[well established][VHOG] todo - check placement of AAO class AAO:0000194 EHDAA2:0000552 EHDAA:10629 EMAPA:18712 FMA:53154 SCTID:369439002 VHOG:0001543 Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum uberon foramen rotundum of the skull foramen rotundum ossis sphenoidalis round foramen UBERON:0005446 foramen rotundum UBERON:0005446 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum A circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.vity. [Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001543 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001543 VHOG PMID:1018003 Presley R, Steel FLD, On the homology of the alisphenoid. Journal of Anatomy (1976) http://bgee.unil.ch/ todo - check placement of AAO class AAO foramen rotundum of the skull Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum foramen rotundum ossis sphenoidalis Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum round foramen VHOG:0001543 A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. hand region FMA:24945 SCTID:127950000 hand subdivision regio manus segment of hand subdivision of hand uberon UBERON:0005451 segment of manus UBERON:0005451 A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic hand region FMA:24945 hand subdivision FMA:24945 regio manus segment of hand FMA:24945 subdivision of hand FMA:24945 The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa.[AAO] One of a pair of openings between the lateral part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bones in the skull. The foramen contains the inferior petrosal sinus; the transverse sinus; some meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries; and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] relationship loss: subclass braincase and otic capsule opening (AAO:0000051)[AAO] AAO:0000249 EHDAA2:0000893 EHDAA:10631 EMAPA:18713 FMA:56432 MESH:D000080869 NCIT:C12496 SCTID:361735006 UMLS:C0222712 VHOG:0001113 Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen Posterior lacerate foramen uberon foramen jugulare UBERON:0005456 jugular foramen UBERON:0005456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Foramenjugulare.PNG The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000249 AAO AAO:LAP One of a pair of openings between the lateral part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bones in the skull. The foramen contains the inferior petrosal sinus; the transverse sinus; some meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries; and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001113 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jugular+foramen relationship loss: subclass braincase and otic capsule opening (AAO:0000051)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000249 AAO UMLS:C0222712 ncithesaurus:Jugular_Foramen Posterior lacerate foramen FMA:56432 foramen jugulare Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen EHDAA2:0000966 EMAPA:16544 FMA:18822 VHOG:0000522 embryonic left umbilical artery uberon UBERON:0005458 left umbilical artery UBERON:0005458 check this EHDAA2 check this EHDAA2 embryonic left umbilical artery VHOG:0000522 A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0000971 EMAPA:16380 EMAPA:16698 FMA:70307 SCTID:361446008 uberon UBERON:0005460 left vitelline vein UBERON:0005460 A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic An axial muscle that originates in the cervical vertebraae inserts on the scapula. AAO:0010689 EHDAA2:0000992 EHDAA:8309 FMA:32519 SCTID:279236008 Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapulae uberon levator scapula levator scapulae muscle levator scapulæ musculus levator scapulae UBERON:0005461 Axial muscle group[Kardong] levator scapulae muscle UBERON:0005461 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Levator_scapulae.png EHDAA2 cervical nerve and dorsal scapular nerve dbpedia EHDAA2 Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae dbpedia Superior part of medial border of scapula dbpedia An axial muscle that originates in the cervical vertebraae inserts on the scapula. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 levator scapulae FMA:32519 levator scapula Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapulae muscle Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapulæ Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle musculus levator scapulae Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. lumbar lumbar region BTO:0001505 EMAPA:36623 FMA:61681 MA:0000027 NCIT:C34004 SCTID:182343007 UMLS:C0024090 abdominal back back of abdomen dorsum of abdomen lower back lumbar part of back lumbar region of back posterior part of abdomen regio lumbalis uberon loin lombus lumbos UBERON:0005462 overlaps with region sometimes called 'loin' lower back UBERON:0005462 MA Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. FMA:61681 lumbar region FMA:61681 UMLS:C0024090 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Region abdominal back FMA:61681 back of abdomen FMA:61681 dorsum of abdomen FMA:61681 lower back MA:0000027 lumbar part of back FMA:61681 lumbar region of back https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 posterior part of abdomen FMA:61681 regio lumbalis FMA:61681 FMA:TA loin BTO:0001505 Wikipedia:Loin The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. EHDAA2:0001282 EHDAA:5657 FMA:16487 MESH:D009776 NCIT:C75909 SCTID:181052006 UMLS:C0028783 Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve uberon nervus obturatorius UBERON:0005465 obturator nerve UBERON:0005465 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray344.png The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve UMLS:C0028783 ncithesaurus:Obturator_Nerve nervus obturatorius Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve EHDAA2:0001760 EMAPA:16545 FMA:18821 VHOG:0000523 embryonic right umbilical artery uberon UBERON:0005470 right umbilical artery UBERON:0005470 check this EHDAA2 check this EHDAA2 embryonic right umbilical artery VHOG:0000523 A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0001766 EMAPA:16381 EMAPA:16699 FMA:70306 SCTID:361445007 uberon UBERON:0005472 right vitelline vein UBERON:0005472 A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic A subdivision of an organism along the anterior-posterior axis in the pelvic region immediately posterior to the lumbar region and anterior to the caudal region. Sometimes an intermediate region is defined between the sacral and caudal. pygal sacral Amphibians - 1 sacral vertebra; Living reptiles & most birds - 2 sacral vertebrae; Most mammals - 3 to 5 sacral vertebrae. TODO - split sacral from sacrococcygeal FMA:24228 SCTID:182344001 Wikipedia:Sacrum back of pelvis pelvic back posterior part of pelvis regio sacralis sacral part of pelvis croup hindquarter rump uberon UBERON:0005473 sacral region UBERON:0005473 A subdivision of an organism along the anterior-posterior axis in the pelvic region immediately posterior to the lumbar region and anterior to the caudal region. Sometimes an intermediate region is defined between the sacral and caudal. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 back of pelvis FMA:24228 pelvic back FMA:24228 posterior part of pelvis FMA:24228 regio sacralis FMA:24228 FMA:TA sacral part of pelvis FMA:24228 croup Wikipedia:Rump_(animal) hindquarter Wikipedia:Rump_(animal) rump Wikipedia:Rump_(animal) A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall that divides the neural tube into dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) halves (dorsal receives input from sensory neurons, ventral effects motor functions); stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. sulcus limitans BAMS:slim BAMS:slm neuronames:629 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans uberon UBERON:0005478 sulcus limitans of neural tube UBERON:0005478 EHDAA2 A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall that divides the neural tube into dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) halves (dorsal receives input from sensory neurons, ventral effects motor functions); stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sulcus+limitans http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001265 The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo. One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] check zfa (no text def). Check vitelline/omphalomesenteric distinction in XAO EMAPA:36021 FMA:70305 NCIT:C34329 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002209 SCTID:2730004 SCTID:308832003 UMLS:C0231091 VHOG:0000401 Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins XAO:0000376 XAO:0004147 embryonic vitelline vein vascular vitelline network vena vitellina uberon omphalomesenteric vein vein of omphalomesenteric system vitelline veins UBERON:0005487 vitelline vein UBERON:0005487 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo. MGI:csmith MP:0010666 One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] XAO XAO:0004147 Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000401 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 http://bgee.unil.ch/ check zfa (no text def). Check vitelline/omphalomesenteric distinction in XAO XAO UMLS:C0231091 ncithesaurus:Vitelline_Vein embryonic vitelline vein VHOG:0000401 vascular vitelline network XAO:0004147 vena vitellina Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins omphalomesenteric vein EMAPA:16244 vitelline veins XAO:0004147 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. EHDAA2:0000714 EHDAA:660 TAO:0007066 ZFA:0007066 uberon UBERON:0005491 glossopharyngeal neural crest UBERON:0005491 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. ZFA:0007066 Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. EHDAA2:0001257 EHDAA:2873 EHDAA:912 EMAPA:16166 TAO:0001435 VHOG:0000513 ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube uberon UBERON:0005496 neural tube lateral wall UBERON:0005496 Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube ZFA:0001435 todo - epidermis? todo - track down EHDAA2 class in new release In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] After gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm. EFO:0003643 EHDAA:257 EMAPA:16074 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001273 TAO:0001178 VHOG:0001372 XAO:0004091 ZFA:0001178 non neural ectoderm epidermal ectoderm epithelial ectoderm uberon surface ectoderm ventral ectoderm UBERON:0005497 Gene notes: One of the first genes to be expressed in nonneural ectoderm in amphioxus is BMP2/4 (Panopoulou et al. 1998). BMP2/4 homologues appear to have a very ancient role in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm; in Drosophila as well as in amphioxus and vertebrates, BMP2/4 homologues are expressed in nonneural ectoderm and function in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm (Francois & Bier, 1995 ; Sasai et al. 1995 ; Wilson & Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995; Panopoulou et al. 1998). A change in level of BMP2/4 from very high in nonneural ectoderm to low in neural ectoderm appears to be a key factor in development of neural crest (Baker & Bronner-Fraser,1997a,1997b;Erickson&Reedy,1998;Marchantet al.1998 ;Selleck et al. 1998). non-neural ectoderm UBERON:0005497 ZFA In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001372 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ non neural ectoderm ZFA:0001178 epidermal ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest epithelial ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest surface ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest ventral ectoderm ZFA:0001178 Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. EHDAA2:0001512 EHDAA:424 EHDAA:436 EMAPA:16215 FMA:321916 SCTID:361522004 TAO:0000149 Wikipedia:Primitive_heart_tube ZFA:0000149 primitive heart tube early primitive heart tube uberon UBERON:0005498 primitive heart tube UBERON:0005498 ZFA Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. ZFA:0000149 primitive heart tube EMAPA:16215 early primitive heart tube EMAPA:16208 A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. EMAPA:32819 EMAPA:35364 uberon future hindbrain lateral wall UBERON:0005501 rhombomere lateral wall UBERON:0005501 A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. OBOL:automatic future hindbrain lateral wall EMAPA:35364 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. todo - compare ZFA and EHDAA2 representation We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003484 EHDAA2:0002083 EHDAA:667 EMAPA:16170 TAO:0000080 VHOG:0000269 ZFA:0000080 uberon UBERON:0005563 trigeminal neural crest UBERON:0005563 ZFA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. ZFA:0000080 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000269 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] this is a very broad grouping class EFO:0003651 EHDAA:5927 EMAPA:17204 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002148 TAO:0001262 WBbt:0008366 ZFA:0001262 future gonad gonadal primordium primitive gonad undifferentiated gonad uberon immature gonad UBERON:0005564 gonad primordium UBERON:0005564 Obol ZFA Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. ZFA:0001262 Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001262 TAO ZFIN:curator future gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gonadal primordium ZFA:0001262 primitive gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 undifferentiated gonad ZFA:0001262 immature gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000492 EHDAA:658 EMAPA:16312 TAO:0000762 VHOG:0000268 ZFA:0000762 facio acoustic neural crest uberon UBERON:0005565 facio-acoustic neural crest UBERON:0005565 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. ZFA:0000762 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000268 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ facio acoustic neural crest ZFA:0000762 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle. in humans this includes somites 1-4 They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983) EHDAA2 has both 'head somite' and 'head somite group', with part_of and develops_from for latter EHDAA2:0003437 EMAPA:16172 XAO:0000313 occipital somite uberon cranial somite UBERON:0005594 head somite UBERON:0005594 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle. PMID:11830559 They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983) PMID:11830559 EHDAA2 has both 'head somite' and 'head somite group', with part_of and develops_from for latter EHDAA2 occipital somite PMID:11830559 XAO:0000313 cranial somite XAO:0000313 A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. AAO:0011059 EFO:0002578 EMAPA:36007 XAO:0001002 uberon lateral diverticula lung diverticulum lung endoderm UBERON:0005597 lung primordium UBERON:0005597 XAO XAO A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula XAO:0001002 lung diverticulum AAO:3010717 lung endoderm EFO:0002578 A somite that is part of a trunk. AAO:0010385 EHDAA2:0003438 EMAPA:16184 XAO:0000314 uberon UBERON:0005598 trunk somite UBERON:0005598 A somite that is part of a trunk. OBOL:automatic The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. The dorsal sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000416 EHDAA:3001 EMAPA:17025 MA:0001618 NCIT:C34142 UMLS:C1512038 VHOG:0000352 Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery uberon dorsal mesentery UBERON:0005602 dorsal mesogastrium UBERON:0005602 MA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery The dorsal sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000352 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium UMLS:C1512038 ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Mesogastrium dorsal mesentery Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery EMAPA:16844 MA:0001636 VHOG:0000215 extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct hepatic duct extrahepatic part uberon UBERON:0005604 extrahepatic part of hepatic duct UBERON:0005604 MA MA extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct VHOG:0000215 hepatic duct extrahepatic part MA:0001636 Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery. this is an extremely loose and flexible grouping class that is the superclass of the mammalian common iliac and its main brahces, together with analagous structures in other tetrapods we place the XAO structure here for now. In terms of analagy, it is more closely related to common iliac, but the relationships currently attached to this class are mammal specific BTO:0004665 EHDAA:2551 EMAPA:17309 MA:0001971 MESH:D007083 NCIT:C12733 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000807 SCTID:244330006 UMLS:C0020887 Wikipedia:Iliac_artery XAO:0000361 galen:IliacArtery uberon UBERON:0005609 iliac artery UBERON:0005609 Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery. Wikipedia:Iliac_artery https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 we place the XAO structure here for now. In terms of analagy, it is more closely related to common iliac, but the relationships currently attached to this class are mammal specific XAO UMLS:C0020887 ncithesaurus:Iliac_Artery Any of the three veins including the common, external and internal iliac veins. EHDAA2:0000811 EMAPA:37151 MA:0002142 MESH:D007084 NCIT:C12734 SCTID:281481002 UMLS:C0020888 uberon pelvic vein UBERON:0005610 iliac vein UBERON:0005610 Any of the three veins including the common, external and internal iliac veins. ncithesaurus:Iliac_Vein EMAPA:37151 MA:th UMLS:C0020888 ncithesaurus:Iliac_Vein A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans EHDAA2:0000936 EHDAA:404 EMAPA:16205 MA:0000478 SCTID:361403005 VHOG:0000484 uberon UBERON:0005613 left dorsal aorta UBERON:0005613 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000484 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex. Cells of the subcapsular epithelium (or anterior lens cells) are mitotically active. In adult individuals they only cover the anterior 'hemisphere' of the lens. As they divide, cells gradually move towards the equator of the lens where they tranform into lens fibres. The apical part of the gradually elongating cell extends between the subcapsular epithelium and adjacent lens fibres towards the anterior pole of the lens. The basal part extends towards the posterior pole. The nucleus remains close to the equatorial plane of the lens - http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm lens epithelium EHDAA2:0000984 EHDAA:9059 EMAPA:17304 EMAPA:17839 FMA:70612 MA:0001302 NCIT:C33641 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000976 SCTID:362521008 UMLS:C1182652 VHOG:0001425 lens subcapsular epithelium subcapsular lens epithelium uberon anterior epithelium of lens vesicle anterior surface of lens UBERON:0005614 lens anterior epithelium UBERON:0005614 A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1182652 ncithesaurus:Subcapsular_Epithelium_of_the_Lens lens subcapsular epithelium http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm subcapsular lens epithelium FMA:70612 anterior epithelium of lens vesicle EMAPA:17304 anterior surface of lens FMA:58889 Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. includes posterior and anterior mesenteric arteries, which branch from the dorsal aorta (see Kardong), and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries BTO:0000779 EHDAA2:0001123 EHDAA:4343 EMAPA:17312 MA:0002003 MESH:D008638 NCIT:C52975 SCTID:281084003 UMLS:C0025465 VHOG:0001117 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_artery XAO:0000370 uberon UBERON:0005616 mesenteric artery UBERON:0005616 Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. MESH:A07.231.114.565 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_artery UMLS:C0025465 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Artery A vein that returns blood from the intestines. In humans the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein BTO:0002781 EHDAA:4442 EMAPA:17348 MA:0002177 MESH:D008642 NCIT:C53055 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001125 SCTID:304045008 UMLS:C0025473 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_vein uberon intestinal vein UBERON:0005617 mesenteric vein UBERON:0005617 A vein that returns blood from the intestines. MESH:A07.231.908.670.385 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_vein UMLS:C0025473 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Vein intestinal vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillary prominences that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. consider splitting into embryonic/fully formed The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001364 EHDAA:9283 EMAPA:17362 FMA:295948 MA:0001581 VHOG:0000378 lateral palatine process palatal shelf secondary palatal shelf uberon palatal shelves palatine shelf UBERON:0005619 secondary palatal shelf UBERON:0005619 EHDAA2 cjm The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillary prominences that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelves http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000378 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal lateral palatine process http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelf palatal shelf MA:0001581 palatal shelves palatine shelf VHOG:0000378 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] Normally regresses in humans EHDAA2:0001720 EHDAA:406 EMAPA:16206 MA:0000479 SCTID:361404004 VHOG:0000485 uberon UBERON:0005622 right dorsal aorta UBERON:0005622 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000485 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Normally regresses in humans http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview The cavity formed by the tubotympanic recess epithelium. EHDAA2:0002095 cavity of tubotympanic recess tubotympanic recess cavity tubotympanic recess space uberon tubotympanic recess UBERON:0005625 tubotympanic recess lumen UBERON:0005625 ISBN:0073040584 The cavity formed by the tubotympanic recess epithelium. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tubotympanic recess EHDAA2:0002095 Portion of ventral mesentery closest to the stomach. The mesentery that originates from the ventral side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] The ventral sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The lesser omentum develops from the ventral mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002176 EHDAA:3005 EMAPA:17026 MA:0001621 NCIT:C34327 TAO:0005133 UMLS:C1519967 VHOG:0000351 ZFA:0005133 uberon foregut ventral mesentery UBERON:0005626 "The primitive gut is enveloped by a mesentery that has a dorsal and a ventral aspect. The ventral mesentery degenerates during development with the exception of the foregut ventral mesentery, which develops into specialized structures (see foregut embryology)." [http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/embryology/gi/pgm.htm]. todo - check ventral mesogastrium UBERON:0005626 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray984.png EHDAA2 Portion of ventral mesentery closest to the stomach. Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery The mesentery that originates from the ventral side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005133 TAO ZFIN:curator The ventral sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The lesser omentum develops from the ventral mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000351 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium UMLS:C1519967 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Mesogastrium foregut ventral mesentery Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system]. AEO:0000219 EHDAA2:0004112 EMAPA:35904 FMA:5900 XAO:0004143 plexus vasculosus uberon UBERON:0005629 vascular plexus UBERON:0005629 A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70052 In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system]. Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system plexus vasculosus Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. stuctures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes appear in mammals [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] EHDAA2 is a mereological sum. EHDAA2:0004714 FMA:305915 MESH:D005321 SCTID:362840007 uberon UBERON:0005631 extraembryonic membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-extraembryonic-membranes UBERON:0005631 Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. ISBN:0073040584 EHDAA2 is a mereological sum. EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. EHDAA2:0001582 EMAPA:17633 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001927 uberon UBERON:0005637 pyloric region epithelium UBERON:0005637 An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. EHDAA2:0000130 uberon UBERON:0005638 anterior chamber epithelium UBERON:0005638 An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 2. EHDAA2:0000518 EMAPA:17433 fore limb digit 2 epithelium manual digit II epithelium hand digit 2 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005645 manual digit 2 epithelium UBERON:0005645 An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 2 epithelium OBOL:accepted manual digit II epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 3. EHDAA2:0000524 EMAPA:17436 fore limb digit 3 epithelium manual digit III epithelium hand digit 3 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005646 manual digit 3 epithelium UBERON:0005646 An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 3 epithelium OBOL:accepted manual digit III epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 4. EHDAA2:0000530 EMAPA:17439 fore limb digit 4 epithelium manual digit IV epithelium hand digit 4 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005647 manual digit 4 epithelium UBERON:0005647 An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 4 epithelium OBOL:accepted manual digit IV epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 5. EHDAA2:0000536 EMAPA:17442 fore limb digit 5 epithelium manual digit V epithelium hand digit 5 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005648 manual digit 5 epithelium UBERON:0005648 An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 5 epithelium OBOL:accepted manual digit V epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 2. EHDAA2:0002043 EMAPA:17464 hind limb digit 2 epithelium pedal digit II epithelium foot digit 2 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005649 pedal digit 2 epithelium UBERON:0005649 An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 epithelium OBOL:accepted pedal digit II epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 2 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 3. EHDAA2:0002048 EMAPA:17467 hind limb digit 3 epithelium pedal digit III epithelium foot digit 3 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005650 pedal digit 3 epithelium UBERON:0005650 An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 epithelium OBOL:accepted pedal digit III epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 3 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 4. EHDAA2:0002053 EMAPA:17470 hind limb digit 4 epithelium pedal digit IV epithelium foot digit 4 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005651 pedal digit 4 epithelium UBERON:0005651 An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 epithelium OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 4 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 5. EHDAA2:0002058 EMAPA:17473 hind limb digit 5 epithelium pedal digit V epithelium foot digit 5 epithelium uberon UBERON:0005652 pedal digit 5 epithelium UBERON:0005652 An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 epithelium OBOL:accepted pedal digit V epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 5 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw molar. EHDAA2:0002126 EMAPA:17943 uberon UBERON:0005653 upper jaw molar epithelium UBERON:0005653 A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw molar. OBOL:automatic A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw molar. EHDAA2:0001026 EMAPA:17922 uberon UBERON:0005654 lower jaw molar epithelium UBERON:0005654 A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw molar. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. EHDAA2:0000987 EMAPA:17165 VHOG:0000532 uberon UBERON:0005656 lens vesicle epithelium UBERON:0005656 An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. EHDAA2:0001365 EMAPA:17363 FMA:312465 VHOG:0001040 uberon palatal shelf epithelium UBERON:0005658 secondary palatal shelf epithelium UBERON:0005658 An epithelium that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. OBOL:automatic palatal shelf epithelium VHOG:0001040 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000055 EMAPA:16277 EMAPA:16397 EMAPA:16398 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000064 VHOG:0001062 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm uberon UBERON:0005660 2nd arch ectoderm UBERON:0005660 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001062 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0001062 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000072 EMAPA:16400 EMAPA:16582 EMAPA:16584 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000079 VHOG:0000946 3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm uberon UBERON:0005661 3rd arch ectoderm UBERON:0005661 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000946 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0000946 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004032 EMAPA:16762 EMAPA:16764 EMAPA:16768 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000094 VHOG:0001095 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm uberon UBERON:0005662 4th arch ectoderm UBERON:0005662 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001095 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0001095 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000061 EMAPA:16274 EMAPA:16276 EMAPA:16278 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000065 VHOG:0001108 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon UBERON:0005664 2nd arch endoderm UBERON:0005664 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001108 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001108 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000075 EMAPA:16401 EMAPA:16585 EMAPA:16587 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000080 VHOG:0001081 3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon UBERON:0005665 3rd arch endoderm UBERON:0005665 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001081 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001081 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004033 EMAPA:16765 EMAPA:16767 EMAPA:16769 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000095 VHOG:0001092 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon UBERON:0005666 4th arch endoderm UBERON:0005666 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001092 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001092 EHDAA2:0000314 uberon UBERON:0005667 connecting stalk mesoderm UBERON:0005667 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. we believe that this corresponds to EMAPA:16139 based on synonyms and parenthood peritoneum BTO:0003156 EHDAA2:0001447 EMAPA:16139 FMA:18147 SCTID:34073007 mesothelium of peritoneal component mesothelium of peritoneum peritoneal mesothelium peritoneum mesothelium uberon UBERON:0005669 peritoneal cavity mesothelium UBERON:0005669 A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. OBOL:automatic we believe that this corresponds to EMAPA:16139 based on synonyms and parenthood EMAPA peritoneum EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneal component EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneum FMA:18147 peritoneal mesothelium BTO:0003156 EMAPA:16139 peritoneum mesothelium FMA:18147 An endothelium that is part of a right lung. EHDAA2:0001755 uberon UBERON:0005672 right lung endothelium UBERON:0005672 An endothelium that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000961 uberon UBERON:0005673 left lung endothelium UBERON:0005673 An endothelium that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. EMAPA:16722 EMAPA:17040 EMAPA:18671 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001187 SCTID:361434009 uberon UBERON:0005685 midgut dorsal mesentery UBERON:0005685 A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] cavity of lens lens cavity EHDAA2:0000986 EMAPA:17164 VHOG:0000531 cavity of lens vesicle uberon UBERON:0005688 lens vesicle cavity UBERON:0005688 An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000531 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lens cavity EHDAA2:0000986 cavity of lens vesicle EMAPA:17164 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000066 EHDAA:625 EMAPA:16279 FMA:295698 VHOG:0001102 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 2nd branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme UBERON:0005689 2nd arch mesenchyme UBERON:0005689 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001102 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001102 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000081 EHDAA:1094 EMAPA:16402 FMA:295700 VHOG:0001083 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 3rd branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme UBERON:0005690 3rd arch mesenchyme UBERON:0005690 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001083 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001083 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000096 EHDAA:1677 EMAPA:16770 FMA:295702 VHOG:0001052 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 4th branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme UBERON:0005691 4th arch mesenchyme UBERON:0005691 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001052 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001052 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 2. EHDAA2:0000519 EMAPA:17434 fore limb digit 2 mesenchyme manual digit II mesenchyme hand digit 2 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005692 manual digit 2 mesenchyme UBERON:0005692 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 2 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted manual digit II mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 3. EHDAA2:0000525 EMAPA:17437 fore limb digit 3 mesenchyme manual digit III mesenchyme hand digit 3 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005693 manual digit 3 mesenchyme UBERON:0005693 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 3 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted manual digit III mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 4. EHDAA2:0000531 EMAPA:17440 fore limb digit 4 mesenchyme manual digit IV mesenchyme hand digit 4 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005694 manual digit 4 mesenchyme UBERON:0005694 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 4 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted manual digit IV mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 5. EHDAA2:0000537 EMAPA:17443 fore limb digit 5 mesenchyme manual digit V mesenchyme hand digit 5 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005695 manual digit 5 mesenchyme UBERON:0005695 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 5 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted manual digit V mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 2. EHDAA2:0002044 EMAPA:17465 hind limb digit 2 mesenchyme pedal digit II mesenchyme foot digit 2 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005696 pedal digit 2 mesenchyme UBERON:0005696 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted pedal digit II mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 2 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 3. EHDAA2:0002049 EMAPA:17468 hind limb digit 3 mesenchyme pedal digit III mesenchyme foot digit 3 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005697 pedal digit 3 mesenchyme UBERON:0005697 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted pedal digit III mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 3 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 4. EHDAA2:0002054 EMAPA:17471 hind limb digit 4 mesenchyme pedal digit IV mesenchyme foot digit 4 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005698 pedal digit 4 mesenchyme UBERON:0005698 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 4 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 5. EHDAA2:0002059 EMAPA:17474 hind limb digit 5 mesenchyme pedal digit V mesenchyme foot digit 5 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005699 pedal digit 5 mesenchyme UBERON:0005699 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted pedal digit V mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 5 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw molar. EHDAA2:0002127 EHDAA:8051 EMAPA:17944 upper jaw molar dental papilla upper molar mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005700 upper jaw molar odontogenic papilla UBERON:0005700 EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw molar. OBOL:automatic upper jaw molar dental papilla EHDAA2:0002127 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw molar. EHDAA2:0001027 EHDAA:8015 EMAPA:17923 lower jaw molar dental papilla lower molar mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005701 lower jaw molar odontogenic papilla UBERON:0005701 EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw molar. OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar dental papilla EHDAA2:0001027 Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. EHDAA:942 EMAPA:16324 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001310 VHOG:0001073 uberon UBERON:0005702 optic eminence mesenchyme UBERON:0005702 Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing secondary palatal shelf. EHDAA2:0001366 EHDAA:9287 EMAPA:17364 VHOG:0001063 uberon palatal shelf mesenchyme UBERON:0005704 secondary palatal shelf mesenchyme UBERON:0005704 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing secondary palatal shelf. OBOL:automatic palatal shelf mesenchyme VHOG:0001063 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0002123 EMAPA:17941 upper incisor mesenchyme upper jaw incisor dental papilla uberon UBERON:0005707 upper jaw incisor odontogenic papilla UBERON:0005707 EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic upper jaw incisor dental papilla EHDAA2:0002123 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0001023 EMAPA:17920 lower incisor mesenchyme lower jaw incisor dental papilla uberon UBERON:0005708 lower jaw incisor odontogenic papilla UBERON:0005708 EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic lower jaw incisor dental papilla EHDAA2:0001023 A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0002122 EMAPA:17940 uberon UBERON:0005709 upper jaw incisor epithelium UBERON:0005709 A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0001022 EMAPA:17919 uberon UBERON:0005710 lower jaw incisor epithelium UBERON:0005710 A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. EHDAA2:0000564 uberon UBERON:0005711 foregut duodenum mesentery UBERON:0005711 A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. OBOL:automatic A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. EHDAA2:0001193 uberon UBERON:0005712 midgut duodenum mesentery UBERON:0005712 A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. EHDAA2:0000547 EMAPA:17251 uberon UBERON:0005719 footplate apical ectodermal ridge UBERON:0005719 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. EHDAA2:0000776 EMAPA:18632 VHOG:0001322 uberon rhombencephalon venous system UBERON:0005720 hindbrain venous system UBERON:0005720 A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic rhombencephalon venous system VHOG:0001322 A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros. Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30.[AAO] AAO:0011090 EFO:0003479 TAO:0000067 VHOG:0001239 XAO:0000264 ZFA:0000067 uberon pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric mesenchyme pronephric primordium UBERON:0005721 the intermediate mesoderm of the chick embryo acquires its ability to form kidneys through its interactions with the paraxial mesoderm [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology", PMID:10720431 "Signals from trunk paraxial mesoderm induce pronephros formation in chick intermediate mesoderm"]. These interactions induce the expression of TFs including Lim1, Pax2 and Pax6 that cause the intermediate mesoderm to form the kidney pronephric mesoderm UBERON:0005721 ZFA Bgee:AN A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros. OBOL:automatic Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011090 AAO XAO:curator pronephric anlage XAO:0000264 pronephric bulge XAO:0000264 pronephric mesenchyme XAO:0000264 pronephric primordium XAO:0000264 A sensory system that is capable of olfaction (the sensory perception of smell). consider splitting into main and accessory. See also: vomeronasal organ we make the relationship to nervous system 'overlaps', as the olfactory system includes e.g. apertures in the cranium that are not part of the nervous system The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP][Wikipedia:Olfactory_system]. The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell).[AAO] In mammals, the main olfactory system detects odorants that are inhaled through the nose, where they contact the main olfactory epithelium, which contains various olfactory receptors. These olfactory receptors are membrane proteins of bipolar olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Rather than binding specific ligands like most receptors, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules. Olfactory neurons transduce receptor activation into electrical signals in neurons. The signals travel along the olfactory nerve, which belongs to the peripheral nervous system. This nerve terminates in the olfactory bulb, which belongs to the central nervous system. The complex set of olfactory receptors on different olfactory neurons can distinguish a new odor from the background environmental odors and determine the concentration of the odor[WP]. AAO:0000334 AAO:0000978 BILA:0000144 EFO:0001973 EMAPA:36004 FMA:7190 MA:0002445 NCIT:C94501 NLXANAT:090806 SCTID:362290002 TAO:0001149 UMLS:C0228065 Wikipedia:Olfactory_system XAO:0003196 ZFA:0001149 uberon UBERON:0005725 olfactory system UBERON:0005725 A sensory system that is capable of olfaction (the sensory perception of smell). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP][Wikipedia:Olfactory_system]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_system The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000978 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0228065 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_System BILA:0000139 uberon UBERON:0005726 chemosensory system UBERON:0005726 . EHDAA2:0000474 EMAPA:31862 EMAPA:31863 FMA:296719 VHOG:0000616 extra-embryonic mesoderm extraembryonic mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005728 extraembryonic mesoderm UBERON:0005728 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 . http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. Embryonic region that develops into the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001453 ZFA:0001453 pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pectoral fin field uberon UBERON:0005729 pectoral appendage field UBERON:0005729 A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Embryonic region that develops into the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001453 TAO ZFIN:curator pectoral fin field ZFA:0001453 A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001454 ZFA:0001454 pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pelvic fin field uberon UBERON:0005730 pelvic appendage field UBERON:0005730 A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001454 TAO ZFIN:curator pelvic fin field ZFA:0001454 A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. we represent the field as being a part of the LPM (consistent with ZFA, Gilbert). As a consequence, the relationship between limb bud (with is ectoderm+mesenchyme) stands in a weaker has_developmental_contribution_from relation to the field - TODO implement this. limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm paired limb/fin field uberon UBERON:0005732 paired limb/fin field UBERON:0005732 ISBN:9780878932504 ZFA-inferred A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. ISBN:9780878932504 A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. limb field of lateral plate mesoderm uberon UBERON:0005733 the central portion of the limb field gives rise to the limb proper. mesenchyme cells proliferate from from the somatic layer of limb field lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) and from the somites (limb muscle precursors) . these mesenchymal cells accumulate under the ectedermal tissue to make a limb bud. // The lateral plate mesoderm in the limb field is also special in that it will induce myoblasts to migrate out from the somites and enter the limb bud. No other region of the lateral plate mesoderm will do that (Hayashi and Ozawa 1995) limb field UBERON:0005733 A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. ISBN:9780878932504 The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. TODO - note terminological problems. WP says tunica external layer of blood vessel. FMA says tunica externa = adventitia, and is FMA adventitia covers other kinds of vessels. Here we opt for a lengthier name that attempts to disambiguate. There is no precise FMA equivalent, as FMA has tunica externa of arteries, veins, genital ducts etc as siblings The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels)]. BTO:0002010 EMAPA:36299 NCIT:C33818 SCTID:61066005 UMLS:C0225342 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) adventitia externa tunica adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel uberon external coat tunica adventitia vasorum tunica externa vasorum UBERON:0005734 tunica adventitia of blood vessel UBERON:0005734 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg cjm The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels)]. Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) UMLS:C0225342 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Adventitia adventitia externa Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia of vessel Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) external coat Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica externa vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) A tunica intima that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36293 EV:0100028 FMA:14272 SCTID:40022005 galen:IntimaOfArtery arterial intima tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) uberon UBERON:0005740 tunica intima of artery UBERON:0005740 A tunica intima that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial intima EV:0100028 tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) FMA:14272 An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. BTO:0002010 FMA:45635 MESH:D063194 SCTID:30180000 Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia tunica externa uberon UBERON:0005742 adventitia UBERON:0005742 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica externa FMA:45635 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper). foramen AAO:0010438 TAO:0001736 VHOG:0001760 ZFA:0005386 uberon UBERON:0005744 bone foramen UBERON:0005744 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. TAO:curator in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper). FMA foramen ZFA:0005386 The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. caudal portion of nephrogenic cord caudal region of nephrogenic cord rear part of nephrogenic cord rear portion of nephrogenic cord uberon UBERON:0005753 caudal part of nephrogenic cord UBERON:0005753 The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron caudal portion of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic caudal region of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic rear part of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic rear portion of nephrogenic cord Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. uberon UBERON:0005754 rostral part of nephrogenic cord UBERON:0005754 The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. FMA:63871 uberon UBERON:0005764 acellular membrane UBERON:0005764 An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. OBOL:automatic An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. this class represents a continuous sheet of basement membrane which can underlie multiple epithelial cells over large regions. In contrast, the GO class 'basal membrane' represents a portion of substance on the scale of a single cell. AAO:0010596 FMA:63872 GAID:915 NCIT:C13191 SCTID:68989006 UMLS:C0004799 Wikipedia:Basement_membrane basement membrane of connective tissue membrana basalis uberon basement membrane UBERON:0005769 basement membrane of epithelium UBERON:0005769 FMA An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. Wikipedia:Basement_membrane http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://palaeos.com/metazoa/porifera/homoscleromorpha.html UMLS:C0004799 ncithesaurus:Basement_Membrane basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 membrana basalis Wikipedia:Basement_membrane basement membrane FMA:63872 Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. TODO - check ridge vs cord vs nephrogenic cord vs blastema EHDAA2:0001242 EHDAA:1015 EMAPA:16368 VHOG:0001240 uberon nephric cord UBERON:0005792 nephric ridge UBERON:0005792 Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter27/custom2/deluxe-content.html nephric cord VHOG:0001240 FMA:72173 SCTID:255782009 fetal uterus uberon UBERON:0005795 embryonic uterus UBERON:0005795 fetal uterus FMA:72173 Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. FMA:13087 NCIT:C34027 SCTID:119203005 UMLS:C0506947 aortic section uberon aortic segment portion of aorta segment of aorta UBERON:0005800 section of aorta UBERON:0005800 Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment UMLS:C0506947 ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment aortic segment FMA:13087 segment of aorta FMA:13087 The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011029 BTO:0004673 EHDAA:402 EMAPA:18606 SCTID:338637006 TAO:0000014 VHOG:0000264 Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta XAO:0000051 ZFA:0000014 DA aorta dorsalis uberon aortae dorsales dorsal aorta root dorsal aortae dorsal aortic root dorsal aortæ UBERON:0005805 dorsal aorta UBERON:0005805 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray459.png The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035907 https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/8525/ Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000014 TAO ZFIN:curator The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch BTO:0004673 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000014 TAO When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000264 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ DA ZFA:0000014 aorta dorsalis XAO:0000051 aortae dorsales Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aorta root VHOG:0000264 dorsal aortae Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aortic root VHOG:0000264 dorsal aortæ Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. FMA:45628 MESH:D011168 NCIT:C33344 SCTID:362063001 UMLS:C0226727 Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system portal venous system uberon UBERON:0005806 portal system UBERON:0005806 In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system UMLS:C0226727 ncithesaurus:Portal_Venous_System portal venous system FMA:45628 A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. FMA:83117 SCTID:425475006 uberon osseous tissue of long bone UBERON:0005808 bone tissue of long bone UBERON:0005808 A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. OBOL:automatic osseous tissue of long bone FMA:83117 A round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth on an anatomical surface, such as bones, skin, or within the lungs (in the case of tuberculosis). They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. AAO:0010605 BTO:0002173 FMA:75429 Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy) uberon tuber UBERON:0005813 tubercle UBERON:0005813 A round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth on an anatomical surface, such as bones, skin, or within the lungs (in the case of tuberculosis). They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy) A vertebral arch that is part of the first cervical vertebra. FMA:23975 SCTID:272708001 Wikipedia:Arch_of_the_atlas atlas arch uberon UBERON:0005814 arch of atlas UBERON:0005814 A vertebral arch that is part of the first cervical vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 atlas arch FMA:23975 A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord. FMA:75799 spinal cord fasciculus uberon UBERON:0005837 fasciculus of spinal cord UBERON:0005837 A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic spinal cord fasciculus FMA:75799 A fascicle that is part of a brain. FMA:83844 brain fasciculus uberon UBERON:0005838 fasciculus of brain UBERON:0005838 A fascicle that is part of a brain. OBOL:automatic brain fasciculus FMA:83844 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a sacral region. BIRNLEX:1275 FMA:256623 MA:0003085 NCIT:C12896 SCTID:244438003 UMLS:C0581669 UMLS:C1280196 pars sacralis medullae spinalis sacral segment of spinal cord sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] uberon UBERON:0005843 sacral spinal cord UBERON:0005843 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a sacral region. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0581669 BIRNLEX:1275 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Spinal_Cord UMLS:C1280196 BIRNLEX:1275 pars sacralis medullae spinalis FMA:256623 FMA:TA sacral segment of spinal cord FMA:256623 sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] FMA:256623 segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] FMA:256623 FMA:TA This is currently used loosely to refer to cervical, lumbar, etc as well as the metamerically repeated segments, which may correspond more closely with the ZFA neuromere term BIRNLEX:2665 FMA:62420 MA:0003080 SCTID:278748001 axial part of spinal cord axial regional part of spinal cord segment of spinal cord uberon spinal neuromeres UBERON:0005844 spinal cord segment UBERON:0005844 axial part of spinal cord BIRNLEX:2665 axial regional part of spinal cord BIRNLEX:2665 segment of spinal cord FMA:62420 spinal neuromeres TAO:0001332 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a caudal region. FMA:256635 MA:0003084 SCTID:278753006 neuronames:1656 coccygeal segment of spinal cord coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] pars coccygea medullae spinalis segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] uberon segmenta coccygea UBERON:0005845 for spinal cord segments, we treat coccygeal/caudal as synonyms - we only differentiate where bone is concerned caudal segment of spinal cord UBERON:0005845 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a caudal region. OBOL:automatic coccygeal segment of spinal cord FMA:256635 coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] FMA:256635 pars coccygea medullae spinalis FMA:256635 FMA:TA segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] FMA:256635 FMA:TA segmenta coccygea NeuroNames:1656 A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003148 EHDAA:8979 mesenchyme condensation uberon UBERON:0005856 developing mesenchymal condensation UBERON:0005856 AEO cjm AEO-modified-relation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 mesenchyme condensation EMAPA:25351 Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO AEO:0000147 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003147 EMAPA:32731 VSAO:0000092 XAO:0004022 cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation uberon UBERON:0005863 cartilaginous condensation UBERON:0005863 AEO AEO Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. GO:curator isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO VSAO cartilage condensation EMAPA:25353 cartilagenous condensation EHDAA2:0003147 chondrogenic condensation VSAO:0000092 UBERON:0008714 AEO:0000149 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003149 pre muscle mass premuscle mass uberon UBERON:0005865 pre-muscle condensation UBERON:0005865 AEO A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. AEO:0000150 EHDAA2:0003150 EMAPA:32736 pre-chondrogenic condensation precartilage condensation precartilagenous condensation prechondrogenic condensation uberon UBERON:0005866 pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0005866 AEO AEO A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. AEO:0000150 AEO:JB A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/precartilage The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip. check develops_from EHDAA2:0001061 EHDAA:5871 EMAPA:17355 FMA:293051 NCIT:C34204 UMLS:C1512982 Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence uberon mandibular process mandibular swelling prominentia mandibularis UBERON:0005867 mandibular prominence UBERON:0005867 The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010939 UMLS:C1512982 ncithesaurus:Mandibular_Prominence mandibular process Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence mandibular swelling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 prominentia mandibularis Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence The paired dorsal prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo that unite with the ipsilateral medial nasal process to form the upper jaw. EHDAA2:0001070 EHDAA:5877 EMAPA:17359 FMA:293049 NCIT:C34206 SCTID:346355001 UMLS:C1513037 Wikipedia:Maxillary_prominence embryonic maxillary process maxillary process maxillary process of embryo uberon prominentia maxilaris UBERON:0005868 maxillary prominence UBERON:0005868 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png The paired dorsal prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo that unite with the ipsilateral medial nasal process to form the upper jaw. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010940 UMLS:C1513037 ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Prominence maxillary process EHDAA2:0001070 prominentia maxilaris Wikipedia:Maxillary_prominence An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. we represent the relationship as develops from, though in fact the pit is formed as an indentation in the placode By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the nasal pits or olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[Wikipedia:Nasal_pit]. AAO:0011068 EFO:0003496 EHDAA2:0001295 EHDAA:4772 EMAPA:16800 FMA:295840 SCTID:361485001 Wikipedia:Nasal_pit XAO:0000275 XAO:0004073 nasal pit uberon UBERON:0005870 olfactory pit UBERON:0005870 EHDAA2 EMAPA EHDAA2 XAO:0000275 nasal pit An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. GO:0060166 Wikipedia:Nasal_pit By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the nasal pits or olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[Wikipedia:Nasal_pit]. Wikipedia:Nasal_pit nasal pit XAO:0000275 A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000009 EHDAA:575 EMAPA:16119 VHOG:0000554 VHOG:0000969 1st arch branchial groove 1st arch groove ectoderm 1st pharyngeal groove 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm branchial groove of 1st arch uberon 1st branchial cleft 1st pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005872 1st arch pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005872 A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:OG In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000969 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 1st arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000008 1st arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000009 1st pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000969 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000554 branchial groove of 1st arch EMAPA:16119 1st branchial cleft EMAPA:16119 1st pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000969 A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. EHDAA2:0000057 EHDAA:613 EMAPA:16396 VHOG:0000568 VHOG:0000972 2nd arch branchial groove 2nd arch groove ectoderm 2nd pharyngeal groove 2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm branchial groove of 2nd arch uberon 2nd branchial cleft 2nd pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005873 2nd arch pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005873 A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:OG 2nd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000054 2nd arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000057 2nd pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000972 2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000568 branchial groove of 2nd arch EMAPA:16396 2nd branchial cleft EMAPA:16396 2nd pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000972 A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. EHDAA2:0000074 EHDAA:1082 EMAPA:16581 VHOG:0000572 VHOG:0000973 3rd arch branchial groove 3rd arch groove ectoderm 3rd pharyngeal groove 3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm branchial groove of 3rd arch uberon 3rd branchial cleft 3rd pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005874 3rd arch pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005874 A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:OG 3rd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000071 3rd arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000074 3rd pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000973 3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000572 branchial groove of 3rd arch EMAPA:16581 3rd branchial cleft EMAPA:16581 3rd pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000973 The embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin. The eminence in the embryo which develops into the clitoris or penis. [TFD][VHOG] embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin; GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until ~E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP] In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle.[well established][VHOG] All amniotes studied to date initiate external genital development with the formation of paired genital swellings. In mammals, archosaurs, and turtles, these swellings merge to form a single genital tubercle, the precursor of the penis and clitoris[PMID:24960313] GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until approximately E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP:0011771] todo - add taxon constraints we assume the EMAPA class is the undifferentiated form based on TS timings EHDAA2:0000705 EHDAA:5925 EMAPA:17382 FMA:302888 SCTID:308798005 VHOG:0000583 Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle undifferentiated genital tubercle uberon genital tubercle phallic tubercle tuberculum genitale tuberculum phallicum UBERON:0005876 undifferentiated genital tubercle UBERON:0005876 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gray1119.png EHDAA2 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1230 The embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin. MGI:anna MP:0011771 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1230 The eminence in the embryo which develops into the clitoris or penis. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000583 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genital+tubercle embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin; GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until ~E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP] MP In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000583 VHOG DOI:10.1242/dev.036830 Seifert AW, Yamaguchi T, Cohn MJ, Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development. Development (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ we assume the EMAPA class is the undifferentiated form based on TS timings EMAPA undifferentiated genital tubercle VHOG:0000583 genital tubercle EMAPA:17382 tuberculum genitale Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle tuberculum phallicum Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle An external pocketing of pharyngeal ectoderm that contacts a region of endoderm (a pharyngeal pouch) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions by the pharyngeal arches. Note we use overlaps as the relationship to the arches EMAPA distinguishes between the groove ectoderm and epithelium, with the latter arising after the former pharyngeal groove AAO:0010623 EMAPA:32750 FMA:295672 NCIT:C34250 UMLS:C1280559 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove pharyngeal groove ectoderm gill cleft uberon Kiemenspalten branchial cleft branchial groove pharyngeal ectodermal cleft pharyngeal slit sulcus pharyngei UBERON:0005879 pharyngeal cleft UBERON:0005879 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Kiemenbogen.jpg EHDAA2 An external pocketing of pharyngeal ectoderm that contacts a region of endoderm (a pharyngeal pouch) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions by the pharyngeal arches. PMID:23020903 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA distinguishes between the groove ectoderm and epithelium, with the latter arising after the former EMAPA pharyngeal groove Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove UMLS:C1280559 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Groove pharyngeal groove ectoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 branchial cleft Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove branchial groove AAO:0010623 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove pharyngeal slit sulcus pharyngei Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis. uberon digit or predigit limb outgrowth UBERON:0005881 encompasses digits and prepollex. requires review autopodial extension UBERON:0005881 A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of skeleton that supports pharyngeal arch 2. it's not clear where AAO:'hyobranchial skeleton' belongs AAO:0000665 AAO:0010370 TAO:0001276 XAO:0003177 ZFA:0001276 hyoid arch skeleton pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton hyoid bars uberon hyoid arch visceral arch 2 UBERON:0005884 hyoid arch skeleton UBERON:0005884 ZFA cjm A subdivision of skeleton that supports pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic it's not clear where AAO:'hyobranchial skeleton' belongs AAO hyoid arch skeleton ZFA:0001276 pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton ZFA:0001276 hyoid bars TAO:0001276 hyoid arch TAO:0001276 visceral arch 2 TAO:0001276 The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. EHDAA2:0004049 used to be called 'coelomic epithelium' but is now 'gonadal ridge mesothelium' Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium XAO:0000329 celomic epithelium germinal epithelium of Waldeyer uberon UBERON:0005891 coelomic epithelium UBERON:0005891 XAO XAO The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium XAO:0000329 EHDAA2:0004049 used to be called 'coelomic epithelium' but is now 'gonadal ridge mesothelium' EHDAA2 germinal epithelium of Waldeyer Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx. EMAPA:37304 MA:0000670 MESH:D007867 uberon UBERON:0005893 leg bone UBERON:0005893 A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37304 MA:th A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:35391 MA:0000619 SCTID:426741001 bone of hand bone of hand skeleton bone of manus bone of pectoral limb autopod bone of pectoral limb autopodium forelimb autopod bone forelimb autopodium bone hand bone uberon UBERON:0005897 manus bone UBERON:0005897 A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hand bone MA:0000619 A bone that is part of the pes skeleton. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:35354 GAID:192 MA:0000643 MESH:D005529 NCIT:C13068 SCTID:361371005 UMLS:C0016505 bone of foor proper or tarsal skeleton bone of foot bone of pedal skeleton bone of pes foot bone uberon UBERON:0005899 pes bone UBERON:0005899 A bone that is part of the pes skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0016505 ncithesaurus:Foot_Bone foot bone MA:0000643 Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TODO - check An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] AAO:0010199 BTO:0004675 FMA:49187 SCTID:362618001 TAO:0001414 XAO:0003173 ZFA:0001414 neuronames:2431 basicranial region occipital part of head occipital region of head uberon back of head UBERON:0005902 occipital region UBERON:0005902 Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TAO:0001414 UBERONREF:0000007 An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010199 AAO AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001414 TAO TAO:MAH basicranial region ZFA:0001414 occipital part of head FMA:49187 occipital region of head FMA:49187 back of head FMA:49187 Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. EMAPA:29282 FMA:19473 SCTID:279675008 Wikipedia:Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae excretory duct of seminal gland seminal vesicle duct uberon ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae UBERON:0005903 duct of seminal vesicle UBERON:0005903 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray1160.png Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19473 ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19473 FMA:TA excretory duct of seminal gland FMA:19473 seminal vesicle duct FMA:19473 ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae Wikipedia:Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system. this class groups the individual ducts in a variety of species uberon UBERON:0005904 duct of male reproductive system UBERON:0005904 Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]. EMAPA:16060 FMA:9689 MA:0000005 SCTID:362890006 uberon UBERON:0005906 See notes for serous membrane serous sac UBERON:0005906 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]. FMA:9689 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]. FMA:69065 endoderm-derived epithelium endoepithelium uberon UBERON:0005911 endo-epithelium UBERON:0005911 Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]. FMA:69065 FMA:10483 bone organ zone uberon UBERON:0005913 zone of bone organ UBERON:0005913 FMA bone organ zone FMA:10483 A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...).[well established][VHOG] Fish have two pairs of external nostrils. naris AAO:0000024 AAO:0000983 AAO:0010358 EHDAA2:0001275 EHDAA:9085 EMAPA:17848 FMA:59645 MA:0001320 NCIT:C33178 SCTID:276165005 TAO:0000550 UMLS:C0595944 VHOG:0000544 Wikipedia:Nostril XAO:0003033 ZFA:0000550 external nares nostril blowhole uberon anterior nares anterior naris UBERON:0005928 external naris UBERON:0005928 ZFA A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. Wikipedia:Nostril http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000024 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000024 AAO In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000544 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27 http://bgee.unil.ch/ naris ZFA:0000550 UMLS:C0595944 ncithesaurus:Nostril external nares nostril FMA:59645 XAO:0003033 blowhole Wikipedia:Blowhole_(anatomy) anterior nares VHOG:0000544 anterior naris ZFA:0001427 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] AAO:0000963 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 MA:0000308 NCIT:C32172 SCTID:361725000 UMLS:C0222645 VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton XAO:0004011 uberon skeleton axiale UBERON:0005944 axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton UBERON:0005944 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. FMA:71221 VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/44 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000056 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 UMLS:C0222645 ncithesaurus:Axial_Skeleton skeleton axiale Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton trabecula trabecular cartilage EFO:0003677 TAO:0001321 ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae uberon UBERON:0005945 neurocranial trabecula UBERON:0005945 ZFA ZFA trabecula ZFA:0001321 trabecular cartilage ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae ZFA:0001321 An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. FMA:14141 outflow part of atrium uberon UBERON:0005946 outflow tract of atrium UBERON:0005946 An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. OBOL:automatic outflow part of atrium FMA:14141 Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk. infundibulum EMAPA:37926 FMA:7216 NCIT:C61368 SCTID:244379003 UMLS:C1881209 RVOT conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum of right ventricle outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary conus right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract right ventricular outflow tract uberon arterial cone conus arteriosus pulmonary cone pulmonary conus UBERON:0005953 outflow part of right ventricle UBERON:0005953 PMID:17276708 Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk. MP:0010428 infundibulum Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus EMAPA:37926 MA:th UMLS:C1881209 ncithesaurus:Infundibulum RVOT MP:0010428 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) FMA:7216 infundibulum of right ventricle FMA:7216 MP:0010428 outflow tract of right ventricle FMA:7216 pulmonary conus FMA:7216 right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract MP:0010428 right ventricular outflow tract MP:0010428 arterial cone MP:0010428 conus arteriosus MP:0010428 pulmonary cone MP:0010428 pulmonary conus MP:0010428 Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. EMAPA:37925 FMA:9473 SCTID:264070001 Wikipedia:Aortic_vestibule LVOT Sibson vestibule aortic vestibule heart left ventricle outflow tract left ventricular outflow left ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of left ventricle vestibulum aortae uberon UBERON:0005956 outflow part of left ventricle UBERON:0005956 Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. MP:0010429 EMAPA:37925 MA:th LVOT MP:0010429 Sibson vestibule MP:0010429 aortic vestibule FMA:9473 MP:0010429 heart left ventricle outflow tract MP:0010429 left ventricular outflow FMA:9473 left ventricular outflow tract HP:0011103 outflow tract of left ventricle FMA:9473 vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 FMA:TA Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA]. FMA:9550 main part of right atrium outflow tract of right atrium uberon UBERON:0005965 outflow part of right atrium UBERON:0005965 Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA]. FMA:9550 FMA:FMA main part of right atrium FMA:9550 outflow tract of right atrium FMA:9550 An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. FMA:9551 main part of left atrium outflow tract of left atrium uberon UBERON:0005966 outflow part of left atrium UBERON:0005966 An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. OBOL:automatic main part of left atrium FMA:9551 outflow tract of left atrium FMA:9551 A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. EMAPA:16076 amnionic fold uberon UBERON:0005971 amniotic fold UBERON:0005971 ISBN:0073040584 A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 amnionic fold http://placentation.ucsd.edu/glossfs.html The vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium. EMAPA:37837 FMA:9236 SCTID:277693004 Wikipedia:Crista_terminalis crista terminalis atrii dextri crista terminalis cordis crista terminalis of right atrium uberon UBERON:0005979 crista terminalis UBERON:0005979 The vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium. MP:0010495 EMAPA:37837 MA:th crista terminalis atrii dextri FMA:9236 FMA:TA crista terminalis cordis FMA:9236 crista terminalis of right atrium FMA:9236 The laminar structure of the heart. uberon UBERON:0005983 heart layer UBERON:0005983 The laminar structure of the heart. MP:0010545 Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation. TODO - change relation from part_of MESH:D003331 Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation uberon UBERON:0005985 coronary vessel UBERON:0005985 Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation. MP:0010551 The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atrial myocardium. EMAPA:37432 ZFA:0005810 atrial trabecula atrium myocardial trabeculae trabecula of atrium trabecular layer of atrium trabecular layer of the atrium uberon UBERON:0005988 atrium myocardial trabecula UBERON:0005988 ZFA The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atrial myocardium. MP:0010581 ZFA:0005810 EMAPA:37432 MA:th atrium myocardial trabeculae MP:0010581 trabecular layer of the atrium ZFA:0005810 The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. EMAPA:37431 FMA:7136 SCTID:280151006 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_septum membranous atrioventricular septum uberon UBERON:0005989 atrioventricular septum UBERON:0005989 PMID:15797462 Wikipedia The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. MP:0010592 EMAPA:37431 MA:th membranous atrioventricular septum FMA:7136 The paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta. EHDAA2:0002208 EMAPA:16207 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries uberon UBERON:0006002 Development notes:; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult[MP:0010664] vitelline artery UBERON:0006002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray31.png ventral branch The paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta. MP:0010664 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. add subclasses based on resolution of CARO tracker item. Also check: adnexal gland. Note that MP implicitly includes hypodermis. the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678] EMAPA:37883 Wikipedia:Skin_appendage body hair or bristle uberon adnexae cutis skin adnexa skin adnexal structure skin appendage UBERON:0006003 integumentary adnexa UBERON:0006003 Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. http://code.google.com/p/caro2/issues/detail?id=5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678] MP:0010678 EMAPA:37883 MA:th body hair or bristle GO:GO adnexae cutis Wikipedia:Skin_appendage skin adnexa Wikipedia:Skin_appendage skin appendage Wikipedia:Skin_appendage A digit that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment. 1 EMAPA:37285 MA:0003023 autopod digit 1 digit I limb digit 1 dewclaw uberon UBERON:0006048 digit 1 UBERON:0006048 A digit that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37285 MA:th digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 limb digit 1 MA:0003023 dewclaw Wikipedia:Dewclaw A digit that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment. 2 EMAPA:37286 autopod digit 2 digit II limb digit 2 second digit uberon UBERON:0006049 digit 2 UBERON:0006049 A digit that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37286 MA:th digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A digit that is part of a digit 3 plus metapodial segment. 3 EMAPA:37287 autopod digit 3 digit III limb digit 3 third digit uberon UBERON:0006050 digit 3 UBERON:0006050 A digit that is part of a digit 3 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37287 MA:th digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A digit that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment. 4 EMAPA:37288 autopod digit 4 digit IV fourth digit limb digit 4 uberon UBERON:0006051 digit 4 UBERON:0006051 A digit that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37288 MA:th digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A digit that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment. 5 EMAPA:17441 EMAPA:37289 autopod digit 5 digit V fifth digit limb digit 5 uberon digiti minimi UBERON:0006052 digit 5 UBERON:0006052 A digit that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37289 MA:th digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 uberon UBERON:0006056 posterior surface of head UBERON:0006056 A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). uberon UBERON:0006058 multi-limb segment region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/514 UBERON:0006058 A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A process projection from a part of the vertebra such as centrum or arches. Examples: transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). AAO:0000739 FMA:24530 NCIT:C116112 Wikipedia:Vertebral_column#Structure_of_individual_vertebrae vertebra process vertebral process spinous process uberon UBERON:0006061 process of vertebra UBERON:0006061 A process projection from a part of the vertebra such as centrum or arches. Examples: transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). Wikipedia:Vertebral_column#Structure_of_individual_vertebrae vertebral process FMA:24530 spinous process AAO:0000739 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. TODO - class as endochondral bone, check species Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region.[AAO] articular process AAO:0000710 FMA:11952 SCTID:317570004 TAO:0001549 Wikipedia:Articular_processes ZFA:0001603 articular process of vertebra processus articularis (zygapophysis) zygapophysis uberon intercalarium articulating process p. articularis vertebrae processus articularis vertebrae UBERON:0006062 zygapophysis UBERON:0006062 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Processusarticularissuperiorvertebrae.png Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Wikipedia:Articular_processes Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000710 AAO AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 articular process Wikipedia:Articular_processes articular process of vertebra FMA:11952 processus articularis (zygapophysis) FMA:11952 zygapophysis Wikipedia:Articular_processes intercalarium articulating process TAO:0001549 p. articularis vertebrae Wikipedia:Articular_processes processus articularis vertebrae Wikipedia:Articular_processes One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. BTO:0001763 uberon neural arch primordium UBERON:0006063 cartilaginous neural arch UBERON:0006063 One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. BTO:0001763 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. FMA:50211 leg musculature muscle group of leg set of muscles of leg uberon UBERON:0006067 musculature of hindlimb zeugopod UBERON:0006067 Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. OBOL:automatic leg musculature FMA:50211 muscle group of leg FMA:50211 set of muscles of leg FMA:50211 A bone that is part of a post-anal tail. MA has distinct classes for 'tail bone', 'caudal vertebra' and 'coccygeal vertebra' but these may all be equivalent. This class may be obsoleted in future. EMAPA:18042 MA:0000696 uberon tail bone tail vertebra UBERON:0006068 bone of tail UBERON:0006068 A bone that is part of a post-anal tail. OBOL:automatic MA has distinct classes for 'tail bone', 'caudal vertebra' and 'coccygeal vertebra' but these may all be equivalent. This class may be obsoleted in future. MA tail bone MA:0000696 tail vertebra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of an organism along anterior-posterior axis that is the posteriormost region, extending past the anus (or cloaca, if present), consisting of a tail in some fully formed chordates (or a tail bud in embryos). In animals that have a sacral region, this is the region immediately posterior to this. This region is reduced in humans and corresponds to the coccyx We follow XAO is distinguishing the tail region from the tail; the tail bud is part of the tail region; the tail starts after the tail bud XAO:0000087 uberon post-anal caudal region post-anal tail region postsacral region tail region UBERON:0006071 caudal region UBERON:0006071 Subdivision of an organism along anterior-posterior axis that is the posteriormost region, extending past the anus (or cloaca, if present), consisting of a tail in some fully formed chordates (or a tail bud in embryos). In animals that have a sacral region, this is the region immediately posterior to this. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 We follow XAO is distinguishing the tail region from the tail; the tail bud is part of the tail region; the tail starts after the tail bud XAO post-anal caudal region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 post-anal tail region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 postsacral region AAO:0000082 tail region AAO:0000082 That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae.[AAO] AAO:0000092 BTO:0004148 EHDAA2:0000238 EHDAA:5051 EMAPA:17215 FMA:24138 MA:0003154 NCIT:C69313 SCTID:260488005 UMLS:C0728985 axial skeleton cervical region cervical skeleton cervical spinal column cervical spine cervical vertebrae series cervical vertebral column uberon skeletal system of neck UBERON:0006072 cervical region of vertebral column UBERON:0006072 FMA That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000092 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 UMLS:C0728985 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spine axial skeleton cervical region MA:0003154 cervical skeleton EHDAA2:0000238 cervical spinal column FMA:24138 cervical spine FMA:24138 cervical vertebral column FMA:24138 skeletal system of neck FMA:24138 That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] AAO:0000612 BTO:0004150 EHDAA:5063 EMAPA:17396 FMA:9140 MA:0003155 NCIT:C69315 SCTID:243931006 UMLS:C0581269 axial skeleton thoracic region columna vertebralis thoracicus thoracic spine thoracic vertebrae series thoracic vertebral column uberon UBERON:0006073 thoracic region of vertebral column UBERON:0006073 FMA That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000612 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 UMLS:C0581269 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spine axial skeleton thoracic region MA:0003155 columna vertebralis thoracicus FMA:9140 thoracic spine FMA:9140 thoracic vertebral column FMA:9140 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae. lumbar BTO:0004147 EHDAA2:0001037 EHDAA:5055 EMAPA:17393 FMA:16203 GAID:31 MA:0003156 NCIT:C69314 SCTID:243932004 axial skeleton lumbar region lumbar skeleton lumbar spine lumbar vertebrae series lumbar vertebral column uberon UBERON:0006074 lumbar region of vertebral column UBERON:0006074 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae. UBERONREF:0000006 axial skeleton lumbar region MA:0003156 lumbar skeleton EHDAA2:0001037 lumbar spine BTO:0004147 lumbar vertebral column FMA:16203 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the sacral vertebrae or sacrum. Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae.[AAO] In adult humans, the sacral skeleton is fused and called the sacrum AAO:0000724 EHDAA2:0001772 EHDAA:5059 EMAPA:17676 GAID:32 MA:0003157 NCIT:C33508 Wikipedia:Sacrum axial skeleton sacral region sacral skeleton sacral vertebrae series sacrum uberon UBERON:0006075 sacral region of vertebral column UBERON:0006075 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the sacral vertebrae or sacrum. UBERONREF:0000006 Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000724 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 axial skeleton sacral region MA:0003157 sacral skeleton EHDAA2:0001772 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the caudal subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae. Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.[AAO] in AAO, this is posterior to the caudal-sacral region AAO:0000082 EMAPA:18043 MA:0003158 axial skeleton tail region caudal skeleton caudal vertebrae series uberon caudal region postsacral region tail region UBERON:0006076 caudal region of vertebral column UBERON:0006076 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the caudal subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae. UBERONREF:0000006 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000082 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 in AAO, this is posterior to the caudal-sacral region AAO axial skeleton tail region MA:0003158 caudal skeleton UBERONREF:0000006 caudal vertebrae series http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/provisional/a047a2d5-418f-4d9c-ad21-ee0b7c29c29d caudal region AAO:0000082 postsacral region AAO:0000082 tail region AAO:0000082 A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column. FMA:16201 subdivision of vertebral skeleton vertebrae series vertebral column subdivision vertebral series uberon vertebral region vertebral subdivision UBERON:0006077 subdivision of vertebral column UBERON:0006077 FMA A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 subdivision of vertebral skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vertebral column subdivision FMA:16201 A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system. neurofibrous BAMS:nfi FMA:5914 MESH:D009412 SCTID:88545005 Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber nerve fibre neurofibra neurofibrum uberon nerve fibers neurofibra UBERON:0006134 nerve fiber UBERON:0006134 A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if it is myelinated) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system. Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber nerve fibre FMA:5914 neurofibra FMA:5914 FMA:TA neurofibrum FMA:5914 nerve fibers BAMS:nfi neurofibra Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber Axons of neurons encased in a lipoproteinaceous material called myelin. (MeSH). consider adding link to UBERON:0002316 ! white matter of neuraxis http://www1.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/MyelinEvolution/evolution.html, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6134604, Wikipedia:Myelin#Invertebrate_myelin FMA:5915 GAID:745 MESH:D009413 NCIT:C12627 SCTID:362296008 UMLS:C0027750 uberon UBERON:0006135 myelinated nerve fiber UBERON:0006135 Axons of neurons encased in a lipoproteinaceous material called myelin. (MeSH). ncithesaurus:Myelinated_Nerve_Fiber UMLS:C0027750 ncithesaurus:Myelinated_Nerve_Fiber FMA:5916 GAID:767 MESH:D036421 NCIT:C33835 SCTID:46920005 UMLS:C0501409 non-myelinated nerve fiber uberon UBERON:0006136 unmyelinated nerve fiber UBERON:0006136 UMLS:C0501409 ncithesaurus:Unmyelinated_Nerve_Fiber non-myelinated nerve fiber FMA:5916 The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. uberon UBERON:0006170 mesonephric capsule UBERON:0006170 The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 GO:0061285 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. UBERON:0005999 CALOHA:TS-2409 EHDAA2:0000136 EHDAA:2592 EMAPA:16827 VHOG:0000502 Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum aorticopulmonary septum septum aorticopulmonale uberon aortic septum spiral septum UBERON:0006207 aortico-pulmonary spiral septum UBERON:0006207 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray470.png PMID:6844926 Wikipedia The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. MP:0010650 Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aorticopulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum septum aorticopulmonale Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortic septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum spiral septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 that develop into the folds of the pinna and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. EHDAA2:0000155 EHDAA:4685 EMAPA:17280 NCIT:C34110 VHOG:0001364 auditory hillock of Hiss uberon auditory tubercles auricular hillock hillock of Hiss UBERON:0006208 auditory hillocks UBERON:0006208 A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 that develop into the folds of the pinna and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy)#Development auditory tubercles VHOG:0001364 EHDAA2:0000179 EHDAA:3217 EMAPA:16893 uberon UBERON:0006210 body-wall mesenchyme UBERON:0006210 The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. EHDAA2:0000189 EHDAA:536 EMAPA:16259 FMA:313607 SCTID:361412007 VHOG:0000380 Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane uberon oral membrane oral plate oropharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane UBERON:0006211 buccopharyngeal membrane UBERON:0006211 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png EHDAA2 The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. MP:0012521 oral membrane MP:0012521 oral plate MP:0012521 oropharyngeal membrane Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane pharyngeal membrane MP:0012521 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a carpal bone. EHDAA2:0000221 EHDAA:8544 EMAPA:18102 VHOG:0001123 uberon carpal cartilage condensation UBERON:0006213 carpus cartilage element UBERON:0006213 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a carpal bone. OBOL:automatic carpal cartilage condensation EMAPA:18102 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a carpal bone. EHDAA2:0000222 EHDAA:6324 EMAPA:17724 VHOG:0000955 uberon carpal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006214 carpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006214 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a carpal bone. OBOL:automatic carpal pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:17724 The membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings. A membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hindgut in the early embryo. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.497, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000257 EHDAA:214 EHDAA:2933 EMAPA:16832 FMA:295525 NCIT:C34128 SCTID:308826008 UMLS:C0231056 VHOG:0001198 Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane embryonic cloacal membrane uberon membrana cloacalis UBERON:0006217 cloacal membrane UBERON:0006217 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray991.png Wikipedia The membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings. MP:0011837 MP:anna Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane A membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hindgut in the early embryo. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.497, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001198 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001198 VHOG PMID:11830557 De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231056 ncithesaurus:Cloacal_Membrane membrana cloacalis Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane EHDAA:1267 EMAPA:16342 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000268 uberon UBERON:0006218 common atrial chamber UBERON:0006218 EHDAA2:0000340 EHDAA:6002 EMAPA:17749 uberon UBERON:0006219 deltoid pre-muscle mass UBERON:0006219 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000431 EHDAA:8483 EMAPA:17710 uberon UBERON:0006224 elbow joint primordium UBERON:0006224 consider obsoleting, the ethmoid is endochondral? EHDAA2:0000456 EHDAA:8363 EMAPA:18023 FMA:312597 uberon UBERON:0006227 ethmoid bone primordium UBERON:0006227 FMA AAO EHDAA2 EHDAA:1477 EMAPA:16660 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000496 VHOG:0000715 uberon facio-acoustic preganglion complex UBERON:0006232 facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex UBERON:0006232 EHDAA2 facio-acoustic preganglion complex EMAPA:16660 A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system. EHDAA:8118 EMAPA:18680 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000500 VHOG:0000666 genital tubercle of female uberon UBERON:0006233 female genital tubercle UBERON:0006233 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic genital tubercle of female EMAPA:18680 A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0000508 EMAPA:17502 VHOG:0000951 uberon femoral pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006234 femur pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006234 A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic femoral pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:17502 An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000569 EHDAA:526 EMAPA:16363 VHOG:0000291 uberon UBERON:0006235 foregut-midgut junction UBERON:0006235 An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. OBOL:automatic Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000291 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0000577 EHDAA:9540 EMAPA:18017 FMA:312589 frontal bone primordium uberon UBERON:0006236 tetrapod frontal bone primordium UBERON:0006236 frontal bone primordium EHDAA2:0000577 The embryonic precursor of the brain. The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) BAMS:Enc BTO:0004726 EFO:0003431 EHDAA:300 EHDAA:830 EMAPA:16089 FMA:312967 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000591 TAO:0000146 ZFA:0000146 brain rudiment presumptive brain encephalon uberon embryonic brain UBERON:0006238 future brain UBERON:0006238 The embryonic precursor of the brain. NLX:94995 The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms brain rudiment TAO:0000146 presumptive brain ZFA:0000146 encephalon NLX:94995 embryonic brain BTO:0004726 A tendon that has the potential to develop into a central tendon. The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. EHDAA2:0000593 EHDAA:4118 EMAPA:25035 uberon cranial derivative of septum transversum cranial part of septum transversum UBERON:0006239 future central tendon UBERON:0006239 EHDAA2 mesenchyme cranial part Wikipedia A tendon that has the potential to develop into a central tendon. OBOL:automatic cranial derivative of septum transversum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial part of septum transversum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain. TODO. Add relationships to neural plate (both ZFA and EMAPA time this with the neural plate) BAMS:Pros EFO:0003423 EHDAA2:0000661 EHDAA:2643 EMAPA:16640 TAO:0000062 Wikipedia:Prosencephalon ZFA:0000062 future prosencephalon presumptive forebrain presumptive prosencephalon uberon prosencephalon UBERON:0006240 future forebrain UBERON:0006240 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain. OBOL:automatic presumptive forebrain ZFA:0000062 presumptive prosencephalon TAO:0000062 prosencephalon EHDAA2:0000661 EFO:0003438 EHDAA2:0000674 EHDAA:898 EMAPA:16092 EMAPA:16755 TAO:0000417 ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord presumptive spinal cord neural keel presumptive spinal cord neural plate presumptive spinal cord neural rod uberon UBERON:0006241 future spinal cord UBERON:0006241 EHDAA2 presumptive spinal cord ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural keel TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural plate TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural rod TAO:0000417 A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. EHDAA2:0000700 EHDAA:3047 EMAPA:16713 XAO:0004205 gall bladder primordium uberon UBERON:0006242 gallbladder primordium UBERON:0006242 EMAPA EHDAA2 A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. ISBN:0815318960 XAO:0004205 EHDAA2:0000785 EHDAA:8462 EMAPA:17739 uberon UBERON:0006244 hip joint primordium UBERON:0006244 A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0000787 EHDAA:6240 EMAPA:17713 VHOG:0001120 uberon humeral cartilage condensation UBERON:0006245 humerus cartilage element UBERON:0006245 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic humeral cartilage condensation EMAPA:17713 A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0000788 EHDAA:4192 EMAPA:17427 VHOG:0000950 uberon humeral pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006246 humerus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006246 EHDAA2 A humerus endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic humeral pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:17427 An iliac endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0000809 EHDAA:9568 EMAPA:18029 VHOG:0000964 uberon UBERON:0006247 iliac pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006247 EHDAA2 An iliac endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic An ischial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0000890 EHDAA:9570 EMAPA:26930 uberon ischial cartilage condensation UBERON:0006254 ischial cartilage element UBERON:0006254 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An ischial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic ischial cartilage condensation EMAPA:26930 An ischial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0000891 EHDAA:7153 EMAPA:18348 VHOG:0000962 uberon UBERON:0006255 ischial pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006255 EHDAA2 An ischial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000897 EHDAA:8467 EMAPA:17740 uberon UBERON:0006256 knee joint primordium UBERON:0006256 Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000996 EMAPA:17186 VHOG:0000449 uberon lingual swelling UBERON:0006260 the collection consisting of the two lateral swellings and the medial swelling lingual swellings UBERON:0006260 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000449 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lingual+swellings Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000449 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ lingual swelling EHDAA2:0000996 A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system. EHDAA:8138 EMAPA:17969 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001048 VHOG:0000667 genital tubercle of male uberon penis anlage UBERON:0006261 male genital tubercle UBERON:0006261 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic genital tubercle of male EMAPA:17969 penis anlage EMAPA:17969 An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. EHDAA:534 EMAPA:16258 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001205 VHOG:0000592 uberon UBERON:0006264 mouth-foregut junction UBERON:0006264 An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. OBOL:automatic The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. TODO - check ordering; awaiting confirmation from JB The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001278 EHDAA:264 EMAPA:16101 NCIT:C34231 UMLS:C1518429 VHOG:0001212 uberon UBERON:0006267 notochordal plate UBERON:0006267 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. VHOG:0001212 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001212 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518429 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Plate A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot. EHDAA2:0001279 EHDAA:224 EMAPA:16102 FMA:293135 NCIT:C34232 UMLS:C1518430 VHOG:0001213 uberon chordamesoderm presumptive notochord UBERON:0006268 The notochordal process grows cranially until it reaches the prechordal plate, the future site of the mouth. In this area the ectoderm is attached directly to the endoderm without intervening mesoderm. This area is known as the oropharyngeal membrane, and it will break down to become the mouth. At the other end of the primitive streak the ectoderm is also fused directly to the endoderm; this is known as the cloacal membrane (proctodeum), or primordial anus. notochordal process UBERON:0006268 EHDAA2 A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/05embryonicperiod.htm UMLS:C1518430 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Process Either of two openings transmitting nerves and blood vessels to or from the orbit. EHDAA2:0001328 EHDAA:10648 EMAPA:18717 SCTID:280546005 uberon UBERON:0006271 orbital fissure UBERON:0006271 Either of two openings transmitting nerves and blood vessels to or from the orbit. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/orbital%20fissure The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles. A depression appearing in each otic placode, marking the beginnning of embryonic development of the internal ear. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0009123 EHDAA2:0001336 EHDAA:929 EMAPA:16536 FMA:302911 NCIT:C34238 VHOG:0001147 Wikipedia:Otic_pit otic cup uberon UBERON:0006273 otic pit UBERON:0006273 EHDAA2 The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0011172 A depression appearing in each otic placode, marking the beginnning of embryonic development of the internal ear. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001147 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Otic+pit otic cup NCBIBook:NBK53175 Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001481 EHDAA:4128 EMAPA:17704 EMAPA:17707 SCTID:361413002 VHOG:0001505 uberon pleuroperitoneal channel UBERON:0006279 pleuroperitoneal canal UBERON:0006279 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:0001505 Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001505 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ pleuroperitoneal channel VHOG:0001505 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. UBERON:0010226 embryonic ventricle EHDAA2:0001531 EMAPA:16350 FMA:71006 NCIT:C34160 SCTID:361524003 TAO:0002231 Wikipedia:Embryonic_ventricle ZFA:0001719 early heart ventricle embryonic heart ventricle future heart ventricle presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube primitive ventricle primitive ventricle of heart primordial cardiac ventricle primordial ventricle uberon UBERON:0006283 The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum[WP] future cardiac ventricle UBERON:0006283 ZFA EMAPA Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. ZFA:0001719 presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube ZFA:0001719 primitive ventricle EHDAA2:0001531 primitive ventricle of heart EMAPA:16350 primordial cardiac ventricle FMA:71006 primordial ventricle FMA:71006 A pubic endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0001574 EHDAA:9572 EMAPA:18349 VHOG:0000965 uberon UBERON:0006285 pubic pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006285 EHDAA2 A pubic endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a radius bone. EHDAA2:0001585 EHDAA:7267 EMAPA:18054 VHOG:0001318 uberon UBERON:0006286 radius cartilage element UBERON:0006286 EHDAA2 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a radius bone. OBOL:automatic A radius-ulna endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EMAPA has a separate radius-ulna cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0001587 EHDAA:4178 EMAPA:17420 VHOG:0000949 uberon UBERON:0006287 radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006287 A radius-ulna endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic EMAPA has a separate radius-ulna cartilage condensation. EMAPA A rib endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001716 EHDAA:8347 EMAPA:17678 VHOG:0001122 uberon UBERON:0006288 rib cartilage element UBERON:0006288 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A rib endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A rib endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0001717 EHDAA:6026 EMAPA:17397 VHOG:0000681 uberon UBERON:0006289 rib pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006289 EHDAA2 EHDAA2-abduced ZFA A rib endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A scapula endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001777 EHDAA:8368 EMAPA:18343 VHOG:0001125 uberon UBERON:0006290 scapula cartilage element UBERON:0006290 EHDAA2 A scapula endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A scapula endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. the scapula has been shown to develop from multiple tissues, such as the dermomyotome of the somites, the mesodermal portion of the soma- topleure (a domain of the lateral plate mesoderm or LPM) and neural crest cell-derived mesenchyme (Huang et al., 2000; Matsuoka et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005). EHDAA2:0001778 EHDAA:6041 EMAPA:18027 VHOG:0000960 uberon UBERON:0006291 scapula pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0006291 EHDAA2 A scapula endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic the scapula has been shown to develop from multiple tissues, such as the dermomyotome of the somites, the mesodermal portion of the soma- topleure (a domain of the lateral plate mesoderm or LPM) and neural crest cell-derived mesenchyme (Huang et al., 2000; Matsuoka et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005). PMID:21455939 this is part of the forelimb skeleton in EHDAA2, but this violates part-disjointness EHDAA2:0001836 EHDAA:8493 EMAPA:17712 uberon UBERON:0006292 shoulder joint primordium UBERON:0006292 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 this is part of the forelimb skeleton in EHDAA2, but this violates part-disjointness EHDAA2 A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. check difference between splenic and spleen in EMAPA; note that in EHDAA2 the class 'spleen' refers to the mesenchyme UBERON:0009750 EHDAA2:0001904 EHDAA:3003 EMAPA:18535 XAO:0000326 spleen mesenchyme splenic mesenchyme splenic primordium left spleen primordium uberon UBERON:0006293 spleen primordium UBERON:0006293 XAO EHDAA2-modified XAO A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. ISBN:0123747295 MP:0011263 check difference between splenic and spleen in EMAPA; note that in EHDAA2 the class 'spleen' refers to the mesenchyme EMAPA spleen mesenchyme MP:0011263 splenic mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 splenic primordium EHDAA2:0001904 left spleen primordium XAO:0000326 EHDAA:924 EMAPA:16663 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002089 trigeminal V preganglion uberon trigeminal preganglion UBERON:0006304 See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/13 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 -- consider merging into trigeminal ganglion, as this complicates the model future trigeminal ganglion UBERON:0006304 EHDAA2 trigeminal V preganglion EMAPA:16663 trigeminal preganglion EMAPA:16663 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a ulna. EHDAA2:0002098 EHDAA:7269 EMAPA:18055 VHOG:0001155 uberon UBERON:0006306 ulna cartilage element UBERON:0006306 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a ulna. OBOL:automatic A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media. BTO:0002085 EMAPA:37529 FMA:58071 MA:0002459 NCIT:C32301 SCTID:280540004 UMLS:C0459556 eye chamber eyeball chamber uberon chamber of eye UBERON:0006311 chamber of eyeball UBERON:0006311 A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37529 MA:th UMLS:C0459556 ncithesaurus:Chamber_of_the_Eye eye chamber MA:0002459 eyeball chamber FMA:58071 chamber of eye BTO:0002085 Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. ocular refraction MA:0001911 uberon UBERON:0006312 ocular refractive media UBERON:0006312 Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. fluid BIRNLEX:20 EMAPA:37441 FMA:280556 GAID:266 MESH:D001826 Wikipedia:Body_fluid galen:BodyFluid body fluid uberon UBERON:0006314 bodily fluid UBERON:0006314 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A12.207 Wikipedia:Body_fluid EMAPA:37441 MA:th body fluid GAID:266 A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. EMAPA:32790 MA:0000821 uberon brain stem nucleus UBERON:0006331 brainstem nucleus UBERON:0006331 A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. OBOL:automatic brain stem nucleus EMAPA:32790 Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout[ZFA]. EMAPA:32806 MA:0001910 SCTID:41127006 TAO:0001712 Wikipedia:Snout ZFA:0005496 muzzle uberon UBERON:0006333 snout UBERON:0006333 Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout[ZFA]. 2012-10-05 ZFA ZFA:0005496 muzzle MA:0001910 2 An artery that connects two larger arteries. EMAPA:18598 MA:0001938 NCIT:C52851 UMLS:C1707451 uberon UBERON:0006347 Grouping for anterior and posterior communicating artery UBERON:0006347 An artery that connects two larger arteries. ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery UMLS:C1707451 ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery inferred from artery EMAPA:18646 MA:0002227 uberon UBERON:0006355 superior vesical vein UBERON:0006355 true MA Part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult; in many animals it persists as a separate bone between the basioccipital bone and the presphenoidal bone. An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped.[TAO] Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] AAO:0000040 EMAPA:18706 FMA:321630 MA:0001463 SCTID:95945003 TAO:0000169 basisphenoid uberon UBERON:0006428 "Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase." [AAO:0000040] // "An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped." [TAO:0000169] basisphenoid bone UBERON:0006428 MA cjm Part of the base of the cranium between the basioccipital and the presphenoid, which usually ossifies separately in the embryo or in the young, and becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult; in many animals it persists as a separate bone between the basioccipital bone and the presphenoidal bone. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000106 An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000169 TAO TAO:wd Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000040 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000040 AAO basisphenoid AAO:0000040 The unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species. found in most mammals, with the exception of humans EMAPA:29769 MA:0000406 SCTID:27962002 Wikipedia:Baculum baculum os baculum penile bone penis bone uberon UBERON:0006435 os penis UBERON:0006435 Wikipedia The unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species. MGI:anna MP:0009103 baculum Wikipedia:Baculum penile bone MP:0009104 Wikipedia:Baculum penis bone Wikipedia:Baculum The ossified region of endochondral and membranous bone located in the clitoris of most mammals except humans; it is homologous to the penile bone (aka as baculum, penis bone or os penis) in male mammals. EMAPA:30823 MA:0000387 baubellum clitoral bone clitoris bone os clitoridis uberon UBERON:0006440 os clitoris UBERON:0006440 Wikipedia The ossified region of endochondral and membranous bone located in the clitoris of most mammals except humans; it is homologous to the penile bone (aka as baculum, penis bone or os penis) in male mammals. MP:0011849 baubellum Wikipedia:Baculum clitoral bone MP:0011849 os clitoridis Wikipedia:Baculum A substance formed from the secretion of one or more glands of the male genital tract in which sperm cells are suspended. this ontology contains a number of subtypes of seminal fluid, defined according to glands (which are more taxonomically restricted) we follow FMA and make this class a generic superclass of the secretions of different glands (prostate, bulbo-urethreal, seminal vesicle). MA (and ncit) follows a mixture model, where these secretions are part of the seminal fluid This term covers a variety of species. Example: In D. melanogaster, seminal fluid proteins affect female receptivity, ovulation, oogenesis, sperm storage, sperm competition and mating plug formation seminal fluid may have a role in sperm capacitation, sperm motility BTO:0001232 CALOHA:TS-0918 EMAPA:36543 FMA:62967 MA:0002523 MAT:0000057 MIAA:0000057 seminal plasma milt uberon male genital fluid male genital secretion seminal fluid UBERON:0006530 seminal fluid UBERON:0006530 A substance formed from the secretion of one or more glands of the male genital tract in which sperm cells are suspended. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 This term covers a variety of species. Example: In D. melanogaster, seminal fluid proteins affect female receptivity, ovulation, oogenesis, sperm storage, sperm competition and mating plug formation DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00961.x seminal plasma BTO:0001232 milt PMID:31287811 PMID:35203131 A secretion from the glands of the male reproductive system in some aquatic animals that contains sperm and is sprayed onto the eggs. seminal fluid BTO:0001232 A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. MA:0002537 skin fluid/secretion uberon skin fluid skin substance UBERON:0006535 skin secretion UBERON:0006535 A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. OBOL:automatic skin fluid/secretion MA:0002537 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a male reproductive gland. EMAPA:36541 MA:0002521 male reproductive system fluid/secretion uberon male reproductive system fluid male reproductive system secretion UBERON:0006536 male reproductive gland secretion UBERON:0006536 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a male reproductive gland. UBERON:cjm male reproductive system fluid/secretion MA:0002521 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a female reproductive gland. MA:0002510 female reproductive system fluid/secretion uberon female reproductive system fluid female reproductive system secretion UBERON:0006537 female reproductive gland secretion UBERON:0006537 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a female reproductive gland. UBERON:cjm female reproductive system fluid/secretion MA:0002510 A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. EMAPA:36550 MA:0002533 NCIT:C13722 UMLS:C1514899 uberon respiratory system fluid respiratory system secretion UBERON:0006538 respiratory system fluid/secretion UBERON:0006538 A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1514899 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System_Fluid_or_Secretion A vasculature that is part of a kidney. EMAPA:28457 TAO:0005305 ZFA:0005305 uberon UBERON:0006544 kidney vasculature UBERON:0006544 A vasculature that is part of a kidney. OBOL:automatic A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. in ZFA this is defined as part of mesonephros TAO:0005289 ZFA:0005289 uberon UBERON:0006553 renal duct UBERON:0006553 A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071029-9 in ZFA this is defined as part of mesonephros ZFA A tube that is part of a excretory system. uberon UBERON:0006555 excretory tube UBERON:0006555 A tube that is part of a excretory system. OBOL:automatic The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. currently this is an extremely generic class, encompassing both protostomes and deuterostomes. 2023-04-20 branchial pharyngeal FBbt:00005380 MAT:0000049 MESH:D010614 MIAA:0000049 uberon anterior part of foregut pharyngeal tube UBERON:0006562 pharynx UBERON:0006562 The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. GO:0060465 Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:85030 uberon UBERON:0006563 tunica media of pulmonary trunk UBERON:0006563 Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:85030 FMA:FMA A urethral meatus that is part of a female urethra[Automatically generated definition]. The external urethral orifice (urinary meatus) is the external opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination. It is placed about 2.5 cm behind the glans clitoridis and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised margins. To its left and right are the openings of the Skene's ducts. EMAPA:36453 FMA:85266 MA:0002639 SCTID:279479008 Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(female) external orifice of female urethra external urethral orifice (female) female urethral meatus ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) urethral meatus of clitoral urethra uberon distal urethral opening of female urethral opening of clitoral urethra UBERON:0006565 female urethral meatus UBERON:0006565 A urethral meatus that is part of a female urethra[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(female) The external urethral orifice (urinary meatus) is the external opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination. It is placed about 2.5 cm behind the glans clitoridis and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised margins. To its left and right are the openings of the Skene's ducts. Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(female) external orifice of female urethra FMA:85266 external urethral orifice (female) FMA:85266 female urethral meatus FMA:85266 ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) FMA:85266 FMA:TA urethral meatus of clitoral urethra EMAPA:36453 distal urethral opening of female EMAPA:36453 urethral opening of clitoral urethra EMAPA:36453 A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta. EMAPA:17339 FMA:9558 MA:0002983 SCTID:362021000 left ventricular myocardium myocardium of left ventricle uberon UBERON:0006566 left ventricle myocardium UBERON:0006566 A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta. FMA:9558 left ventricular myocardium FMA:9558 myocardium of left ventricle FMA:9558 A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk. EMAPA:17342 FMA:9535 MA:0002984 SCTID:362020004 myocardium of right ventricle right ventricular myocardium uberon UBERON:0006567 right ventricle myocardium UBERON:0006567 A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9535 myocardium of right ventricle FMA:9535 right ventricular myocardium FMA:9535 A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart right ventricle. FMA:7270 SCTID:192373001 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) uberon UBERON:0006570 trabecula carnea of right ventricle UBERON:0006570 A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart right ventricle. OBOL:automatic trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) FMA:7270 A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart left ventricle. FMA:7271 SCTID:190344008 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) uberon UBERON:0006571 trabecula carnea of left ventricle UBERON:0006571 A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart left ventricle. OBOL:automatic trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) FMA:7271 The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line:. FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs EMAPA:19159 FMA:75383 NCIT:C34245 SCTID:245445008 UMLS:C0821671 Wikipedia:Pectinate_line linea pectinata canalis analis pectinate line of anal canal uberon Hilton's 'white line' dentate line linea anocutanea recto-anal junction site of anal membrane UBERON:0006574 pectinate line UBERON:0006574 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Hemorrhoid.png The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line:. Wikipedia:Pectinate_line FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs FMA UMLS:C0821671 ncithesaurus:Pectinate_Line linea pectinata canalis analis FMA:75383 FMA:TA pectinate line of anal canal FMA:75383 Hilton's 'white line' EMAPA:19159 dentate line Wikipedia:Pectinate_line linea anocutanea Wikipedia:Pectinate_line recto-anal junction Wikipedia:Pectinate_line site of anal membrane EMAPA:19159 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. AAO:0000471 EFO:0003437 TAO:0000416 ZFA:0000416 uberon UBERON:0006595 presumptive endoderm UBERON:0006595 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 AAO:0000468 EFO:0003439 TAO:0000568 ZFA:0000568 future blood uberon UBERON:0006596 presumptive blood UBERON:0006596 Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. Consider merging with anlage AAO:0000479 TAO:0001116 ZFA:0001116 future structure presumptive structures uberon UBERON:0006598 presumptive structure UBERON:0006598 Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. GOC:CVS GOC:YMB ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures ZFA:0001116 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. AAO:0000470 EFO:0003466 TAO:0001376 XAO:0004132 ZFA:0001376 uberon presumptive epidermis UBERON:0006601 presumptive ectoderm UBERON:0006601 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive epidermis ZFA:0001376 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. AAO:0000476 EFO:0003467 TAO:0001377 ZFA:0001377 uberon UBERON:0006603 presumptive mesoderm UBERON:0006603 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 2 A cartilaginous joint that connects left and right mandibles/dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO,modified]. this is placed as part of lower jaw region, as in this ontology the skeleton does not include joints Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired.[TAO] in snakes, the mandibular symphysis is composed of soft tissues, allowing independent movement of each mandible AAO:0000277 FMA:75779 MA:0001490 TAO:0001851 Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti ZFA:0005488 dentary symphysis inter-dentary joint inter-mandibular joint symphysis menti uberon mental symphysis symphysis mandibulae UBERON:0006606 mandibular symphysis UBERON:0006606 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png FMA connects adjacent mandibles A cartilaginous joint that connects left and right mandibles/dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO,modified]. TAO:wd Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti ZFA:0005488 Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001851 TAO TAO:wd in snakes, the mandibular symphysis is composed of soft tissues, allowing independent movement of each mandible ISBN:0073040584 dentary symphysis TAO:0001851 inter-dentary joint TAO:0001851 inter-mandibular joint TAO:0001851 symphysis menti MA:0001490 mental symphysis Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti symphysis mandibulae Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti An external ear that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern right auricular region EMAPA:37361 FMA:53643 SCTID:368567003 uberon UBERON:0006616 right external ear UBERON:0006616 An external ear that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic right auricular region FMA:53643 EMAPA:37361 MA:th An external ear that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern left auricular region EMAPA:37360 FMA:53644 SCTID:368589004 uberon UBERON:0006617 left external ear UBERON:0006617 An external ear that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic left auricular region FMA:53644 EMAPA:37360 MA:th A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. EMAPA:29046 FMA:18318 SCTID:259488000 muscle layer of fallopian tube muscle layer of oviduct muscle layer of uterine tube muscular coat of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube muscularis of uterine tube tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) tunica muscularis tubae uterinae uterine tubal muscularis uberon UBERON:0006642 muscle layer of oviduct UBERON:0006642 A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of fallopian tube FMA:18318 muscle layer of oviduct FMA:18318 muscle layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscular coat of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscular layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscularis of uterine tube FMA:18318 tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) FMA:18318 tunica muscularis tubae uterinae FMA:18318 FMA:TA uterine tubal muscularis FMA:18318 An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. EMAPA:30443 FMA:19136 epididymis adventitia uberon UBERON:0006645 adventitia of epididymis UBERON:0006645 An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. OBOL:automatic epididymis adventitia FMA:19136 A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. EMAPA:30747 FMA:19149 uberon UBERON:0006646 muscle layer of epididymis UBERON:0006646 A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. OBOL:automatic An adventitia that is part of a vas deferens. EMAPA:29767 FMA:19238 SCTID:299803005 adventitia of deferent duct adventitia of ductus deferens adventitia of vas deferens deferent ductal adventitia tunica adventitia (ductus deferens) tunica adventitia ductus deferentis uberon UBERON:0006647 adventitia of ductus deferens UBERON:0006647 An adventitia that is part of a vas deferens. OBOL:automatic adventitia of deferent duct FMA:19238 adventitia of ductus deferens FMA:19238 adventitia of vas deferens FMA:19238 deferent ductal adventitia FMA:19238 tunica adventitia (ductus deferens) FMA:19238 tunica adventitia ductus deferentis FMA:19238 FMA:TA An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. EMAPA:29775 FMA:19403 SCTID:252406002 adventitia of seminal gland seminal vesicle adventitia tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae uberon UBERON:0006648 adventitia of seminal vesicle UBERON:0006648 An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. OBOL:automatic adventitia of seminal gland FMA:19403 seminal vesicle adventitia FMA:19403 tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19403 tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19403 FMA:TA Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. BTO:0003117 EMAPA:19170 EMAPA:30829 FMA:19999 NCIT:C32681 SCTID:362241002 UMLS:C0227769 Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans clitoris glans glans of clitoris uberon glans clitoridis glans clitoris UBERON:0006653 glans clitoris UBERON:0006653 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Clitoris_inner_anatomy.gif cjm Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. BTO:0003117 Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans UMLS:C0227769 ncithesaurus:Glans_Clitoris clitoris glans FMA:19999 glans of clitoris FMA:19999 glans clitoridis Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans glans clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans Anatomical cavity for the proximal articular surface of the proximal limb or fin element with the scapulocoracoid or equivalent structure. Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] The glenoid fossa can be associated with the metapterygium in sarcopterygians, or either the meso- or propterygium in basal gnathostomes such as Chondrichthyans FMA also has classes for the bony parts around the cavity - these may be more useful than the cavity term itself AAO:0000749 EMAPA:25122 FMA:23275 NCIT:C32682 SCTID:181914008 UMLS:C1261046 Wikipedia:Glenoid_cavity cavitas glenoidalis scapulae cavitus glenoidalis glenoid cavity glenoid cavity of scapula glenoid facet uberon cavitas glenoidalis glenoid cavity UBERON:0006657 glenoid fossa UBERON:0006657 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gray328.png to be revised after scapulocoracoid fixes Anatomical cavity for the proximal articular surface of the proximal limb or fin element with the scapulocoracoid or equivalent structure. PHENOSCAPE:ad Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000749 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000749 AAO The glenoid fossa can be associated with the metapterygium in sarcopterygians, or either the meso- or propterygium in basal gnathostomes such as Chondrichthyans ad FMA also has classes for the bony parts around the cavity - these may be more useful than the cavity term itself FMA UMLS:C1261046 ncithesaurus:Glenoid_Fossa cavitas glenoidalis scapulae FMA:23275 FMA:TA cavitus glenoidalis FMA:23275 glenoid cavity FMA:23275 glenoid cavity of scapula FMA:23275 cavitas glenoidalis Wikipedia:Glenoid_cavity glenoid cavity AAO:0000749 2 A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis. Hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand or foot[ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint]. EMAPA:37884 FMA:42765 NCIT:C101527 galen:InterphalangealJoint inter-phalangeal joint inter-phalanx joint uberon UBERON:0006658 interphalangeal joint UBERON:0006658 cjm two phalanges in series A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Hinge joints between the phalanges of the hand or foot[ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint]. ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint EMAPA:37884 MA:th inter-phalangeal joint FMA:42765 A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. currently this class conflates a generic layer of muscle and a specific layer found lining the digestive tract (the muscularis externa), typically composed of circular and longitudinal layers (although this varies) An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. typically smooth muscle, but there may be exceptions - in the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle. BTO:0004838 SCTID:86915006 UMLS:C0225358 Wikipedia:Muscular_layer muscular layer muscularis layer tunica muscularis uberon muscular coat muscularis muscularis externa muscularis propria transverse muscular fibers tunica externa tunica muscularis UBERON:0006660 muscular coat UBERON:0006660 A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. Wikipedia:Muscular_layer An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. BTO:0004838 UMLS:C0225358 ncithesaurus:Muscle_Layer muscular layer OBOL:automatic muscularis layer FMA:45634 tunica muscularis BTO:0004838 muscular coat Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa muscularis externa BTO:0004838 muscularis propria Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa transverse muscular fibers Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa tunica externa BTO:0004838 tunica muscularis Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. EMAPA:18707 FMA:55805 Wikipedia:Carotid_canal uberon canalis caroticus UBERON:0006668 carotid canal UBERON:0006668 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Gray141.png On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. Wikipedia:Carotid_canal canalis caroticus Wikipedia:Carotid_canal The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers. In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:17702 FMA:58279 NCIT:C34119 SCTID:244943002 UMLS:C0230162 VHOG:0001399 Wikipedia:Central_tendon_of_diaphragm central tendon centrum tendineum centrum tendineum diaphragmatis uberon UBERON:0006670 central tendon of diaphragm UBERON:0006670 VHOG definitional The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers. MGI:csmith MP:0012061 In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001399 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0230162 ncithesaurus:Central_Tendon_of_the_Diaphragm central tendon FMA:58279 centrum tendineum FMA:58279 centrum tendineum diaphragmatis FMA:58279 FMA:TA A valve that is part of a vein. FMA:68095 MESH:D055422 valve of vein uberon UBERON:0006675 venous valve UBERON:0006675 A valve that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic valve of vein FMA:68095 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. FMA:70997 epithelium surface uberon UBERON:0006677 surface of epithelium UBERON:0006677 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. OBOL:automatic epithelium surface FMA:70997 The hypoglossal canal is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull. EMAPA:19012 FMA:75370 SCTID:139380001 Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_canal uberon anterior condylar canal canalis nervi hypoglossi hyperglossal canal UBERON:0006682 hypoglossal canal UBERON:0006682 The hypoglossal canal is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_canal anterior condylar canal EMAPA:19012 canalis nervi hypoglossi Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_canal hyperglossal canal Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_canal A vein that is part of a vertebral column. EMAPA:18255 FMA:76735 MA:0002108 SCTID:181376008 Wikipedia:Spinal_veins vena spinalis uberon spinal branch UBERON:0006686 spinal vein UBERON:0006686 A vein that is part of a vertebral column. OBOL:automatic vena spinalis FMA:76735 FMA:TA spinal branch FMA:76735 A conduit enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. TODO - check neural vs vertebral canal; embryonic vs adult? Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord.[AAO] AAO:0000693 FMA:9680 GAID:242 NCIT:C33869 NCIT:C34221 SCTID:361746009 UMLS:C0037922 UMLS:C1522467 Wikipedia:Spinal_canal uberon c. vertebralis foramen vertebrale neural canal spinal canal spinal cavity vertebral canal UBERON:0006692 vertebral canal UBERON:0006692 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png A conduit enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. Wikipedia:Spinal_canal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000693 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0037922 ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Canal UMLS:C1522467 ncithesaurus:Neural_Canal c. vertebralis Wikipedia:Spinal_canal foramen vertebrale AAO:0000693 neural canal AAO:0000693 spinal canal AAO:0000693 spinal cavity Wikipedia:Spinal_canal vertebral canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. AAO:0000901 XAO:0003209 radioulna radius+ulna radius-ulna uberon UBERON:0006715 radio-ulna UBERON:0006715 Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 radioulna XAO:0003209 radius-ulna XAO:0003209 The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus). Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates carpus/tarsus mesopodial limb segment mesopodial segment uberon mesopod UBERON:0006716 mesopodium region UBERON:0006716 MA:th The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus). MA:th Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesopodial limb segment MA:th The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. Distal section of the limb skeleton, consisting of the anterior autopodium or posterior autopodium.[VSAO] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group VSAO:0005019 autopod skeleton autopodial skeleton skeletal parts of autopod skeleton of autopod uberon autopodium UBERON:0006717 autopodial skeleton UBERON:0006717 The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Distal section of the limb skeleton, consisting of the anterior autopodium or posterior autopodium.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005019 VSAO VSAO:NI autopod skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 autopodial skeleton VSAO:0005019 skeletal parts of autopod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeleton of autopod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 autopodium VSAO:0005019 VSAO:NI During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001081 EMAPA:17187 FMA:312476 SCTID:308821003 VHOG:0000730 Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar median lingual swelling median tongue bud tuberculum impar tuberculum linguale mediale uberon UBERON:0006756 The thyroid initially develops caudal to the tuberculum impar . This embryonic swelling arises from the first pharyngeal arch and occurs midline on the floor of the developing pharynx, eventually helping form the tongue as the 2 lateral lingual swellings overgrow it. [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview] median lingual swelling UBERON:0006756 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray979.png EHDAA2 During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000730 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x http://bgee.unil.ch/ median lingual swelling EHDAA2:0001081 median tongue bud http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview tuberculum linguale mediale Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] paired EHDAA2:0000911 EMAPA:17189 FMA:313628 VHOG:0000731 Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling uberon lateral lingual prominence lateral swellings tuberculum laterale tuberculum linguale laterale UBERON:0006757 lateral lingual swelling UBERON:0006757 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray979.png During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000731 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ lateral swellings Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling tuberculum laterale Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling tuberculum linguale laterale Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. EFO:0001403 EMAPA:37835 FMA:58342 GAID:896 MESH:D016850 SCTID:63716004 Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus ZFA:0005570 cornea limbus corneal limbus corneal-scleral limbus corneoscleral junction limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus uberon limbus corneae UBERON:0006761 This location has parts such as blood vessels etc. See PMC2868485, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2695343 corneo-scleral junction UBERON:0006761 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Limbus.png The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. MP:0013477 EMAPA:37835 MA:th corneal limbus FMA:58342 GAID:896 corneal-scleral limbus PMID:17051547 corneoscleral junction GAID:896 limbus corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus sclerocorneal junction FMA:58342 sclerocorneal limbus GAID:896 limbus corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum.[AAO] AAO:0000892 EMAPA:37541 FMA:32851 MA:0003050 MESH:D005270 NCIT:C32718 SCTID:361791000 UMLS:C0015813 Wikipedia:Femur_head galen:FemoralHead acetabular head femoral head kopf des Schenkelbeins uberon capital femoral epiphysis caput femoris femur head UBERON:0006767 head of femur UBERON:0006767 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.343 Wikipedia:Femur_head Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000892 AAO AAO:LAP EMAPA:37541 MA:th UMLS:C0015813 ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Femur acetabular head AAO:0000892 femoral head FMA:32851 kopf des Schenkelbeins FMA:32851 FMA:TA capital femoral epiphysis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capital+femoral+epiphysis caput femoris AAO:0000892 Wikipedia:Femur_head femur head MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.343 An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. consider splitting epithelium from epithelial tissue BTO:0002991 NCIT:C43370 NCIT:C45715 UMLS:C0682578 UMLS:C1708242 uberon UBERON:0006799 glandular epithelium UBERON:0006799 An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0682578 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelium UMLS:C1708242 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelial_Tissue Hemispherical structure on proximal epiphysis of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity[WP,modified]. Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint[AAO]. UBERON:3000835 AAO:0000835 EMAPA:25050 FMA:13304 NCIT:C32720 SCTID:181924000 UMLS:C0223683 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus#Humeral_head galen:HeadOfHumerus head of humerus uberon caput humeri humeral head UBERON:0006801 proximal head of humerus UBERON:0006801 Hemispherical structure on proximal epiphysis of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus#Humeral_head Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint[AAO]. AAO:0000835 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0223683 ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Humerus head of humerus FMA:13304 caput humeri AAO:0000835 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus#Humeral_head humeral head FMA:13304 PHENOSCAPE:curators A prominent unever rim that bounds the acetabulum, serving as the attachment for the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. FMA:16941 uberon acetabular margin UBERON:0006802 acetabular rim UBERON:0006802 A prominent unever rim that bounds the acetabulum, serving as the attachment for the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. Wikipedia:Acetabulum#Structure The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass pelvic girdle opening (AAO:0000767)[AAO] AAO:0000863 FMA:16999 NCIT:C75332 SCTID:361777006 UMLS:C0223670 Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen foramen obturatorium uberon foramen obturatum UBERON:0006803 obturator foramen UBERON:0006803 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Skeletpelvis-pubis.jpg AAO The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000863 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass pelvic girdle opening (AAO:0000767)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000863 AAO UMLS:C0223670 ncithesaurus:Obturator_Foramen foramen obturatorium FMA:16999 foramen obturatum Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. check AAO Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.[AAO] AAO:0000843 FMA:39795 NCIT:C33200 SCTID:181949001 UMLS:C0223710 Wikipedia:Olecranon olecranon process of ulna uberon olecranon process ulnar process UBERON:0006810 olecranon UBERON:0006810 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. Wikipedia:Olecranon Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000843 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C0223710 ncithesaurus:Olecranon olecranon process of ulna Wikipedia:Olecranon olecranon process Wikipedia:Olecranon ulnar process AAO:0000843 Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. AAO:0000320 FMA:60116 SCTID:281486007 skeleton of nose uberon UBERON:0006813 nasal skeleton UBERON:0006813 FMA FMA facial series Kardong-abduced Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. AAO:0000320 skeleton of nose FMA:60116 Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] cushions body organs AAO:0000027 FMA:63897 SCTID:68477002 loose areolar connective tissue uberon areolar tissue loose connective tissue UBERON:0006815 areolar connective tissue UBERON:0006815 FMA FMA Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. FMA:63897 Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000027 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000027 AAO cushions body organs AAO loose areolar connective tissue FMA:63897 loose connective tissue AAO:0000027 The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. FMA:33751 SCTID:304590006 Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna galen:HeadOfUlna caput ulnae head of ulna proximal end of ulna upper end of ulna uberon caput ulnae UBERON:0006822 proximal epiphysis of ulna UBERON:0006822 The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna caput ulnae FMA:33751 FMA:TA head of ulna FMA:33751 proximal end of ulna FMA:33751 upper end of ulna FMA:33751 caput ulnae Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. Not present in any AO. Note that WP states that trabecular carnea are ventricular and 'They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right and left atria only' uberon UBERON:0006828 trabecula carnea of atrium UBERON:0006828 The supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. MP:0010581 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a trachea. FMA:7469 SCTID:197486000 lumen of cartilaginous trachea tracheal lumen uberon UBERON:0006833 lumen of trachea UBERON:0006833 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a trachea. OBOL:automatic lumen of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic tracheal lumen FMA:7469 A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. uterus TADS:0000421 WBbt:0006760 uberon UBERON:0006834 uterus or analog UBERON:0006834 A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 uterus FBbt:00004924 Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. central vein FMA:17544 NCIT:C32281 SCTID:272023004 TAO:0005168 Wikipedia:Central_veins_of_liver ZFA:0005168 terminal branch of hepatic vein terminal hepatic venule vena centralis (hepar) uberon UBERON:0006841 central vein of liver UBERON:0006841 Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. ZFA:0005168 central vein ZFA:0005168 terminal branch of hepatic vein FMA:17544 terminal hepatic venule FMA:17544 vena centralis (hepar) FMA:17544 A raised area of the biting surface of a tooth. this class may be obsoleted and split - the TAO class is generic, the mammalian class refers specifically to a molariform tooth Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth.[TAO] the elevated, somewhat pointed portions of the chewing surfaces on premolar and molar teeth cusp FMA:56481 NCIT:C94568 SCTID:362107000 TAO:0001973 UMLS:C0226994 ZFA:0005434 tooth cusp uberon tooth cone UBERON:0006844 cusp of tooth UBERON:0006844 ZFA FMA A raised area of the biting surface of a tooth. ncithesaurus:Tooth_Cusp Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001973 TAO TAO:wd the elevated, somewhat pointed portions of the chewing surfaces on premolar and molar teeth 2012-09-28 http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/glossary.htm UMLS:C0226994 ncithesaurus:Tooth_Cusp tooth cusp FMA:56481 tooth cone ISBN:0073040584 A furrow or an incomplete tube. AEO:0000161 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003161 uberon groove UBERON:0006846 Surface groove is modelled as immaterial - see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2667 for discussion surface groove https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2667 UBERON:0006846 A furrow or an incomplete tube. AEO:0000161 AEO:JB https://github.com/obophenotype/human-developmental-anatomy-ontology/issues/4 groove AEO:0000161 Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage. Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventr and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen[TAO:0000583]. Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.[AAO] relationship loss: has pars glenoidalis of scapula (AAO:0000753)[AAO] relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] scapular present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals. chick scapula is of dual origin and segmentally organized UBERON:0001124 UBERON:0010904 AAO:0000751 BTO:0001218 CALOHA:TS-0897 EFO:0001400 EMAPA:18722 FMA:13394 GAID:186 MA:0001330 MESH:D012540 NCIT:C12783 SCTID:302517007 TAO:0000583 UMLS:C0036277 VHOG:0001398 VSAO:0000157 Wikipedia:Scapula ZFA:0000583 galen:Scapula scapulae shoulder blade uberon scapula bone scapulas UBERON:0006849 scapula UBERON:0006849 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg ZFA definitional Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage. VSAO:0000157 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/204 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/339 Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventr and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen[TAO:0000583]. TAO:0000583 Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000751 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: has pars glenoidalis of scapula (AAO:0000753)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000751 AAO relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000751 AAO present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals. ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 UMLS:C0036277 ncithesaurus:Scapula scapulae ZFA:0000583 scapula bone BTO:0001218 scapulas TAO:0000583 A muscular coat that is part of a ureter. EMAPA:28811 FMA:15893 MA:0002654 SCTID:3563003 muscular coat of ureter muscular layer of ureter muscularis of ureter tunica muscularis (ureter) tunica muscularis ureteris uberon ureteral smooth muscle layer UBERON:0006855 muscular coat of ureter UBERON:0006855 FMA A muscular coat that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic muscular coat of ureter FMA:15893 muscular layer of ureter FMA:15893 muscularis of ureter FMA:15893 tunica muscularis (ureter) FMA:TA tunica muscularis ureteris FMA:TA ureteral smooth muscle layer EMAPA:28567 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. The MA class is associated with EMAPA:35505 but we associate this with the more precise concept of diaphyseal plate FMA:32688 MA:0002803 body proper of long bone shaft proper of long bone uberon long bone diaphysis UBERON:0006861 diaphysis proper UBERON:0006861 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The MA class is associated with EMAPA:35505 but we associate this with the more precise concept of diaphyseal plate MA body proper of long bone FMA:32688 shaft proper of long bone FMA:32688 long bone diaphysis MA:0002803 A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three borders, separating three surfaces. Of the borders, one, the linea aspera, is posterior, one is medial, and the other, lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_femur]. EMAPA:37538 FMA:32847 MA:0003055 NCIT:C96209 SCTID:182048009 Wikipedia:Body_of_femur body of femur corpus femoris femoral diaphysis femoral shaft shaft of femur uberon UBERON:0006862 diaphysis of femur UBERON:0006862 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray244.png A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_femur The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three borders, separating three surfaces. Of the borders, one, the linea aspera, is posterior, one is medial, and the other, lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_femur]. Wikipedia:Body_of_femur EMAPA:37538 MA:th body of femur FMA:32847 corpus femoris FMA:32847 FMA:TA femoral diaphysis FMA:32847 shaft of femur FMA:32847 A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. FMA:32878 uberon UBERON:0006863 proximal metaphysis of femur UBERON:0006863 A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic A distal metaphysis that is part of a femur. FMA:32881 uberon UBERON:0006864 distal metaphysis of femur UBERON:0006864 A distal metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic A metaphysis that is part of a femur. EMAPA:37540 FMA:32875 MA:0003052 femoral metaphysis uberon UBERON:0006865 metaphysis of femur UBERON:0006865 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37540 MA:th femoral metaphysis FMA:32875 The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. this class is the superclass of 'rectum', which is currently reserved for the vertebrate structure. May be merged in future. FBbt:00005756 WBbt:0005773 rectum uberon rectal part of digestive tract terminal section of digestive tract UBERON:0006866 terminal part of digestive tract UBERON:0006866 The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rectum FBbt:00005756 A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. FBbt:00004958 WBbt:0006870 uberon UBERON:0006868 seminal fluid secreting gland UBERON:0006868 A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. OBOL:automatic The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pes (foot). EHDAA2 does not have a single class for footplate, but includes epithelium, mesenchyme and AER UBERON:0004343 foot plate footplate EHDAA:5143 EHDAA:6096 EMAPA:17249 FMA:296800 NCIT:C34177 UMLS:C1517291 uberon distal part of hindlimb bud foot disk UBERON:0006871 embryonic footplate UBERON:0006871 The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pes (foot). MGI:csmith MP:0004576 UBERON:cjm https://github.com/obophenotype/mammalian-phenotype-ontology/issues/2218 EHDAA2 does not have a single class for footplate, but includes epithelium, mesenchyme and AER EHDAA2 UMLS:C1517291 ncithesaurus:Foot_Plate distal part of hindlimb bud EMAPA:17249 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. EHDAA2:0000729 EMAPA:17247 uberon UBERON:0006872 handplate apical ectodermal ridge UBERON:0006872 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the manus (hand). EHDAA:4194 EHDAA:6242 EMAPA:17245 FMA:296794 NCIT:C34185 UMLS:C1512334 hand plate handplate uberon distal part of forelimb bud UBERON:0006875 embryonic handplate UBERON:0006875 The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the manus (hand). MGI:csmith MP:0004576 UBERON:cjm UMLS:C1512334 ncithesaurus:Hand_Plate distal part of forelimb bud EMAPA:17245 A vasculature that is part of a organ. FMA:74612 organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ uberon UBERON:0006876 vasculature of organ UBERON:0006876 A vasculature that is part of a organ. OBOL:automatic organ vasculature FMA:74612 set of blood vessels of organ FMA:74612 A vasculature that is part of a liver. the EHDAA2 term and the FMA term may not be exact equivalents - check EHDAA2:0003454 EMAPA:35501 FMA:73748 hepatic vasculature uberon hepatic vascular element liver vascular element liver vascular system UBERON:0006877 vasculature of liver UBERON:0006877 A vasculature that is part of a liver. OBOL:automatic the EHDAA2 term and the FMA term may not be exact equivalents - check EHDAA2 hepatic vasculature FMA:73748 hepatic vascular element EMAPA:35501 liver vascular element EMAPA:35501 liver vascular system EHDAA2:0003454 A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. merged in 'head mesoderm' from XAO/AAO and EFO here. Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme AAO:0011051 EFO:0003337 EFO:0003603 EHDAA2:0001118 EHDAA:655 EMAPA:16099 EMAPA_RETIRED:16270 FMA:293859 TAO:0000998 VHOG:0000185 XAO:0000053 ZFA:0000998 head mesenchyme derived from mesoderm head mesenchyme from head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm mesenchyme from head mesoderm uberon cranial mesoderm head mesoderm UBERON:0006904 head mesenchyme from mesoderm UBERON:0006904 ZFA EHDAA2 XAO A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic head mesenchyme from head mesoderm EHDAA2:0001118 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm EHDAA:1057 cranial mesoderm UBERON:0005280 head mesoderm AAO:0011051 UBERON:0005280 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. EHDAA2:0001062 EHDAA:5861 EHDAA:5873 EMAPA:17357 mesenchyme of mandibular process mesenchyme of mandibular prominence uberon UBERON:0006905 mandibular process mesenchyme UBERON:0006905 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of mandibular process EMAPA:17357 mesenchyme of mandibular prominence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. BTO:0000349 EMAPA:32908 FMA:45677 digestive tract lumen gut cavity gut lumen lumen of alimentary tract lumen of digestive tract lumen of gut uberon UBERON:0006909 lumen of digestive tract UBERON:0006909 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. OBOL:automatic digestive tract lumen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gut cavity BTO:0000349 gut lumen FMA:45677 lumen of alimentary tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of digestive tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of gut FMA:45677 An epithelium that is part of a lip. The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] BTO:0004468 TAO:0005334 ZFA:0005334 uberon UBERON:0006913 lip epithelium UBERON:0006913 An epithelium that is part of a lip. OBOL:automatic The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005334 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12 An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium BTO:0002072 NCIT:C12848 SCTID:40118003 UMLS:C0221909 Wikipedia:Squamous_epithelium uberon UBERON:0006914 squamous epithelium UBERON:0006914 An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Squamous_epithelium FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium FBbt UMLS:C0221909 ncithesaurus:Squamous_Epithelium Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]. FMA:45563 NCIT:C13180 UMLS:C0836131 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium epithelium stratificatum squamosum uberon UBERON:0006915 stratified squamous epithelium UBERON:0006915 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]. FMA:45563 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium UMLS:C0836131 ncithesaurus:Stratified_Squamous_Epithelium epithelium stratificatum squamosum FMA:45563 A non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. FMA:62130 uberon UBERON:0006916 non-keratinized epithelium of tongue UBERON:0006916 A non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. this is a singleton subclass of tongue epithelium in MA MA:0002786 squamous epithelium of tongue uberon UBERON:0006919 tongue squamous epithelium UBERON:0006919 A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic this is a singleton subclass of tongue epithelium in MA MA squamous epithelium of tongue OBOL:automatic A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass BTO:0003635 CALOHA:TS-1250 EMAPA:35324 MA:0001567 NCIT:C49222 UMLS:C1707950 uberon esophageal squamous epithelium squamous epithelium of esophagus squamous oesophageal epithelium UBERON:0006920 esophagus squamous epithelium UBERON:0006920 A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass MA UMLS:C1707950 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Squamous_Epithelium esophageal squamous epithelium OBOL:automatic squamous epithelium of esophagus OBOL:automatic squamous oesophageal epithelium MA:0001567 A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. EMAPA:35824 MA:0001611 uberon UBERON:0006921 stomach squamous epithelium UBERON:0006921 A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. OBOL:automatic A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. we follow Kardong in treating the glandular epithelium as a distinct entity, and thus as an epithelium which has glands; FMA has 'epithelium of gastric gland', which is part of the gastric gland. EMAPA:17623 EMAPA:35814 FMA:63458 MA:0002784 epithelium of gastric gland uberon gastric gland epithelium UBERON:0006924 stomach glandular epithelium UBERON:0006924 FMA A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. ISBN:0073040584 epithelium of gastric gland FMA:63458 gastric gland epithelium FMA:63458 Any gland that is part of the digestive system. AAO:0000130 BTO:0000345 uberon digestive gland UBERON:0006925 digestive system gland UBERON:0006925 Any gland that is part of the digestive system. UBERON:cjm digestive gland BTO:0000345 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]. FMA:64800 NCIT:C13182 UMLS:C0225337 uberon UBERON:0006929 glandular columnar epithelium UBERON:0006929 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]. FMA:64800 UMLS:C0225337 ncithesaurus:Columnar_Epithelium FMA:66809 uberon UBERON:0006930 glandular cuboidal epithelium UBERON:0006930 Stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. EMAPA:27167 MA:0001614 stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane uberon UBERON:0006931 stomach glandular region mucosa UBERON:0006931 Stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane EMAPA:27167 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical CALOHA:TS-0682 FMA:62410 SCTID:309045006 uberon neuroepithelium UBERON:0006934 sensory epithelium UBERON:0006934 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. BTO:0000314 note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical FMA neuroepithelium BTO:0000314 The epithelial cell layer containing the sensory hair cells and their associated sensory nerve terminals. EMAPA:32883 MA:0001189 uberon UBERON:0006937 inner ear epithelium UBERON:0006937 The epithelial cell layer containing the sensory hair cells and their associated sensory nerve terminals. MGI:csmith MP:0003308 An epithelium that is part of a pinna. EHDAA2:0001470 EHDAA:8983 EMAPA:17592 VHOG:0000632 uberon UBERON:0006938 pinna surface epithelium UBERON:0006938 An epithelium that is part of a pinna. OBOL:automatic The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis. The ductuli are unilaminar and composed of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated (absorptive) cells. The ciliated cells serve to stir the luminal fluids, possibly to help ensure homogeneous absorption of water from the fluid produced by the testis, which results in an increase in the concentration of luminal sperm. The epithelium is surrounded by a band of smooth muscle that helps to propel the sperm toward the epididymis. Any of a group ranging from one to twelve (varies in species) small seminal ducts per testis which transport sperm from the testes to the kidney.[AAO] There are two basic designs for efferent ductule structure: a) multiple entries into the epididymis, as seen in most large mammals. In humans and other large mammals, there are approximately 15-20 efferent ducts, which also occupy nearly one third of the head of the epididymis. b) single entry, as seen in most small animals such as rodents, whereby the 3-6 ductules merge into a single small ductule prior to entering the epididymis Check EMAPA AAO:0010532 EMAPA:18993 FMA:19081 MA:0000398 NCIT:C32492 UMLS:C0228013 Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts efferent ductule seminal duct uberon ductuli efferentes testis vasa efferentia UBERON:0006946 efferent duct UBERON:0006946 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg FMA The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis. The ductuli are unilaminar and composed of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated (absorptive) cells. The ciliated cells serve to stir the luminal fluids, possibly to help ensure homogeneous absorption of water from the fluid produced by the testis, which results in an increase in the concentration of luminal sperm. The epithelium is surrounded by a band of smooth muscle that helps to propel the sperm toward the epididymis. Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts Any of a group ranging from one to twelve (varies in species) small seminal ducts per testis which transport sperm from the testes to the kidney.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010532 AAO AAO:BJB Check EMAPA EMAPA UMLS:C0228013 ncithesaurus:Efferent_Ductule efferent ductule FMA:19081 Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts ductuli efferentes testis Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts vasa efferentia AAO:0010532 Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. we use this as a generic grouping class for a number of taxa in FMA includes as parts: seminal vesicle, efferent ductule (vas efferentia), epididymis, deferent duct (vas deferens), ejaculatory duct UBERON:0010140 FMA:55678 TAO:0001268 ZFA:0001268 sperm duct sperm ducts uberon UBERON:0006947 male genital duct UBERON:0006947 FMA-abduced-lr A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in FMA includes as parts: seminal vesicle, efferent ductule (vas efferentia), epididymis, deferent duct (vas deferens), ejaculatory duct FMA sperm duct ZFA:0001268 sperm ducts TAO:0001268 An epithelium that is part of a efferent duct. EMAPA:29747 FMA:19195 MA:0001734 epithelium of efferent ductule of testis uberon UBERON:0006948 efferent duct epithelium UBERON:0006948 An epithelium that is part of a efferent duct. OBOL:automatic epithelium of efferent ductule of testis FMA:19195 The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. TODO - split off insect classes BTO:0002618 EMAPA:29786 uberon UBERON:0006953 ejaculatory duct epithelium UBERON:0006953 The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. PMID:1238970 An epithelium that is part of a uterus. BTO:0003082 uberon uterus epithelium UBERON:0006955 uterine epithelium UBERON:0006955 An epithelium that is part of a uterus. OBOL:automatic uterus epithelium BTO:0003082 The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. CALOHA:TS-1246 EMAPA:28880 FMA:18626 MA:0002991 NCIT:C33638 SCTID:259306002 UMLS:C0737271 Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary interstitial tissue of ovary ovarian stroma ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica uberon stroma ovarii UBERON:0006960 ovary stroma UBERON:0006960 FMA The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary UMLS:C0737271 ncithesaurus:Stroma_of_the_Ovarian_Cortex interstitial tissue of ovary FMA:18626 ovarian stroma FMA:18626 ovary stroma MA:0002991 stroma of the ovary Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary stroma ovarica FMA:18626 stroma ovarii Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. EFO:0003709 TAO:0005077 ZFA:0005077 uberon UBERON:0006965 vascular cord UBERON:0006965 The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. GO:0072360 ZFA:0005077 A capillary that is part of the coronary system. ZFA:0005813 heart capillary uberon UBERON:0006966 coronary capillary UBERON:0006966 A capillary that is part of the coronary system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 heart capillary GO:0003248 A pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. GAID:1225 MESH:D006733 SCTID:69221006 Wikipedia:Horn_(anatomy) uberon UBERON:0006967 horn UBERON:0006967 A pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. Wikipedia:Horn_(anatomy) ISBN:9780716717553 An anatomical projection that is part of and protrudes from the head. revisit after CARO2 appendage issue is sorted. Note that antennae are appendages that protrude from the head uberon UBERON:0006969 cranial appendage UBERON:0006969 An anatomical projection that is part of and protrudes from the head. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 uberon UBERON:0006970 bony core of horn UBERON:0006970 Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. AAO:0010266 AEO:0000009 BILA:0000009 CARO:0000009 EHDAA2:0003009 FMA:9658 TAO:0001839 uberon UBERON:0006983 anatomical point UBERON:0006983 Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. FMA:9658 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n. BILA:0000010 CARO:0001002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003192 FMA:24137 NCIT:C34022 UMLS:C1515977 uberon UBERON:0006984 Old definition: 'Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures.' Note, in the new definition, the space referred to is not necessarily an anatomical space. It may be the outside of an organism. anatomical surface UBERON:0006984 via morphological boundary in CARO A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n. CARO:0001002 UMLS:C1515977 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Surface The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. consider FBbt:00005541 ! cardiogenic mesoderm review EHDAA2 placement AAO:0011021 BILA:0000051 EFO:0000315 EHDAA2:0000214 EHDAA:385 FMA:293143 SCTID:360387000 VHOG:0001641 XAO:0000235 cardiogenic splanchnopleure uberon cardiac mesoderm cardiogenic mesoderm cardiogenic region heart primordia UBERON:0007005 cardiogenic splanchnic mesoderm UBERON:0007005 The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. XAO:0000235 http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html https://github.com/obophenotype/insect_neuroanatomy_ontology/issues/7 cardiogenic splanchnopleure EHDAA2:0000214 cardiac mesoderm XAO:0000235 cardiogenic mesoderm http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html cardiogenic region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 heart primordia XAO:0000235 Organism at the cleavage stage. BILA:0000058 uberon UBERON:0007010 cleaving embryo UBERON:0007010 Organism at the cleavage stage. OBOL:automatic A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] juvenile BILA:0000076 TAO:0002047 http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Juvenile_organism juvenile organism juveniles uberon UBERON:0007021 sexually immature organism UBERON:0007021 A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. OBOL:automatic Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002047 TAO TAO:wd juvenile organism BILA:0000076 juveniles TAO:0002047 A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] adult BILA:0000078 FBbt:00003004 HAO:0000087 NCIT:C17600 TAO:0002046 UMLS:C0001675 galen:Adult http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Adult_organism adults uberon UBERON:0007023 adult organism UBERON:0007023 A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. OBOL:automatic Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002046 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0001675 ncithesaurus:Adult adults TAO:0002046 The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis BILA:0000084 NCIT:C34268 SCTID:360394002 UMLS:C1514442 future digestive tract future digestive tube future gut primitive gut uberon embryonic digestive tube primordial digestive tube primordial gut UBERON:0007026 presumptive gut UBERON:0007026 The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis NCBIBook:NBK10107 UMLS:C1514442 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Gut BILA:0000142 uberon UBERON:0007037 mechanosensory system UBERON:0007037 Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. TAO:0007064 XAO:0000024 ZFA:0007064 uberon UBERON:0007098 mandibular neural crest UBERON:0007098 ZFA ZFA Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. ZFA:0007064 Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. TAO:0007065 XAO:0000025 ZFA:0007065 hyoid crest uberon UBERON:0007099 hyoid neural crest UBERON:0007099 ZFA ZFA Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. ZFA:0007065 hyoid crest XAO:0000025 A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. note we reserve the subclass 'heart' from the vertebrate multi-chambered heart. 'The first heart-like organ is believed to have appeared 500my ago in an ancestral bilaterian'. Amniotes: four-chambered heart. Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle, pulmonary; fish: single atrium and ventricle; amphioxus: tubular, non-striated, closed, unidirectional; ascidians: tubular, striated, open, bidirectional; arthropods: tubular, open; C elegans: contractile pharynx; Cnideria: striated muscle cells associated with gastrodermis SPD:0000130 TADS:0000147 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1922/F1.large.jpg dorsal tube heart uberon adult heart UBERON:0007100 Gene notes: Bmp, Nkx, Gata primary circulatory organ UBERON:0007100 GO uses blood circulation generically to include the haemolymphatic fluid of arthropods A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. GO:0007507 dorsal tube Wikipedia:Heart heart GO:0007507 adult heart FBbt:00003154 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively The bulk of the villi consist of connective tissues in which blood vessels are found. Most of the cells in the connective tissue core of the villi are fibroblasts. Macrophages known as Hofbauer cells are also present. BTO:0001161 EHDAA2:0004717 MESH:D002824 NCIT:C34125 SCTID:360403003 UMLS:C0008508 Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi uberon chorionic villi chorionic villous chorionic villus embryonic part of placenta embryonic placenta fetal part of placenta fetal placenta placental villi placental villous placental villus villous chorion villous of placenta UBERON:0007106 chorionic villus UBERON:0007106 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray29.png BTO MP-def One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. BTO:0001161 Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi UMLS:C0008508 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Villus chorionic villi MESH:A16.254.403.473.200 chorionic villous Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi chorionic villus GAID:1300 embryonic part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 embryonic placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetal part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetal placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 placental villi GAID:1300 placental villus GAID:1300 One of the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals[WP]. FMA:55655 GAID:1266 MESH:D014094 NCIT:C33745 SCTID:245612004 UMLS:C0040455 Wikipedia:Deciduous_teeth primary tooth temporary tooth uberon dentes decidui UBERON:0007115 GAT in FMA. deciduous tooth UBERON:0007115 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Deciduous_teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg One of the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals[WP]. Wikipedia:Deciduous_teeth UMLS:C0040455 ncithesaurus:Temporary_Tooth primary tooth FMA:55655 temporary tooth FMA:55655 dentes decidui Wikipedia:Deciduous_teeth The set of teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss. FMA:75151 GAID:1252 MESH:D014094 baby teeth deciduous teeth dentes decidui milk teeth primary teeth set of deciduous teeth set of primary teeth tooth of primary dentition uberon deciduous dentition UBERON:0007116 primary dentition UBERON:0007116 The set of teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss. MESH:A14.254.245 baby teeth FMA:75151 deciduous teeth FMA:75151 dentes decidui FMA:75151 FMA:TA milk teeth FMA:75151 primary teeth FMA:75151 GAID:1266 set of deciduous teeth FMA:75151 set of primary teeth FMA:75151 deciduous dentition GAID:1252 The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. FMA:42385 GAID:201 MESH:D005272 NCIT:C61563 SCTID:361792007 UMLS:C0015815 Wikipedia:Femur_neck galen:NeckOfFemur femoral neck uberon collum femoris femur neck neck of the femur UBERON:0007119 neck of femur UBERON:0007119 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. Wikipedia:Femur_neck UMLS:C0015815 ncithesaurus:Femoral_Neck femoral neck FMA:42385 collum femoris Wikipedia:Femur_neck femur neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck neck of the femur Wikipedia:Femur_neck The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a 'transitional tooth' during chewing, or mastication. It has properties of both the anterior canines and posterior molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars. In primitive mammals there are four premolars per quadrant. The most mesial two have been lost in Catarrhines. Paleontologists refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4 FMA:55637 GAID:1261 MESH:D001641 NCIT:C32201 SCTID:304572005 UMLS:C1704302 Wikipedia:Premolar secondary premolar tooth uberon bicuspid bicuspid teeth bicuspid tooth bicuspids biscuspid dens premolaris dentes premolares mandibular bicuspid maxillary bicuspid maxillary premolar pm3 (dentistry) praemolares premolar premolar teeth premolar tooth premolars præmolares UBERON:0007120 premolar tooth UBERON:0007120 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray1003.png The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. Wikipedia:Premolar Although there are a few exceptions, the dental formula for the great majority of cricetids is 1.0.0.3 Wikipedia:Cricetidae UMLS:C1704302 ncithesaurus:Bicuspid_Tooth secondary premolar tooth FMA:55637 bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid teeth Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid tooth Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspids Wikipedia:Premolar biscuspid Wikipedia:Premolar dens premolaris Wikipedia:Premolar dentes premolares Wikipedia:Premolar mandibular bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary premolar Wikipedia:Premolar pm3 (dentistry) Wikipedia:Premolar praemolares Wikipedia:Premolar premolar Wikipedia:Premolar premolar teeth Wikipedia:Premolar premolar tooth Wikipedia:Premolar premolars Wikipedia:Premolar præmolares Wikipedia:Premolar A pharyngeal pouch that is between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2. . [][VHOG] In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery we use adjacency relations rather than part_of, as in EHDAA2. UBERON:0005718 AAO:0011114 EFO:0003631 EHDAA2:0000016 EMAPA:16124 EMAPA:16125 FMA:295668 NCIT:C34176 SCTID:345248006 TAO:0001128 UMLS:C0231068 VHOG:0000555 VHOG:0000970 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#First_pouch XAO:0000102 ZFA:0001128 1st arch branchial pouch 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm 1st arch pouch endoderm 1st branchial pouch 1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm first arch pharyngeal pouch first visceral pouch hyomandibular pouch pharyngeal pouches 1 visceral pouch 1 uberon first pharyngeal pouch UBERON:0007122 pharyngeal pouch 1 UBERON:0007122 A pharyngeal pouch that is between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2. ISBN:0124020607 PMID:16313389 VHOG:0000970 . [][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000970 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000970 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery WP we use adjacency relations rather than part_of, as in EHDAA2. EHDAA2 UMLS:C0231068 ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Pouch 1st arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000013 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000016 1st arch pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000016 1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0000555 first arch pharyngeal pouch OBOL:automatic first visceral pouch XAO:0000102 pharyngeal pouches 1 ZFA:0001128 visceral pouch 1 XAO:0000102 first pharyngeal pouch VHOG:0000970 A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3. A pouch that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] the dorsal elongation of the second pouch endoderm of all mammals, with the exception of rodents, gives rise to the epithelial lining of palatine tonsils; in rodents, the ventral portion of the second pouch appears to degenerate whereas the remaining part is incorporated into the lateral border of the pharynx; it appears that rodents no longer require tonsils as their function is carried out by the NALT (Nose/Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) system in the upper respiratory tract. Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve UBERON:0005715 AAO:0011115 EFO:0003633 EHDAA2:0000058 EMAPA:16275 EMAPA:16276 FMA:295676 NCIT:C34289 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000060 SCTID:345349000 TAO:0001130 UMLS:C0231069 VHOG:0000561 VHOG:0000967 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Second_pouch XAO:0000247 ZFA:0001130 2nd arch branchial pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm 2nd arch pouch endoderm 2nd branchial pouch 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm pharyngeal pouches 2 second arch pharyngeal pouch second visceral pouch visceral pouch 2 uberon second pharyngeal pouch UBERON:0007123 pharyngeal pouch 2 UBERON:0007123 A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3. ISBN:0124020607 PMID:16313389 A pouch that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000967 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011115 AAO ISBN:0-226-55763-4 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000967 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve WP UMLS:C0231069 ncithesaurus:Second_Pharyngeal_Pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000060 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000061 2nd arch pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000058 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0000561 pharyngeal pouches 2 ZFA:0001130 second arch pharyngeal pouch OBOL:automatic second visceral pouch XAO:0000247 visceral pouch 2 XAO:0000247 second pharyngeal pouch VHOG:0000967 A pharyngeal pouch that between pharyngeal arches 3 and 4. A pouch that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve UBERON:0005716 AAO:0011116 EFO:0003634 EHDAA2:0000077 EMAPA:16586 FMA:295682 NCIT:C34311 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000076 SCTID:345450001 TAO:0001131 UMLS:C0231070 VHOG:0000966 VHOG:0001030 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Third_pouch XAO:0000251 ZFA:0001131 3rd arch branchial pouch 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm 3rd branchial pouch 3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm pharyngeal pouches 3 third arch pharyngeal pouch third visceral pouch visceral pouch 3 uberon third pharyngeal pouch UBERON:0007124 pharyngeal pouch 3 UBERON:0007124 A pharyngeal pouch that between pharyngeal arches 3 and 4. ISBN:0124020607 PMID:16313389 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Third_pouch A pouch that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000966 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011116 AAO ISBN:0-226-55763-4 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000966 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve WP UMLS:C0231070 ncithesaurus:Third_Pharyngeal_Pouch 3rd arch branchial pouch RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000076 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000077 3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0001030 pharyngeal pouches 3 ZFA:0001131 third arch pharyngeal pouch OBOL:automatic third visceral pouch XAO:0000251 visceral pouch 3 XAO:0000251 third pharyngeal pouch VHOG:0000966 Ganglion which is located in the trunk. EFO:0000901 MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 TAO:0001573 ZFA:0001573 body ganglion trunk ganglia uberon UBERON:0007134 trunk ganglion UBERON:0007134 Ganglion which is located in the trunk. ZFIN:curator body ganglion MAT:0000344 trunk ganglia ZFA:0001573 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003497 TAO:0000131 ZFA:0000131 uberon presumptive central nervous system UBERON:0007135 neural keel UBERON:0007135 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000131 TAO ZFIN:curator presumptive central nervous system ZFA:0000131 An internal carotid artery that branching_part_of a left common carotid artery plus branches. EMAPA:16329 FMA:4062 SCTID:161452006 arteria caritis interna sinistra uberon UBERON:0007142 left internal carotid artery UBERON:0007142 An internal carotid artery that branching_part_of a left common carotid artery plus branches. OBOL:automatic arteria caritis interna sinistra FMA:4062 An internal carotid artery that branching_part_of a right common carotid artery plus branches. EMAPA:16330 FMA:3949 SCTID:161251001 arteria carotis interna dextra uberon UBERON:0007143 right internal carotid artery UBERON:0007143 An internal carotid artery that branching_part_of a right common carotid artery plus branches. OBOL:automatic arteria carotis interna dextra FMA:3949 An embryonic structure that will either develop into a post-anal tail or recede into a vestigial remnant of the tail. By the fourth week a clear tail is seen in the human embryo. It recedes after a few weeks and these tissues form what is commonly known as the tailbone (coccyx). EMAPA:16748 FMA:85540 embryo tail tail of embryo uberon embryonic tail UBERON:0007144 embryonic post-anal tail UBERON:0007144 An embryonic structure that will either develop into a post-anal tail or recede into a vestigial remnant of the tail. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 embryo tail FMA:85540 tail of embryo FMA:85540 embryonic tail FMA:85540 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. EMAPA:18377 FMA:54366 midgut lumen uberon UBERON:0007147 lumen of midgut UBERON:0007147 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. OBOL:automatic midgut lumen FMA:54366 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. EMAPA:18396 FMA:54367 hindgut lumen uberon UBERON:0007148 lumen of hindgut UBERON:0007148 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. OBOL:automatic hindgut lumen FMA:54367 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. EMAPA:18836 FMA:17357 anal canal lumen uberon UBERON:0007158 lumen of anal canal UBERON:0007158 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal canal lumen FMA:17357 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. EMAPA:18945 FMA:18374 SCTID:362156004 colon lumen uberon colonic lumen UBERON:0007159 lumen of colon UBERON:0007159 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. OBOL:automatic colon lumen FMA:18374 colonic lumen FMA:18374 EMAPA:25124 FMA:23797 scapular border uberon UBERON:0007171 border of scapula UBERON:0007171 scapular border FMA:23797 EMAPA:25125 FMA:23800 scapular angle uberon UBERON:0007172 angle of scapula https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/58 UBERON:0007172 scapular angle FMA:23800 The lateral border (or axillary border, or margin) is the thickest of the three borders of the scapula. It begins above at the lower margin of the glenoid cavity, and inclines obliquely downward and backward to the inferior angle. Immediately below the glenoid cavity is a rough impression, the infraglenoid tuberosity, about 2.5 cm. in length, which gives origin to the long head of the Triceps brachii; in front of this is a longitudinal groove, which extends as far as the lower third of this border, and affords origin to part of the Subscapularis. The inferior third is thin and sharp, and serves for the attachment of a few fibers of the Teres major behind, and of the Subscapularis in front. EMAPA:25126 FMA:23239 Wikipedia:Lateral_border_of_the_scapula axillary border of scapula lateral border of scapula margo lateralis (scapula) margo lateralis scapulae uberon lateral part of scapula UBERON:0007173 lateral border of scapula UBERON:0007173 EMAPA-modified lexical The lateral border (or axillary border, or margin) is the thickest of the three borders of the scapula. It begins above at the lower margin of the glenoid cavity, and inclines obliquely downward and backward to the inferior angle. Immediately below the glenoid cavity is a rough impression, the infraglenoid tuberosity, about 2.5 cm. in length, which gives origin to the long head of the Triceps brachii; in front of this is a longitudinal groove, which extends as far as the lower third of this border, and affords origin to part of the Subscapularis. The inferior third is thin and sharp, and serves for the attachment of a few fibers of the Teres major behind, and of the Subscapularis in front. Wikipedia:Lateral_border_of_the_scapula axillary border of scapula FMA:23239 lateral border of scapula FMA:23239 margo lateralis (scapula) FMA:23239 margo lateralis scapulae FMA:23239 FMA:TA lateral part of scapula FMA:23239 The medial border of the scapula (vertebral border, medial margin) is the longest of the three borders, and extends from the medial to the inferior angle. It is arched, intermediate in thickness between the superior and the axillary borders, and the portion of it above the spine forms an obtuse angle with the part below. This border presents an anterior and a posterior lip, and an intermediate narrow area. The anterior lip affords attachment to the Serratus anterior; the posterior lip, to the Supraspinatus above the spine, the Infraspinatus below; the area between the two lips, to the Levator scapulC& above the triangular surface at the commencement of the spine, to the Rhomboideus minor on the edge of that surface, and to the Rhomboideus major below it; this last is attached by means of a fibrous arch, connected above to the lower part of the triangular surface at the base of the spine, and below to the lower part of the border. consider merging with UBERON:1500000 scapular blade, depending on https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/339. See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136669 EMAPA:25127 FMA:23242 SCTID:368187009 Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula margo medialis (scapula) margo medialis scapulae medial part of scapula vertebral border of scapula uberon medial border of the scapula medial margin of the scapula vertebral border vertebral border of the scapula UBERON:0007174 medial border of scapula UBERON:0007174 EMAPA-modified PMID:20136669 The medial border of the scapula (vertebral border, medial margin) is the longest of the three borders, and extends from the medial to the inferior angle. It is arched, intermediate in thickness between the superior and the axillary borders, and the portion of it above the spine forms an obtuse angle with the part below. This border presents an anterior and a posterior lip, and an intermediate narrow area. The anterior lip affords attachment to the Serratus anterior; the posterior lip, to the Supraspinatus above the spine, the Infraspinatus below; the area between the two lips, to the Levator scapulC& above the triangular surface at the commencement of the spine, to the Rhomboideus minor on the edge of that surface, and to the Rhomboideus major below it; this last is attached by means of a fibrous arch, connected above to the lower part of the triangular surface at the base of the spine, and below to the lower part of the border. Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula margo medialis (scapula) FMA:23242 margo medialis scapulae FMA:23242 FMA:TA medial part of scapula FMA:23242 vertebral border of scapula FMA:23242 medial border of the scapula Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula medial margin of the scapula Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula vertebral border Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula vertebral border of the scapula Wikipedia:Medial_border_of_scapula An angle of the scapula formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi.[WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:25128 FMA:13315 Wikipedia:Inferior_angle_of_scapula angulus inferior (scapula) angulus inferior scapulae uberon UBERON:0007175 inferior angle of scapula UBERON:0007175 EMAPA-modified An angle of the scapula formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_angle_of_scapula angulus inferior (scapula) FMA:13315 angulus inferior scapulae Wikipedia:Inferior_angle_of_scapula A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. EMAPA:27395 FMA:15657 MA:0003196 SCTID:113284008 colonic lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of colon lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane uberon UBERON:0007177 lamina propria of mucosa of colon UBERON:0007177 A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. OBOL:automatic colonic lamina propria FMA:15657 lamina propria mucosae of colon FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucosa FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane FMA:15657 A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:29903 FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct uberon UBERON:0007181 serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube UBERON:0007181 A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18324 A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:31264 FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube uberon UBERON:0007182 muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube UBERON:0007182 A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18336 muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18336 A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. BTO:0003157 EMAPA:16133 FMA:18149 SCTID:67300002 mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium uberon UBERON:0007188 mesothelium of serous pericardium UBERON:0007188 A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. OBOL:automatic mesothelium of pericardium FMA:18149 pericardial mesothelium FMA:18149 serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:18149 The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. CALOHA:TS-0085 FMA:21426 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma bone marrow stroma uberon UBERON:0007195 stroma of bone marrow UBERON:0007195 The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma bone marrow stroma FMA:21426 The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. UBERON:0004102 FMA:7393 NCIT:C117875 SCTID:361384001 Wikipedia:Tracheobronchial_tree arbor tracheobronchialis uberon tracheobronchial system UBERON:0007196 tracheobronchial tree UBERON:0007196 Wikipedia The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Tracheobronchial_tree arbor tracheobronchialis FMA:7393 FMA:TA tracheobronchial system HP:0005607 Multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. AAO:0010035 BILA:0000029 CARO:0000029 HAO:0000029 TADS:0000601 WBbt:0007849 uberon dioecious organism hermaphrodite UBERON:0007197 hermaphroditic organism UBERON:0007197 Multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 dioecious organism BILA:0000029 hermaphrodite WBbt:0007849 An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. AEO:0000177 EHDAA2:0003177 WBbt:0005758 uberon hermaphrodite-specific UBERON:0007198 hermaphrodite anatomical structure UBERON:0007198 An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-9726 hermaphrodite-specific WBbt:0005758 The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. uberon UBERON:0007204 brachiocephalic vasculature UBERON:0007204 The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. EFO:0003572 EHDAA2:0000735 EMAPA:16169 EMAPA:16271 EMAPA_RETIRED:16271 TAO:0000787 ZFA:0000787 head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest head mesenchyme from neural crest head neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0007213 mesenchyme derived from head neural crest UBERON:0007213 ZFA Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. OBOL:automatic head mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000735 Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. EHDAA2:0002093 EMAPA:16182 TAO:0000999 ZFA:0000999 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trunk neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0007214 mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest UBERON:0007214 Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. OBOL:automatic trunk mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0002093 An embryo stage that covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. EV:0300011 EVM:2990031 FBdv:00005333 FMA:63631 MIAA:0000399 MmusDv:0000031 OGES:000023 SCTID:367619004 embryo late (growth) stage fetal stage fetus fetus stage uberon embryo late growth stage embryo late stage UBERON:0007220 late embryonic stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/355 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/565 UBERON:0007220 An embryo stage that covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 embryo late (growth) stage MIAA:0000399 fetal stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetus MIAA:0000399 fetus stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 embryo late growth stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage BTO:0000449 relationship to Meckel's cartilage to be added Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000031 EHDAA:583 EMAPA:16382 VHOG:0000510 ventral pharyngeal arch 1 uberon ventral mandibular arch ventral visceral arch 1 UBERON:0007237 1st arch mandibular component UBERON:0007237 EHDAA2 Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000510 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventral pharyngeal arch 1 VHOG:0000510 ventral mandibular arch VHOG:0000510 ventral visceral arch 1 VHOG:0000510 relationship to palatoquadrate to be added Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000038 EHDAA:595 EMAPA:16388 VHOG:0000511 uberon UBERON:0007238 1st arch maxillary component UBERON:0007238 EHDAA2 Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000511 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ A tunica media that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36294 EV:0100029 FMA:14273 NCIT:C49321 SCTID:84300001 UMLS:C1710627 arterial media tunica media (arteriae) uberon UBERON:0007239 tunica media of artery UBERON:0007239 A tunica media that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710627 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue arterial media EV:0100029 tunica media (arteriae) FMA:14273 A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36295 EV:0100030 FMA:14274 SCTID:113261001 arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) uberon UBERON:0007240 tunica adventitia of artery UBERON:0007240 FMA A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial adventitia EV:0100030 tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) FMA:14274 A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36310 EV:0100034 FMA:14355 SCTID:13202006 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) venous adventitia uberon UBERON:0007241 tunica adventitia of vein UBERON:0007241 A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) FMA:14355 venous adventitia EV:0100034 A tunica intima that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36308 EV:0100032 FMA:14353 SCTID:2436009 tunica interna (intima)(venae) venous intima uberon UBERON:0007242 tunica intima of vein UBERON:0007242 A tunica intima that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica interna (intima)(venae) FMA:14353 venous intima EV:0100032 A tunica media that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36309 EV:0100033 FMA:14354 SCTID:42049001 tunica media (venae) venous media uberon UBERON:0007243 tunica media of vein UBERON:0007243 A tunica media that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica media (venae) FMA:14354 venous media EV:0100033 Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. FMA:256381 FMA:84059 uberon cluster of neural nuclei neural nuclei nuclear complex UBERON:0007245 nuclear complex of neuraxis UBERON:0007245 Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any of the nuclei that comprise the superior olivary complex (superior olive). This includes both the primary nuclei such as the lateral and medial nuclei, as well as periolivary nuclei. this class exists largely for consistency with the FMA. It is defined trivially with respect to the SOC. The class may be removed in future. FMA:72246 SCTID:369024009 superior olivary complex nucleus uberon UBERON:0007247 nucleus of superior olivary complex UBERON:0007247 Any of the nuclei that comprise the superior olivary complex (superior olive). This includes both the primary nuclei such as the lateral and medial nuclei, as well as periolivary nuclei. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 superior olivary complex nucleus FMA:72246 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. EHDAA2:0002070 EHDAA:7082 uberon UBERON:0007267 trachea pre-cartilage rings UBERON:0007267 EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage. currently defined by location rather than attachment EFO:0003540 TAO:0000563 ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin muscle pectoral fin musculature uberon UBERON:0007269 pectoral appendage musculature UBERON:0007269 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pectoral fin muscle ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin musculature ZFA:0000563 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. currently defined by location rather than attachment Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0000258 ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature uberon UBERON:0007270 pelvic appendage musculature UBERON:0007270 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000258 TAO TAO:curator pelvic fin musculature ZFA:0000258 Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. currently defined by location rather than attachment TAO:0000207 ZFA:0000207 fin musculature uberon UBERON:0007271 appendage musculature UBERON:0007271 Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. OBOL:automatic fin musculature ZFA:0000207 Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. VSAO:0005000 uberon cheiropterygium UBERON:0007272 pectoral appendage skeleton UBERON:0007272 VSAO Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. VSAO:0005000 VSAO:NI cheiropterygium VSAO:0005000 VSAO:NI The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. uberon UBERON:0007273 pelvic appendage skeleton UBERON:0007273 VSAO The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. TODO - unify naming conventions The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. BAMS:HB CALOHA:TS-2118 EFO:0003440 EHDAA2:0001630 FMA:295640 TAO:0000569 Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon ZFA:0000569 presumptive rhombencephalon uberon embryonic rhombencephalon future hindbrain rhombencephalon UBERON:0007277 presumptive hindbrain UBERON:0007277 XAO-abduced cjm The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. NPX:PDR presumptive rhombencephalon ZFA:0000569 embryonic rhombencephalon CALOHA:TS-2118 future hindbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rhombencephalon EHDAA2:0001630 Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. TAO:0002234 ZFA:0001722 uberon UBERON:0007278 presumptive sinus venosus UBERON:0007278 ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. ZFA:0001722 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] TAO:0002233 ZFA:0001724 uberon UBERON:0007280 presumptive endocardium UBERON:0007280 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. OBOL:automatic Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002233 TAO ZFIN:curator Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary. EFO:0003446 TAO:0001187 XAO:0004086 ZFA:0001187 presumptive MHB presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary uberon UBERON:0007281 presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary UBERON:0007281 ZFA Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary. ZFA:0001187 presumptive MHB https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary ZFA:0001187 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. EFO:0003421 TAO:0000053 ZFA:0000053 uberon presumptive segmental plates UBERON:0007282 presumptive segmental plate UBERON:0007282 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest EDHAA2 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. OBOL:automatic presumptive segmental plates ZFA:0000053 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. consider merging Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] EFO:0003424 TAO:0000063 ZFA:0000063 prospective neuroectoderm prospective vegetal ectoderm uberon UBERON:0007284 presumptive neural plate UBERON:0007284 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. OBOL:automatic Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000063 TAO ZFIN:curator prospective neuroectoderm ZFA:0000063 prospective vegetal ectoderm ZFA:0000063 The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. EFO:0003443 TAO:0000591 XAO:0004134 ZFA:0000591 future paraxial mesenchyme future paraxial mesoderm uberon UBERON:0007285 presumptive paraxial mesoderm UBERON:0007285 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1277 The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. UBERON:cjm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1277 future paraxial mesenchyme UBERON:cjm A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain-midbrain boundary. EFO:0003463 TAO:0001368 ZFA:0001368 uberon UBERON:0007288 presumptive forebrain midbrain boundary UBERON:0007288 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain-midbrain boundary. OBOL:automatic A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm. EFO:0003619 TAO:0001070 ZFA:0001070 nephron primordium uberon UBERON:0007297 presumptive pronephric mesoderm UBERON:0007297 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm. OBOL:automatic nephron primordium ZFA:0001070 A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. TAO:0005301 ZFA:0005301 pectoral fin blood vessel uberon UBERON:0007300 pectoral appendage blood vessel UBERON:0007300 A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pectoral fin blood vessel ZFA:0005301 A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005299 ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel limb blood vessel uberon UBERON:0007301 appendage blood vessel UBERON:0007301 A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic fin blood vessel ZFA:0005299 limb blood vessel A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. TAO:0005096 ZFA:0005096 pectoral fin vasculature uberon UBERON:0007302 pectoral appendage vasculature UBERON:0007302 A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pectoral fin vasculature ZFA:0005096 A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. TAO:0005003 ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature uberon UBERON:0007303 pharyngeal vasculature UBERON:0007303 A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. OBOL:automatic branchial vasculature ZFA:0005003 A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005095 ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature uberon UBERON:0007304 appendage vasculature UBERON:0007304 A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic fin vasculature ZFA:0005095 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. BTO:0001808 CALOHA:TS-0893 EMAPA:37186 MA:0002215 MESH:D012501 NCIT:C33511 UMLS:C0036186 uberon UBERON:0007318 saphenous vein UBERON:0007318 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. BTO:0001808 EMAPA:37186 MA:th UMLS:C0036186 ncithesaurus:Saphenous_Vein A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans. TODO - check In mice many lobules lack islets, in contrast to other mammals including humans EMAPA:37710 FMA:16012 MA:0000721 lobulus pancreaticus pancreas lobe pancreatic lobule uberon UBERON:0007324 pancreatic lobule UBERON:0007324 A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans. ISBN:0123813611 EMAPA:37710 MA:th lobulus pancreaticus FMA:16012 pancreas lobe MA:0000721 pancreatic lobule FMA:16012 A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine. this class groups together accessory (dorsal) and main (ventral) pancreatic ducts Duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] in EHDAA2, the dorsal and ventral ducts are classified as epithelial sacs - review after overhaul of duct/epithelia terms EHDAA:9194 EMAPA:32952 FMA:10419 MA:0000124 MESH:D010183 SCTID:181278006 TAO:0001372 VHOG:0000254 Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct ZFA:0001372 duct of pancreas pancreas duct uberon ductus pancreaticus UBERON:0007329 pancreatic duct UBERON:0007329 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1100.png ZFA MA A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine. GOC:cvs GOC:ymb Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1250 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2244-7917 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-7880 Duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000254 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000254 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in EHDAA2, the dorsal and ventral ducts are classified as epithelial sacs - review after overhaul of duct/epithelia terms EHDAA2 duct of pancreas OBOL:accepted pancreas duct OBOL:accepted ductus pancreaticus Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. FMA:54647 SCTID:314870004 tongue surface uberon UBERON:0007367 surface of tongue UBERON:0007367 An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic tongue surface FMA:54647 The upper (superior) side of the tongue. check superior/dorsal FMA:54646 dorsal surface of tongue uberon UBERON:0007371 superior surface of tongue UBERON:0007371 The upper (superior) side of the tongue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 dorsal surface of tongue FMA:54646 A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. check subclasses to verify if they refer to a multi-tissue structure or a subdivision of the skeleton CALOHA:TS-2212 Wikipedia:Palate roof of buccal cavity roof of oral cavity uberon palate palatum primary or secondary palate UBERON:0007375 roof of mouth UBERON:0007375 A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 palatum The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. this grouping class exists primarily to align with GO - see GO:0008544. BSA:0000073 BTO:0000313 FBbt:00004993 HAO:0000298 TADS:0000109 WBbt:0005733 Wikipedia:Epidermis_(zoology) epidermis epidermis (sensu Metazoa) outer epidermal layer outer epithelial layer uberon hypoderm hypodermis UBERON:0007376 outer epithelium UBERON:0007376 The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. GO:0008544 epidermis GO:0008544 hypoderm BTO:0000313 hypodermis GO:0008544 WBbt:0005733 Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] Originally this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. EFO:0003425 TAO:0000086 ZFA:0000086 EVL enveloping layer uberon UBERON:0007383 enveloping layer of ectoderm UBERON:0007383 Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000086 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000086 TAO EVL ZFA:0000086 enveloping layer ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] TAO:0001543 ZFA:0001543 uberon UBERON:0007389 paired limb/fin cartilage UBERON:0007389 A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001543 TAO ZFIN:curator A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. Cartilage which is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO:0000257 ZFA:0000257 uberon pectoral fin cartilage UBERON:0007390 pectoral appendage cartilage tissue UBERON:0007390 A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic Cartilage which is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000257 TAO ZFIN:curator pectoral fin cartilage TAO:0000257 A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0001459 ZFA:0001459 uberon pelvic fin cartilage UBERON:0007391 pelvic appendage cartilage tissue UBERON:0007391 A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001459 TAO ZFIN:curator pelvic fin cartilage TAO:0001459 A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. this class groups together any nuclei in the tegmentum region, possibly including disparate structures across species UBERON:0012277 FMA:258768 ZFA:0005577 tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus uberon UBERON:0007414 nucleus of midbrain tegmentum UBERON:0007414 A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. OBOL:automatic tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus ZFA:0005577 The space within an epithelial sphere. AEO:0000079 cavity of vesicle uberon UBERON:0007473 lumen of epithelial sac UBERON:0007473 The space within an epithelial sphere. AEO:JB cavity of vesicle AEO:0000079 A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:0000081 EHDAA2:0003081 uberon UBERON:0007475 matrix-based tissue UBERON:0007475 A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. should all structures composed primarily of keratin be classified here? At what stage of cornification are keratin-filled cells no longer considered cells AEO:0000099 EHDAA2:0003099 uberon keratin-based structure UBERON:0007490 keratin-based acellular structure UBERON:0007490 Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. AEO:JB keratin-based structure EHDAA2:0003099 An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. AEO:0000115 EHDAA2:0003115 uberon UBERON:0007499 epithelial sac UBERON:0007499 AEO An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. AEO_RETIRED:0000116 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003116 uberon UBERON:0007500 epithelial tube open at both ends UBERON:0007500 AEO An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:0000117 EHDAA2:0003117 arborising epithelial duct system uberon UBERON:0007501 arborizing epithelial duct system UBERON:0007501 AEO AEO A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 arborising epithelial duct system AEO:0000117 A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:0000119 EHDAA2:0003119 uberon UBERON:0007503 epithelial vesicle UBERON:0007503 AEO A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:JB A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000143 EHDAA2:0003143 SCTID:362915001 uberon UBERON:0007521 smooth muscle sphincter UBERON:0007521 A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000144 EHDAA2:0003144 uberon UBERON:0007522 striated muscle sphincter UBERON:0007522 A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. AEO:0000146 EHDAA2:0003146 uberon UBERON:0007524 dense mesenchyme tissue UBERON:0007524 AEO AEO Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. AEO:JB Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. AEO:0000151 EHDAA2:0003151 uberon UBERON:0007529 loose mesenchyme tissue UBERON:0007529 AEO AEO AEO Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. AEO:JB Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. this class will be an important part of the NC reorganization AEO:0000152 EHDAA2:0003152 uberon UBERON:0007530 migrating mesenchyme population UBERON:0007530 Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. AEO:JB A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA:62016 MA:0001719 uberon epithelium of uterine tube uterine tube epithelium UBERON:0007589 ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium UBERON:0007589 MA FMA A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. OBOL:automatic in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA epithelium of uterine tube FMA:62016 uterine tube epithelium FMA:62016 A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. MA:0001720 uberon UBERON:0007590 cuboidal oviduct epithelium UBERON:0007590 MA A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. OBOL:automatic Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]. In humans, Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are found mainly in the tracheal and bronchial regions of the pulmonary system and also in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system Ciliated columnar epithelium in the pulmonary system is interspersed with goblet cells that secrete mucous to form a mucosal layer apical to the epithelial layer. The rowing-like action of epithelial cilia work in tandem with goblet cells to propel mucus away from the lungs, preventing particulate matter from causing infection[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epithelialinfoweb/ciliated%20columnar%20epithelium.html] FMA:64798 uberon UBERON:0007592 ciliated columnar epithelium UBERON:0007592 FMA Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]. FMA:64798 Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. uberon UBERON:0007601 ciliated epithelium UBERON:0007601 Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ciliated+epithelium A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 CALOHA:TS-0998 FMA:66762 synovium stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial membrane uberon synovial tissue UBERON:0007616 layer of synovial tissue UBERON:0007616 BTO A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue synovium CALOHA:TS-0998 stratum synoviale FMA:TA synovial layer FMA:66762 synovial membrane FMA:66762 synovial tissue BTO:0001338 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. FMA:11356 articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint uberon joint cavity synovial cavity UBERON:0007617 synovial cavity of joint UBERON:0007617 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. OBOL:automatic articular cavity (synovial joint) FMA:11356 cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) FMA:11356 cavity of synovial joint FMA:11356 joint cavity FMA:11356 synovial cavity FMA:11356 A synovial cavity of joint that is part of a hip joint. EMAPA:19021 FMA:9701 uberon UBERON:0007618 synovial cavity of hip joint UBERON:0007618 FMA A synovial cavity of joint that is part of a hip joint. OBOL:automatic Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. GAID:907 MESH:D010857 uberon eye pigment epithelium UBERON:0007625 pigment epithelium of eye UBERON:0007625 Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. MP:0005200 eye pigment epithelium MESH:A09.371.670 A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. FMA:258772 SCTID:304943004 uberon UBERON:0007635 nucleus of medulla oblongata UBERON:0007635 A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. in MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. BIRNLEX:4096 BM:V CALOHA:TS-2077 DHBA:266441713 FMA:71248 HBA:9203 UMLS:C0040999 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei neuronames:2021 trigeminal nuclei uberon nuclei trigemini UBERON:0007641 trigeminal nuclear complex UBERON:0007641 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png FMA FMA The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei in MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. MA UMLS:C0040999 BIRNLEX:4096 trigeminal nuclei FMA:71248 nuclei trigemini Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei A developing mesenchymal capsule that covers the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. decide whether to treat the endo and ecto meninx as subtypes or parts of the future meninx the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed[MP:0009726]d UBERON:0004065 EHDAA2:0004453 primary meninx uberon meninx primitiva primitive meninx primordial meninx UBERON:0007645 future meninx UBERON:0007645 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 A developing mesenchymal capsule that covers the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed[MP:0009726]d MP:0009726 primary meninx EHDAA2:0004453 meninx primitiva MP:0009726 The outermost layer of the mesenchymal capsule that surrounds the developing brain, of mixed paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin. The ectomeninx forms the dura mater (both inner layer and outer chondrogenic layer). UBERON:0010115 EHDAA2:0004317 future dura mater uberon UBERON:0007647 ectomeninx UBERON:0007647 ISBN:9781607950325 The outermost layer of the mesenchymal capsule that surrounds the developing brain, of mixed paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin. The ectomeninx forms the dura mater (both inner layer and outer chondrogenic layer). ISBN:9781607950325 future dura mater EHDAA2:0004317 2 An anatomical structure that connects two structures. junction FMA:5898 SCTID:91833003 anatomical junction uberon UBERON:0007651 anatomical junction UBERON:0007651 FMA An anatomical structure that connects two structures. http://code.google.com/p/caro2/issues/detail?id=15 A sphincter that is part of an esophagus. check for specific subtypes across species. Note mammals have upper and lower, but lower is really part of cardia and thus is not classified under here SCTID:277765007 uberon UBERON:0007652 esophageal sphincter UBERON:0007652 A sphincter that is part of an esophagus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. FMA:17691 uberon UBERON:0007684 uriniferous tubule UBERON:0007684 Functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. ISBN:0073040584 Region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. uberon kidney anlage UBERON:0007687 kidney field UBERON:0007687 Region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 GO:0072004 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anlage GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. field AEO:0000170 EFO:0001649 EHDAA2:0003170 FBbt:00005426 Wikipedia:Anlage_(biology) developmental field uberon future organ organ field UBERON:0007688 anlage UBERON:0007688 FBbt AEO FBbt Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 http://flybase.org/reports/FBrf0178740.html . EFO:0003626 EHDAA2:0001457 EHDAA:962 EMAPA:32754 FMA:293087 TAO:0001104 ZFA:0001104 early pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm UBERON:0007690 relation conflict: ZFA vs EHDAA2. Note EHDAA2 term renamed to 'early PA endoderm' early pharyngeal endoderm UBERON:0007690 cjm . http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full early pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0001457 pharyngeal endoderm ZFA:0001104 pharyngeal region endoderm EHDAA2:0001456 The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. FMA:63589 NCIT:C33738 SCTID:368724008 UMLS:C0226971 porus gustatorius taste pore uberon UBERON:0007691 gustatory pore UBERON:0007691 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Taste_bud.svg FMA FMA The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore UMLS:C0226971 ncithesaurus:Taste_Pore porus gustatorius http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore taste pore FMA:63589 A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. baculum uberon os penis/os clitoris UBERON:0007719 bone of reproductive organ UBERON:0007719 A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1158 Wikipedia 2 The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. EMAPA:36337 FMA:35225 MESH:D014033 NCIT:C32867 NCIT:C33789 SCTID:182225005 UMLS:C0040356 Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_foot foot interphalangeal joint hindlimb digit inter-phalangeal joint interphalangeal joint of foot interphalangeal joint of toe uberon toe joint UBERON:0007721 interphalangeal joint of pes UBERON:0007721 two in series The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_foot UMLS:C0040356 ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Foot foot interphalangeal joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.900 hindlimb digit inter-phalangeal joint EMAPA:36337 interphalangeal joint of foot FMA:35225 interphalangeal joint of toe FMA:35225 NCBITaxon:9606 toe joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.900 2 The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): 'proximal interphalangeal joints' (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges 'distal interphalangeal joints' (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. consider renaming: 'finger' is ambiguous as the term in some usages excludes the thumb (we include it) EMAPA:36336 FMA:35285 NCIT:C32868 SCTID:303280009 UMLS:C0016125 Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand articulationes digitorum manus articulationes interphalangeae manus interphalangeal joint of hand interphalangeal joint of finger uberon IP joint articulations of the digits interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joints of hand UBERON:0007722 interphalangeal joint of manus UBERON:0007722 two in series The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): 'proximal interphalangeal joints' (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges 'distal interphalangeal joints' (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand UMLS:C0016125 ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Hand articulationes digitorum manus Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand articulationes interphalangeae manus Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand interphalangeal joint of hand FMA:35285 interphalangeal joint of finger FMA:35285 NCBITaxon:9606 IP joint FMA:35285 articulations of the digits Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand interphalangeal articulations of hand Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand interphalangeal joints of hand Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 1. in humans, this connects proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb, so there is only a single inter-phalangeal joint - i.e. there is no distinct proximal and distal joints EMAPA:25058 FMA:35312 NCIT:C102306 SCTID:182192008 interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand interphalangeal joint of hand digit 1 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 1 interphalangeal joint of manual digit I interphalangeal joint of pollex interphalangeal joint of thumb uberon UBERON:0007723 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 1 UBERON:0007723 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand FMA:35312 interphalangeal joint of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of thumb FMA:35312 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 1. EMAPA:26430 FMA:35353 SCTID:363671008 interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot interphalangeal joint of first digit of pes interphalangeal joint of foot digit 1 interphalangeal joint of great toe interphalangeal joint of hallux interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit I interphalangeal joint of big toe uberon interphalangeal joint of first toe UBERON:0007724 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0007724 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of first digit of pes FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of great toe FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of big toe FMA:35353 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of first toe FMA:35353 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 2. EMAPA:26448 FMA:35356 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit II interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot interphalangeal joint of second toe uberon UBERON:0007725 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0007725 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA:35356 interphalangeal joint of second toe FMA:35356 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 3. EMAPA:26454 FMA:35359 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit III interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot interphalangeal joint of third toe uberon UBERON:0007726 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0007726 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot FMA:35359 interphalangeal joint of third toe FMA:35359 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 4. EMAPA:26466 FMA:35362 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of pedal digit IV interphalangeal joint of fourth toe uberon UBERON:0007727 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0007727 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA:35362 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of fourth toe FMA:35362 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 5. EMAPA:26478 FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of fifth toe interphalangeal joint of pedal digit V interphalangeal joint of little toe uberon UBERON:0007728 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0007728 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of little toe FMA:35365 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 2. EMAPA:25061 FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of manual digit II interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand interphalangeal joint of second finger interphalangeal joint of index finger uberon UBERON:0007729 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 2 UBERON:0007729 EMAPA An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of second finger FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of index finger FMA:35397 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 3. EMAPA:25064 FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of manual digit III interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand interphalangeal joint of third finger interphalangeal joint of middle finger uberon UBERON:0007730 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 3 UBERON:0007730 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of third finger FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of middle finger FMA:35400 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 4. EMAPA:25067 FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fourth finger interphalangeal joint of manual digit IV interphalangeal joint of ring finger uberon UBERON:0007731 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4 UBERON:0007731 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth finger FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of ring finger FMA:35403 NCBITaxon:9606 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 5. EMAPA:25070 FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fifth finger interphalangeal joint of manual digit V interphalangeal joint of little finger uberon UBERON:0007732 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 5 UBERON:0007732 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth finger FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 interphalangeal joint of little finger FMA:35407 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. EMAPA:25057 FMA:35249 SCTID:361844001 metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 1 metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit I metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 1 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb uberon UBERON:0007735 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 1 UBERON:0007735 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand FMA:35249 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 1 of fore-paw EMAPA:25057 metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb FMA:35249 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. EMAPA:25060 FMA:35252 SCTID:361845000 metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 2 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit II metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 2 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger uberon UBERON:0007738 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 2 UBERON:0007738 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand FMA:35252 metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger FMA:35252 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 2 of fore-paw EMAPA:25060 metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger FMA:35252 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. EMAPA:25063 FMA:35255 SCTID:361846004 metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 3 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit III metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger carpometacarpophalangeal joint of third digit metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 3 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of middle finger uberon UBERON:0007741 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 3 UBERON:0007741 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand FMA:35255 metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger FMA:35255 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of third digit NCBITaxon:8782 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 3 of fore-paw EMAPA:25063 metacarpophalangeal joint of middle finger FMA:35255 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. EMAPA:25066 FMA:35258 SCTID:361847008 metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 4 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit IV carpometacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger uberon UBERON:0007744 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 4 UBERON:0007744 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit NCBITaxon:8782 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 of fore-paw EMAPA:25066 metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger FMA:35258 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. EMAPA:25069 FMA:35261 SCTID:361848003 metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 5 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit V metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 5 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger uberon UBERON:0007747 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 5 UBERON:0007747 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 5 of fore-paw EMAPA:25069 metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger FMA:35261 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA:26436 FMA:35228 NCIT:C102321 SCTID:182223003 first metatarsophalangeal joint metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit I metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe uberon metatarsophalangeal joint of first toe UBERON:0007750 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0007750 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe FMA:35228 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of first toe FMA:35228 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA:26442 FMA:35231 SCTID:361869001 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit II metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of second toe uberon UBERON:0007753 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0007753 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA:35231 metatarsophalangeal joint of second toe FMA:35231 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA:26460 FMA:35234 SCTID:361870000 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit III metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of third toe uberon UBERON:0007756 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0007756 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot FMA:35234 metatarsophalangeal joint of third toe FMA:35234 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA:26472 FMA:35237 SCTID:361871001 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit IV metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth toe uberon UBERON:0007759 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0007759 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA:35237 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth toe FMA:35237 NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA:26484 FMA:35240 SCTID:361872008 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit V metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe uberon UBERON:0007762 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0007762 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect EMAPA metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe FMA:35240 NCBITaxon:9606 A gland that is part of a epidermis. FMA:59153 epidermal gland gland of epidermis uberon UBERON:0007771 epidermis gland UBERON:0007771 A gland that is part of a epidermis. OBOL:automatic gland of epidermis FMA:59153 The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed). FMA:75152 GAID:1251 MESH:D019229 dentes permanentes permanent dentition permanent teeth set of permanent teeth set of secondary teeth uberon adult dentition secondary dentition UBERON:0007774 secondary dentition UBERON:0007774 FMA The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed). MESH:A14.254.237 dentes permanentes FMA:75152 FMA:TA permanent dentition GAID:1251 permanent teeth FMA:75152 set of permanent teeth FMA:75152 set of secondary teeth FMA:75152 adult dentition GAID:1251 secondary dentition GAID:1251 A tooth that forms after a primary tooth. FMA:55654 NCIT:C33313 SCTID:245563006 UMLS:C0348070 Wikipedia:Permanent_teeth permanent tooth uberon dentes permanentes UBERON:0007775 GAT in FMA secondary tooth UBERON:0007775 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg A tooth that forms after a primary tooth. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0348070 ncithesaurus:Permanent_Tooth permanent tooth FMA:55654 dentes permanentes Wikipedia:Permanent_teeth An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. BTO:0000857 uberon UBERON:0007778 umbilical artery endothelium UBERON:0007778 BTO An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. OBOL:automatic Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. transudative characteristically low in protein and cellular content (unless there has been secondary concentration) FMA:12276 GAID:1195 MESH:D005122 ncithesaurus:Transudate uberon plasma ultrafiltrate UBERON:0007779 transudate UBERON:0007779 Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transudate Any fluid produced by a serous gland. serous fluid Wikipedia:Serous_fluid serosal fluid serous gland fluid uberon UBERON:0007794 secretion of serous gland UBERON:0007794 Any fluid produced by a serous gland. UBERON:cjm serosal fluid Wikipedia:Serous_fluid Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. consider merging with vasculature The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System]. in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system BTO:0001085 CALOHA:TS-2053 EHDAA2:0004520 EMAPA:35905 MA:0002718 NCIT:C33854 UMLS:C0489903 uberon UBERON:0007798 vascular system UBERON:0007798 MA Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System]. ncithesaurus:Vascular_System in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system MA UMLS:C0489903 ncithesaurus:Vascular_System A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. TODO - this is currently defined as a bridge of mesoderm, but in EHDAA2 is extraembryonic structure split into mesoderm and blood vessels BTO:0004705 NCIT:C34132 UMLS:C1516792 uberon UBERON:0007806 connecting stalk UBERON:0007806 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ UMLS:C1516792 ncithesaurus:Connecting_Stalk A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk. EHDAA2:0000313 connecting stalk blood vessels uberon connecting stalk blood vessel vasculature of connecting stalk UBERON:0007807 connecting stalk vasculature UBERON:0007807 EHDAA2 A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk. OBOL:automatic connecting stalk blood vessels EHDAA2:0000313 Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. CALOHA:TS-0002 EFO:0003771 uberon abdominal adipose tissue abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat UBERON:0007808 adipose tissue of abdominal region UBERON:0007808 Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 abdominal adipose tissue BTO:0004041 abdominal fat BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO:0004041 The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. CALOHA:TS-2356 EV:0100009 FMA:280881 MA:0000006 NCIT:C12418 SCTID:361355005 UMLS:C0460004 WikipediaCategory:Head_and_neck galen:HeadAndNeck uberon cephalic area cephalic part of animal cephalic region head and neck head or neck UBERON:0007811 craniocervical region UBERON:0007811 MA The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0460004 ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck cephalic area https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/379 cephalic part of animal Wikipedia:Head cephalic region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/379 head and neck FMA:280881 A tail that extends from the posterior tip of the organism to the anus, contains muscle and skeleton. Anatomical structure that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the organism.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the vent which includes the anal and caudal fins.[TAO] present at some time in chordate life history (eg in Urochordates, present only in free-swimming larvae). Function: propellor locomotion (in some species) AAO:0010338 EMAPA:16748 MA:0000008 NCIT:C77663 TAO:0001117 UMLS:C0039259 XAO:0003026 ZFA:0001117 muscular postanal tail postanal tail post-anal fin tail uberon post-vent region UBERON:0007812 post-anal tail UBERON:0007812 possible exception in hemichordates cjm A tail that extends from the posterior tip of the organism to the anus, contains muscle and skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical structure that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010338 AAO AAO:EJS Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the vent which includes the anal and caudal fins.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001117 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0039259 ncithesaurus:Tail post-anal fin tail http://purl.oboibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/185 post-vent region TAO:0001117 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). this encompasses non-skeletal tissue An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:0007824 girdle girdle region EMAPA:37854 FMA:24874 VSAO:0000303 uberon fin girdle fin girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region UBERON:0007823 appendage girdle region UBERON:0007823 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000303 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37854 MA:th fin girdle fin girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum. FMA:20570 TAO:0005129 XAO:0000138 ZFA:0005129 uberon UBERON:0007826 peritoneal mesentery UBERON:0007826 FMA Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum. UBERON:cjm External part of the nose containing the external nares. Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae[FMA:59515]. EMAPA:37831 FMA:59515 NCIT:C32566 SCTID:265785009 UMLS:C0458561 uberon nose UBERON:0007827 external nose UBERON:0007827 External part of the nose containing the external nares. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae[FMA:59515]. FMA:59515 EMAPA:37831 MA:th UMLS:C0458561 ncithesaurus:External_Nose A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. EMAPA:35379 MA:0000291 girdle bone uberon UBERON:0007828 girdle bone/zone UBERON:0007828 A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic girdle bone MA:0000291 A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. EMAPA:35669 MA:0000292 bone of pectoral girdle uberon UBERON:0007829 pectoral girdle bone UBERON:0007829 MA A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. check sacrum, coccyx (MA does NOT include these) typically the ilium, ischium and pubis. These can alternately be considered individual bones, or zones of a single fused bone EMAPA:18028 MA:0000293 NCIT:C33287 SCTID:426214007 UMLS:C0030786 bone of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle bone uberon UBERON:0007830 pelvic girdle bone/zone UBERON:0007830 MA A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0030786 ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Bone pelvic girdle bone MA:0000293 A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. Anatomical cluster of paired dermal and endochondral bones that attaches to the dorso-posterior part of the cranium, and support the radials and pectoral fin. It consists of two components: the primary pectoral girdle consisting of the endochondral coracoid, scapula and mesocoracoid bones, and the secondary pectoral girdle consisting of the dermal posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and poscleithrum(thra) bones.[TAO] Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the forelimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for forelimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs.[AAO] The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...).[well established][VHOG] Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pectoral girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. AAO:0000422 AAO:0000754 EFO:0000946 EHDAA2:0001420 FMA:24141 MAT:0000181 MIAA:0000181 NCIT:C33547 TAO:0000407 UMLS:C0427245 VHOG:0001156 VSAO:0000156 Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle XAO:0003063 ZFA:0000407 skeletal parts of pectoral girdle skeleton of pectoral girdle uberon cingulum pectorale pectoral girdle scapular girdle UBERON:0007831 pectoral girdle skeleton UBERON:0007831 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle Anatomical cluster of paired dermal and endochondral bones that attaches to the dorso-posterior part of the cranium, and support the radials and pectoral fin. It consists of two components: the primary pectoral girdle consisting of the endochondral coracoid, scapula and mesocoracoid bones, and the secondary pectoral girdle consisting of the dermal posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and poscleithrum(thra) bones.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000407 TAO TAO:wd Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the forelimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for forelimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000156 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000422 AAO AAO:LAP The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001156 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.336 and Figure 9.18 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pectoral girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. VSAO UMLS:C0427245 ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Girdle skeletal parts of pectoral girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeleton of pectoral girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cingulum pectorale Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle pectoral girdle VSAO:0000156 scapular girdle TAO:0000407 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. need to resolve whether this is a paired structure or a single belt (Paired in FMA - implicitly paired in VSAO) Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts AAO:0000426 AAO:0000768 EFO:0000947 EHDAA2:0001426 EHDAA:7149 EHDAA:8324 EMAPA:18028 FMA:87592 MAT:0000182 MIAA:0000182 TAO:0000565 VHOG:0000305 VSAO:0000155 Wikipedia:Pelvis XAO:0003064 ZFA:0000565 galen:PelvicGirdle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/pectoralgirdles.gif pelvic girdle skeleton skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle uberon pelvic girdle UBERON:0007832 pelvic girdle skeleton UBERON:0007832 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray242.png PMID:21455939 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. VSAO:0000155 Wikipedia:Pelvis Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000426 AAO AAO:LAP Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000565 TAO TAO:wd Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000155 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000305 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts VSAO pelvic girdle skeleton VSAO:0000155 skeletal parts of pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeleton of pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle VSAO:0000155 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] AEO:0000085 EHDAA2:0003085 TAO:0001645 VSAO:0000023 XAO:0004014 ZFA:0001636 uberon membrane bones UBERON:0007842 membrane bone UBERON:0007842 VSAO Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000023 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000023 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001645 TAO TAO:wd membrane bones ZFA:0001636 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. TAO still mixes tissue and element AAO:0011130 CALOHA:TS-0118 EMAPA:32730 FMA:55107 VSAO:0000000 XAO:0004013 ZFA:0001501 cartilage organ cartilaginous element chondrogenic element uberon cartilage UBERON:0007844 cartilage element UBERON:0007844 VSAO VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000000 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 TAO still mixes tissue and element TAO cartilage organ FMA:55107 cartilaginous element https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 chondrogenic element VSAO:0000000 cartilage VSAO:0000000 Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. the connective tissue hierarchy largely follows FMA with definitions from VSAO. Note that in FMA, loose-CT is irregular-CT. This means regular-CT is necessarily equivalent to dense-regular-CT (assuming a JEPD classification). FMA:20103 uberon UBERON:0007845 regular connective tissue UBERON:0007845 FMA Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. FMA:20103 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] FMA:64781 NCIT:C33453 SCTID:22560007 UMLS:C0225333 VSAO:0000050 Wikipedia:Dense_regular_connective_tissue XAO:0004030 dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue regular dense connective tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon UBERON:0007846 dense regular connective tissue UBERON:0007846 FMA ncithesaurus Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000050 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000050 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] 2012-08-29 FMA:64781 FMA UMLS:C0225333 ncithesaurus:Regular_Dense_Connective_Tissue dense fibrous connective tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous connective tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous tissue FMA:64781 typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA:64781 A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. EMAPA:37245 MA:0000569 head or neck bone uberon cranial bone UBERON:0007914 bone of craniocervical region UBERON:0007914 MA MA A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37245 MA:th head or neck bone MA:0000569 A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. FMA:42353 SCTID:368448000 sesamoid bone of hand uberon UBERON:0007997 sesamoid bone of manus UBERON:0007997 FMA A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic sesamoid bone of hand FMA:42353 A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. FMA:45096 SCTID:244675002 sesamoid bone of foot uberon UBERON:0008000 sesamoid bone of pes UBERON:0008000 FMA A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic sesamoid bone of foot FMA:45096 The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. FMA:7477 NCIT:C32881 SCTID:421560006 UMLS:C0502414 Wikipedia:Irregular_bone os irregulare uberon os irregulare UBERON:0008001 irregular bone UBERON:0008001 FMA The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. Wikipedia:Irregular_bone UMLS:C0502414 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Bone os irregulare Wikipedia:Irregular_bone A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. MA:0001505 girdle joint uberon UBERON:0008114 joint of girdle UBERON:0008114 MA A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic girdle joint OBOL:automatic An anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. FMA:76668 cartilage surface uberon UBERON:0008115 surface of cartilage UBERON:0008115 An anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. OBOL:automatic cartilage surface FMA:76668 A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. subclasses of this should be checked for taxonomic consistency Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. [Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity] FMA:7478 SCTID:333008005 Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity galen:PneumaticBone os pneumaticum pneumatic bone uberon hollow bone UBERON:0008193 pneumatized bone UBERON:0008193 A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=11303 os pneumaticum FMA:7478 pneumatic bone FMA:7478 Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. EMAPA has both non-skeletal and skeletal types, with the non-skeletal also including a chest muscle, so we place the skeletal class here as the most accurate EMAPA:17748 FMA:37347 muscle of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle muscle uberon UBERON:0008196 muscle of pectoral girdle UBERON:0008196 Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA has both non-skeletal and skeletal types, with the non-skeletal also including a chest muscle, so we place the skeletal class here as the most accurate EMAPA muscle of shoulder girdle FMA:37347 pectoral girdle muscle FMA:37347 todo - consider obsoletion in MA, this includes the femur. i.e. pelvic girdle bone or femur; note that this makes the ilium etc in MA hindlimb bones. in MA this is a hindlimb bone EMAPA:37308 FMA:42854 MA:0000655 SCTID:304907005 uberon UBERON:0008202 bone of hip region UBERON:0008202 MA in MA, this includes the femur. i.e. pelvic girdle bone or femur; note that this makes the ilium etc in MA hindlimb bones. in MA this is a hindlimb bone MA EMAPA:37308 MA:th The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the pelvis. EMAPA:37235 FMA:9738 MA:0003089 SCTID:281903009 Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity space of pelvic compartment uberon cavitas pelvis UBERON:0008203 pelvic cavity UBERON:0008203 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the pelvis. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37235 MA:th space of pelvic compartment FMA:9738 cavitas pelvis Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. in MA this is restricted to skeletal muscles EMAPA:37259 MA:0000571 TAO:0000328 ZFA:0000328 head or neck muscle uberon head muscles head or neck muscle UBERON:0008229 craniocervical region musculature UBERON:0008229 MA MA Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. ZFA:0000328 ZFA:curator in MA this is restricted to skeletal muscles MA EMAPA:37259 MA:th head or neck muscle MA:0000571 head muscles ZFA:0000328 head or neck muscle MA:0000571 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. EMAPA:37234 FMA:24217 MA:0000028 SCTID:362666008 dorsum of thorax posterior part of thorax thoracic back thoracic part of back upper back uberon back of thorax UBERON:0008231 dorsal thoracic segment of trunk UBERON:0008231 FMA MA FMA Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. FMA:24217 EMAPA:37234 MA:th dorsum of thorax FMA:24217 posterior part of thorax FMA:24217 thoracic back FMA:24217 thoracic part of back FMA:24217 upper back MA:0000028 back of thorax FMA:24217 A muscle of back that is part of a lower back. EMAPA:37262 MA:0000502 SCTID:317178000 uberon UBERON:0008242 lower back muscle UBERON:0008242 MA MA A muscle of back that is part of a lower back. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37262 MA:th A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. EMAPA:37261 MA:0000508 SCTID:305071003 uberon UBERON:0008243 upper back muscle UBERON:0008243 MA MA A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37261 MA:th A clavicle that is in the right side of a entire appendicular skeleton. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:13322 uberon UBERON:0008255 right clavicle UBERON:0008255 FMA A clavicle that is in the right side of a entire appendicular skeleton. OBOL:automatic A clavicle that is in the left side of a entire appendicular skeleton. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:13323 uberon UBERON:0008256 left clavicle UBERON:0008256 FMA A clavicle that is in the left side of a entire appendicular skeleton. OBOL:automatic The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. The collagen fibers, running from the cementum to the alveolar bone, that suspend a tooth in its socket; they include apical, oblique, horizontal, and alveolar crest fibers, indicating that the orientation of the fibers varies at different levels[http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html]. The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP][BTO:0001020, Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber, https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/21]. FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same; it has a separate class desmodentium, which we place here even though it is classified as fetal in FMA BTO:0001020 CALOHA:TS-0763 EMAPA:35679 FMA:56665 GAID:1259 MA:0002467 MESH:D010513 SCTID:245775004 Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber fibra periodontalis periodontal fiber periodontal fibre uberon PDL alveolar periosteum alveolodental ligament alveolodental membrane desmodontium odontoperiosteum paradentium peridental membrane peridontal fiber peridontal fibre peridontal ligament peridontal ligament fiber peridontal ligament fibre peridontal membrane peridontium periodontium UBERON:0008266 periodontal ligament UBERON:0008266 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_Periodontium.jpg FMA-moved BTO PMID:19767574 Wikipedia:Dental_follicle The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. BTO:0001020 Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1233 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/21 The collagen fibers, running from the cementum to the alveolar bone, that suspend a tooth in its socket; they include apical, oblique, horizontal, and alveolar crest fibers, indicating that the orientation of the fibers varies at different levels[http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html]. http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP][BTO:0001020, Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber, https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/21]. Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same; it has a separate class desmodentium, which we place here even though it is classified as fetal in FMA FMA fibra periodontalis Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament periodontal fiber Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament periodontal fibre Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament PDL Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament alveolar periosteum BTO:0001020 alveolodental ligament BTO:0001020 alveolodental membrane BTO:0001020 desmodontium BTO:0001020 http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html odontoperiosteum BTO:0001020 paradentium BTO:0001020 peridental membrane BTO:0001020 peridontal fiber http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal fibre http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal ligament fiber http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal ligament fibre http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal membrane BTO:0001020 peridontium BTO:0001020 periodontium FMA:56665 A knoblike tooth primordium that develops into the mature tooth and consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac enclosing them. BTO:0001838 FMA:306006 MESH:D014083 NCIT:C34313 SCTID:53301001 UMLS:C0040442 dental bud dental germ tooth germ uberon UBERON:0008281 tooth bud UBERON:0008281 A knoblike tooth primordium that develops into the mature tooth and consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac enclosing them. UBERON:cjm http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tooth+germ UMLS:C0040442 ncithesaurus:Tooth_Bud dental bud FMA:306006 dental germ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tooth+germ tooth germ Wikipedia:Tooth_development An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. this class includes any endothelia that are part of the heart. This might include the endocardial epithelia, as well as endothelia of vessels that are considered strictly part of the heart (e.g. outflow tract). As a grouping class, this may lack utility, and pending review this class may be obsoleted. For annotation consider a more specific class. BTO:0004293 uberon cardiac endothelium UBERON:0008307 heart endothelium UBERON:0008307 An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac endothelium BTO:0004293 A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. FMA:55076 SCTID:178973008 uberon UBERON:0008310 nasopharyngeal gland UBERON:0008310 A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. OBOL:automatic With numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood. Wikipedia:Erectile_tissue uberon UBERON:0008324 Examples: corpus cavernosum or penis or clitoris erectile tissue UBERON:0008324 With numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood. Wikipedia:Erectile_tissue A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a clitoris. BTO:0005000 uberon clitoris smooth muscle UBERON:0008331 clitoral smooth muscle UBERON:0008331 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a clitoris. OBOL:automatic clitoris smooth muscle BTO:0005000 BTO:0003122 uberon UBERON:0008339 microvascular endothelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 UBERON:0008339 An intestinal villus in the duodenum. FMA:63300 uberon UBERON:0008342 intestinal villus of duodenum UBERON:0008342 An intestinal villus in the duodenum. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. CALOHA:TS-2087 EMAPA:19078 FMA:17231 MA:0003208 SCTID:66036002 epithelium of duodenum uberon UBERON:0008346 duodenal epithelium UBERON:0008346 FMA An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. OBOL:automatic epithelium of duodenum FMA:17231 Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. BTO:0002925 CALOHA:TS-1063 uberon bronchotracheal epithelium UBERON:0008397 tracheobronchial epithelium UBERON:0008397 Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus bronchotracheal epithelium BTO:0002925 A vertebral foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:13480 SCTID:280833008 uberon UBERON:0008429 cervical vertebral foramen UBERON:0008429 A vertebral foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic A vertebral foramen that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:24826 SCTID:280835001 uberon UBERON:0008430 lumbar vertebral foramen UBERON:0008430 A vertebral foramen that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic A vertebral foramen that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:31749 uberon UBERON:0008431 sacral foramen UBERON:0008431 A vertebral foramen that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic A vertebral foramen that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9143 SCTID:280834002 uberon UBERON:0008432 thoracic vertebral foramen UBERON:0008432 A vertebral foramen that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic A neural arch that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16076 SCTID:312766000 arch of lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0008433 lumbar vertebral arch UBERON:0008433 A neural arch that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic arch of lumbar vertebra FMA:16076 A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23893 SCTID:165269004 arch of cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0008434 cervical vertebral arch UBERON:0008434 A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic arch of cervical vertebra FMA:23893 A neural arch that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:32401 uberon UBERON:0008435 vertebral arch of sacral segment UBERON:0008435 A neural arch that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic A neural arch that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9151 SCTID:312764002 arch of thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0008436 thoracic vertebral arch UBERON:0008436 A neural arch that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic arch of thoracic vertebra FMA:9151 2 Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation. EMAPA:37762 FMA:44281 GAID:259 MA:0003112 MESH:D013640 NCIT:C33735 SCTID:182221001 SCTID:361283005 UMLS:C1527245 Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations uberon articulationes intertarsale articulationes intertarsales articulationes intertarseae intermetatarsal joint intertarsal intertarsal articulation intertarsal joint tarsal joint tarsal joints UBERON:0008447 intertarsal joint UBERON:0008447 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray360.png two adjacent tarsals Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation. Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations EMAPA:37762 MA:th UMLS:C1527245 ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Joint articulationes intertarsale MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 articulationes intertarsales Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations articulationes intertarseae MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 intermetatarsal joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 intertarsal Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal articulation Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 tarsal joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 tarsal joints Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations A prezygapophysis that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16126 SCTID:305677003 cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra superior articular process of lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0008456 prezygapophysis of lumbar vertebra UBERON:0008456 A prezygapophysis that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16126 superior articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16126 A prezygapophysis that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:16215 articular process of sacral segment processus articularis superior (os sacrum) processus articularis superior ossis sacri superior articular process of sacral segment superior articular process of sacral vertebra superior articular process of sacrum uberon UBERON:0008457 prezygapophysis of sacral vertebra UBERON:0008457 A prezygapophysis that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic articular process of sacral segment FMA:16215 processus articularis superior (os sacrum) FMA:16215 processus articularis superior ossis sacri FMA:TA superior articular process of sacral segment FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacral vertebra FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacrum FMA:16215 A prezygapophysis that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23969 SCTID:57767002 superior articular process of cervical segment superior articular process of cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0008459 prezygapophysis of cervical vertebra UBERON:0008459 A prezygapophysis that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic superior articular process of cervical vertebra FMA:23969 A prezygapophysis that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9155 SCTID:367801006 cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior superior apophyseal process superior articular process of thoracic vertebra uberon superior zygapophysis UBERON:0008460 prezygapophysis of thoracic vertebra UBERON:0008460 A prezygapophysis that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9155 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior FMA:9155 superior apophyseal process FMA:9155 superior articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9155 superior zygapophysis FMA:9155 An postzygapophysis that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16127 SCTID:306283004 caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra inferior articular process of lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0008461 postzygapophysis of lumbar vertebra UBERON:0008461 An postzygapophysis that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16127 inferior articular process of lumbar vertebra FMA:16127 An postzygapophysis that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23970 SCTID:61633005 inferior articular process of cervical vertebra uberon UBERON:0008462 postzygapophysis of cervical vertebra UBERON:0008462 An postzygapophysis that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic inferior articular process of cervical vertebra FMA:23970 An postzygapophysis that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9156 SCTID:367814007 caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra inferior apophyseal process inferior articular process of thoracic vertebra inferior zygapophysis processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior uberon UBERON:0008463 postzygapophysis of thoracic vertebra UBERON:0008463 An postzygapophysis that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9156 inferior apophyseal process FMA:9156 inferior articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9156 inferior zygapophysis FMA:9156 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior FMA:9156 Any muscle organ that is part of an nose. FMA:73758 NCIT:C33158 SCTID:244730009 UMLS:C0224219 muscle of nose uberon UBERON:0008522 nasal muscle UBERON:0008522 FMA Any muscle organ that is part of an nose. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0224219 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Muscle muscle of nose OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001421 EMAPA:17748 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001422 uberon UBERON:0008713 pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall skeletal muscle UBERON:0008713 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia. FMA:33113 NCIT:C32722 SCTID:302526005 UMLS:C0932431 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_tibia head of tibia proximal end of tibia proximal tibial epiphysis upper end of tibia uberon UBERON:0008772 proximal epiphysis of tibia UBERON:0008772 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0932431 ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Tibia head of tibia FMA:33113 proximal end of tibia FMA:33113 upper end of tibia FMA:33113 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a fibula. The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. EMAPA:37890 FMA:33729 NCIT:C32719 SCTID:182080006 UMLS:C0223908 Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula galen:HeadOfFibula caput fibulae head of fibula proximal end of fibula upper end of fibula uberon fibular head UBERON:0008775 proximal epiphysis of fibula UBERON:0008775 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a fibula. OBOL:automatic The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula EMAPA:37890 MA:th UMLS:C0223908 ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Fibula caput fibulae Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula head of fibula FMA:33729 proximal end of fibula FMA:33729 upper end of fibula FMA:33729 fibular head FMA:33729 An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers. EHDAA2:0000444 EHDAA:42 EHDAA:75 EMAPA:16050 NCIT:C34164 UMLS:C1516906 uberon embryonic epiblast UBERON:0008780 The epiblast cells (appearing on day 8 of human embryonic development) make up a columnar epithelium with dense microvilli on the apical surface. During gastrulation, the epiblast cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delaminate to become the loose mesenchyme of the primitive streak. The epiblast is present in postimplantation mouse embryos between E5.5-E7.5. inner cell mass derived epiblast UBERON:0008780 Wikipedia An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers. MP:0003886 UMLS:C1516906 ncithesaurus:Epiblast embryonic epiblast MP:0003886 The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. EMAPA:37521 FMA:44356 MA:0002110 SCTID:231189006 Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot arcus venosus dorsalis pedis dorsal venous arch of foot uberon arcus venosus dorsalis pedis UBERON:0008783 dorsal venous arch UBERON:0008783 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Gray581.png MA The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot EMAPA:37521 MA:th arcus venosus dorsalis pedis Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot dorsal venous arch of foot FMA:44356 arcus venosus dorsalis pedis Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. FMA:24877 free lower limb segment free lower limb subdivision segment of free lower limb subdivision of free lower limb uberon UBERON:0008784 lower limb segment UBERON:0008784 A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic free lower limb segment FMA:24877 free lower limb subdivision FMA:24877 segment of free lower limb FMA:24877 subdivision of free lower limb FMA:24877 A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. FMA:24876 free upper limb segment free upper limb subdivision segment of free upper limb subdivision of free upper limb uberon UBERON:0008785 upper limb segment UBERON:0008785 A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic free upper limb segment FMA:24876 free upper limb subdivision FMA:24876 segment of free upper limb FMA:24876 subdivision of free upper limb FMA:24876 Any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity. todo - review the relationships for this and its subclasses; the relation should be bounded rather than part of, and contains should be used for the brain parts contained by the fossae FMA:321144 uberon UBERON:0008789 cranial fossa UBERON:0008789 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/medical/cranial%20fossa The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. FMA:74580 NCIT:C114645 SCTID:245753001 Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus gingival sulcus sulcus gingivalis tooth-gingiva interface uberon sulcus gingivalis UBERON:0008805 gingival groove UBERON:0008805 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gingival_sulcus.PNG The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus gingival sulcus FMA:74580 sulcus gingivalis FMA:TA sulcus gingivalis Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus A branch of that maxillary nerve that innervates the mucous membrane of the hard palate. BAMS:npal FMA:52797 Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve Scarpa's nerve uberon naso-palatine nerve nasopalatine nasopalatine nerves nervus nasopalatinus UBERON:0008810 nasopalatine nerve UBERON:0008810 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray858.png A branch of that maxillary nerve that innervates the mucous membrane of the hard palate. UBERON:cjm http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nasopalatine+nerve Scarpa's nerve FMA:52797 naso-palatine nerve Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine nerves Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nervus nasopalatinus Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. this is a broad grouping class connecting a number of different analagous organs by their function. We place the insect aedeagus here rather than penis, although this is somewhat arbitrary given the broadness of the current definition Surface structure that is an external structure of a male organism through which sperm is transferred to a female organism during mating.[TAO] AAO:0010255 FBbt:00004850 HAO:0000091 TAO:0002036 TGMA:0000585 Wikipedia:Intromittent_organ aedeagus penis uberon copulatory organ UBERON:0008811 intromittent organ UBERON:0008811 An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. Wikipedia:Intromittent_organ Surface structure that is an external structure of a male organism through which sperm is transferred to a female organism during mating.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002036 TAO TAO:wd aedeagus FBbt:00004850 A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. Currently defined in a vertebrate specific manner. The arch system has origins in basal deuterostomes, consider generalizing EHDAA2:0000187 FMA:293041 NCIT:C34248 UMLS:C1519038 embryonic pharyngeal complex pharyngeal apparatus pharyngeal system uberon pharyngeal arch complex pharyngeal arch region pharyngeal arches and clefts pharyngeal complex UBERON:0008814 pharyngeal arch system UBERON:0008814 A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. GO:0060037 GOC:dph UMLS:C1519038 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Apparatus pharyngeal system GO:0060037 pharyngeal arch region EHDAA2:0000187 A head that is part of a embryo. CALOHA:TS-0246 FBbt:00000155 FMA:293011 uberon UBERON:0008816 embryonic head UBERON:0008816 A head that is part of a embryo. OBOL:automatic A brain that develops_from a neural tube. a reasoner should automatically classify all the vertebrate ontology brain classes here vertebrate brain uberon UBERON:0008823 neural tube derived brain https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/338 UBERON:0008823 ZFA FMA A brain that develops_from a neural tube. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/338 Any duct branching of of the main epididymis duct. EMAPA:36525 FMA:18297 MA:0001735 NCIT:C32484 SCTID:279623004 UMLS:C0458632 epididymal duct epididymis duct uberon UBERON:0008824 duct of epididymis UBERON:0008824 FMA Any duct branching of of the main epididymis duct. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0458632 ncithesaurus:Duct_of_the_Epididymis epididymal duct MA:0001735 epididymis duct FMA:18297 The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. TODO - account for developmental change EMAPA:36616 FMA:321632 MA:0001470 SCTID:95949009 Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Presphenoid presphenoidal bone uberon UBERON:0008828 presphenoid bone UBERON:0008828 MA MA ISBN:0073040584 The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Presphenoid http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Presphenoid+bone An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. in mice, the hepatic diverticulum forms by E9 and expands into an obvious liver bud by E10 The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut. AAO:0011057 EHDAA2:0000740 EHDAA:1530 NCIT:C34187 UMLS:C1512407 Wikipedia:Hepatic_diverticulum XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum uberon diverticulum hepaticum UBERON:0008835 hepatic diverticulum UBERON:0008835 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Gray1088.png EHDAA2 caudal part EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. MP:MP http://www.stembook.org/node/512 UMLS:C1512407 ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Diverticulum liver diverticulum XAO:0000101 diverticulum hepaticum Wikipedia:Hepatic_diverticulum BTO:0001642 uberon UBERON:0008836 liver bud UBERON:0008836 cjm http://www.stembook.org/node/512 A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements. Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA:25625]. this class is used more generally than the FMA class, to include for example folds of mesentery such as the broad ligament of the uterus. FMA:25625 MA:0003004 SCTID:410746001 non-skeletal ligament uberon fibrous ligament UBERON:0008845 nonskeletal ligament UBERON:0008845 cjm A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA:25625]. FMA:25625 this class is used more generally than the FMA class, to include for example folds of mesentery such as the broad ligament of the uterus. FMA fibrous ligament Wikipedia:Ligament Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified]. logical definition deliberately made strict to avoid classifying MA:spiral ligament as both nonskeletal and skeletal. see https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/71 Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.[VSAO] Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament[FMA:25624]. ligament AAO:0010444 AEO:0000090 CALOHA:TS-2146 EHDAA2:0003232 EV:0100144 FMA:25624 GAID:118 MA:0003005 SCTID:410744003 VSAO:0000072 Wikipedia:Ligament#Articular_ligaments articular larua articular ligament true ligament uberon UBERON:0008846 skeletal ligament UBERON:0008846 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg AEO AEO bones or cartilage organs VSAO Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified]. GO_REF:0000034 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000072 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament[FMA:25624]. FMA:25624 ligament VSAO:0000072 ZFA:0001675 articular larua Wikipedia:Ligament articular ligament Wikipedia:Ligament true ligament Wikipedia:Ligament The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines. the muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two FMA:14909 SCTID:362132003 gastric muscularis muscle layer of stomach muscularis externa of stomach tunica muscularis (gaster) tunica muscularis gastris uberon UBERON:0008856 stomach muscularis externa UBERON:0008856 MA-abduced The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines. MP:0010779 the muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two WP gastric muscularis FMA:14909 muscle layer of stomach FMA:14909 muscularis externa of stomach FMA:14909 tunica muscularis (gaster) FMA:14909 The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter. EMAPA:37944 FMA:14580 SCTID:245417002 Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal canalis pyloricus uberon canalis pyloricus UBERON:0008858 pyloric canal UBERON:0008858 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg FMA Wikipedia The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter. MP:0010791 Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal EMAPA:37944 MA:th canalis pyloricus Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal canalis pyloricus Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. check relationship to pylorus vs antrum EMAPA:27211 FMA:14922 NCIT:C33431 SCTID:70710007 UMLS:C0227239 Wikipedia:Pyloric_gland glandula pylorica pyloric antrum gland pyloric gland pyloric mucuous gland uberon UBERON:0008861 pyloric gastric gland UBERON:0008861 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Gray1054.png MP Wikipedia:Tubular_gland The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. MP:0010797 Wikipedia:Pyloric_gland UMLS:C0227239 ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Gland glandula pylorica FMA:14922 pyloric antrum gland OBOL:automatic pyloric gland FMA:14922 Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia. We follow MP and treat this as part of the hypodermis, although some sources may consider the hypodermis to be superficial to this UBERON:0010934 EMAPA:18188 MA:0003140 hypodermal muscle layer hypodermis muscle layer superficial fascia muscular layer panniculus carnosus uberon UBERON:0008876 hypodermis skeletal muscle layer UBERON:0008876 MP-def Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia. ISBN:0123813611 MP:0011157 hypodermal muscle layer MP:0011157 hypodermis muscle layer MP:0011157 panniculus carnosus MP:0011157 Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue.[VSAO] Newly formed organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts, that exists prior to calcification; it is comprised mainly of type I collagen fibers, chondroitin sulfate and osteocalci[ISBN:0-683-40008-8]n Note that in VSAO this was classified both as tissue and acellular extracellular matrix. Consider also the AEO class 'bone condensation'. is_a intercellular matrix in FMA. EMAPA:37923 FMA:66830 NCIT:C33228 SCTID:39365008 UMLS:C0682561 VSAO:0000046 Wikipedia:Osteoid XAO:0004035 galen:Osteoid osteoid tissue pre-bone prebone prebone tissue uberon UBERON:0008883 osteoid UBERON:0008883 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Active_osteoblasts.jpg VSAO Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000046 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000046 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 Newly formed organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts, that exists prior to calcification; it is comprised mainly of type I collagen fibers, chondroitin sulfate and osteocalci[ISBN:0-683-40008-8]n ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010924 Note that in VSAO this was classified both as tissue and acellular extracellular matrix. Consider also the AEO class 'bone condensation'. is_a intercellular matrix in FMA. VSAO EMAPA:37923 MA:th UMLS:C0682561 ncithesaurus:Osteoid osteoid tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pre-bone PSPUB:0000170 prebone VSAO:curator prebone tissue FMA:66830 MP:0002113 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] FMA:45621 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation pulmonary circulatory system pulmonary system uberon UBERON:0008886 pulmonary vascular system UBERON:0008886 Obol The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] FMA FMA:45621 pulmonary circulatory system FMA:45621 pulmonary system ISBN:0073040584 The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. FMA:18933 NCIT:C32728 SCTID:303051005 UMLS:C0226766 Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus uberon haemorrhoidal plexus hemorrhoidal plexus plexus haemorrhoidalis plexus venosus rectalis UBERON:0008887 rectal venous plexus UBERON:0008887 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray587.png FMA The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus UMLS:C0226766 ncithesaurus:Hemorrhoidal_Plexus haemorrhoidal plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus hemorrhoidal plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus plexus haemorrhoidalis Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus plexus venosus rectalis Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VSAO labels this term 'pharyngeal arch' (2012-06-01) - however, it clearly means pharyngeal arch skeleton. many sources define this as the part of the endoskeletal that is from pharyngeal arches - this would make it part-disjoint from dermatocranium. However, there are many bones in AOs that have part-paths to both AAO:0010157 TAO:0001216 VHOG:0000315 VSAO:0000149 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton XAO:0003176 ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal endoskeleton viscerocranium uberon branchial arch skeleton gill arch skeleton pharyngeal arch pharyngeal arch skeleton pharyngeal skeleton visceral cranium visceral skeletal system visceral skeleton UBERON:0008895 splanchnocranium UBERON:0008895 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/83 redundant Grays PMID:11237469 Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001216 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010157 AAO AAO:EJS The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VSAO labels this term 'pharyngeal arch' (2012-06-01) - however, it clearly means pharyngeal arch skeleton. VSAO pharyngeal endoskeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 viscerocranium VHOG:0000315 Wikipedia:Viscerocranium ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal arch VSAO:0000149 pharyngeal arch skeleton ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal skeleton ZFA:0001216 visceral cranium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral skeletal system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral skeleton UBERONREF:0000007 A pharyngeal arch that is posterior to the hyoid arch. i.e. any pharyngeal arch with a number 3 or higher. Posterior-most stream of cranial neural crest, which sub-divides during migration.[AAO] AAO:0010362 BTO:0002152 EFO:0003694 SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001597 XAO:0000099 ZFA:0001613 branchial arch branchial arches branchial bar branchial bars gill arch gill arches 1-5 pharyngeal arch 3-7 visceral arches 3-7 uberon gill bar UBERON:0008896 post-hyoid pharyngeal arch UBERON:0008896 A pharyngeal arch that is posterior to the hyoid arch. i.e. any pharyngeal arch with a number 3 or higher. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Posterior-most stream of cranial neural crest, which sub-divides during migration.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010362 AAO AAO:EJS branchial arch ZFA:0001613 branchial arches ZFA:0001613 branchial bar ZFA:0001613 branchial bars ZFA:0001613 gill arch ZFA:0001613 gill arches 1-5 ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7 ZFA:0001613 visceral arches 3-7 ZFA:0001613 gill bar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] other AOs are not yet in sync with this classification AAO:0010769 TAO:0001590 VSAO:0000130 Wikipedia:Dermal_bone XAO:0004015 ZFA:0001590 uberon dermal bones UBERON:0008907 dermal bone UBERON:0008907 wd VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000130 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001590 TAO TAO:wd dermal bones ZFA:0001590 Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. We go with the latest VSAO in making this a subtype of bone, and add a logical definition based on the textual definition in VSAO. We also include the subtyping under 'replacement bone', for consistency with ZFA Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] AAO:0010777 TAO:0001639 VSAO:0000307 ZFA:0001629 perichordal bones uberon perichordal bone UBERON:0008909 perichordal bone UBERON:0008909 not in VSAO ZFA Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000307 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001639 TAO TAO:wd perichordal bones ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone ZFA:0001629 A parenchyma that is part of a lung. EMAPA:35522 FMA:27360 MA:0003168 SCTID:201712001 respiratory portion of lung uberon parenchyma of lung pulmonary parenchyma UBERON:0008946 lung parenchyma UBERON:0008946 FMA FMA A parenchyma that is part of a lung. OBOL:automatic respiratory portion of lung FMA:27360 parenchyma of lung BTO:0000763 pulmonary parenchyma EMAPA:35522 EHDAA2:0004069 NCIT:C34283 UMLS:C1514898 uberon UBERON:0008947 respiratory primordium UBERON:0008947 Obol UMLS:C1514898 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Primordium A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder. GAID:178 MESH:D001133 NCIT:C12983 SCTID:368532003 UMLS:C0003793 free forelimb bone wing bone uberon UBERON:0008962 forelimb bone UBERON:0008962 A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0003793 ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Upper_Extremity free forelimb bone UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 wing bone Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. BTO:0000337 EMAPA:35275 MA:0003121 NCIT:C34138 SCTID:110975002 Wikipedia:Dental_follicle uberon dental sac tooth follicle UBERON:0008969 dental follicle UBERON:0008969 A sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. Wikipedia:Dental_follicle dental sac MA:0003121 Wikipedia:Dental_follicle tooth follicle BTO:0000337 The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. BTO:0003604 FMA:15574 SCTID:29704000 parenchyma of kidney uberon kidney parenchyma UBERON:0008987 renal parenchyma UBERON:0008987 FMA FMA The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. BTO:0003604 parenchyma of kidney FMA:15574 kidney parenchyma BTO:0003604 One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. BTO:0003634 FMA:9404 NCIT:C32536 SCTID:322749003 UMLS:C0227178 Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands esophageal gland glandulae oesophageae mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus uberon submocosal esophageal gland UBERON:0008989 submucosal esophageal gland UBERON:0008989 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. BTO:0003634 Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands UMLS:C0227178 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Gland esophageal gland FMA:9404 glandulae oesophageae Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus FMA:9404 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. UBERON:0005284 BTO:0003840 EFO:0003491 EMAPA:35186 FMA:242007 FMA:61935 SCTID:362029003 TAO:0000099 ZFA:0000099 brain vasculature cerebrovascular system intracerebral vasculature uberon UBERON:0008998 vasculature of brain UBERON:0008998 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. BTO:0003840 cerebrovascular system BTO:0003840 intracerebral vasculature FMA:61935 Any portion of tissue that surrounds a urethra. BTO:0005081 SCTID:256880003 uberon UBERON:0009010 periurethral tissue UBERON:0009010 Any portion of tissue that surrounds a urethra. UBERON:cjm A zone of skin that is part of a lower back. EMAPA:37281 MA:0000504 SCTID:286601005 uberon UBERON:0009014 lower back skin UBERON:0009014 MA A zone of skin that is part of a lower back. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37281 MA:th A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. EMAPA:37280 MA:0000510 SCTID:304890003 uberon UBERON:0009015 upper back skin UBERON:0009015 MA A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37280 MA:th An artery that supplies blood to the urinary bladder. EMAPA:37131 MA:0002078 SCTID:244307000 arteria vesicali vesical arteries uberon UBERON:0009027 vesical artery UBERON:0009027 An artery that supplies blood to the urinary bladder. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37131 MA:th arteria vesicali vesical arteries Either the internal or external pudendal vein, running from the genital-vulvar area and abdomen and down the leg. EMAPA:37184 MA:0002202 SCTID:395225000 vena pudendae vena pudendales uberon pudic vein UBERON:0009029 pudendal vein UBERON:0009029 MA Either the internal or external pudendal vein, running from the genital-vulvar area and abdomen and down the leg. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://veintreatmentcenter.com/vein-information/pudendal-veins/ EMAPA:37184 MA:th vena pudendae doi:10.1002/ca.23705 vena pudendales doi:10.1002/ca.23705 Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart. A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein]. EMAPA:37165 MA:0002207 NCIT:C48946 SCTID:304057004 UMLS:C0226670 uberon UBERON:0009030 left pulmonary vein UBERON:0009030 Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein]. ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein EMAPA:37165 MA:th UMLS:C0226670 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart. A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein]. EMAPA:37379 MA:0002208 NCIT:C48947 SCTID:304056008 UMLS:C0226669 uberon UBERON:0009032 right pulmonary vein UBERON:0009032 Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein]. ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein EMAPA:37379 MA:th UMLS:C0226669 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 uberon gravid pregnant adult pregnant adult stage pregnant organism pregnant stage UBERON:0009097 gravid organism UBERON:0009097 An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 gravid BTO:0004733 pregnant adult BTO:0004733 pregnant adult stage BTO:0004733 pregnant stage BTO:0004733 The uterus in pregnancy. NCIT:C12406 SCTID:362253003 UMLS:C1514389 ncithesaurus:Gravid_Uterus uberon womb UBERON:0009098 gravid uterus UBERON:0009098 The uterus in pregnancy. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gravid+uterus UMLS:C1514389 ncithesaurus:Pregnant_Uterus A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. EHDAA2:0000716 NCIT:C34192 UMLS:C1512703 uberon gonad rudiment UBERON:0009117 typically part of the embryo - however, in male tammar wallabies the gonads are indifferent at the neonatal stage[8827321] indifferent gonad UBERON:0009117 A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8981 UMLS:C1512703 ncithesaurus:Indifferent_Gonad Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. EHDAA2:0004206 TAO:0001295 XAO:0004211 ZFA:0001295 epibranchial placode 1 facial epibranchial placode facial placode uberon facial VII placode hyoid VII placode hyoid placode UBERON:0009124 Taxonomic equivalence to EHDAA2 class made on basis of shared development: gives rise to geniculate ganglion geniculate placode UBERON:0009124 ZFA Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. NCBIBook:NBK53175 epibranchial placode 1 EHDAA2:0004206 facial epibranchial placode XAO:0004211 facial placode ZFA:0001295 hyoid VII placode ISBN:0471888893 hyoid placode ISBN:0471888893 Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. EHDAA2:0004207 TAO:0001296 XAO:0004212 ZFA:0001296 epibranchial placode 2 glossopharyngeal IX placode glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode glossopharyngeal placode uberon UBERON:0009125 Taxonomic equivalence to EHDAA2 class made on basis of shared development: gives rise to glossopharyngeal ganglion petrosal placode UBERON:0009125 ZFA Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. NCBIBook:NBK53175 epibranchial placode 2 EHDAA2:0004207 glossopharyngeal IX placode ISBN:0471888893 glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode XAO:0004212 glossopharyngeal placode ISBN:0471888893 ZFA:0001296 Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. TAO:0001555 ZFA:0001555 epibranchial ganglia uberon UBERON:0009127 Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest epibranchial ganglion UBERON:0009127 ZFA NCBIBook:NBK53175 Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. PMID:20133851 ZFIN:curator epibranchial ganglia ZFA:0001555 Endocardium that is part of the right atrium. EHDAA2:0000274 FMA:7281 NCIT:C102339 SCTID:3194006 VHOG:0001228 endocardium of right atrium right atrial endocardium uberon right atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0009129 right atrium endocardium UBERON:0009129 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Endocardium that is part of the right atrium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 endocardium of right atrium FMA:7281 right atrial endocardium FMA:7281 right atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0001228 A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009146 EHDAA2:0001483 EMAPA:17709 NCIT:C34256 SCTID:361429005 UMLS:C1283968 VHOG:0000757 Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal pleuroperitoneal fold pleuroperitoneal membranes uberon UBERON:0009133 pleuroperitoneal membrane UBERON:0009133 EHDAA2 A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000757 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1283968 ncithesaurus:Pleuroperitoneal_Membrane pleuroperitoneal fold VHOG:0000757 pleuroperitoneal membranes EHDAA2:0001483 A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. EHDAA2:0004542 SCTID:32945007 craniocervical vein head and neck veins vein of head and neck uberon UBERON:0009141 craniocervical region vein UBERON:0009141 A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic head and neck veins EHDAA2:0004542 Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. consider adding new class (EMAPA:16097) for mesenchyme of embryo (some mesenchyme is extraembryonic - e.g. amnion mesoderm) UBERON:0003313 EHDAA2:0001113 EHDAA:177 EMAPA:16097 uberon UBERON:0009142 entire embryonic mesenchyme UBERON:0009142 EHDAA2 Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. https://github.com/obophenotype/human-developmental-anatomy-ontology/issues/7 EMAPA:16549 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001454 pharyngeal region uberon UBERON:0009145 pharyngeal region of foregut UBERON:0009145 EHDAA2 pharyngeal region EMAPA:16549 A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0003446 EMAPA:18015 uberon UBERON:0009191 sphenoid bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0009191 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0003447 EMAPA:18013 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0009192 basisphenoid pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0009192 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003447 A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001888 sphenoid bone cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0009193 sphenoid cartilage element UBERON:0009193 EHDAA2 A sphenoid endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic sphenoid bone cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001888 EHDAA2:0000166 EMAPA:18338 VHOG:0001338 basisphenoid cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0009194 basisphenoid cartilage condenstion UBERON:0009194 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basisphenoid cartilage condensation VHOG:0001338 EHDAA2:0004021 uberon UBERON:0009196 indifferent external genitalia UBERON:0009196 cjm 2 Any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. we follow GO in dividing sutures into cranial and facial and making a grouping class, but this is not consistent with FMA joint of the skull bones uberon articulation of skull bones UBERON:0009198 craniofacial suture UBERON:0009198 Any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. GO:0097094 joint of the skull bones OBOL:automatic articulation of skull bones OBOL:automatic 2 Any suture between facial bones. uberon UBERON:0009199 facial suture UBERON:0009199 between two adjacent facial bones Any suture between facial bones. GO:0097096 The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. EMAPA:32728 uberon UBERON:0009200 limb epidermis UBERON:0009200 The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. EMAPA:16577 Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct uberon UBERON:0009201 pronephric duct or mesonephric duct nephric duct UBERON:0009201 EHDAA2 A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. GO:0072176 2 A suture joining the nasal bones. nasal suture FMA:52959 SCTID:368990004 Wikipedia:Internasal_suture inter-nasal suture internasal suture of skull sutura internasalis uberon sutura internasalis UBERON:0009203 internasal suture UBERON:0009203 A suture joining the nasal bones. Wikipedia:Internasal_suture nasal suture GO:0097097 internasal suture of skull FMA:52959 sutura internasalis Wikipedia:Internasal_suture sutura internasalis Wikipedia:Internasal_suture Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. EHDAA2:0001077 EMAPA:16810 FMA:312659 uberon UBERON:0009204 medial nasal process mesenchyme UBERON:0009204 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. OBOL:automatic A thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts in a developing embryo. In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:32749 FMA:295758 NCIT:C34251 UMLS:C1519040 branchial arch membrane branchial membrane pharyngeal membrane uberon UBERON:0009210 each membrane is initially composed of an inner layer formed by the endodermal lining of a branchial pouch and an outer layer formed by the ectodermal lining of the branchial groove; later, these two layers become separated by a thin layer of mesoderm; only the first branchial membrane contributes to the formation of an adult structure, i.e. the tympanic membrane (aka eardrum); the second, third, and fourth membranes are obliterated[MP] pharyngeal membrane UBERON:0009210 EMAPA A thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts in a developing embryo. http://musom.marshall.edu/anatomy/grosshom/z_devbranc.html In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001427 VHOG ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1519040 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Membrane branchial arch membrane EMAPA:32749 A pharyngeal membrane that separates the first pharyngeal cleft from the first pharyngeal pouch. check EMAPA - 3 terms appear to match. We follow EMAPA in making each membrane part of the arch with the same number, though in fact it is between these arches EHDAA:3788 EMAPA:16121 EMAPA:16992 EMAPA:17281 VHOG:0001427 1st branchial membrane 1st pharyngeal membrane future tympanic membrane tympanic membrane primordium uberon UBERON:0009213 pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch UBERON:0009213 EMAPA A pharyngeal membrane that separates the first pharyngeal cleft from the first pharyngeal pouch. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 1st branchial membrane EMAPA:16992 1st pharyngeal membrane VHOG:0001427 future tympanic membrane EMAPA:17281 tympanic membrane primordium ISBN:1416037055 Cartilaginous form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. SCTID:317278007 cartilaginous centrum of vertebra postcaudal cartilaginous centrum uberon UBERON:0009291 cartilaginous centrum of vertebra[PMID:11746457] cartilaginous vertebral centrum UBERON:0009291 Cartilaginous form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. VSAO:0000183 VSAO:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 postcaudal cartilaginous centrum PMID:11746457 medial or lateral; in EHDAA2 also frontonasal or intermaxillary EHDAA2:0000581 EHDAA:4776 EMAPA:16680 FMA:293971 SCTID:308881001 uberon nasal placode UBERON:0009292 embryonic nasal process UBERON:0009292 medial or lateral; in EHDAA2 also frontonasal or intermaxillary EHDAA2 The superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). FMA:54651 NCIT:C32482 SCTID:66938003 UMLS:C0226952 dorsal tongue dorsum linguae tongue dorsum uberon UBERON:0009471 dorsum of tongue UBERON:0009471 FMA The superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html UMLS:C0226952 ncithesaurus:Dorsum_of_the_Tongue dorsal tongue FMA:54651 dorsum linguae http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html tongue dorsum FMA:54651 The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder. axillary CALOHA:TS-2208 EFO:0001395 FMA:24864 MESH:D001365 NCIT:C12674 SCTID:362732006 UMLS:C0004454 Wikipedia:Axilla galen:Axilla arm pit armpit axillary region regio axillaris uberon armpits axilla axillae axillary region oxter underarm UBERON:0009472 axilla UBERON:0009472 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png FMA The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder. Wikipedia:Axilla UMLS:C0004454 ncithesaurus:Axilla arm pit Wikipedia:Axilla armpit Wikipedia:Axilla axillary region FMA:24864 regio axillaris FMA:TA armpits Wikipedia:Axilla axilla Wikipedia:Axilla axillae Wikipedia:Axilla axillary region Wikipedia:Axilla oxter Wikipedia:Axilla underarm Wikipedia:Axilla Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. EHDAA2:0001340 EMAPA:16196 uberon UBERON:0009477 associated mesenchyme of otic placode UBERON:0009477 Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000190 EMAPA:16260 uberon UBERON:0009479 ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane UBERON:0009479 An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000191 EMAPA:16261 uberon UBERON:0009480 endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane UBERON:0009480 An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000570 EMAPA:16364 uberon UBERON:0009482 associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction UBERON:0009482 Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000575 EMAPA:16365 VHOG:0000430 foregut-midgut junction mesentery uberon UBERON:0009483 mesentery of foregut-midgut junction UBERON:0009483 A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000430 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ foregut-midgut junction mesentery VHOG:0000430 A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. this represents a part of the entire arch mesenchyme (UBERON:0010046), and is therefore a superclass of the individual arch mesenchyme classes. Alternate definition: primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. EMAPA:32755 FMA:295694 branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009494 pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region UBERON:0009494 EHDAA2 cjm A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this represents a part of the entire arch mesenchyme (UBERON:0010046), and is therefore a superclass of the individual arch mesenchyme classes. Alternate definition: primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. MP:0011262 branchial arch mesenchyme MP:0011262 pharyngeal arch mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000573 EMAPA:16564 uberon UBERON:0009497 epithelium of foregut-midgut junction UBERON:0009497 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. EHDAA2:0001343 EMAPA:16670 XAO:0004474 otocyst associated mesenchyme otocyst mesenchyme uberon periotic region UBERON:0009500 periotic mesenchyme UBERON:0009500 XAO EHDAA2 Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. PMID:3794595 XAO:0004474 XAO:curators otocyst associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001343 otocyst mesenchyme EMAPA:16670 periotic region XAO:0004474 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head. EHDAA2:0004109 EMAPA:16683 FMA:295821 frontonasal mesenchyme naso-frontal mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009501 mesenchyme of fronto-nasal process UBERON:0009501 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head. MP:0011266 frontonasal mesenchyme MP:0011266 naso-frontal mesenchyme MP:0011266 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. EHDAA2:0000780 EMAPA:16716 hindgut associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009503 mesenchyme of hindgut UBERON:0009503 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. OBOL:automatic hindgut associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000780 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trachea. EHDAA2:0002067 EMAPA:16854 trachea associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009505 mesenchyme of trachea UBERON:0009505 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trachea. OBOL:automatic trachea associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002067 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing middle ear. Also 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme in EHDAA2 otic mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001182 EMAPA:17001 middle ear associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009506 mesenchyme of middle ear UBERON:0009506 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing middle ear. OBOL:automatic Also 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme in EHDAA2 EHDAA2 middle ear associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001182 An endoderm that is part of a anal region. EHDAA2:0004020 EMAPA:17177 uberon UBERON:0009521 anal membrane endodermal component UBERON:0009521 An endoderm that is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lateral lingual swelling. EHDAA2:0000913 EMAPA:17190 FMA:313717 uberon UBERON:0009522 lateral lingual swelling epithelium UBERON:0009522 An epithelium that is part of a lateral lingual swelling. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. We group two EMAPA classes here but these may need to be separated EHDAA2:0000731 EMAPA:17248 EMAPA:17457 hand plate mesenchyme handplate mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009523 mesenchyme of handplate UBERON:0009523 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic We group two EMAPA classes here but these may need to be separated EMAPA handplate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000731 Mesenchyme that is part of a maxillary prominence. EHDAA2:0001071 EMAPA:17361 FMA:312691 mesenchyme of maxillary process mesenchyme of maxillary prominence uberon UBERON:0009526 maxillary process mesenchyme UBERON:0009526 Mesenchyme that is part of a maxillary prominence. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of maxillary process EMAPA:17361 mesenchyme of maxillary prominence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000963 EMAPA:17660 uberon UBERON:0009536 vascular element of left lung UBERON:0009536 A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung. EHDAA2:0001757 EMAPA:17668 uberon UBERON:0009537 vascular element of right lung UBERON:0009537 A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a left lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001001 EMAPA:18309 VHOG:0000709 left lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon UBERON:0009548 hepatic sinusoid of left of lobe of liver UBERON:0009548 A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a left lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic left lobe hepatic sinusoids VHOG:0000709 A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a right lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001009 EMAPA:18316 VHOG:0000710 right lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon UBERON:0009549 hepatic sinusoid of right of lobe of liver UBERON:0009549 A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a right lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic right lobe hepatic sinusoids VHOG:0000710 An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000572 EMAPA:18403 uberon UBERON:0009550 endoderm of foregut-midgut junction UBERON:0009550 An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the distal interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). Newborn and adult mice are able to regrow forelimb (finger) and hindlimb (toe) digit tips after their amputation through the distal interphalangeal joint. Regeneration of the digit tip involves the integrated regrowth of multiple tissues within 2-3 months, reaching an external morphology that is cosmetically and functionally similar to normal digits. Most importantly, regeneration of the mouse distal digit shares morphological similarities with clinical cases documenting regrowth of missing distal portions of fingers in both children and adults digit tip distal digit segment tip of digit uberon UBERON:0009551 distal segment of digit UBERON:0009551 cjm A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the distal interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). DOI:10.1038/nature10346 digit tip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal digit segment https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tip of digit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A segment of the manual digit containing the distal phalanx. UBERON:0004093 SCTID:312543003 finger digit tip finger distal segment finger tip fingertip forelimb digit tip tip of finger uberon UBERON:0009552 distal segment of manual digit UBERON:0009552 A segment of the manual digit containing the distal phalanx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 finger digit tip DOI:10.1038/nature10346 finger distal segment https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 finger tip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fingertip HP:0001211 forelimb digit tip DOI:10.1038/nature10346 A segment of the pedal digit containing the distal phalanx. Note this class represents a digit segment and thus includes tissues in addition to bone. hindlimb digit tip tip of toe toe digit tip toe distal segment uberon P3 segment of pedal digit distalmost part of toe UBERON:0009553 distal segment of pedal digit UBERON:0009553 A segment of the pedal digit containing the distal phalanx. Note this class represents a digit segment and thus includes tissues in addition to bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hindlimb digit tip DOI:10.1038/nature10346 tip of toe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 toe digit tip DOI:10.1038/nature10346 toe distal segment https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 P3 segment of pedal digit https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distalmost part of toe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A skeletal joint that connects a mesopodium bone and connects a proximal phalanx. We include these joints as being part of the digits; this is consistent with the FMA, and makes classification easier. Note that digit and metapodial regions are part-disjoint metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint metapodial-phalangeal joint metapodium-phalanx joint fetlock uberon UBERON:0009559 metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joint UBERON:0009559 A skeletal joint that connects a mesopodium bone and connects a proximal phalanx. OBOL:automatic metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodial-phalangeal joint https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodium-phalanx joint https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetlock NCBITaxon:9788 Wikipedia:Fetlock https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A nail, hoof or claw. MESH:D006724 uberon hoof or claw hoof, claw or nail keratin plate keratin sheath unguis UBERON:0009564 distal limb integumentary appendage UBERON:0009564 cjm Wikipathways:WP2062 A nail, hoof or claw. PMID:11710767 A nail that is part of a manual digit. EMAPA:35349 FMA:54327 NCIT:C32609 SCTID:244197001 UMLS:C0222001 finger nail fingernail nail of finger claw of hand claw of manus forelimb digit claw manual claw uberon nail plate of finger UBERON:0009565 nail of manual digit UBERON:0009565 FMA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A nail that is part of a manual digit. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222001 ncithesaurus:Fingernail finger nail FMA:54327 fingernail FMA:54327 nail of finger FMA:54327 claw of hand claw of manus forelimb digit claw EMAPA:35349 manual claw nail plate of finger FMA:54327 A submucosa that is part of a intestine. FMA:15696 submucosa of intestine uberon UBERON:0009566 intestinal submucosa UBERON:0009566 FMA A submucosa that is part of a intestine. OBOL:automatic submucosa of intestine FMA:15696 A nail that is part of a pedal digit. EMAPA:36457 FMA:54328 NCIT:C33790 SCTID:244198006 UMLS:C0222007 XAO:0003103 nail of pes nail of toe toe nail toenail claw of foot claw of pes claw of toe hindlimb claw hindlimb digit claw pedal claw uberon nail plate of toe UBERON:0009567 nail of pedal digit UBERON:0009567 FMA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A nail that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222007 ncithesaurus:Toe_Nail nail of toe FMA:54328 toe nail FMA:54328 toenail FMA:54328 claw of foot claw of pes claw of toe hindlimb claw EMAPA:36457 hindlimb digit claw pedal claw nail plate of toe FMA:54328 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the trunk of the body, containing the trunk/presacral vertebrae. In organisms that have a thoracic and lumbar distinction, this corresponds to the sum of both of these regions. Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] AAO:0000612 FMA:72066 NCIT:C92597 SCTID:281699004 thoracolumbar column thoracolumbar region of vertebral column thoracolumbar vertebrae set thoracolumbar vertebral column trunk vertebrae series trunk vertebral column uberon presacral region thoracolumbar region trunk region trunk skeleton trunk spine UBERON:0009568 trunk region of vertebral column UBERON:0009568 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the trunk of the body, containing the trunk/presacral vertebrae. In organisms that have a thoracic and lumbar distinction, this corresponds to the sum of both of these regions. UBERONREF:0000006 Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000612 AAO AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 thoracolumbar vertebrae set FMA:72066 presacral region AAO:0000612 thoracolumbar region AAO:0000612 trunk region AAO:0000612 FMA:25054 SCTID:22943007 region of trunk trunk subdivision uberon UBERON:0009569 subdivision of trunk UBERON:0009569 region of trunk FMA:25054 trunk subdivision FMA:25054 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001265 EMAPA:17584 VHOG:0001548 spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans uberon UBERON:0009570 spinal cord sulcus limitans UBERON:0009570 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001265 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. EHDAA2:0001100 EMAPA:17561 uberon UBERON:0009576 medulla oblongata sulcus limitans UBERON:0009576 EHDAA2 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. EHDAA2:0001161 EMAPA:17567 uberon UBERON:0009577 metencephalon sulcus limitans UBERON:0009577 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. OBOL:automatic A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0001945 uberon UBERON:0009578 myelencephalon sulcus limitans UBERON:0009578 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001172 EMAPA:16977 VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall midbrain midbrain lateral wall mantle layer uberon mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon UBERON:0009581 midbrain mantle layer UBERON:0009581 mantle layer lateral wall midbrain VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon VHOG:0000910 EMAPA:17580 VHOG:0000911 mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer uberon UBERON:0009583 spinal cord mantle layer UBERON:0009583 mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord VHOG:0000911 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. UBERON:0010043 EHDAA2:0000034 EMAPA:16385 mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme of mandibular component uberon mandibular component mesenchyme mandibular mesenchyme UBERON:0009584 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme UBERON:0009584 EMAPA Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. OBOL:automatic mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesenchyme of mandibular component EMAPA:16385 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung. EHDAA2:0000944 EMAPA:16730 EMAPA:17654 left lung mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009602 left lung associated mesenchyme UBERON:0009602 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung. OBOL:automatic left lung mesenchyme EMAPA:17654 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung. EHDAA2:0001739 EMAPA:17662 right lung mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009603 right lung associated mesenchyme UBERON:0009603 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung mesenchyme EMAPA:17662 A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. TAO:0007018 ZFA:0007018 uberon UBERON:0009610 forebrain neural plate UBERON:0009610 ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. OBOL:automatic A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. TAO:0007019 ZFA:0007019 uberon UBERON:0009611 midbrain neural plate UBERON:0009611 ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. OBOL:automatic A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. TAO:0007022 ZFA:0007022 uberon UBERON:0009614 hindbrain neural plate UBERON:0009614 ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. OBOL:automatic TODO - developmental relationships for lines TAO:0007044 ZFA:0007044 MHB neural plate midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate uberon UBERON:0009615 midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate UBERON:0009615 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/438 Bgee:AN MHB neural plate https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate ZFA:0007044 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. TODO - unify naming conventions BAMS:MES EFO:0003432 EHDAA2:0000615 EMAPA:16140 TAO:0000148 Wikipedia:Mesencephalon ZFA:0000148 presumptive mesencephalon uberon early midbrain future midbrain mesencephalon UBERON:0009616 presumptive midbrain UBERON:0009616 ZFA ZFA A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. OBOL:automatic presumptive mesencephalon ZFA:0000148 early midbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 future midbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesencephalon EHDAA2:0000615 Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. A major contributor to neurocranium [PMID:16313393] EHDAA2:0000736 EHDAA:364 EMAPA:16171 cephalic paraxial mesenchyme cephalic paraxial mesoderm cranial paraxial mesenchyme cranial paraxial mesoderm head paraxial mesenchyme uberon somitomere somitomeric mesoderm UBERON:0009617 head paraxial mesoderm UBERON:0009617 EHDAA2 Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. PMID:21610022 cephalic paraxial mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cephalic paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial paraxial mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 head paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000736 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 EHDAA2:0002094 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme uberon trunk paraxial mesenchyme UBERON:0009618 trunk paraxial mesoderm UBERON:0009618 EHDAA2 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002094 trunk paraxial mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 A somite that is part of a tail. AAO:0010383 EMAPA:16860 XAO:0003143 uberon UBERON:0009621 tail somite UBERON:0009621 A somite that is part of a tail. OBOL:automatic The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. FMA:5861 NCIT:C33015 SCTID:361600002 UMLS:C0228897 Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves neuronames:1730 lumbar spinal nerve nervus lumbalis uberon nervi lumbales UBERON:0009624 lumbar nerve UBERON:0009624 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray802.png The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves UMLS:C0228897 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Nerve lumbar spinal nerve FMA:5861 nervus lumbalis FMA:5861 FMA:TA nervi lumbales Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. FMA:5862 NCIT:C33505 SCTID:361601003 UMLS:C0228922 Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves neuronames:1720 nervus sacralis sacral spinal nerve uberon nervi sacrales UBERON:0009625 sacral nerve UBERON:0009625 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray802.png The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves UMLS:C0228922 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Nerve nervus sacralis FMA:5862 FMA:TA sacral spinal nerve FMA:5862 nervi sacrales Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves EMAPA:35878 MA:0001859 uberon UBERON:0009644 trachea non-cartilage connective tissue UBERON:0009644 MA One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer). EMAPA:19064 MA:0001224 NCIT:C49308 SCTID:70839004 UMLS:C1711401 tympanic epithelium tympanic membrane epithelial layer uberon UBERON:0009647 tympanic membrane epithelium UBERON:0009647 One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer). PMID:11237469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1711401 ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Epithelium tympanic epithelium MA:0001224 A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. EMAPA:37490 MA:0001680 NCIT:C49273 SCTID:245251000 UMLS:C1709901 kidney tubule basement membrane renal tubular basement membrane renal tubule basement membrane uberon UBERON:0009651 nephron tubule basement membrane UBERON:0009651 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37490 MA:th UMLS:C1709901 ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Basement_Membrane kidney tubule basement membrane MA:0001680 renal tubule basement membrane MA:0001680 A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. MA classifies as type of connective tissue: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/108 EMAPA:37809 MA:0001832 NCIT:C49208 UMLS:C1707051 bronchial basement membrane uberon UBERON:0009652 bronchus basement membrane UBERON:0009652 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. OBOL:automatic MA classifies as type of connective tissue: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/108 MA EMAPA:37809 MA:th UMLS:C1707051 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Basement_Membrane bronchial basement membrane http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. EMAPA:37552 MA:0001854 NCIT:C49302 UMLS:C1710455 uberon UBERON:0009653 trachea basement membrane UBERON:0009653 true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships MA-modified A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37552 MA:th UMLS:C1710455 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Basement_Membrane An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ear. add child terms EMAPA:37072 MA:0001918 NCIT:C52849 UMLS:C1706858 uberon UBERON:0009655 auricular artery UBERON:0009655 An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ear. ncithesaurus:Auricular_Artery EMAPA:37072 MA:th UMLS:C1706858 ncithesaurus:Auricular_Artery labial artery EMAPA:37092 MA:0001987 NCIT:C52947 UMLS:C1708633 uberon UBERON:0009657 artery of lip UBERON:0009657 labial artery MA:0001987 EMAPA:37092 MA:th UMLS:C1708633 ncithesaurus:Labial_Artery Nucleus located in the midbrain. SCTID:279285003 TAO:0002209 ZFA:0001665 uberon UBERON:0009661 midbrain nucleus UBERON:0009661 Nucleus located in the midbrain. ZFIN:curator Nucleus located within the hindbrain. TAO:0002177 ZFA:0001658 uberon UBERON:0009662 hindbrain nucleus UBERON:0009662 Nucleus located within the hindbrain. ZFIN:curator A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. TAO:0002178 ZFA:0001660 uberon UBERON:0009663 telencephalic nucleus UBERON:0009663 A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004566 EMAPA:32911 MA:0003203 uberon peritoneal cavity mesentary peritoneal mesentary UBERON:0009664 gut mesentery https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 UBERON:0009664 EHDAA2 peritoneal cavity mesentary http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 peritoneal mesentary http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. degenerates during development except foregut portion EHDAA2:0004569 SCTID:361430000 Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery uberon UBERON:0009668 ventral mesentery UBERON:0009668 EHDAA2 Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. EHDAA2:0004586 uberon UBERON:0009669 embryonic cloacal lumen UBERON:0009669 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. EHDAA2:0004587 EMAPA:18388 FMA:14598 SCTID:259740004 lumen of rectum uberon UBERON:0009670 rectal lumen UBERON:0009670 cjm EHDAA2 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. OBOL:automatic lumen of rectum FMA:14598 Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. FMA:59415 TAO:0001667 ZFA:0001642 dental arcade row of teeth tooth rows uberon UBERON:0009678 tooth row UBERON:0009678 Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. ZFIN:curator dental arcade FMA:59415 row of teeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tooth rows ZFA:0001642 A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. EHDAA2:0001029 FMA:55635 arcus dentalis inferior lower dental arcade lower jaw teeth set of all lower teeth uberon mandibular dental arcade UBERON:0009679 set of lower jaw teeth UBERON:0009679 A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. OBOL:automatic arcus dentalis inferior FMA:TA lower dental arcade FMA:55635 lower jaw teeth EHDAA2:0001029 set of all lower teeth FMA:55635 mandibular dental arcade FMA:55635 A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of upper jaw. EHDAA2:0002129 FMA:55634 arcus dentalis superior set of all upper teeth upper dental arcade upper jaw teeth uberon maxillary dental arcade UBERON:0009680 set of upper jaw teeth UBERON:0009680 A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of upper jaw. OBOL:automatic arcus dentalis superior FMA:TA set of all upper teeth FMA:55634 upper dental arcade FMA:55634 upper jaw teeth EHDAA2:0002129 maxillary dental arcade FMA:55634 EHDAA2:0001371 uberon pancreatis dorsalis UBERON:0009708 dorsal pancreas UBERON:0009708 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm EHDAA2:0001393 uberon pancreatis ventralis UBERON:0009709 ventral pancreas UBERON:0009709 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. EHDAA2:0002188 EMAPA:17341 FMA:9536 NCIT:C102343 SCTID:8911002 VHOG:0001235 right ventricle endocardium right ventricular endocardium uberon endocardial lining of right ventricle right ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0009712 endocardium of right ventricle UBERON:0009712 EHDAA2 FMA Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 right ventricle endocardium VHOG:0001235 right ventricular endocardium FMA:9536 endocardial lining of right ventricle EMAPA:17341 right ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0001235 Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve, aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. EHDAA2:0002182 EMAPA:17338 FMA:9559 SCTID:191004004 VHOG:0001233 left ventricle endocardium left ventricular endocardium uberon endocardial lining of left ventricle left ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0009713 endocardium of left ventricle UBERON:0009713 FMA Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve, aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 left ventricle endocardium VHOG:0001233 left ventricular endocardium FMA:9559 endocardial lining of left ventricle EMAPA:17338 left ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0001233 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. lumen of stomatodaeum lumen of stomodeum stomatodeal cavity uberon UBERON:0009715 stomodeal lumen UBERON:0009715 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004621 EMAPA:32754 FMA:293087 uberon pharyngeal arch endoderm UBERON:0009722 entire pharyngeal arch endoderm UBERON:0009722 EHDAA2 pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0004621 The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. EMAPA mapping from TH EMAPA:32705 uberon limb mesoderm UBERON:0009749 limb mesenchyme UBERON:0009749 The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. MP:0011261 EMAPA mapping from TH EMAPA limb mesoderm Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures. decide whether to merge with cardiac mesoderm. In EHDAA2 this lasts CS12->unbounded, includes mesenchyme of individual components as parts EHDAA2:0004162 EMAPA:36438 heart mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009751 cardiac mesenchyme UBERON:0009751 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures. MP:0011264 heart mesenchyme EMAPA:36438 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas. EFO:0002557 EMAPA:26220 uberon UBERON:0009752 pancreas mesenchyme UBERON:0009752 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas. MP:0011265 A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. SCTID:280508003 uberon UBERON:0009758 abdominal ganglion UBERON:0009758 A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a proximal phalanx to either a medial or distal phalanx. FMA:65022 NCIT:C101528 PIJ joint PIP joint uberon UBERON:0009767 proximal interphalangeal joint UBERON:0009767 An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a proximal phalanx to either a medial or distal phalanx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 PIJ joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand PIP joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a distal phalanx to either a medial or proximal phalanx. FMA:65024 NCIT:C101529 DIJ joint DIP joint uberon UBERON:0009768 distal interphalangeal joint UBERON:0009768 An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a distal phalanx to either a medial or proximal phalanx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 DIJ joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand DIP joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. this class groups vertebrate nephron tubules with analagous structures such as insect Malpighian tubules renal tubule (generic) tubule of excretory system uberon UBERON:0009773 renal tubule UBERON:0009773 A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 GO:0061333 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 renal tubule (generic) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tubule of excretory system OBOL:automatic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. despite its name the class EHDAA2:0004737 is not a true cavity, it corresponds to what we call the sac EHDAA2:0004737 FMA:9690 SCTID:361996004 uberon UBERON:0009778 pleural sac UBERON:0009778 FMA FMA-abduced-lr A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 despite its name the class EHDAA2:0004737 is not a true cavity, it corresponds to what we call the sac EHDAA2 The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. acinar acinus FMA:55588 Wikipedia:Acinus uberon acini UBERON:0009842 glandular acinus UBERON:0009842 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. Wikipedia:Acinus acinus FMA:55588 acini Wikipedia:Acinus An anatomical space that surrounded_by a primitive urogenital sinus. EHDAA2:0002142 uberon UBERON:0009844 urogenital sinus lumen UBERON:0009844 EHDAA2 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a primitive urogenital sinus. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. Androgen receptor (AR) activation releases instructive signals from UGM that acts on UGS epithelium (UGE) to stimulate cell proliferation, form prostate ductal progenitors (prostatic buds), and regulate cell adhesion dynamics to permit prostatic bud outgrowth EMAPA:31500 UGM uberon UBERON:0009845 urogenital sinus mesenchyme UBERON:0009845 PMID:18977204 Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. OBOL:automatic UGM PMID:18977204 An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. cloacal epithelium EHDAA2:0004585 uberon UBERON:0009846 embryonic cloacal epithelium UBERON:0009846 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic cloacal epithelium EHDAA2:0004585 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_and_ends_during a nematode larval stage. uberon UBERON:0009850 nematode larva UBERON:0009850 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_and_ends_during a nematode larval stage. OBOL:automatic Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. FBbt:00100316 uberon diverticulum of gut intestinal pouch UBERON:0009854 digestive tract diverticulum UBERON:0009854 Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 diverticulum of gut FBbt:00100316 galen:Diverticulum pouch uberon diverticulum UBERON:0009856 sac UBERON:0009856 A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by gland, but we also include 'body of stomach'. In future we may want to have different partitions of the stomach UBERON:0009034 EMAPA:35821 FMA:14558 MA:0002561 SCTID:245415005 Wikipedia:Stomach#Sections gastric zone region of stomach section of stomach uberon UBERON:0009870 zone of stomach UBERON:0009870 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Regions_of_stomach.svg A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Stomach#Sections gastric zone FMA:14558 Outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements. see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761251 for description of nephrogenic zone in dogfish. EMAPA:27721 MA:0002996 http://www.gudmap.org/Images/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/NZ.png cortical nephrogenic niche cortical nephrogenic zone uberon nephrogenic tissue UBERON:0009871 nephrogenic zone UBERON:0009871 Outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cortical nephrogenic niche PMID:29449449 cortical nephrogenic zone PMID:29449449 Intermediate segment of the autopod, between the mesopodial region and and acropodial region. Examples: metacarpal region, metatarsal region. considering adding 'acropodial region' Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group SCTID:370640001 metacarpal or metatarsal part of limb metacarpus/metatarsus region metapodial segment cannon region equine cannon region uberon metacarpus/metatarsus metapodium UBERON:0009877 metapodium region UBERON:0009877 PHENOSCAPE:ni Intermediate segment of the autopod, between the mesopodial region and and acropodial region. Examples: metacarpal region, metatarsal region. MA:th https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine cannon region NCBITaxon:9788 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The collection of all skeletal elements in a mesopodium. Examples: the tarsal skeleton, the carpal skeleton. Limb skeleton subdivision consisting of endochondral bones increasing the freedom of movement of the autopodia, and located between zeugopodia and autopodia.[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] VSAO:0005022 basipodium skeleton carpal/tarsal skeleton mesopodial skeleton mesopodium skeleton skeletal parts of mesopodium uberon basipodium mesopodium UBERON:0009878 mesopodial skeleton UBERON:0009878 The collection of all skeletal elements in a mesopodium. Examples: the tarsal skeleton, the carpal skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Limb skeleton subdivision consisting of endochondral bones increasing the freedom of movement of the autopodia, and located between zeugopodia and autopodia.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005022 VSAO VSAO:NI relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005022 VSAO basipodium skeleton VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI mesopodial skeleton VSAO:0005022 mesopodium skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeletal parts of mesopodium https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 basipodium VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI mesopodium VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI Subdivision of skeleton that consists of endochondral elements distal to the zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the posterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end.[AAO] The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present we assume MA:tarsus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:ankle, with the tarsal bone being part of the former. XAO:tarsus is part of the hindlimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. AAO:0000220 EMAPA:19133 FMA:71339 GAID:1223 MA:0000050 SCTID:264228001 SCTID:361796005 VHOG:0001160 VSAO:0005024 Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton) XAO:0003211 hind mesopodial skeleton hind mesopodium hind mesopodium skeleton set of tarsal bones skeletal parts of hind mesopodium tarsal bones set tarsalia uberon basipodium mesopodium tarsal bones tarsus UBERON:0009879 tarsal skeleton UBERON:0009879 Subdivision of skeleton that consists of endochondral elements distal to the zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the posterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad VSAO:0005024 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/94 Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000220 AAO AAO:LAP The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001160 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present PHENOSCAPE:ad we assume MA:tarsus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:ankle, with the tarsal bone being part of the former. XAO:tarsus is part of the hindlimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. MA set of tarsal bones FMA:71339 tarsal bones set FMA:71339 tarsalia XAO:0003211 basipodium VSAO:0005024 mesopodium VSAO:0005024 tarsus XAO:0003211 Subdivision of skeleton that consists of the endochondral elements distal to the anterior limb/fin zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the anterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end.[AAO] The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetal bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals. Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal. However, the vast majority of later vertebrates, including modern amphibians, have undergone varying degrees of loss and fusion of these primitive bones, resulting in a smaller number of carpals. Almost all mammals and reptiles, for example, have lost the fifth distal carpal, and have only a single centrale - and even this is missing in humans. The pisiform bone is somewhat unusual, in that it first appears in primitive reptiles, and is never found in amphibians. Because many tetrapods have less than five digits on the forelimb, even greater degrees of fusion are common, and a huge array of different possible combinations are found. The wing of a modern bird, for example, has only two remaining carpals; the radiale (the scaphoid of mammals) and a bone formed from the fusion of four of the distal carpals. In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scaphollunar bone we assume MA:carpus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:wrist, with the carpal bone being part of the former. XAO:carpus is part of the forelimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. AAO:0000201 FMA:71335 MA:0000040 VHOG:0001161 VSAO:0005023 Wikipedia:Carpus XAO:0003207 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/382x366xUnciform1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.NirdxtwNVu.jpg carpal bones carpal bones set fore mesopodial skeleton fore mesopodium skeleton ossa carpi skeletal parts of fore mesopodium skeleton of carpus uberon carpus fore mesopodium ossa carpi set of carpal bones UBERON:0009880 carpal skeleton UBERON:0009880 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carpus.svg Subdivision of skeleton that consists of the endochondral elements distal to the anterior limb/fin zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the anterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/93 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000201 AAO AAO:LAP The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001161 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Wikipedia:Carpus#Evolutionary_variations we assume MA:carpus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:wrist, with the carpal bone being part of the former. XAO:carpus is part of the forelimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. MA carpal bones EMAPA:25056 FMA:71335 carpal bones set FMA:71335 carpus MA:0000040 XAO:0003207 fore mesopodium AAO:0000201 ossa carpi Wikipedia:Carpus set of carpal bones FMA:71335 EFO:0003704 TAO:0005041 ZFA:0005041 ALPM uberon UBERON:0009881 anterior lateral plate mesoderm UBERON:0009881 ZFA ALPM ZFA:0005041 A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. FMA says parenchyma, MP says cortex Their name is potentially misleading -- the 'medullary' refers to their destination, not their location. They are located only in the renal cortex, and not in the renal medulla BTO:0001155 EMAPA:37906 FMA:74299 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_ray_(anatomy) Ferrein's pyramid kidney medullary ray renal medullary ray uberon UBERON:0009883 medullary ray UBERON:0009883 FMA MP A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. MP:0011347 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_ray_(anatomy) FMA says parenchyma, MP says cortex FMA EMAPA:37906 MA:th Ferrein's pyramid MP:0011347 kidney medullary ray MP:0011347 renal medullary ray MP:0011347 An artery that supplies a renal lobe. FMA only has the set term EMAPA:37091 FMA:71637 SCTID:62802007 Wikipedia:Interlobar_arteries arteriae interlobares renis interlobar artery of kidney kidney interlobar artery renal interlobar artery uberon arteriae interlobares renis interlobar arteries of kidney set of interlobar arteries of kidney UBERON:0009885 interlobar artery UBERON:0009885 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png An artery that supplies a renal lobe. Wikipedia:Interlobar_arteries http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA only has the set term FMA EMAPA:37091 MA:th arteriae interlobares renis FMA:TA interlobar artery of kidney FMA:71637 renal interlobar artery MP:0011355 arteriae interlobares renis Wikipedia:Interlobar_arteries interlobar arteries of kidney FMA:71637 set of interlobar arteries of kidney FMA:71637 The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes. FMA only has the set term FMA:71631 Wikipedia:Interlobar_veins interlobar vein of kidney venae interlobares renis uberon interlobar veins of kidney set of interlobar veins of kidney venae interlobares renis UBERON:0009887 interlobar vein UBERON:0009887 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes. Wikipedia:Interlobar_veins FMA only has the set term FMA interlobar vein of kidney FMA:71631 venae interlobares renis FMA:TA interlobar veins of kidney FMA:71631 set of interlobar veins of kidney FMA:71631 venae interlobares renis Wikipedia:Interlobar_veins A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract[PMID:17276708]. In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested in mouse has left ventricular identity[PMID:22855565] XAO:0004186 anterior heart field anterior/second heart field second heart field uberon SHF UBERON:0009889 secondary heart field UBERON:0009889 GO:0003129 PMID:17276708 PMID:17276708 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). GO:0003139 GOC:mtg_heart GOC:rl extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract[PMID:17276708]. PMID:17276708 In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested PMID:17276708 anterior heart field PMID:17276708 anterior/second heart field Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 second heart field XAO:0004186 SHF XAO:0004186 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. EMAPA:35337 FMA:302884 face mesenchyme mesenchyme of face uberon UBERON:0009891 facial mesenchyme UBERON:0009891 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. OBOL:automatic todo - provide definition. Clearly distinguish between lobules, lobes and acinar parts of glands (see for example lobule of mammary gland) FMA:45737 NCIT:C12990 UMLS:C0921005 lobulus uberon UBERON:0009911 lobule UBERON:0009911 cjm UMLS:C0921005 ncithesaurus:Lobule lobulus FMA:45737 FMA:TA A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. FMA:45728 NCIT:C13393 UMLS:C0796494 lobus uberon UBERON:0009912 anatomical lobe UBERON:0009912 cjm A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. ncithesaurus:Lobe lobus FMA:45728 FMA:TA The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. todo - add has_part relationships. human kidneys have multilobar (multipyramidal) architecture while mice and rats have unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys FMA:17881 NCIT:C32894 UMLS:C0736382 Wikipedia:Renal_lobe kidney lobe lobi renalis lobus renalis uberon lobi renales UBERON:0009913 renal lobe UBERON:0009913 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. MP:0011381 Wikipedia:Renal_lobe human kidneys have multilobar (multipyramidal) architecture while mice and rats have unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys MP UMLS:C0736382 ncithesaurus:Kidney_Lower_Lobe kidney lobe MP:0011381 lobi renalis Wikipedia:Renal_lobe lobus renalis http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis lobi renales Wikipedia:Renal_lobe The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys. FMA:17670 SCTID:361330004 Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule kidney lobule lobulus renalis uberon cortical lobule cortical lobule of kidney lobuli corticales renis lobulus corticalis renalis renal cortical lobule renculus reniculus renunculus UBERON:0009914 Alternate definition: One of the subdivisions of the kidney, consisting of a medullary ray and that portion of the convoluted port (renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules) associated with its collecting duct. -http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobulus+corticalis+renalis renal lobule UBERON:0009914 FMA The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys. MP:0011382 Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule kidney lobule MP:0011382 cortical lobule MP:0011382 Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule cortical lobule of kidney http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis lobuli corticales renis Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule lobulus corticalis renalis http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renal cortical lobule http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renculus http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis reniculus http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renunculus http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. FMA:15888 SCTID:279397004 ureteral wall uberon UBERON:0009916 wall of ureter UBERON:0009916 An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic ureteral wall FMA:15888 The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter. EMAPA:28811 ureteral smooth muscle ureteral smooth muscle layer uberon UBERON:0009919 ureter smooth muscle UBERON:0009919 The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter. MP:0011426 ureteral smooth muscle MP:0011426 ureteral smooth muscle layer EMAPA:28844 EHDAA2:0001315 EHDAA:1122 uberon UBERON:0009920 optic neural crest UBERON:0009920 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. MA:0002405 postnatal organism TS28 mouse post-hatching organism post-natal organism postnatal mouse uberon UBERON:0009953 post-embryonic organism https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/667 UBERON:0009953 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. OBOL:automatic TS28 mouse MA:0002405 post-hatching organism https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 post-natal organism https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 postnatal mouse MA:0002405 Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. Includes: trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes. While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000) EFO:0003460 TAO:0001309 Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes XAO:0004620 ZFA:0001309 neurogenic placodes uberon placodae neurogenicae UBERON:0009955 neurogenic placode UBERON:0009955 cjm Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. PMID:11523831 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000) NCBIBook:NBK53171 neurogenic placodes ZFA:0001309 placodae neurogenicae Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes An anatomical space that is enclosed by a urinary bladder. EHDAA2:0004058 FMA:15924 SCTID:279405003 galen:UrinaryBladderCavity bladder cavity cavity of urinary bladder lumen of urinary bladder urinary bladder lumen uberon UBERON:0009958 bladder lumen UBERON:0009958 FMA FMA EHDAA2 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a urinary bladder. OBOL:automatic bladder cavity FMA:15924 cavity of urinary bladder FMA:15924 lumen of urinary bladder FMA:15924 urinary bladder lumen FMA:15924 An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. in EHDAA2, the embryonic pancreatic ducts (dorsal, ventral) are classified as eithelial sacs, which would render them subclasses of this EFO:0002556 FMA:67681 pancreatic duct epithelium pancreatic ductal epithelium uberon UBERON:0009970 epithelium of pancreatic duct UBERON:0009970 An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. OBOL:automatic pancreatic duct epithelium FMA:67681 pancreatic ductal epithelium FMA:67681 The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney. EMAPA:37782 FMA:15898 MA:0003021 NCIT:C106203 SCTID:264130006 pelviureteric junction pelvoureteric junction uberon UBERON:0009972 ureteropelvic junction UBERON:0009972 MP The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney. MP:0011487 EMAPA:37782 MA:th pelviureteric junction FMA:15898 The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney. EMAPA:37783 FMA:15899 MA:0003020 NCIT:C106202 SCTID:261187001 vesico-ureteral junction vesico-ureteric junction vesicoureteric junction uberon UBERON:0009973 ureterovesical junction UBERON:0009973 MP The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney. MP:0011488 EMAPA:37783 MA:th vesico-ureteral junction MA:0003020 An articular prominence of a bone, typically present in pairs, resembling a pair of knuckles. Examples: Condyle of humerus, condyle of femur. Protuberance on a bone that participates in a joint with another bone.[TAO] the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone[WP][Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy)]. condylar condyloid FMA:75434 NCIT:C83002 SCTID:91737009 TAO:0002259 UMLS:C0524414 Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy) galen:Condyle condylus uberon UBERON:0009979 condyle UBERON:0009979 FMA An articular prominence of a bone, typically present in pairs, resembling a pair of knuckles. Examples: Condyle of humerus, condyle of femur. PHENOSCAPE:ad http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/condyle Protuberance on a bone that participates in a joint with another bone.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002259 TAO TAO:wd the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone[WP][Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy)]. Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy) UMLS:C0524414 ncithesaurus:Condyle condylus Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy) A condyle that is part of a distal epiphysis of femur. Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula.[AAO] AAO:0000900 FMA:32855 NCIT:C114186 SCTID:304912006 galen:FemoralCondyle condylus femoralis condylus femoris femoral condyle uberon fibular condyle UBERON:0009980 condyle of femur UBERON:0009980 A condyle that is part of a distal epiphysis of femur. OBOL:automatic Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000900 AAO AAO:LAP fibular condyle AAO:0000900 The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera (a ridge running down the posterior shaft of the femur) turns into the medial supracondylar ridge. The outermost protrusion on the medial surface of the medial condyle is referred to as the 'medial epicondyle' and can be palpated by running fingers medially from the patella with the knee in flexion. FMA:32858 SCTID:182056007 Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur condylus medialis femoris uberon c. medialis femoris medial condyle of the femur medial femoral condyle UBERON:0009984 medial condyle of femur UBERON:0009984 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray246.png lexical The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera (a ridge running down the posterior shaft of the femur) turns into the medial supracondylar ridge. The outermost protrusion on the medial surface of the medial condyle is referred to as the 'medial epicondyle' and can be palpated by running fingers medially from the patella with the knee in flexion. Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur condylus medialis femoris FMA:32858 FMA:TA c. medialis femoris Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur medial condyle of the femur Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur medial femoral condyle FMA:32858 The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. FMA:32859 SCTID:182057003 Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur condylus lateralis femoris uberon c. lateralis femoris lateral condyle of the femur lateral femoral condyle UBERON:0009985 lateral condyle of femur UBERON:0009985 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray246.png The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur condylus lateralis femoris FMA:32859 FMA:TA c. lateralis femoris Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur lateral condyle of the femur Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur lateral femoral condyle FMA:32859 The distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae. As in the N.A., the Condylus humeri is the whole distal end of the bone except the epicondyles. The Capitulum humeri is present in Carnivora, more distinctly in the cat than in the dog. The Fossa coronoidea, present in the cat is medial to the Fossa radialis and accommodates the Processus coronoideus medialis ulnae when the elbow is flexed. A Foramen supratrochleare occurs in carnivora and occasionally in pig.[NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2005)] FMA:23377 SCTID:361778001 condylus humeri humeral condyle uberon UBERON:0009988 condyle of humerus UBERON:0009988 The distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=19715 condylus humeri humeral condyle FMA:23377 One of the lateral or medial condyles of the tibia. Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.[AAO] AAO:0000899 SCTID:182062002 Wikipedia:Tibial_condyle tibial condyle uberon UBERON:0009989 condyle of tibia UBERON:0009989 One of the lateral or medial condyles of the tibia. Wikipedia:Tibial_condyle Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000899 AAO AAO:LAP tibial condyle AAO:0000899 An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 FBbt:00100313 multicellular structure uberon UBERON:0010000 multicellular anatomical structure UBERON:0010000 An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 multicellular structure FBbt:00100313 The vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. villous of placental labyrinth uberon placental labyrinth villi UBERON:0010005 placental labyrinth villous UBERON:0010005 MP The vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. MP:0011522 placental labyrinth villi A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. May be obsoleted. FMA:256381 NLXANAT:20090509 uberon set of nuclei of neuraxis UBERON:0010009 aggregate regional part of brain UBERON:0010009 A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. NLXANAT:20090509 set of nuclei of neuraxis FMA:256381 The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity. The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004115 EHDAA:6772 EMAPA:17002 MA:0001218 NCIT:C34318 SCTID:361516008 UMLS:C1284046 VHOG:0001297 uberon tubotympanic recess UBERON:0010020 tubotympanic recess epithelium UBERON:0010020 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 PMID:11237469 The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:0001297 The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001297 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1284046 ncithesaurus:Tubotympanic_Recess tubotympanic recess VHOG:0001297 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. EHDAA2:0004076 EMAPA:32765 FMA:318209 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 6th branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme UBERON:0010031 6th arch mesenchyme UBERON:0010031 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. OBOL:automatic The portion of the tongue in front of the terminal sulcus. At the apex, thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. It is derived primarily from the first pharyngeal arch. The lateral lingual swellings grow and fuse with eachother, encompassing the tuberculum impar to provide the ectodermally derived mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue check NCIT EMAPA:37437 FMA:229084 NCIT:C32130 UMLS:C0226946 Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue uberon anterior 2/3 of the tongue anterior 2/3 of tongue anterior two thirds of the tongue apex linguae apex of the tongue buccal part of the tongue front of the tongue oral part of the tongue pars anterior dorsi linguae UBERON:0010032 anterior part of tongue UBERON:0010032 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Illu04_tongue.jpg ISBN:1607950324 The portion of the tongue in front of the terminal sulcus. At the apex, thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. It is derived primarily from the first pharyngeal arch. Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue check NCIT NCIT EMAPA:37437 MA:th UMLS:C0226946 ncithesaurus:Apex_of_the_Tongue anterior 2/3 of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue anterior 2/3 of tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue anterior two thirds of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue apex linguae Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue apex of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue buccal part of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue front of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue oral part of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue pars anterior dorsi linguae Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food. This is a very broad functionally defined grouping class that collects disparate structures from insects to vertebrates BSA:0000123 TADS:0000172 TGMA:0001041 uberon UBERON:0010039 food storage organ UBERON:0010039 An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. EMAPA:16128 mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon UBERON:0010042 1st arch mesenchyme UBERON:0010042 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16128 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. EHDAA2:0000041 EMAPA:16391 mesenchyme of maxillary component uberon maxillary component mesenchyme maxillary mesenchyme UBERON:0010045 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme UBERON:0010045 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of maxillary component EMAPA:16391 The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. EHDAA2:0001459 EMAPA:16550 XAO:0004524 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010046 entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme UBERON:0010046 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. XAO:0004524 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region EMAPA:16550 entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001459 Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. Note that Kardong classifies lacrimal glands here. EHDAA2 includes pituitary primordium, as this develops from oral mucosa UBERON:0003293 EHDAA2:0001327 EHDAA:2181 EMAPA:16572 EMAPA:16723 VHOG:0000652 buccal gland uberon gland of oral opening gland of oral region mouth gland oral cavity gland oral region gland UBERON:0010047 oral gland UBERON:0010047 Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. ISBN:0073040584 Note that Kardong classifies lacrimal glands here. EHDAA2 includes pituitary primordium, as this develops from oral mucosa EHDAA2 A mucosa that is part of a dorsum of tongue. check surface terms develops fungiform papillae by WNT induction at 11 weeks pc in human. Filiform papillae develop later. ISBN:1607950324 FMA:74871 SCTID:245835003 mucosa of dorsal surface of tongue uberon UBERON:0010052 mucosa of dorsum of tongue UBERON:0010052 A mucosa that is part of a dorsum of tongue. OBOL:automatic A compound organ that has the potential to develop into a tongue. EHDAA2:0000696 EHDAA:2951 uberon UBERON:0010056 future tongue UBERON:0010056 EHDAA2 A compound organ that has the potential to develop into a tongue. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004610 uberon UBERON:0010059 hypoglossal cord UBERON:0010059 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004116 uberon UBERON:0010063 tympanic cavity epithelium UBERON:0010063 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. AEO:0000221 EHDAA2:0004616 uberon UBERON:0010064 open anatomical space UBERON:0010064 cjm An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. AEO:0000221 EHDAA2:0004114 uberon UBERON:0010065 auditory meatus epithelium UBERON:0010065 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 PMID:16313389 A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane. FMA:56819 SCTID:39725007 cuticular layer of tympanic membrane cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane outer layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component uberon UBERON:0010069 outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane UBERON:0010069 A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane. PMID:11237469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cuticular layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56819 cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane FMA:56819 outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56819 tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. check MA EMAPA:19063 FMA:56830 MA:0001223 SCTID:44692008 connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane fibrous layer of tympanic membrane fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane tympanic endothelium uberon UBERON:0010070 intermediate layer of tympanic membrane UBERON:0010070 FMA The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. PMID:11237469 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3468783&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 check MA MA connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56830 fibrous layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56830 fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane FMA:56830 intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56830 tympanic endothelium MA:0001223 In mammals, this class groups together the two epithelial layers plus the intermediate fibrous layer FMA:56732 tympanic membrane layer uberon UBERON:0010071 layer of tympanic membrane UBERON:0010071 tympanic membrane layer FMA:56732 One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. XAO:0004192 uberon UBERON:0010075 sacral neural crest UBERON:0010075 One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. XB:curator http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065/ An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. TODO - coordinate with CL, add cuboidal cell in NCIT this is glandular NCIT:C32415 UMLS:C0682577 Wikipedia:Cuboidal_epithelium uberon UBERON:0010077 cuboidal epithelium UBERON:0010077 An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Cuboidal_epithelium in NCIT this is glandular NCIT UMLS:C0682577 ncithesaurus:Cuboidal_Epithelium An extrahepatic bile duct that has the potential to develop into a common hepatic duct. EHDAA2:0000595 uberon UBERON:0010081 future common hepatic duct UBERON:0010081 An extrahepatic bile duct that has the potential to develop into a common hepatic duct. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. check development EHDAA2:0000598 uberon UBERON:0010083 future dermis UBERON:0010083 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 XAO Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. OBOL:automatic A structure that will develop into a diaphragm. EHDAA2:0000599 uberon UBERON:0010084 future diaphragm UBERON:0010084 EHDAA2 PMID:23586979 PMID:23586979 A structure that will develop into a diaphragm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A multi-tissue structure that has the potential to develop into a meninx of hindbrain. EHDAA2:0000610 future hindbrain meninges uberon UBERON:0010091 future hindbrain meninx UBERON:0010091 A multi-tissue structure that has the potential to develop into a meninx of hindbrain. OBOL:automatic future hindbrain meninges EHDAA2:0000610 A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. EHDAA2:0000623 uberon UBERON:0010092 future metencephalon UBERON:0010092 A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. OBOL:automatic A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0000640 uberon UBERON:0010096 future myelencephalon UBERON:0010096 A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a facial nucleus. EHDAA2:0004639 uberon UBERON:0010123 future facial nucleus UBERON:0010123 A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a facial nucleus. OBOL:automatic A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a superior salivatory nucleus. EHDAA2:0004644 uberon UBERON:0010125 future superior salivatory nucleus UBERON:0010125 A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a superior salivatory nucleus. OBOL:automatic A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. TODO - request EHDAA2 EMAPA:17742 femoral cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010129 femur cartilage element UBERON:0010129 EMAPA A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic femoral cartilage condensation EMAPA:17742 The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the autopod (e.g. manus, pes, paw). autopod plate limb plate uberon UBERON:0010130 embryonic autopod plate UBERON:0010130 The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the autopod (e.g. manus, pes, paw). MP:0004576 UBERON:cjm https://github.com/obophenotype/mammalian-phenotype-ontology/issues/1151 Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. EHDAA2:0004528 FMA:83378 specialized conducting tissue of heart specialized muscle tissue of heart uberon UBERON:0010131 conducting tissue of heart UBERON:0010131 Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 specialized conducting tissue of heart FMA:83378 specialized muscle tissue of heart FMA:83378 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli. MA:0000720 neuroendocrine system gland uberon UBERON:0010133 neuroendocrine gland UBERON:0010133 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000631 An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. uberon UBERON:0010136 epithelial sheet UBERON:0010136 An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GO:0002011 A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. note that this represents the indifferent structure. EHDAA2:0004051 indifferent sex cord primitive sex cords uberon UBERON:0010141 primitive sex cord of indifferent gonad UBERON:0010141 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. OBOL:automatic primitive sex cords EHDAA2:0004051 A bodily secretion that is produced by a seminal vesicle. constitutes 60-70 % of the ejaculate in humans[MP] important for semen coagulation, sperm motility, and stability of sperm chromatin and suppression of the immune activity in the female reproductive tract[MP] in ncit, seminal fluid is a subtype of seminal vesicle secretion vesicular fluid BTO:0002053 FMA:62969 MA:0002526 NCIT:C33529 NCIT:C52552 UMLS:C0036614 UMLS:C0227987 secretion of seminal vesicle seminal vesicle secretion uberon seminal fluid UBERON:0010143 seminal vesicle fluid UBERON:0010143 FMA A bodily secretion that is produced by a seminal vesicle. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in ncit, seminal fluid is a subtype of seminal vesicle secretion ncit UMLS:C0036614 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Fluid UMLS:C0227987 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle_Secretion secretion of seminal vesicle FMA:62969 seminal vesicle secretion FMA:62969 seminal fluid A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis. uberon epidermal mucus skin mucous UBERON:0010152 skin mucus UBERON:0010152 A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epidermal mucus BTO:0005082 The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. FMA:52938 SCTID:136349005 Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture frontosphenoid suture sphenofrontal suture of skull uberon spheno-frontal suture sphenofrontal sutura sphenofrontalis UBERON:0010156 sphenofrontal suture UBERON:0010156 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture frontosphenoid suture FMA:52938 sphenofrontal suture of skull FMA:52938 sphenofrontal Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture sutura sphenofrontalis Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. FMA:312610 SCTID:91747007 blood vessel lumen uberon UBERON:0010161 lumen of blood vessel UBERON:0010161 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. OBOL:automatic The distal end of the tail. EMAPA:37760 MA:0002848 XAO:0004057 tail tip uberon end of tail UBERON:0010162 post-anal tail tip UBERON:0010162 MA The distal end of the tail. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37760 MA:th tail tip MA:0002848 end of tail MA:0002848 A trabecula that is part of a liver. liver trabeculae uberon hepatic trabecula UBERON:0010183 liver trabecula UBERON:0010183 A trabecula that is part of a liver. GO:0060344 OBOL:automatic liver trabeculae Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra. EMAPA:29645 FMA:21443 NCIT:C49311 SCTID:303562001 UMLS:C1314737 Wikipedia:Urethral_gland Littre's gland gland of Littre gland of male urethra male urethra gland urethral gland (male) uberon glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae UBERON:0010186 male urethral gland UBERON:0010186 Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra. MGI:anna MP:0011794 UMLS:C1314737 ncithesaurus:Urethral_Gland Littre's gland FMA:21443 urethral gland (male) FMA:21443 glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae Wikipedia:Urethral_gland An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. EMAPA:29653 FMA:21444 SCTID:279476001 female urethra gland gland of female urethra urethral gland (female) uberon UBERON:0010187 female urethral gland UBERON:0010187 An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. OBOL:automatic urethral gland (female) FMA:21444 A roughly circular bulge in a surface. requires review AEO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003250 FMA:82506 uberon UBERON:0010188 protuberance UBERON:0010188 FMA A roughly circular bulge in a surface. EHDAA2:0003250 part_of in EHDAA2. Only child in MA. EHDAA2:0001762 EMAPA:17010 EMAPA:17328 MA:0001872 uberon right venous valve UBERON:0010189 right atrium venous valve UBERON:0010189 part_of in EHDAA2. Only child in MA. EHDAA2 right venous valve EHDAA2:0001762 The paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation. EHDAA2:0000410 EMAPA:18606 MA:0000476 paired dorsal aortae uberon UBERON:0010190 pair of dorsal aortae UBERON:0010190 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation. ISBN:0-914294-08-3 MP:0004787 paired dorsal aortae EHDAA2:0000410 EHDAA2:0004512 uberon UBERON:0010191 aortic system UBERON:0010191 Wikipedia One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_artery gonadal artery uberon UBERON:0010192 genital artery UBERON:0010192 One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Gonadal_artery A portal system that begins in capillaries in the wall of the digestive tract and and runs as the hepatic portal vein to the liver. Part of the circulatory system which includes the ventral abdominal vein, pelvic veins, and portal vein and collects blood from the pelvic region, liver, gall bladder and stomach.[AAO] AAO:0010225 hepatic-portal system portal system of liver uberon UBERON:0010194 hepatic portal system UBERON:0010194 A portal system that begins in capillaries in the wall of the digestive tract and and runs as the hepatic portal vein to the liver. ISBN:0073040584 Part of the circulatory system which includes the ventral abdominal vein, pelvic veins, and portal vein and collects blood from the pelvic region, liver, gall bladder and stomach.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010225 AAO AAO:BJB hepatic-portal system AAO:0010225 An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. CARO:0001004 uberon UBERON:0010199 One might argue that all boundaries are actually fiat in the sense that there must be some fiat element at a fine enough scale of granularity. This ontology choses to ignore this issue as below the level of granularity relevant to anatomy. (DOS121102) bona-fide anatomical boundary UBERON:0010199 CARO An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. CARO:0001004 A vasculature that is part of a post-anal tail. isa blood vessel in XAO TAO:0005037 XAO:0004151 ZFA:0005037 post-vent vasculature uberon tail vasculature UBERON:0010204 tail vasculature UBERON:0010204 A vasculature that is part of a post-anal tail. OBOL:automatic isa blood vessel in XAO XAO post-vent vasculature ZFA:0005037 tail vasculature ZFA:0005037 Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. check this. See also https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton AAO:0000267 EHDAA2:0000904 laryngeal cartilage system uberon UBERON:0010212 laryngeal apparatus UBERON:0010212 EHDAA2 Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. AAO:0000267 laryngeal cartilage system EHDAA2:0000904 uberon UBERON:0010213 laryngeal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010213 EHDAA2-abstracted EHDAA2-abstracted EHDAA2:0004085 uberon UBERON:0010221 Many sources say: thyroid cartilage from arch 4 other laryngeal cartilage (cricoid/arytenoid) from 6? laryngeal associated mesenchyme UBERON:0010221 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. FMA:71005 TAO:0002228 ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube primordial atrium primordial cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0010227 future cardiac atrium UBERON:0010227 ZFA Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube ZFA:0001718 primordial atrium FMA:71005 primordial cardiac atrium FMA:71005 The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. See notes for camera-type eye FMA:12513 MIAA:0000283 SCTID:244486005 VHOG:0001616 Wikipedia:Globe_(human_eye) bulbus oculi eye globe eyeball uberon eye globe UBERON:0010230 eyeball of camera-type eye UBERON:0010230 FMA The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. UBERON:cjm eye globe VHOG:0001616 eyeball FMA:12513 eye globe HP:0100886 MIAA:0000283 An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. merocrine BTO:0002324 MA:0003041 Wikipedia:Merocrine uberon UBERON:0010243 merocrine gland UBERON:0010243 An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. MGI:anna MP:0013544 Wikipedia:Merocrine Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000037 uberon UBERON:0010252 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010252 inferred EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000044 uberon UBERON:0010253 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010253 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000068 EMAPA:16281 neural crest derived arch 2 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010254 2nd arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010254 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000083 EMAPA:16404 VHOG:0000571 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 3rd arch neural crest derived arch 3 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 3 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010255 3rd arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010255 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000571 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest VHOG:0000571 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 3rd arch EMAPA:16404 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000098 EMAPA:16772 VHOG:0000580 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch neural crest derived arch 4 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010256 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010256 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000580 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest VHOG:0000580 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch EMAPA:16772 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004077 neural crest derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010257 6th arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010257 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. EHDAA2:0004423 uberon UBERON:0010258 mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest UBERON:0010258 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. EMAPA:16129 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch neural crest derived arch 1 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010259 1st arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010259 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16129 One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. EMAPA:36493 SCTID:408728001 allantoic vessel umbilical cord blood vessel umbilical vessel uberon umbilical cord blood vessels umbilical vasculature UBERON:0010260 umbilical blood vessel UBERON:0010260 One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. MP:0003230 allantoic vessel Hymans:Hymans umbilical cord blood vessels A group of bones comprised of hyoid body and two pairs of cornua (i.e. greater cornua and lesser cornua), and lies just below the tongue, above the thyroid cartilage. Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of hyolaryngeal complex (AAO:0000226)[AAO] In most mammals, including humans, the hyoid apparatus is shaped like a horseshoe. However, in humans, some of the bones of the hyoid apparatus are fused into a single bone called os hyoideum. In other animals such as frogs, the hyoid apparatus has a hyoid body that is chiefly comprised of hyaline cartilage and two pairs of processes (i.e. alary process and the posteriolateral process). AAO:0000225 AAO:0000682 EMAPA:37600 MA:0003037 SCTID:410035009 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/images/ReptileHyoids.gif uberon apparatus hyobranchialis apparatus hyoideus hyobranchial apparatus hyolingual system UBERON:0010272 hyoid apparatus UBERON:0010272 AAO A group of bones comprised of hyoid body and two pairs of cornua (i.e. greater cornua and lesser cornua), and lies just below the tongue, above the thyroid cartilage. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hyoid_apparatus Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000225 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: part_of hyolaryngeal complex (AAO:0000226)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000225 AAO EMAPA:37600 MA:th apparatus hyobranchialis apparatus hyoideus http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hyoid_apparatus hyobranchial apparatus AAO:0000225 hyolingual system AAO:0000225 A zone of bone organ that is part of a hyoid bone. FMA:59494 SCTID:119534005 hyoid bone zone uberon UBERON:0010273 zone of hyoid bone UBERON:0010273 A zone of bone organ that is part of a hyoid bone. OBOL:automatic hyoid bone zone FMA:59494 Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column. AAO:0000700 vertebral column opening vertebral conduit uberon UBERON:0010276 space in vertebral column UBERON:0010276 Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column. OBOL:automatic vertebral column opening AAO:0000700 Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. DHBA:12322 EFO:0003567 EHDAA2:0004375 TAO:0000761 ZFA:0000761 basal plate midbrain basal plate midbrain region uberon UBERON:0010285 midbrain basal plate UBERON:0010285 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. ZFA:0000761 basal plate midbrain TAO:0000761 basal plate midbrain region ZFA:0000761 Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. we follow ZFA in temporally dividing midbrain NT from presumptive midbrain, but in future this may be collapsed TAO:0007039 ZFA:0007039 uberon UBERON:0010286 midbrain neural tube UBERON:0010286 ZFA Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. ZFA:0007039 . Wikipedia:Sclera#Histology uberon UBERON:0010291 layer of sclera UBERON:0010291 cjm . Wikipedia:Sclera#Histology An endothelium that is part of a sclera. uberon UBERON:0010294 scleral endothelium UBERON:0010294 Wikipedia An endothelium that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic A stroma that is part of a sclera. subsantia propria FMA:58365 NCIT:C33652 SCTID:368851004 UMLS:C1704397 scleral stroma stroma of sclera subsantia propria sclerae substantia propria sclerae uberon UBERON:0010295 substantia propria of sclera UBERON:0010295 Wikipedia A stroma that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1704397 ncithesaurus:Substantia_Propria scleral stroma FMA:58365 stroma of sclera FMA:58365 subsantia propria sclerae FMA:58365 substantia propria sclerae FMA:58365 FMA:TA Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. The mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup differentiates into the sclera, the dense fibrous coat of the eye.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496288 uberon UBERON:0010299 scleral mesenchyme UBERON:0010299 Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. PMID:16496288 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. extra-embryonic epithelium uberon UBERON:0010303 extraembryonic epithelium UBERON:0010303 An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. OBOL:automatic Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. FMA:45569 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Nonkeratinized epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium uberon UBERON:0010304 non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium UBERON:0010304 FMA Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. FMA:45569 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Nonkeratinized epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum FMA:45569 nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium FMA:45569 stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] TAO:0002201 ZFA:0001678 future eye uberon UBERON:0010312 immature eye UBERON:0010312 definitional Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. ZFA:0001678 Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002201 TAO ZFIN:curator An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0010313 neural crest-derived structure UBERON:0010313 An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0010314 structure with developmental contribution from neural crest UBERON:0010314 An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 uberon UBERON:0010316 germ layer / neural crest UBERON:0010316 A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. uberon eye skeleton ocular skeleton skeletal element of orbital region UBERON:0010321 skeletal element of eye region UBERON:0010321 A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. OBOL:automatic Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. we use 'cranial skeletal system', so that we can include the skull, which has joints/sutures as parts (recall, we follow FMA in distinguishing between the skeleton and skeletal system - only the latter includes joints) that the cranial skeleton includes the pharyngeal arch skeleton. It is thus more inclusive that the cranium itself, and extends beyond the head in tetrapods. The AAO class called 'skull' belongs here, as it includes the whole splanchnocranium Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] AAO:0000109 AAO:0000971 AAO:0010185 TAO:0000737 VSAO:0000049 XAO:0003075 ZFA:0000737 cranial skeleton osteocranium uberon cranium UBERON:0010323 cranial skeletal system UBERON:0010323 Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000049 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000109 AAO AAO:LAP Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000737 TAO ZFIN:curator cranium ZFA:0000737 Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. uberon UBERON:0010328 limb bud mesenchyme UBERON:0010328 Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. uberon UBERON:0010329 paired limb/fin bud mesenchyme UBERON:0010329 EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a handplate. EHDAA2:0000730 EMAPA:32630 handplate epithelium uberon UBERON:0010332 epithelium of handplate UBERON:0010332 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic handplate epithelium EHDAA2:0000730 Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. uberon UBERON:0010333 extraembryonic membrane mesenchyme UBERON:0010333 EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004601 uberon UBERON:0010334 maxillary process mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010334 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004602 uberon UBERON:0010335 maxillary process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010335 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004603 uberon UBERON:0010336 mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010336 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004604 uberon UBERON:0010337 mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010337 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000043 uberon UBERON:0010338 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010338 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000036 uberon UBERON:0010339 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010339 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. EMAPA:16130 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon UBERON:0010341 1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010341 EMAPA Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16130 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000067 EMAPA:16280 head mesenchyme derived arch 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010343 2nd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010343 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch EMAPA:16280 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000082 EMAPA:16403 head mesenchyme derived arch 3 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 3rd arch pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 3 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010344 3rd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010344 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 3rd arch EMAPA:16403 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000097 EMAPA:16771 head mesenchyme derived arch 4 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010345 4th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010345 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch EMAPA:16771 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004078 head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010347 6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010347 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic An arch-shaped structure of the vertebra that extends dorsally (neural arch) or ventrally (hemal arch) from the vertebral centrum. (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] Note that humans do not have hemal arches, so VA=NA for FMA EMAPA:36614 FMA:11946 arch of vertebra arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) vertebra arch vertebral arch uberon UBERON:0010358 arch of centrum of vertebra UBERON:0010358 FMA An arch-shaped structure of the vertebra that extends dorsally (neural arch) or ventrally (hemal arch) from the vertebral centrum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001670 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note that humans do not have hemal arches, so VA=NA for FMA FMA arch of vertebra FMA:11946 arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) FMA:11946 vertebra arch MA:0001453 vertebral arch FMA:11946 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010359 Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010359 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010360 Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010360 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the 'cuttlebone' of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t VSAO:0000037 Wikipedia:Endoskeleton XAO:0004026 replacement skeleton uberon UBERON:0010362 endoskeleton UBERON:0010362 VSAO Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000037 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the 'cuttlebone' of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t Wikipedia:Endoskeleton replacement skeleton VSAO:curator A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. VSAO:0000139 XAO:0004017 ZFA:0005620 endochondral replacement element uberon UBERON:0010363 endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern UBERON:0010363 VSAO A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000139 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 endochondral replacement element VSAO:0000139 Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. exoskeleton VSAO:0000035 XAO:0004025 uberon dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton UBERON:0010364 This ontology covers metazoa, so we do not use exoskeleton as primary label, as in VSAO dermal skeleton UBERON:0010364 VSAO Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000035 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 exoskeleton VSAO:curator dermal skeletal system VSAO:curator dermoskeleton VSAO:curator desmoskeleton VSAO:curator Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. in many vertebrates, odontoid tissue is not restricted to the teeth Classified as a portion of organism substance in FMA UBERON:0001973 EMAPA:35872 FMA:63001 MA:0002540 NCIT:C33794 UMLS:C1519551 VSAO:0000063 XAO:0004046 ZFA:0005623 odontogenic tissue portion of substance of tooth substance of tooth tooth substance uberon dental tissue tooth hard tissue tooth tissue UBERON:0010365 odontoid tissue UBERON:0010365 Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000063 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Classified as a portion of organism substance in FMA FMA UMLS:C1519551 ncithesaurus:Tooth_Tissue odontogenic tissue VSAO:curator portion of substance of tooth FMA:63001 substance of tooth FMA:63001 tooth substance MA:0002540 dental tissue VSAO:curator tooth hard tissue VT:0003930 The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa. FMA:75739 NCIT:C33428 lobulus pulmonis uberon UBERON:0010368 pulmonary lobule UBERON:0010368 The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa. ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Lobule lobulus pulmonis FMA:75739 FMA:TA One of the veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein. EMAPA:37199 MA:0002243 NCIT:C33787 UMLS:C0447138 vena tibialis uberon UBERON:0010370 tibial vein UBERON:0010370 MA One of the veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tibial+vein EMAPA:37199 MA:th UMLS:C0447138 ncithesaurus:Tibial_Vein Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. FMA:69064 ectoderm-derived epithelium uberon UBERON:0010371 ecto-epithelium UBERON:0010371 Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. FMA:69064 consider merging with dorsal pancreatic bud. Starts at CS12 in human (EHDAA2, embryology.ch 'bud anlagen') EHDAA2:0001384 FMA:79793 uberon dorsal pancreas UBERON:0010375 pancreas dorsal primordium UBERON:0010375 EHDAA2 dorsal pancreas FMA:79793 Starts at CS14 in human (EHDAA2) or CS13-14 (embryology.ch 'bud anlagen') EHDAA2:0001387 FMA:79794 uberon ventral pancreas UBERON:0010376 pancreas ventral primordium UBERON:0010376 EHDAA2 ventral pancreas FMA:79794 Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. the way this class is defined also includes extraembryonic mesenchyme such as the amniotic mesenchyme; in future this may be restricted to embryonic derivatives EHDAA2:0001120 uberon UBERON:0010377 mesenchyme from somatopleure UBERON:0010377 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. EHDAA2:0001122 uberon UBERON:0010378 mesenchyme from splanchnopleure UBERON:0010378 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. OBOL:automatic The segment of the rib that connects to a vertebra[MP]. a small part of the rib composed of the head, neck, tuberculum and a short proximal part of the body[PMID]. EMAPA:37495 MA:0001400 MA:0001414 proximal part of rib proximal rib proximal rib segment uberon costal part of rib vertebral part of rib UBERON:0010388 The proximal rib derives from the caudal half of somite[PMID:15906248] proximal segment of rib UBERON:0010388 MA The segment of the rib that connects to a vertebra[MP]. a small part of the rib composed of the head, neck, tuberculum and a short proximal part of the body[PMID]. MP:0000152 PMID:15906248 EMAPA:37495 MA:th proximal part of rib PMID:15906248 proximal rib MA:0001400 An organ cavity that is part of a urethra. FMA:19709 SCTID:279432008 urethral lumen uberon UBERON:0010390 lumen of urethra UBERON:0010390 An organ cavity that is part of a urethra. OBOL:automatic urethral lumen FMA:19709 One of the branches of the splenic artery[MP]. When the splenic artery passes into the trabecula of the spleen and branches, they become known as the trabecular arteries. When these arteries then reach the white pulp, and become covered with Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, the name changes again to central arteries (or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries).[Wikipedia] MA:0000759 NCIT:C49775 UMLS:C1710159 Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries uberon trabecular artery UBERON:0010399 spleen trabecular artery UBERON:0010399 MP One of the branches of the splenic artery[MP]. MP:0002354 Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries When the splenic artery passes into the trabecula of the spleen and branches, they become known as the trabecular arteries. When these arteries then reach the white pulp, and become covered with Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, the name changes again to central arteries (or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries).[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries UMLS:C1710159 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecular_Artery One of the veins that feed the splenic vein. The trabecular veins are the largest veins inside the spleen. It drains the blood collected in the sinuses of the pulp.[Wikipedia] MA:0000760 NCIT:C49779 UMLS:C1710160 Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins uberon trabecular vein UBERON:0010400 spleen trabecular vein UBERON:0010400 One of the veins that feed the splenic vein. MP:0002228 Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins The trabecular veins are the largest veins inside the spleen. It drains the blood collected in the sinuses of the pulp.[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins UMLS:C1710160 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecular_Vein trabecular vein Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. EMAPA:35336 MA:0002486 eye surface eye surface region ocular surface uberon UBERON:0010409 ocular surface region UBERON:0010409 The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. MP:0013754 eye surface MA:0002486 An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. EMAPA:35965 MA:0002867 urethral orifice uberon UBERON:0010418 urethral opening UBERON:0010418 An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. OBOL:automatic urethral orifice OBOL:automatic A naris that is located inside the nasal cavity and connects to the pharynx. choanal In humans the only internal naris is the posterior nasal aperture, which connects to the nasopharynx NCIT:C32856 choana internal choana uberon choanae internal nares internal nostril UBERON:0010425 internal naris UBERON:0010425 A naris that is located inside the nasal cavity and connects to the pharynx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 choanae internal nares The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. FMA:76551 SCTID:280860001 Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes ciliary processes ciliary processes set processus ciliares set of ciliary processes uberon ciliary process processus ciliares UBERON:0010427 ciliary processes UBERON:0010427 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Gray875.png The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes ciliary processes FMA:76551 ciliary processes set FMA:76551 processus ciliares FMA:TA set of ciliary processes FMA:76551 ciliary process Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes processus ciliares Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult mammal, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment FMA:7476 NCIT:C32616 SCTID:332907008 UMLS:C0222649 Wikipedia:Flat_bone galen:FlatBone uberon os planum UBERON:0010428 Examples: cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula; the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs flat bone UBERON:0010428 FMA A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. Wikipedia:Flat_bone UMLS:C0222649 ncithesaurus:Flat_Bone os planum Wikipedia:Flat_bone A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia. glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous FMA:45572 NCIT:C33419 NCIT:C49316 UMLS:C0836138 UMLS:C1514590 Wikipedia:Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium uberon UBERON:0010498 pseudostratified columnar epithelium UBERON:0010498 FMA A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. Wikipedia:Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pseudostratified+epithelium glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous NCIT UMLS:C0836138 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Epithelium UMLS:C1514590 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. FMA:13146 NCIT:C13181 UMLS:C0506992 epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) uberon UBERON:0010499 pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium UBERON:0010499 Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. NCIT:NCIT UMLS:C0506992 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Ciliated_Epithelium epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) FMA:13146 An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus. electric sense organ electroreception organ uberon UBERON:0010521 electroreceptor organ UBERON:0010521 An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. VSAO:0000135 XAO:0004016 ZFA:0005624 uberon UBERON:0010522 replacement element UBERON:0010522 VSAO cjm Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000135 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. MESH:D055806 TAO:0005251 ZFA:0005251 uberon microcirculatory vessels UBERON:0010523 microcirculatory vessel UBERON:0010523 ZFA A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. MESH:A07.231.432 ZFA:0005251 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 microcirculatory vessels TAO:0005251 An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. FMA:24021 bone organ cavity uberon UBERON:0010527 cavity of bone organ UBERON:0010527 An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. OBOL:automatic bone organ cavity FMA:24021 FMA:24028 air space of bone uberon UBERON:0010528 pneumatic cavity of bone UBERON:0010528 FMA air space of bone FMA:24028 different versions of EMAPA have different labels for the same classes. In vHOG this is part of metanephros cortex but this leads to a cycle in basic. EHDAA2:0001143 EHDAA:7007 EHDAA:8105 EMAPA:17953 EMAPA:27621 MA:0002998 VHOG:0001241 induced blastemal cells nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone uberon cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system nephrogenic interstitium peripheral blastema UBERON:0010531 metanephros induced blastemal cells UBERON:0010531 EHDAA2 different versions of EMAPA have different labels for the same classes. In vHOG this is part of metanephros cortex but this leads to a cycle in basic. EMAPA induced blastemal cells VHOG:0001241 nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone EMAPA:17953 cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system EMAPA:17645 peripheral blastema EMAPA:17953 An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron. EHDAA2 treats this as already having a tubular structure, but in the ZFA representation this is a cluster of cells developing nephron primitive nephron future nephron presumptive nephron uberon UBERON:0010532 primitive nephron UBERON:0010532 EHDAA2-inferred EHDAA2 An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EHDAA2 treats this as already having a tubular structure, but in the ZFA representation this is a cluster of cells EHDAA2 The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. VHOG:0000714 uberon UBERON:0010533 metanephros cortex UBERON:0010533 VHOG The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072214 Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons. ZFA:0005584 developing mesonephric nephron primitive mesonephric nephron uberon UBERON:0010534 primitive mesonephric nephron UBERON:0010534 Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons. GOC:cvs ZFA:0005584 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2244-7917 developing mesonephric nephron ZFA:0005584 A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. primitive nephron EHDAA2:0001516 developing metanephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron uberon UBERON:0010535 primitive metanephric nephron UBERON:0010535 EHDAA2 A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. OBOL:automatic primitive nephron EHDAA2:0001516 uberon UBERON:0010536 nephron progenitor UBERON:0010536 ZFA cjm Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. ZFA:0005587 uberon UBERON:0010537 mesonephric nephron progenitor UBERON:0010537 Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. ZFA:0005587 An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. limb/fin segment uberon UBERON:0010538 paired limb/fin segment UBERON:0010538 An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tarsal bone. EHDAA2:0001978 uberon UBERON:0010540 tarsus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010540 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tarsal bone. OBOL:automatic A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tarsal bone. EHDAA2:0001977 uberon UBERON:0010541 tarsus cartilage element UBERON:0010541 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tarsal bone. OBOL:automatic The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. FMA:231315 VSAO:0005028 acropodial skeleton acropodium skeleton set of phalanges skeletal parts of acropodial region uberon acropodium digital skeleton digits skeleton phalangeal skeleton skeletal parts of acropodium skeleton of digits UBERON:0010543 acropodial skeleton UBERON:0010543 PHENOSCAPE:ni The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. VSAO:0005028 VSAO:NI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 set of phalanges FMA:231315 acropodium VSAO:0005028 VSAO:NI The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the manus skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] AAO:0000946 EMAPA:36158 FMA:71336 MESH:D050279 VSAO:0005026 Wikipedia:Metacarpus XAO:0003208 anterior metapodial skeleton metacarpal bones metacarpal skeleton metacarpals [I-V] metacarpals set ossa metacarpalia [I-V] ossa metacarpi [I-V] set of metacarpal bones set of metacarpals set of metacarpals [I-V] skeleton of metacarpus uberon anterior metapodium fore metapodial skeleton fore metapodium metacarpalia UBERON:0010544 metacarpus skeleton UBERON:0010544 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg many to one lexical The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the manus skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpus Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000946 AAO AAO:LAP metacarpal bones FMA:71336 metacarpals [I-V] FMA:71336 metacarpals set FMA:71336 ossa metacarpalia [I-V] FMA:71336 FMA:TA ossa metacarpi [I-V] FMA:71336 FMA:TA set of metacarpal bones FMA:71336 set of metacarpals FMA:71336 set of metacarpals [I-V] FMA:71336 anterior metapodium VSAO:0005026 VSAO:NI fore metapodium AAO:0000946 MA:th http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial metacarpalia Wikipedia:Metacarpus Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the pes. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] AAO:0000221 FMA:71340 MESH:D008684 VSAO:0005027 Wikipedia:Metatarsus XAO:0003212 metatarsal bones set metatarsal skeleton metatarsals [I-V] ossa metatarsalia [I-V] ossa metatarsi[I-V] posterior metapodial skeleton set of metatarsal bones set of metatarsals [I-V] skeleton of metatarsus uberon metatarsalia ossa metatarsalia posterior metapodium UBERON:0010545 metatarsus skeleton UBERON:0010545 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png many to one Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the pes. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. Wikipedia:Metatarsus Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000221 AAO AAO:LAP metatarsal bones set FMA:71340 metatarsals [I-V] FMA:71340 ossa metatarsalia [I-V] FMA:71340 FMA:TA ossa metatarsi[I-V] FMA:71340 FMA:TA set of metatarsal bones FMA:71340 set of metatarsals [I-V] FMA:71340 ossa metatarsalia Wikipedia:Metatarsus posterior metapodium VSAO:0005027 VSAO:NI Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton. Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] VSAO:0005025 metacarpal/metatarsal skeleton metapodial skeleton metapodium skeleton skeletal parts of metapodium skeleton of metapodium uberon metapodium UBERON:0010546 metapodial skeleton UBERON:0010546 PHENOSCAPE:ni Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005025 VSAO VSAO:NI relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005025 VSAO relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005025 VSAO metapodial skeleton VSAO:0005025 metapodium skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeletal parts of metapodium https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodium VSAO:0005025 VSAO:NI A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002040 EMAPA:17725 hind limb digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit I metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010547 pedal digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010547 A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit I metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002040 foot digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002045 EMAPA:17727 hind limb digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit II metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010548 pedal digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010548 A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit II metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002045 foot digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002050 EMAPA:17729 hind limb digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit III metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010549 pedal digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010549 A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit III metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002050 foot digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002055 EMAPA:17731 hind limb digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit IV metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010550 pedal digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010550 A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002055 foot digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002060 EMAPA:17733 hind limb digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit V metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010551 pedal digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010551 A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit V metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 toe 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002060 foot digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18106 hind limb digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit I metatarsal cartilage element toe 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation foot digit 1 metatarsal cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010557 pedal digit 1 metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010557 A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit I metatarsal cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 1 metatarsal cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18111 hind limb digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit II metatarsal cartilage element toe 2 metatarsal cartilage element foot digit 2 metatarsal cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010558 pedal digit 2 metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010558 A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit II metatarsal cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 2 metatarsal cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18116 hind limb digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit III metatarsal cartilage element toe 3 metatarsal cartilage element foot digit 3 metatarsal cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010559 pedal digit 3 metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010559 A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit III metatarsal cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 3 metatarsal cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18121 hind limb digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit IV metatarsal cartilage element toe 4 metatarsal cartilage element foot digit 4 metatarsal cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010560 pedal digit 4 metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010560 A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV metatarsal cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 4 metatarsal cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18126 hind limb digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element pedal digit V metatarsal cartilage element toe 5 metatarsal cartilage element foot digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010561 pedal digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010561 A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element OBOL:accepted pedal digit V metatarsal cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 5 metatarsal cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 1. EHDAA2:0002039 EMAPA:17462 hind limb digit 1 mesenchyme pedal digit I mesenchyme foot digit 1 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010562 pedal digit 1 mesenchyme UBERON:0010562 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted pedal digit I mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 1 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 1. EHDAA2:0000513 EMAPA:17431 fore limb digit 1 mesenchyme manual digit I mesenchyme hand digit 1 mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010564 manual digit 1 mesenchyme UBERON:0010564 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 1 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted manual digit I mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000515 EMAPA:17714 finger 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit I metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 1 pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010565 manual digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010565 A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000515 fore limb digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit I metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000521 EMAPA:17716 finger 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit II metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 2 pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010566 manual digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010566 A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000521 fore limb digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit II metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000527 EMAPA:17718 finger 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit III metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 3 pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010567 manual digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010567 A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000527 fore limb digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit III metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000533 EMAPA:17720 finger 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit IV metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 4 pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010568 manual digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010568 A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000533 fore limb digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit IV metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000539 EMAPA:17722 finger 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit V metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 5 pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010569 manual digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010569 A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000539 fore limb digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit V metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000514 EMAPA:18065 finger 1 metacarpus cartilage element fore limb digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element manual digit I metacarpus cartilage element metacarpus 1 cartilage element hand digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010570 manual digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010570 A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 1 metacarpus cartilage element EHDAA2:0000514 fore limb digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted manual digit I metacarpus cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000520 EMAPA:18070 finger 2 metacarpus cartilage element fore limb digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element manual digit II metacarpus cartilage element metacarpus 2 cartilage element hand digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010571 manual digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010571 A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 2 metacarpus cartilage element EHDAA2:0000520 fore limb digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted manual digit II metacarpus cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000526 EMAPA:18075 finger 3 metacarpus cartilage element fore limb digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element manual digit III metacarpus cartilage element metacarpus 3 cartilage element hand digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010572 manual digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010572 A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 3 metacarpus cartilage element EHDAA2:0000526 fore limb digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted manual digit III metacarpus cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000532 EMAPA:18080 finger 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element manual digit IV metacarpus cartilage element metacarpus 4 cartilage element hand digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010573 manual digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010573 A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000532 fore limb digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted manual digit IV metacarpus cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000538 EMAPA:18085 finger 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element manual digit V metacarpus cartilage element metacarpus 5 cartilage element hand digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010574 manual digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010574 A manual digit metacarpus cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic finger 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000538 fore limb digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted manual digit V metacarpus cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000516 EMAPA:17715 fore limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit I phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010575 manual digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010575 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit I phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000522 EMAPA:17717 fore limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit II phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010576 manual digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010576 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit II phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000528 EMAPA:17719 fore limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit III phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010577 manual digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010577 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit III phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000534 EMAPA:17721 fore limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit IV phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010578 manual digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010578 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit IV phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000540 EMAPA:17723 fore limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit V phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010579 manual digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010579 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit V phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002041 EMAPA:17726 hind limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit I phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010580 pedal digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010580 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit I phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002046 EMAPA:17728 hind limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit II phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010581 pedal digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010581 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit II phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002051 EMAPA:17730 hind limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit III phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010582 pedal digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010582 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit III phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002056 EMAPA:17732 hind limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit IV phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010583 pedal digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010583 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002061 EMAPA:17734 hind limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit V phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010584 pedal digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010584 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit V phalanx pre-cartilage condensation https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. EMAPA:32950 VHOG:0000952 foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pes phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010585 pedal digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010585 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000952 hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. EMAPA:32639 VHOG:0000954 fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation forelimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manus phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010586 manual digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010586 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000954 hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18066 fore limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit I phalanx cartilage element hand digit 1 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010675 manual digit 1 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010675 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit I phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18071 fore limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit II phalanx cartilage element hand digit 2 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010676 manual digit 2 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010676 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit II phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 2 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18076 fore limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit III phalanx cartilage element hand digit 3 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010677 manual digit 3 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010677 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit III phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 3 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18081 fore limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit IV phalanx cartilage element hand digit 4 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010678 manual digit 4 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010678 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit IV phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 4 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18086 fore limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit V phalanx cartilage element hand digit 5 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010679 manual digit 5 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010679 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted manual digit V phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 5 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18107 hind limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit I phalanx cartilage element foot digit 1 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010680 pedal digit 1 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010680 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit I phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 1 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18112 hind limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit II phalanx cartilage element foot digit 2 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010681 pedal digit 2 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010681 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit II phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 2 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18117 hind limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit III phalanx cartilage element foot digit 3 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010682 pedal digit 3 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010682 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit III phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 3 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18122 hind limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit IV phalanx cartilage element foot digit 4 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010683 pedal digit 4 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010683 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit IV phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 4 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18127 hind limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit V phalanx cartilage element foot digit 5 phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010684 pedal digit 5 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010684 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted pedal digit V phalanx cartilage element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 5 phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. EMAPA:32948 hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation foot digit phalanx cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010685 pedal digit phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010685 A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted foot digit phalanx cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. EMAPA:32658 fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010686 manual digit phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010686 A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted EMAPA:32956 EMAPA:35568 VHOG:0000948 hind limb digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation metatarsal bone pre-cartilage condensation metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation foot digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010687 pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010687 hind limb digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000948 foot digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:32956 The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. FMA:71337 VSAO:0005029 Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_hand all phalanges in forelimb autopod anterior acropodium skeleton fore acropodium skeleton hand digit skeleton manual digit skeleton manual phalanges phalanges of hand phalanges of manus set of manual phalanges set of phalanges of hand set of phalanges of manus uberon anterior acropodium UBERON:0010688 skeleton of manual acropodium UBERON:0010688 PHENOSCAPE:ni lexical The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual phalanges VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI phalanges of hand FMA:71337 set of phalanges of hand FMA:71337 anterior acropodium VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 1. EHDAA2:0000512 EMAPA:17430 fore limb digit 1 epithelium manual digit I epithelium hand digit 1 epithelium uberon UBERON:0010690 manual digit 1 epithelium UBERON:0010690 An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic fore limb digit 1 epithelium OBOL:accepted manual digit I epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 hand digit 1 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 1. EHDAA2:0002038 EMAPA:17461 hind limb digit 1 epithelium pedal digit I epithelium foot digit 1 epithelium uberon UBERON:0010693 pedal digit 1 epithelium UBERON:0010693 An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic hind limb digit 1 epithelium OBOL:accepted pedal digit I epithelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 foot digit 1 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted Mesenchyme of the carpal region that contributes to the tarsal skeleton. EMAPA:18502 uberon UBERON:0010695 mesenchyme of tarsal region UBERON:0010695 Mesenchyme of the carpal region that contributes to the tarsal skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. FMA:78512 VSAO:0005030 Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_foot all phalanges in hindlimb autopod foot digit skeleton hind acropodium skeleton pedal phalanges phalanges of foot phalanges of pes posterior acropodium skeleton set of pedal phalanges set of phalanges of foot set of phalanges of pes uberon posterior acropodium UBERON:0010696 skeleton of pedal acropodium UBERON:0010696 PHENOSCAPE:ni The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal phalanges VSAO:0005030 VSAO:NI phalanges of foot FMA:78512 set of phalanges of foot FMA:78512 posterior acropodium VSAO:0005030 VSAO:NI EMAPA represents the specific child classes as being part of the digit mesenchyme - we follow this although for the fully formed structure we represent the metatarsals as adjoining rather than being part of the digit skeleton EMAPA:32951 hind limb digit metatarsal cartilage condensation foot digit metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon metatarsal cartilage condensation UBERON:0010697 pedal digit metatarsal cartilage element UBERON:0010697 hind limb digit metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted foot digit metatarsal cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted metatarsal cartilage condensation EMAPA:32951 EMAPA:32850 VHOG:0000953 fore limb digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal bone pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal pre-cartilage condensation metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010698 manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010698 fore limb digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted metacarpal bone pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000953 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000953 hand digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted EMAPA:32849 finger metacarpus cartilage element fore limb digit metacarpus cartilage element metacarpal cartilage element metacarpus cartilage element hand digit metacarpus cartilage element uberon metacarpal cartilage condensation UBERON:0010699 manual digit metacarpus cartilage element UBERON:0010699 fore limb digit metacarpus cartilage element OBOL:accepted hand digit metacarpus cartilage element NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted metacarpal cartilage condensation EMAPA:32849 EMAPA:32720 uberon UBERON:0010700 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010700 EMAPA EMAPA:32721 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010701 phalanx cartilage element UBERON:0010701 phalanx cartilage condensation EMAPA:32721 Mesenchyme of the digit region. EMAPA:32719 NCIT:C34141 UMLS:C1511959 uberon digital ray UBERON:0010702 digit mesenchyme UBERON:0010702 Mesenchyme of the digit region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digital ray NCIT:C34141 The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. adding proxinally_connected_to humerus causes inconsistencies - requires investigation Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna.[AAO] AAO:0000200 FMA:71199 VSAO:0005011 antebrachial skeleton antebrachium skeleton anterior zeugopodium skeleton fore epipodium skeleton forearm skeleton skeleton of forearm wing zeugopod skeleton uberon anterior zeugopodium fore epipodium forelimb epipodium forelimb epipodium skeleton mesomere 2 of pectoral appendage radius and ulna UBERON:0010703 forelimb zeugopod skeleton UBERON:0010703 lexical The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000200 AAO AAO:LAP antebrachium skeleton PHENOSCAPE:ni anterior zeugopodium skeleton VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI forearm skeleton FMA:71199 skeleton of forearm FMA:71199 wing zeugopod skeleton NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic anterior zeugopodium VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI fore epipodium AAO:0000200 forelimb epipodium VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI mesomere 2 of pectoral appendage ISBN:0226313409 An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) 2012-04-23T10:46:51Z EMAPA:37858 FMA:7182 VSAO:0000214 appendage complex appendage-girdle complex appendage/girdle complex girdle plus limb or fin uberon limb UBERON:0010707 appendage girdle complex UBERON:0010707 An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000214 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] 2012-09-06 VSAO:0000214 VSAO Curator note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) FMA EMAPA:37858 MA:th appendage complex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 appendage-girdle complex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 appendage/girdle complex VSAO:0000214 girdle plus limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb FMA:7182 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendage and half of the pectoral girdle.[VSAO] note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) EMAPA:37860 FMA:7183 SCTID:110716002 VSAO:0000213 pectoral appendage/girdle complex pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin uberon upper limb upper limb and pectoral girdle upper limb and shoulder UBERON:0010708 pectoral complex UBERON:0010708 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. VSAO:0000213 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendage and half of the pectoral girdle.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000213 VSAO VSAO:MAH note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) FMA EMAPA:37860 MA:th pectoral appendage/girdle complex VSAO:0000213 pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper limb FMA:7183 upper limb and pectoral girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper limb and shoulder https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here EMAPA:37863 FMA:7184 SCTID:416631005 VSAO:0000215 pelvic appendage/girdle complex pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin uberon lower limb lower limb and pelvic girdle lower limb and pelvis UBERON:0010709 pelvic complex UBERON:0010709 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. VSAO:0000215 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000215 VSAO VSAO:MAH note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here FMA EMAPA:37863 MA:th pelvic appendage/girdle complex VSAO:0000215 pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb FMA:7184 lower limb and pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb and pelvis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. note the distinction between this and skeleton of limb VSAO:0005018 uberon UBERON:0010712 limb skeleton subdivision UBERON:0010712 VSAO Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. VSAO:0005018 VSAO:NI An iliac endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0000808 EMAPA:18347 VHOG:0001126 uberon iliac cartilage condensation UBERON:0010714 iliac cartilage element UBERON:0010714 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An iliac endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic iliac cartilage condensation EMAPA:18347 A pubic endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001573 EMAPA:26928 uberon pubic cartilage condensation UBERON:0010718 pubic cartilage element UBERON:0010718 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A pubic endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic pubic cartilage condensation EMAPA:26928 The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] AAO:0010686 VSAO:0000302 skeleton of girdle uberon UBERON:0010719 girdle skeleton UBERON:0010719 The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. Typically consists of the tibia and the fibula. Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula.[AAO] AAO:0000216 VSAO:0005014 crural skeleton crus skeleton hindlimb zygopod skeleton posterior zeugopodium skeleton skeleton cruris uberon hind epipodium hindlimb epipodium mesomere 2 of pelvic appendage posterior zeugopodium UBERON:0010720 hindlimb zeugopod skeleton UBERON:0010720 Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. Typically consists of the tibia and the fibula. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000216 AAO AAO:LAP crural skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 crus skeleton PHENOSCAPE:ni skeleton cruris NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria:2005 hind epipodium AAO:0000216 hindlimb epipodium VSAO:0005014 VSAO:NI mesomere 2 of pelvic appendage ISBN:0226313409 posterior zeugopodium VSAO:0005014 There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone[WP, unvetted, human specific]. Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.[AAO] AAO:0000914 FMA:24517 NCIT:C32416 SCTID:182102002 UMLS:C1511560 Wikipedia:Cuneiform_(anatomy) cuneiform bone distal tarsal distal tarsal bone os cuneiform os cuneiforme uberon cuneiform UBERON:0010721 distal tarsal bone UBERON:0010721 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray268.png There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone[WP, unvetted, human specific]. Wikipedia:Cuneiform_(anatomy) Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000914 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C1511560 ncithesaurus:Cuneiform_Bone_of_the_Foot cuneiform bone FMA:24517 distal tarsal AAO:0000914 An accessory bone tubercle which if present lies posterior to the talus. FMA:33655 SCTID:87573005 Wikipedia:Os_trigonum accessory talus os trigonum os trigonum of talus tuberculum laterale (talus) uberon UBERON:0010724 lateral tubercle of talus UBERON:0010724 FMA An accessory bone tubercle which if present lies posterior to the talus. Wikipedia:Os_trigonum accessory talus Wikipedia:Os_trigonum os trigonum FMA:TA os trigonum of talus FMA:33655 tuberculum laterale (talus) FMA:33655 A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). EMAPA:35494 MA:0000688 uberon bone of extended limb/fin region limb bone UBERON:0010740 bone of appendage girdle complex UBERON:0010740 UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bone of extended limb/fin region UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb bone MA:0000688 UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. considering adding pectoral and pelvic complex skeleton classes note that the MA class includes girdle parts so it belongs here; EMAPA:32623 EMAPA:35933 MA:0000612 wing bone uberon bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle forelimb bone UBERON:0010741 bone of pectoral complex UBERON:0010741 A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 note that the MA class includes girdle parts so it belongs here; MA wing bone UBERONREF:0000003 bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forelimb bone MA:0000612 UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle EMAPA:32633 EMAPA:35934 MA:0000660 uberon hindlimb bone UBERON:0010742 bone of pelvic complex UBERON:0010742 MA A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle MA hindlimb bone MA:0000660 UBERONREF:0000003 The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. meningeal In some primitive organisms, the meningeal cluster includes only the primitive meninx EHDAA2:0004661 EMAPA:32660 FMA:231572 NCIT:C12349 SCTID:362879001 UMLS:C0228116 Wikipedia:Meninges neuronames:1465 cerebral meninges cluster of meninges meninges uberon UBERON:0010743 meningeal cluster UBERON:0010743 The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cluster of meninges FMA:231572 meninges FMA:231572 A sacral vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0001774 EMAPA:17677 sacral vertebral pre-cartilage condensation group uberon UBERON:0010744 sacral vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010744 A sacral vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic sacral vertebral pre-cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0001774 A sacral vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001773 EMAPA:18009 sacral vertebral cartilage condensation sacral vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon UBERON:0010745 sacral vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0010745 EHDAA2 A sacral vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic sacral vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0001773 A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. FBbt:00007018 appendage segment appendicular segment uberon UBERON:0010758 subdivision of organism along appendicular axis UBERON:0010758 A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 appendage segment FBbt:00007018 A calcaneum endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. EMAPA:17736 calcaneous pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010801 calcaneum pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010801 A calcaneum endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A calcaneum endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EMAPA:18143 calcaneous cartilage element uberon UBERON:0010842 calcaneum cartilage element UBERON:0010842 A calcaneum endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a clavicle. In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. EMAPA:18342 uberon UBERON:0010843 clavicle cartilage element UBERON:0010843 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a clavicle. OBOL:automatic In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a clavicle. In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. EMAPA:18026 uberon UBERON:0010844 clavicle pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010844 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a clavicle. OBOL:automatic In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal. ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a radius bone. still to decide whether this is a distinct pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001586 uberon UBERON:0010846 radius pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010846 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a radius bone. OBOL:automatic A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a ulna. EHDAA2:0002100 EHDAA:6226 uberon UBERON:0010847 ulna pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010847 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a ulna. OBOL:automatic A radius-ulna endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. note that this is not represented as a single unit in EHDAA2 EMAPA:17711 radio-ulna cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010848 radius-ulna cartilage element UBERON:0010848 EMAPA A radius-ulna endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic note that this is not represented as a single unit in EHDAA2 EHDAA2 radio-ulna cartilage condensation EMAPA:17711 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. EMAPA:18155 uberon UBERON:0010849 tibia cartilage element UBERON:0010849 EMAPA A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. OBOL:automatic A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. EHDAA2:0002036 uberon UBERON:0010850 tibia pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010850 EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. OBOL:automatic A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a fibula. EMAPA:18154 fibulal cartilage condensation fibular cartilage condensation uberon fibulra cartilage condensation UBERON:0010851 fibula cartilage element UBERON:0010851 EMAPA A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a fibula. OBOL:automatic fibulal cartilage condensation EMAPA:18154 fibular cartilage condensation EMAPA:18154 fibulra cartilage condensation EMAPA:18154 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a fibula. EHDAA2:0000509 EHDAA:6196 fibulal pre-cartilage condensation fibular pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010852 fibula pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010852 EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a fibula. OBOL:automatic A smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. TODO - check AAO. In birds, where forelimb anatomy has adaptation for flight, its functional if not ontogenetic equivalent is the dorsal condyle of the humerus The Capitulum humeri is present in Carnivora, more distinctly in the cat than in the dog. The Fossa coronoidea, present in the cat is medial to the Fossa radialis and accommodates the Processus coronoideus medialis ulnae when the elbow is flexed. A Foramen supratrochleare occurs in carnivora and occasionally in pig.[NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2005)] FMA:23373 SCTID:282816008 Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus humeral capitulum uberon capitellum capitulum humeri capitulum of humerus dorsal condyle of the humerus UBERON:0010853 capitulum of humerus UBERON:0010853 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Capitulumhumeri.PNG FMA A smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus TODO - check AAO. WP humeral capitulum FMA:23373 capitellum Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus capitulum humeri Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus capitulum of humerus Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus dorsal condyle of the humerus Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0010881 limb cartilage element UBERON:0010881 A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0010882 limb bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010882 A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. EMAPA:32626 forelimb wing cartilaginous condensation wing cartilaginous condensation uberon UBERON:0010883 forelimb cartilage element UBERON:0010883 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. OBOL:automatic forelimb wing cartilaginous condensation NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing cartilaginous condensation NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. EMAPA:32625 wing bone pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010884 forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010884 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. OBOL:automatic wing bone pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. EMAPA:32632 hindlimb cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010885 hindlimb cartilage element UBERON:0010885 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. OBOL:automatic hindlimb cartilage condensation EMAPA:32632 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. EMAPA:32638 hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0010886 hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010886 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. OBOL:automatic hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:32638 A small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. The tragus is generally believed to play a role in vertical sound localization in bats FMA:60998 NCIT:C33801 SCTID:362541003 UMLS:C0229312 Wikipedia:Tragus_(ear) tragal part of pinna uberon UBERON:0010887 tragus UBERON:0010887 FMA Wikipedia-uncited A small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. Wikipedia:Tragus_(ear) UMLS:C0229312 ncithesaurus:Tragus tragal part of pinna FMA:60998 Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] AAO:0000218 EMAPA:32634 FMA:9622 MA:0000663 pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle uberon lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle of pelvic girdle and leg UBERON:0010890 pelvic complex muscle UBERON:0010890 prolog Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000218 AAO AAO:EJS pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles AAO:0000218 pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb muscle FMA:9622 muscle of lower limb FMA:9622 A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. the MA class belongs here, based on its current child classes Muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand (brachium, antebrachium, manus respectively).[AAO] AAO:0010687 EMAPA:32624 FMA:9621 MA:0000615 pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles muscle of pectoral girdle and wing muscle of upper limb upper limb muscle uberon muscle of pectoral girdle and limb UBERON:0010891 pectoral complex muscle UBERON:0010891 prolog A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand (brachium, antebrachium, manus respectively).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010687 AAO AAO:EJS pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles AAO:0010687 muscle of pectoral girdle and wing NCBITaxon:8782 muscle of upper limb FMA:9621 upper limb muscle FMA:9621 Am unpaired external naris that lies in the midline of the head. UBERON:0012123 median anterior naris median nostril nasohypophysial opening uberon UBERON:0010893 median external naris UBERON:0010893 Am unpaired external naris that lies in the midline of the head. OBOL:automatic nasohypophysial opening http://tolweb.org/Hyperoartia horny denticle uberon UBERON:0010894 The hagfish's jawless mouth contains two parallel rows of pointed keratinous teeth keratinous tooth UBERON:0010894 horny denticle http://tolweb.org/Hyperoartia Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. AAO:0010046 BILA:0000046 CARO:0000046 HAO:0000046 TADS:0000609 uberon serially hermaphroditic organism simultaneous hermaphroditic organism UBERON:0010899 synchronous hermaphroditic organism UBERON:0010899 CARO Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. CARO:0000046 serially hermaphroditic organism CARO:0000046 simultaneous hermaphroditic organism https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A primordium that develops into a clavicle bone. EHDAA2:0000254 clavicle primordium uberon UBERON:0010905 lateral part derives from a fish dermal bone while the medial part comes from a spur off the manubrium endochondral bone[JB] clavicle bone primordium UBERON:0010905 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 mah shown in mouse PMC1352163 A primordium that develops into a clavicle bone. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/327 Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. VSAO:0000132 Wikipedia:Ossicles uberon UBERON:0010911 Ossicles are composed of a combination skeletal tissues, including bone, calcified cartilage, hyaline cartilage, etc, and exhibit variable development across species. Ossicles are not necessarily jointed, and examples include the menisci of synovial joints, 'Panda's thumb' (radial sesamoid), cardiac skeletal elements, sclerotic bones, middle ear ossicles, and sesamoids. ossicle UBERON:0010911 VSAO Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. PSPUB:0000169 VSAO:0000132 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] FMA:23879 SCTID:129140006 VSAO:0000042 skeletal subdivision uberon subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) UBERON:0010912 subdivision of skeleton UBERON:0010912 cjm UBERONREF:0000003 VSAO Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000042 incorrect VSAO VSAO:curator skeletal subdivision VSAO:0000042 subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) FMA:23879 Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. we include a distinct subclass for bony vertebra In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] vertebral Typically an endochondral element, in salamanders there is an argument that vertebral development is perichondral and not preformed in cartilage UBERON:0015005 vertebra skeletal element VHOG:0001143 VSAO:0000184 vertebra element vertebra endochondral element vertebral endochondral element uberon UBERON:0010913 vertebral element UBERON:0010913 VSAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/82 VSAO cjm Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000184 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/294 In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001143 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ vertebra skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern vertebra element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern vertebra endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/82 vertebral endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/82 A muscle organ that attaches_to a clavicle and attaches_to a occipital bone. EMAPA:37688 MA:0002276 NCIT:C52895 cleido-occipitalis cleido-occipitalis muscle cleidooccipital uberon UBERON:0010948 Some studies have indicated a supernumerary cleido-occipital muscle more or less separate from the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; The frequency of cleido-occipital muscle occurrence has been reported up to 33% cleidooccipital muscle UBERON:0010948 A muscle organ that attaches_to a clavicle and attaches_to a occipital bone. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37688 MA:th cleidooccipital MA:0002276 A muscle organ that has_muscle_insertion a occipital bone and has_muscle_origin a sternum. EMAPA:37702 MA:0002385 NCIT:C53069 UMLS:C1710196 sternooccipital uberon UBERON:0010949 sternooccipital muscle UBERON:0010949 A muscle organ that has_muscle_insertion a occipital bone and has_muscle_origin a sternum. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37702 MA:th UMLS:C1710196 ncithesaurus:Sternooccipital sternooccipital MA:0002385 EHDAA2:0002079 uberon UBERON:0010955 trapezius pre-muscle mass UBERON:0010955 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. NCIT:C32716 UMLS:C0448281 muscle of head or neck uberon muscle of head and neck UBERON:0010959 craniocervical muscle UBERON:0010959 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0448281 ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck_Muscle EHDAA2:0003425 uberon UBERON:0010963 isa row in EHDAA2 trunk and cervical myotome group UBERON:0010963 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000933 uberon UBERON:0010982 latissimus dorsi pre-muscle mass UBERON:0010982 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000993 uberon UBERON:0010983 levator scapulae pre-muscle mass UBERON:0010983 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001833 EHDAA:5992 serratus anterior pre-muscle mass uberon UBERON:0010986 serratus ventralis pre-muscle mass UBERON:0010986 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 serratus anterior pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0001833 A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. EFO:0003689 TAO:0001460 ZFA:0001460 pharyngeal arch cartilages splanchnocranium cartilage uberon UBERON:0011004 pharyngeal arch cartilage UBERON:0011004 ZFA ZFA A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal arch cartilages ZFA:0001460 splanchnocranium cartilage ZFA:0001460 The eighth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. EMAPA:19549 FMA:9991 MA:0001445 NCIT:C33730 SCTID:181836007 UMLS:C0459953 T8 vertebra eighth dorsal vertebra eighth thoracic vertebra uberon UBERON:0011050 thoracic vertebra 8 UBERON:0011050 MA FMA The eighth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:T8_Vertebra UMLS:C0459953 ncithesaurus:T8_Vertebra T8 vertebra FMA:9991 eighth dorsal vertebra FMA:9991 eighth thoracic vertebra FMA:9991 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003659 TAO:0001272 VHOG:0000511 ZFA:0001272 dorsal visceral arch 1 upper pharyngeal jaw uberon dorsal mandibular arch dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 dorsal visceral arch 1 palatoquadrate arch upper jaw upper pharyngeal jaw UBERON:0011085 palatoquadrate arch UBERON:0011085 cjm VHOG The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. VHOG:0000511 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/153 Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000511 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ dorsal visceral arch 1 ZFA:0001272 upper pharyngeal jaw ZFA:0001272 dorsal mandibular arch VHOG:0000511 dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 VHOG:0000511 dorsal visceral arch 1 VHOG:0000511 palatoquadrate arch VHOG:0000511 upper jaw VHOG:0000511 upper pharyngeal jaw VHOG:0000511 A ligament that is part of a knee joint. FMA:44580 SCTID:182440009 knee joint ligament uberon UBERON:0011088 ligament of knee joint UBERON:0011088 A ligament that is part of a knee joint. OBOL:automatic knee joint ligament FMA:44580 A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. FMA:87593 uberon UBERON:0011090 skeleton of right pelvic girdle UBERON:0011090 A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. FMA:87594 uberon UBERON:0011091 skeleton of left pelvic girdle UBERON:0011091 A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:16582 right pelvic girdle uberon UBERON:0011092 right pelvic girdle region UBERON:0011092 A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic right pelvic girdle FMA:16582 A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:16583 left pelvic girdle uberon UBERON:0011093 left pelvic girdle region UBERON:0011093 A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic left pelvic girdle FMA:16583 The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. This class is a superclass of individual vertebral cartilage condensations. Note that EHDAA2 represents these as condensation groups EMAPA:32669 VHOG:0000584 vertebral cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0011094 vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0011094 The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000184 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vertebra-like cartilage in hagfish are homologous to gnathostome vertebrae. mesenchymal cells express Pax1/9 and Twist PMC3157150 This class is a superclass of individual vertebral cartilage condensations. Note that EHDAA2 represents these as condensation groups EHDAA2 vertebral cartilage condensation VHOG:0000584 The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. EMAPA:32671 VHOG:0000582 vertebral pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0011095 vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0011095 The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000184 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vertebral pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000582 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. FMA:86330 fifth metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 5 epiphysis uberon UBERON:0011104 epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone UBERON:0011104 An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. OBOL:automatic fifth metacarpal bone epiphysis FMA:86330 A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. FMA:35173 NCIT:C32890 UMLS:C0827002 joint of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle joint uberon UBERON:0011107 synovial joint of pelvic girdle UBERON:0011107 A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0827002 ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle joint FMA:35173 A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. in FMA, these are part of the bony pectoral girdle FMA:35243 SCTID:303080001 joint of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle joint uberon UBERON:0011108 synovial joint of pectoral girdle UBERON:0011108 A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic in FMA, these are part of the bony pectoral girdle FMA pectoral girdle joint FMA:35243 The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. FMA:38854 SCTID:303064006 Wikipedia:Humeroulnar_joint articulatio humeroulnaris humero-ulnar joint uberon UBERON:0011110 humeroulnar joint UBERON:0011110 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png FMA The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. Wikipedia:Humeroulnar_joint articulatio humeroulnaris FMA:TA humero-ulnar joint FMA:38854 A hinge joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. FMA:38855 SCTID:182171008 Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint articulatio humeroradialis humero-radial joint uberon UBERON:0011111 humeroradial joint UBERON:0011111 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png FMA A hinge joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 articulatio humeroradialis Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint A joint that connects the tibia and the fibula. we include location as part of the logical definition to prevent accidental classification of ankle joints as tibiofibular joints FMA:35181 SCTID:244554002 Wikipedia:Tibiofibular_joint fibulatibial joint fibulotibial joint tibiafibular joint uberon UBERON:0011112 tibiofibular joint UBERON:0011112 FMA A joint that connects the tibia and the fibula. Wikipedia:Tibiofibular_joint https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term 'tibiofibular articulation' is used without a modifier, it refers to the superior, and not the inferior tibiofibular articulation. tibiofibular joint FMA:35184 SCTID:182208008 Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint proximal tibiofibular joint uberon articulatio tibiofibularis proximal tibiofibular joint proximal tibiofibular syndesmosis superior tibiofibular articulation UBERON:0011117 superior tibiofibular joint UBERON:0011117 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Gray347.png The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term 'tibiofibular articulation' is used without a modifier, it refers to the superior, and not the inferior tibiofibular articulation. Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint tibiofibular joint Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint proximal tibiofibular joint FMA:35184 articulatio tibiofibularis Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint proximal tibiofibular joint Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint proximal tibiofibular syndesmosis FMA:35184 superior tibiofibular articulation Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint The tarsometatarsal articulations are arthrodial joints in the pes. FMA:35216 SCTID:182222008 Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations tarso-metatarsal join uberon Lisfranc joint articulationes tarsometatarsales cuboideometatarsal tarsometatarsal tarsometatarsal articulation UBERON:0011118 tarsometatarsal joint UBERON:0011118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Gray355.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray358.png The tarsometatarsal articulations are arthrodial joints in the pes. Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations Lisfranc joint Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations articulationes tarsometatarsales Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations cuboideometatarsal Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations tarsometatarsal Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations tarsometatarsal articulation Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations The carpometacarpal joints (CMC) are joints in the wrist that articulates the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the metacarpal bones. CMJ carpometacarpal FMA:35287 MESH:D052737 NCIT:C32265 SCTID:361842002 UMLS:C0224620 Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint articulationes carpometacarpeæ uberon carpometacarpal articulation UBERON:0011119 carpometacarpal joint UBERON:0011119 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray335.png The carpometacarpal joints (CMC) are joints in the wrist that articulates the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the metacarpal bones. Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint CMJ Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint carpometacarpal Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint UMLS:C0224620 ncithesaurus:Carpometacarpal_Joint articulationes carpometacarpeæ Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint carpometacarpal articulation Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint A skeletal joint that connects a laryngeal cartilage. FMA:55100 joint of larynx laryngeal articulation uberon UBERON:0011120 laryngeal joint UBERON:0011120 FMA A skeletal joint that connects a laryngeal cartilage. OBOL:automatic joint of larynx FMA:55100 laryngeal articulation FMA:55100 2 A skeletal joint that connects two adjacent metacarpals[FMA,modified]. FMA:35288 SCTID:303065007 Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations uberon intermetacarpal intermetacarpal articulation UBERON:0011131 intermetacarpal joint UBERON:0011131 two adjacent metacarpals A skeletal joint that connects two adjacent metacarpals[FMA,modified]. FMA:35288 intermetacarpal Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations intermetacarpal articulation Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations 2 A skeletal joint that connects two carpal bones. FMA:35292 NCIT:C32264 SCTID:182176003 UMLS:C1262468 Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations carpal joint uberon intercarpal intercarpal articulation midcarpal articulation UBERON:0011132 intercarpal joint UBERON:0011132 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Gray336.png FMA two adjacent carpals A skeletal joint that connects two carpal bones. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1262468 ncithesaurus:Carpal_Joint carpal joint FMA:35292 intercarpal Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations intercarpal articulation Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations midcarpal articulation Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations 2 A joint that connects two adjacent metatarsals. In humans: The base of the first metatarsal is not connected with that of the second by any ligaments; in this respect the great toe resembles the thumb FMA:35219 SCTID:361868009 Wikipedia:Intermetatarsal_articulations uberon UBERON:0011133 intermetatarsal joint UBERON:0011133 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray358.png two adjacent metatarsals A joint that connects two adjacent metatarsals. Wikipedia:Intermetatarsal_articulations In humans: The base of the first metatarsal is not connected with that of the second by any ligaments; in this respect the great toe resembles the thumb WP Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. FMA:7491 solid joint uberon UBERON:0011134 nonsynovial joint UBERON:0011134 FMA Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. FMA:7491 solid joint FMA:7491 2 A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra.[AAO] AAO:0000795 uberon UBERON:0011135 intervertebral cartilage UBERON:0011135 FMA MA between two centra A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. ISBN:0073040584 Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000795 AAO AAO:Trueb_1973 Ligament that joins successive centra. Important in controlling the stiffness of the vertebral column when it flexes. intervertebral ligament vertebral centrum ligament FMA:31892 SCTID:244590009 vertebral column ligament uberon UBERON:0011136 ligament of vertebral column UBERON:0011136 Ligament that joins successive centra. Important in controlling the stiffness of the vertebral column when it flexes. ISBN:0073040584 vertebral column ligament FMA:31892 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. FMA:7483 uberon UBERON:0011137 axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton UBERON:0011137 FMA Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. axial skeletal system FMA:302077 post-cranial axial skeletal system uberon UBERON:0011138 postcranial axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton UBERON:0011138 FMA cjm Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/44 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 axial skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. FMA:258776 synovial joint of free limb segment uberon UBERON:0011139 Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses. synovial limb joint UBERON:0011139 Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 synovial joint of free limb segment FMA:258776 Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. VSAO:0000131 XAO:0004194 ossicle of appendicular skeleton uberon UBERON:0011141 Examples of appendicular ossicles include the patella and meniscus of the knee joint. appendicular ossicle UBERON:0011141 Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. PSPUB:0000169 VSAO:0000131 ossicle of appendicular skeleton OBOL:automatic Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. VSAO:0000133 ossicle of axial skeleton ossicle of postcranial-axial skeleton uberon vertebral ossicle UBERON:0011142 Examples of axial ossicles include the ossified tendons adjacent to the neural spines of the vertebral column. axial ossicle UBERON:0011142 Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. PSPUB:0000169 VSAO:0000133 ossicle of axial skeleton OBOL:automatic ossicle of postcranial-axial skeleton OBOL:automatic vertebral ossicle OBOL:automatic Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. FMA:45658 NCIT:C61107 SCTID:181413006 galen:UpperUrinaryTract uberon UBERON:0011143 upper urinary tract UBERON:0011143 FMA FMA-abduced-lr Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. FMA:45658 Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. BTO:0003751 EMAPA:37970 Wikipedia:Submucosal_glands uberon UBERON:0011148 submucosal gland UBERON:0011148 perforates Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. BTO:0003751 Wikipedia:Submucosal_glands EMAPA:37970 MA:th Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. EHDAA2:0002206 EHDAA:8361 EMAPA:18022 FMA:53673 MA:0000318 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton facial skeleton uberon facial bone ossa facialia ossa faciei viscerocranium UBERON:0011156 facial skeleton UBERON:0011156 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg FMA FMA Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. MP:0005274 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton http://www.bartleby.com/107/37.html https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 facial skeleton FMA:53673 facial bone MA:0000318 ossa facialia Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ossa faciei Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton viscerocranium MA:0000318 The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. FMA:54964 skull subdivision subdivision of skull uberon UBERON:0011158 primary subdivision of skull UBERON:0011158 FMA The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skull subdivision FMA:54964 subdivision of skull FMA:54964 uberon UBERON:0011159 primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system UBERON:0011159 FMA A suture joining a nasal bone to another bone. SCTID:368992007 uberon UBERON:0011160 nasal suture UBERON:0011160 A suture joining a nasal bone to another bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a supraoccipital bone. EMAPA:18341 supra-occipital cartilage condensation supraoccipital cartilage condensation uberon non-squamous part of supraoccipital bone UBERON:0011162 supraoccipital cartilage element UBERON:0011162 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a supraoccipital bone. OBOL:automatic supraoccipital cartilage condensation EMAPA:18341 non-squamous part of supraoccipital bone EMAPA:18341 A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a supraoccipital bone. EHDAA2:0001963 EHDAA:9534 supra-occipital pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0011163 supraoccipital pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0011163 EHDAA2-inferred A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a supraoccipital bone. OBOL:automatic supra-occipital pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001963 A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35238 MA:0001478 SCTID:120229002 chondrocranium bone uberon UBERON:0011164 neurocranium bone UBERON:0011164 A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic chondrocranium bone MA:0001478 Synovial joint that articulates bones of upper and lower jaw. Some synapsids retained two pairs of jaw joints - quadrate-articular and tempero-mandibular, but this unusual paired condition did not last long jaw joint NCIT:C32888 craniomandibular joint uberon UBERON:0011171 joint connecting upper and lower jaws UBERON:0011171 abduced Synovial joint that articulates bones of upper and lower jaw. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Some synapsids retained two pairs of jaw joints - quadrate-articular and tempero-mandibular, but this unusual paired condition did not last long http://evolution.berkeley.edu A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system. NCIT:C32669 UMLS:C1517464 uberon UBERON:0011185 gastrointestinal sphincter UBERON:0011185 A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1517464 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Sphincter The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions. the highest of these gives ('superior facet') insertion to the Supraspinatus the middle ('middle facet') to the Infraspinatus. the lowest one ('inferior facet'), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove). FMA:23390 NCIT:C32700 SCTID:181934009 UMLS:C1512275 Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle greater tubercle greater tubercle of humerus greater tuberosity of humerus tuberculum majus tuberculum majus humeri uberon greater tubercle of the humerus greater tuberosity UBERON:0011187 ventral tubercle of humerus UBERON:0011187 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray326.png FMA FMA The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions. the highest of these gives ('superior facet') insertion to the Supraspinatus the middle ('middle facet') to the Infraspinatus. the lowest one ('inferior facet'), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove). Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle UMLS:C1512275 ncithesaurus:Greater_Tuberosity greater tubercle FMA:23390 greater tubercle of humerus FMA:23390 greater tuberosity of humerus FMA:23390 tuberculum majus FMA:TA tuberculum majus humeri Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle greater tubercle of the humerus Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle greater tuberosity Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. FMA:15654 NCIT:C49298 UMLS:C1708644 lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine large intestinal lamina propria large intestine lamina propria uberon UBERON:0011189 lamina propria of large intestine UBERON:0011189 FMA A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708644 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine FMA:15654 large intestine lamina propria FMA:15654 A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. FMA:14971 NCIT:C32927 UMLS:C0734205 muscular coat of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine muscularis externa of large intestine tunica muscularis intestini crassi uberon UBERON:0011198 muscle layer of large intestine UBERON:0011198 FMA A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0734205 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscular_Coat muscular coat of large intestine FMA:14971 muscular layer of large intestine FMA:14971 muscularis externa of large intestine FMA:14971 tunica muscularis intestini crassi FMA:TA The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx. It is a slightly moveable joint which is frequently, partially or completely, obliterated in old age, homologous with the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. FMA:16210 NCIT:C33506 UMLS:C0224593 Wikipedia:Sacrococcygeal_symphysis sacrococcygeal joint uberon sacrococcygeal joint UBERON:0011200 sacrococcygeal symphysis UBERON:0011200 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gray320.png FMA The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx. It is a slightly moveable joint which is frequently, partially or completely, obliterated in old age, homologous with the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. Wikipedia:Sacrococcygeal_symphysis UMLS:C0224593 ncithesaurus:Sacrococcygeal_Joint sacrococcygeal joint FMA:16210 sacrococcygeal joint Wikipedia:Sacrococcygeal_symphysis A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. FMA:14932 NCIT:C33569 SCTID:362145004 UMLS:C0227269 muscular coat of small intestine muscular layer of small intestine muscularis externa of small intestine small intestine muscularis propria tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) tunica muscularis intestini tenuis uberon UBERON:0011201 muscle layer of small intestine UBERON:0011201 FMA A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227269 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Muscular_Coat muscular coat of small intestine FMA:14932 muscular layer of small intestine FMA:14932 muscularis externa of small intestine FMA:14932 small intestine muscularis propria FMA:14932 tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) FMA:14932 tunica muscularis intestini tenuis FMA:TA A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. FMA:83143 cell part cluster of neuraxis neuraxis layer uberon UBERON:0011215 central nervous system cell part cluster UBERON:0011215 A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. OBOL:automatic cell part cluster of neuraxis FMA:83143 neuraxis layer FMA:83143 A subdivision of an anatomical system. FBbt:00007330 FMA:67509 SCTID:91690000 uberon UBERON:0011216 organ system subdivision UBERON:0011216 FBbt A subdivision of an anatomical system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] AAO:0010038 EMAPA:18808 FMA:49150 intrinsic muscle of eyeball intrinsic ocular muscle uberon UBERON:0011222 intra-ocular muscle UBERON:0011222 EMAPA Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010038 AAO AAO:EJS intrinsic ocular muscle EMAPA:18808 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. synovium BTO:0001823 FMA:40878 Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath uberon UBERON:0011233 Alternate def: A synovial sheath is a layer of a tendon sheath containing tendons in the hand and foot. They lie internal to the fibrous tendon sheaths. An example is the common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons. [Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath] synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath UBERON:0011233 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. FMA:45087 Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath synovium BTO:0001823 FMA:40877 uberon UBERON:0011234 fibrous membrane of synovial tendon sheath UBERON:0011234 The most anterior region of the braincase. Provides structural support for peripheral olfactory organ. currently this is not restricted to skeletal elements, unlike UBERONREF:0000007 AAO:0000986 uberon UBERON:0011241 ethmoid region UBERON:0011241 The most anterior region of the braincase. Provides structural support for peripheral olfactory organ. UBERONREF:0000007 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] FMA:7484 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000306 uberon UBERON:0011249 appendicular skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton UBERON:0011249 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000306 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern uberon UBERON:0011250 autopod bone UBERON:0011250 A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A carpometacarpal joint that connects to metacarpal 1. In humans it connects the trapezium to the first metacarpal bone, plays an irreplaceable role in the normal functioning of the thumb. The most important joint connecting the wrist to the metacarpus, osteoarthritis of the TMC is a severely disabling condition; up to twenty times more common among old women than in average FMA:35421 SCTID:361843007 Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb carpometacarpal joint of digit I carpometacarpal joint of pollex carpometacarpal joint of thumb uberon TMJ carpometacarpal joint of the thumb trapeziometacarpal joint UBERON:0011265 carpometacarpal joint of digit 1 UBERON:0011265 A carpometacarpal joint that connects to metacarpal 1. Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb In humans it connects the trapezium to the first metacarpal bone, plays an irreplaceable role in the normal functioning of the thumb. The most important joint connecting the wrist to the metacarpus, osteoarthritis of the TMC is a severely disabling condition; up to twenty times more common among old women than in average WP carpometacarpal joint of digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 carpometacarpal joint of pollex FMA:35421 carpometacarpal joint of thumb FMA:35421 TMJ Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb trapeziometacarpal joint Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. In humans, the subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the trunk proper by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall; together with the trunk proper, it constitutes the trunk[FMA] EMAPA:35162 FMA:25056 MA:0000020 Wikipedia:Human_back back of trunk dorsal part of trunk dorsum of trunk trunk back uberon UBERON:0011270 dorsal trunk UBERON:0011270 FMA FMA The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Human_back back of trunk FMA:25056 dorsum of trunk FMA:25056 trunk back FMA:25056 compare with 'stratum basale of epidermis'. This class is the source for many adult structures - see WP2062. See also: 'enveloping layer of ectoderm' EHDAA2:0001845 uberon basal cell layer of skin outer epithelium of body UBERON:0011272 embryonic skin basal layer UBERON:0011272 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 outer epithelium of body Wikipathways:WP2062 A nail that is part of a manual digit 1. EMAPA:18734 FMA:54329 SCTID:181584008 claw of digit 1 of fore-paw nail of manual digit I nail of thumb nail plate of thumb thumb nail uberon UBERON:0011273 nail of manual digit 1 UBERON:0011273 FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 1 of fore-paw EMAPA:18734 nail of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of thumb FMA:54329 nail plate of thumb FMA:54329 thumb nail FMA:54329 A nail that is part of a manual digit 2. EMAPA:18735 FMA:54332 SCTID:181580004 claw of digit 2 of fore-paw index finger nail nail of index finger nail of manual digit II nail of second finger nail plate of index finger uberon UBERON:0011274 nail of manual digit 2 UBERON:0011274 FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 2 of fore-paw EMAPA:18735 index finger nail FMA:54332 nail of index finger FMA:54332 nail of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of second finger FMA:54332 nail plate of index finger FMA:54332 A nail that is part of a manual digit 3. EMAPA:18736 FMA:54335 SCTID:181581000 claw of digit 3 of fore-paw middle finger nail nail of manual digit III nail of middle finger nail of third finger nail plate of middle finger uberon UBERON:0011275 nail of manual digit 3 UBERON:0011275 FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 3 of fore-paw EMAPA:18736 middle finger nail FMA:54335 nail of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of middle finger FMA:54335 nail of third finger FMA:54335 nail plate of middle finger FMA:54335 A nail that is part of a manual digit 4. EMAPA:18737 FMA:54338 SCTID:181582007 claw of digit 4 of fore-paw nail of fourth finger nail of manual digit IV nail of ring finger nail plate of ring finger ring finger nail uberon UBERON:0011276 nail of manual digit 4 UBERON:0011276 FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 4 of fore-paw EMAPA:18737 nail of fourth finger FMA:54338 nail of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of ring finger FMA:54338 nail plate of ring finger FMA:54338 ring finger nail FMA:54338 A nail that is part of a manual digit 5. EMAPA:18738 FMA:54341 SCTID:181583002 claw of digit 5 of fore-paw little finger nail nail of fifth finger nail of manual digit V nail plate of little finger uberon nail of little finger UBERON:0011277 nail of manual digit 5 UBERON:0011277 FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 5 of fore-paw EMAPA:18738 little finger nail FMA:54341 nail of fifth finger FMA:54341 nail of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail plate of little finger FMA:54341 nail of little finger FMA:54341 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 1. EMAPA:18739 FMA:54344 SCTID:181592004 big toe nail claw of digit 1 of hind-paw nail of big toe nail of great toe nail of pedal digit I nail plate of big toe uberon nail of first toe UBERON:0011278 nail of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0011278 FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic big toe nail FMA:54344 claw of digit 1 of hind-paw EMAPA:18739 nail of big toe FMA:54344 nail of great toe FMA:54344 nail of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail plate of big toe FMA:54344 nail of first toe FMA:54344 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 2. EMAPA:18740 FMA:54347 SCTID:181593009 claw of digit 2 of hind-paw nail of pedal digit II nail of second toe nail plate of second toe second toe nail uberon UBERON:0011279 nail of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0011279 FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 2 of hind-paw EMAPA:18740 nail of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of second toe FMA:54347 nail plate of second toe FMA:54347 second toe nail FMA:54347 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 3. EMAPA:18741 FMA:54350 SCTID:181594003 claw of digit 3 of hind-paw nail of pedal digit III nail of third toe nail plate of third toe third toe nail uberon UBERON:0011280 nail of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0011280 FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 3 of hind-paw EMAPA:18741 nail of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail of third toe FMA:54350 nail plate of third toe FMA:54350 third toe nail FMA:54350 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 4. EMAPA:18742 FMA:54353 SCTID:181595002 claw of digit 4 of hind-paw fourth toe nail nail of fourth toe nail of pedal digit IV nail plate of fourth toe uberon UBERON:0011281 nail of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0011281 FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 4 of hind-paw EMAPA:18742 fourth toe nail FMA:54353 nail of fourth toe FMA:54353 nail of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail plate of fourth toe FMA:54353 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 5. EMAPA:18743 FMA:54356 SCTID:181596001 claw of digit 5 of hind-paw little toe nail nail of fifth toe nail of little toe nail of pedal digit V nail plate of little toe uberon UBERON:0011282 nail of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0011282 FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic claw of digit 5 of hind-paw EMAPA:18743 little toe nail FMA:54356 nail of fifth toe FMA:54356 nail of little toe FMA:54356 nail of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 nail plate of little toe FMA:54356 The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. BTO:0002116 SCTID:245489008 submucosa of fallopian tube tela submucosa tubae uterinae uberon submucous layer of uterine tube uterine submucosa UBERON:0011298 submucosa of uterine tube UBERON:0011298 The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. BTO:0002116 tela submucosa tubae uterinae BTO:0002116 submucous layer of uterine tube BTO:0002116 A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. CNS white matter that is part of the telencephalon[ZFA:0000597]. UBERON:0013202 UBERON:0022550 BIRNLEX:1075 FMA:83930 HBA:9219 HBA:9230 TAO:0000597 ZFA:0000597 predominantly white regional part of telencephalon telencephalic tract/commissure telencephalic white matter telencephalic tracts uberon UBERON:0011299 white matter of telencephalon UBERON:0011299 A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 CNS white matter that is part of the telencephalon[ZFA:0000597]. ZFA:0000597 predominantly white regional part of telencephalon BIRNLEX:1075 telencephalic tract/commissure ZFA:0000597 telencephalic white matter HBA:TELWM telencephalic tracts TAO:0000597 A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon. UBERON:0024186 BIRNLEX:1067 FMA:83911 predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon uberon UBERON:0011300 gray matter of telencephalon UBERON:0011300 A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon BIRNLEX:1067 EMAPA:17884 uberon UBERON:0011332 extrinsic tongue pre-muscle mass UBERON:0011332 A blood vasculature that is part of a head. Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] TAO:0005297 ZFA:0005297 cranial blood vessel set of blood vessels of head uberon cranial blood vessels UBERON:0011362 cranial blood vasculature UBERON:0011362 A blood vasculature that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005297 TAO ZFIN:curator cranial blood vessel ZFA:0005297 cranial blood vessels TAO:0005297 The omotransversarius is a straplike muscle, which advances and adducts the forelimb, as well as flexes the neck laterally. It covers the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, lying to their side. The omotransversarius lies ventral to the trapezius, cranial to the deltoid muscle and is covered cranially by the cleidocervicalis. It extends from the atlas to the spine of the scapula, with its origin on the transverse process of the atlas and its insertion in the distal end of the spine of the scapula. Its name can be split into omo, which is Greek for shoulder, and tranversarius which relates to its attachment to the transverse process of the atlas. This muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve. EMAPA:37690 MA:0002349 NCIT:C52972 UMLS:C1709311 omotransverse omotransverse muscle uberon UBERON:0011369 omotransversarius muscle UBERON:0011369 The omotransversarius is a straplike muscle, which advances and adducts the forelimb, as well as flexes the neck laterally. It covers the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, lying to their side. The omotransversarius lies ventral to the trapezius, cranial to the deltoid muscle and is covered cranially by the cleidocervicalis. It extends from the atlas to the spine of the scapula, with its origin on the transverse process of the atlas and its insertion in the distal end of the spine of the scapula. Its name can be split into omo, which is Greek for shoulder, and tranversarius which relates to its attachment to the transverse process of the atlas. This muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve. MURDOCH:1433 EMAPA:37690 MA:th UMLS:C1709311 ncithesaurus:Omotransverse omotransverse MA:0002349 A transverse process of vertebra that is part of a vertebral bone 1. FMA:23981 SCTID:181895009 Wikipedia:Transverse_processes uberon UBERON:0011370 transverse process of atlas UBERON:0011370 FMA-abduced-lr A transverse process of vertebra that is part of a vertebral bone 1. OBOL:automatic FMA:54364 SCTID:432899004 cavity of digestive tract cavity of gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract lumen lumen of gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0011565 lumen of gastrointestinal system UBERON:0011565 gastrointestinal tract lumen FMA:54364 lumen of gastrointestinal tract FMA:54364 An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. EMAPA:18380 FMA:9398 SCTID:322648002 cavity of eosophagus cavity of esophagus eosophageal cavity eosophageal lumen eosophagus lumen esophageal cavity esophageal lumen esophagus lumen uberon UBERON:0011566 lumen of esophagus UBERON:0011566 FMA An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic cavity of esophagus FMA:9398 esophageal cavity FMA:9398 esophageal lumen FMA:9398 esophagus lumen FMA:9398 A tube lumen that is part of a mesonephric duct. EHDAA2:0001244 nephric duct lumen uberon cavity of nephric duct UBERON:0011574 mesonephric duct lumen UBERON:0011574 A tube lumen that is part of a mesonephric duct. OBOL:automatic nephric duct lumen EHDAA2:0001244 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] VSAO:0000301 limb/fin skeleton skeletal parts of limb/fin skeleton of limb/fin uberon UBERON:0011582 paired limb/fin skeleton UBERON:0011582 ISBN:9780878932504 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000301 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 limb/fin skeleton VSAO:0000301 Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified]. Proximal element of the limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively.[VSAO] propodial stylopodial VSAO:0005007 stylopodium skeleton uberon mesomere 1 propodial skeleton propodium proximal metapterygial mesomere stylopod stylopodium UBERON:0011583 stylopodial skeleton UBERON:0011583 VSAO Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0005007 Proximal element of the limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0005007 VSAO VSAO:NI mesomere 1 ISBN:0226313409 propodium VSAO:0005007 proximal metapterygial mesomere ISBN:0226313409 stylopod VSAO:0005007 Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. zeugopodial zygopodial VSAO:0005010 epipodial skeleton skeleton of zeugopod zeugopod skeleton uberon epipodium mesomere 2 mesomere 2 skeleton zygopodium UBERON:0011584 zeugopodial skeleton UBERON:0011584 VSAO Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. VSAO:0005010 skeleton of zeugopod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 zeugopod skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epipodium VSAO:0005010 mesomere 2 ISBN:0226313409 mesomere 2 skeleton ISBN:0226313409 zygopodium VSAO:0005010 Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). consider obsoleting, coordinate with VSAO VSAO:0000006 XAO:0004021 uberon UBERON:0011585 cell condensation UBERON:0011585 VSAO Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000006 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. EMAPA:36439 VSAO:0000071 XAO:0004052 pre-dentine tissue predentin predentine tissue uberon UBERON:0011587 pre-dentine UBERON:0011587 VSAO text definition Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000071 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 pre-dentine tissue VSAO:curator predentin PMCID:PMC3360947 predentine tissue VSAO:curator Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. VSAO:0000066 XAO:0004202 pre-enamel tissue preenamel tissue uberon UBERON:0011588 pre-enamel UBERON:0011588 VSAO Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000066 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 pre-enamel tissue VSAO:curator preenamel tissue VSAO:curator Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. add developmental relationships; add disjointness axiom VSAO:0000089 XAO:0004044 uberon UBERON:0011589 non-mineralized cartilage tissue UBERON:0011589 VSAO Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000089 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 EHDAA2:0002120 upper jaw future lip uberon UBERON:0011592 future upper lip UBERON:0011592 EHDAA2 fusion fusion upper jaw future lip EHDAA2:0002120 A tooth that is attached to a maxilla[TAO,modified]. this ontology also contains a class for 'tooth of upper jaw'. This is not equivalent to 'maxillary tooth' in a multi-species context, because many vertebrates have other tooth-bearing bones in the upper jaw[http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165] Tooth that is attached to the maxilla.[TAO] AAO:0000287 FMA:321646 SCTID:422279005 TAO:0001627 Wikipedia:Tooth_(human) maxillary teeth uberon UBERON:0011593 maxillary tooth UBERON:0011593 A tooth that is attached to a maxilla[TAO,modified]. TAO:0001627 Tooth that is attached to the maxilla.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001627 TAO TAO:wd maxillary teeth AAO:0000287 Tooth that is attached to a dentary/mandible[TAO,modified]. Note that we treat dentary tooth and mandibular tooth as equivalent Tooth that is attached to the dentary.[TAO] relationship loss: part_of dentary tooth row (TAO:0001952)[TAO] AAO:0000125 AAO:0000641 FMA:321647 SCTID:245547003 TAO:0001628 uberon mandibular teeth mandibular tooth tooth of dentary UBERON:0011594 dentary tooth UBERON:0011594 Tooth that is attached to a dentary/mandible[TAO,modified]. TAO:0001628 Tooth that is attached to the dentary.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001628 TAO TAO:wd relationship loss: part_of dentary tooth row (TAO:0001952)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001628 TAO mandibular teeth AAO:0000641 A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. EMAPA:32905 NCIT:C114916 uberon UBERON:0011595 jaw region http://eol.org/collections/11578 UBERON:0011595 EMAPA FMA-abduced ZFA-abduced A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EHDAA2:0001020 lower jaw future lip uberon UBERON:0011596 future lower lip UBERON:0011596 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence lower jaw future lip EHDAA2:0001020 Any bone that is part of the upper jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the maxilla, the quadrate (in some species). Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified upper jaw bone uberon UBERON:0011597 bone of upper jaw UBERON:0011597 Any bone that is part of the upper jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the maxilla, the quadrate (in some species). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A gingiva that is part of a upper jaw region. EMAPA:18970 FMA:59763 NCIT:C54205 SCTID:304703001 UMLS:C0227121 gum of maxilla gum of upper jaw upper gingiva upper jaw gingiva uberon maxillary gum upper gum UBERON:0011601 gingiva of upper jaw UBERON:0011601 A gingiva that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic gum of upper jaw EMAPA:18970 upper jaw gingiva FMA:59763 maxillary gum FMA:59763 A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. EMAPA:18967 FMA:59764 NCIT:C54204 SCTID:304704007 UMLS:C0227123 gum of lower jaw gum of mandible lower gingiva lower jaw gingiva uberon lower gum lower jaw gum mandibular gum UBERON:0011602 gingiva of lower jaw UBERON:0011602 A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic gum of lower jaw EMAPA:18967 lower jaw gingiva FMA:59764 lower jaw gum FMA:59764 mandibular gum FMA:59764 EHDAA2:0001495 future premaxilla uberon UBERON:0011628 early premaxilla UBERON:0011628 ISBN:0073040584 EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a molar tooth [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32881 MA:0003230 molar mesenchyme odontogenic mesenchyme of molar tooth uberon UBERON:0011641 odontogenic mesenchyme of molar UBERON:0011641 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a molar tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic molar mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 odontogenic mesenchyme of molar tooth OBOL:automatic An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. EHDAA2:0004137 uberon UBERON:0011642 oral epithelium from ectoderm UBERON:0011642 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. OBOL:automatic Limb extensor that runs from ilium to femur. iliofemoralis uberon UBERON:0011645 iliofemoralis muscle UBERON:0011645 Limb extensor that runs from ilium to femur. ISBN:0073040584 AAO:0000247 EFO:0003511 TAO:0000236 XAO:0003269 ZFA:0000236 mandibular muscle mandibular muscles uberon UBERON:0011648 jaw muscle UBERON:0011648 mandibular muscle TAO:0000236 mandibular muscles TAO:0000236 A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. Ideally this would be disjoint with analagous class for appendicular axes, but currently 'appendages' like antennae, horns cause a problem axial subdivision of organism uberon body segment main body segment UBERON:0011676 subdivision of organism along main body axis UBERON:0011676 A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vertebra in the trunk region. For tetrapods, includes lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Excludes caudal/coccygeal vertebra, which are located posteriorly. In tetrapods this includes thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and excludes the cervical vertebrae, which are located anteriorly. thoracolumbar vertebra uberon presacral vertebra UBERON:0011677 trunk vertebra UBERON:0011677 true A vertebra in the trunk region. For tetrapods, includes lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Excludes caudal/coccygeal vertebra, which are located posteriorly. In tetrapods this includes thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, and excludes the cervical vertebrae, which are located anteriorly. UBERONREF:0000006 presacral vertebra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A proximal tarsal bone that articulates with the fibula. The amphibian intermedium forms part of the astragalus in amniotes[http://www.science.marshall.edu/okeefef/PDFS/OKeefe_et_al_2006_JMorph.pdf] intermedium AAO:0000923 hidlimb intermedium intermedium (hind) intermedium of pes pedal intermedium uberon UBERON:0011678 hindlimb intermedium bone UBERON:0011678 A proximal tarsal bone that articulates with the fibula. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intermedium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intermedium (hind) AAO:0000923 intermedium of pes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal intermedium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A tarsal bone that connected_to a hindlimb zeugopod skeleton. uberon UBERON:0011679 proximal tarsal bone UBERON:0011679 A tarsal bone that connected_to a hindlimb zeugopod skeleton. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001157 extraembryonic umbilical artery uberon UBERON:0011693 extraembryonic portion of umbilical artery UBERON:0011693 EHDAA2-abduced EHDAA2-abduced FMA extraembryonic umbilical artery VHOG:0001157 A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. EHDAA2:0000216 FMA:305965 NCIT:C34148 conceptus cardiovascular system uberon embryonic circulatory system fetal circulatory system UBERON:0011695 embryonic cardiovascular system UBERON:0011695 A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000937 extraembryonic umbilical artery left uberon UBERON:0011696 left extraembryonic umbilical artery UBERON:0011696 extraembryonic umbilical artery left EHDAA2:0000937 EHDAA2:0001721 extraembryonic umbilical artery right uberon UBERON:0011697 right extraembryonic umbilical artery UBERON:0011697 extraembryonic umbilical artery right EHDAA2:0001721 NCIT:C34274 UMLS:C1514448 Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus uberon phallus phallus primordialis primordial phallus UBERON:0011757 differentiated genital tubercle UBERON:0011757 UMLS:C1514448 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Phallus phallus Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus phallus primordialis Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus primordial phallus Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus The left nerve is longer than the right, because it crosses under the arch of the aorta at the ligamentum arteriosum.[WP] EMAPA:25350 FMA:14469 MA:0001107 SCTID:280300006 left recurrent laryngeal branch left recurrent laryngeal nerve vagus X nerve left recurrent laryngeal branch uberon UBERON:0011766 left recurrent laryngeal nerve UBERON:0011766 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve.svg left recurrent laryngeal branch EMAPA:25350 left recurrent laryngeal nerve FMA:14469 vagus X nerve left recurrent laryngeal branch MA:0001107 EMAPA:17275 FMA:14468 MA:0001108 SCTID:280299003 right recurrent laryngeal branch right recurrent laryngeal nerve vagus X nerve right recurrent laryngeal branch uberon UBERON:0011767 right recurrent laryngeal nerve UBERON:0011767 right recurrent laryngeal branch EMAPA:17275 right recurrent laryngeal nerve FMA:14468 vagus X nerve right recurrent laryngeal branch MA:0001108 Anatomical projection that is composed of cartilage tissue. FMA:284626 cartilage process cartilaginous process uberon UBERON:0011769 cartilaginous projection UBERON:0011769 Anatomical projection that is composed of cartilage tissue. VSAO:wd An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. AAO:0000273 uberon UBERON:0011772 lower jaw opening UBERON:0011772 An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that is part of a bone of upper jaw. AAO:0000621 uberon UBERON:0011773 upper jaw opening UBERON:0011773 An anatomical space that is part of a bone of upper jaw. OBOL:automatic A cranial nerve nucleus that is associated with a vagus nerve. FMA:54573 SCTID:362467005 nucleus of Xth nerve nucleus of vagal X nerve nucleus of vagal nerve nucleus of vagus nerve tenth cranial nerve nucleus vagal X nucleus vagal nucleus vagus nucleus uberon nodosal nucleus UBERON:0011775 vagus nerve nucleus UBERON:0011775 A cranial nerve nucleus that is associated with a vagus nerve. OBOL:automatic nucleus of vagus nerve FMA:54573 tenth cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54573 vagal X nucleus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vagal nucleus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vagus nucleus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 nodosal nucleus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. FMA:77011 spinal cord nucleus uberon UBERON:0011777 nucleus of spinal cord UBERON:0011777 A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 spinal cord nucleus FMA:77011 A nerve that is part of a head. uberon cephalic nerve head nerve UBERON:0011779 nerve of head region UBERON:0011779 A nerve that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. uberon UBERON:0011814 non-neurogenic ectodermal placode UBERON:0011814 cjm Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. PMID:11523831 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. EHDAA2:0004149 FMA:85125 uberon AV region AV segment atrial ventricular junction atrioventricular junction atrioventricular segment UBERON:0011820 atrioventricular region UBERON:0011820 An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 AV region PMID:21234997 AV segment PMID:21234997 atrial ventricular junction GO:0003294 atrioventricular junction FMA:85125 GO:0003294 atrioventricular segment PMID:21234997 Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 uberon UBERON:0011821 irregular connective tissue UBERON:0011821 FMA Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] FMA:20109 NCIT:C32882 UMLS:C0738366 Wikipedia:Dense_irregular_connective_tissue irregular dense connective tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon UBERON:0011822 dense irregular connective tissue UBERON:0011822 FMA Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20109 Wikipedia:Dense_irregular_connective_tissue Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] 2012-08-29 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue NCIT UMLS:C0738366 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA:20109 Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. our OWL definition states that this is differentiated from other connective tissue types by virtue of the fact that the collage fiber component predominates, as opposed to cells and fluid. Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] AAO:0000121 NCIT:C32450 UMLS:C1511770 Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue uberon UBERON:0011823 dense connective tissue UBERON:0011823 Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] 2012-08-29 ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue NCIT UMLS:C1511770 ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue FMA:75634 SCTID:363130003 uberon UBERON:0011824 fibrous connective tissue UBERON:0011824 FMA Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. FMA:19783 NCIT:C33007 UMLS:C1253917 Wikipedia:Loose_connective_tissue textus connectivus collagenosus laxus textus connectivus laxus uberon UBERON:0011825 loose connective tissue UBERON:0011825 FMA Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. FMA:19783 UMLS:C1253917 ncithesaurus:Loose_Connective_Tissue textus connectivus collagenosus laxus FMA:19783 FMA:TA textus connectivus laxus FMA:19783 FMA:TA An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. exocrine gland acinus uberon UBERON:0011858 acinus of exocrine gland UBERON:0011858 An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. OBOL:automatic the FMA class specifically refers to ureter FMA:63212 MESH:D024022 NCIT:C32339 NIF_Subcellular:sao7547390221 uberon UBERON:0011860 collection of collagen fibrils UBERON:0011860 ZFA the FMA class specifically refers to ureter FMA The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011861 aorta collagen fibril UBERON:0011861 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011640 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011862 pulmonary collagen fibril UBERON:0011862 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011641 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011863 bone collagen fibril UBERON:0011863 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011642 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011864 tendon collagen fibril UBERON:0011864 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011643 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011865 corneal stroma collagen fibril UBERON:0011865 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011650 FMA:73126 Wikipedia:Pisiform_joint articulatio ossis pisiformis uberon UBERON:0011869 Wikipedia says pisiform and triquetral- todo check pisotriquetral pisiform joint UBERON:0011869 articulatio ossis pisiformis Wikipedia:Pisiform_joint A cranial suture that connects a nasal bone and connects a maxilla. FMA:52960 nasomaxillary suture of skull uberon articulation of the nasal bone with maxilla UBERON:0011871 nasomaxillary suture UBERON:0011871 A cranial suture that connects a nasal bone and connects a maxilla. OBOL:automatic nasomaxillary suture of skull FMA:52960 A skeletal ligament that is part of a sternoclavicular joint. FMA:63980 SCTID:182386007 ligamentum sternoclavicularis sternoclavicular joint ligament uberon UBERON:0011875 ligament of sternoclavicular joint UBERON:0011875 A skeletal ligament that is part of a sternoclavicular joint. OBOL:automatic ligamentum sternoclavicularis sternoclavicular joint ligament FMA:63980 A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle FMA:62998 muscle coat of esophagus muscular coat of oesophagus muscular layer of oesophagus tela muscularis (oesophagus) tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae uberon UBERON:0011878 muscle layer of esophagus UBERON:0011878 upper part Wikipedia:Muscular_layer A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. OBOL:automatic In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle WP muscle coat of esophagus FMA:62998 muscular coat of oesophagus FMA:62998 muscular layer of oesophagus FMA:62998 tela muscularis (oesophagus) FMA:62998 FMA:TA tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae FMA:TA Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. EMAPA:37417 SCTID:280656002 Haller tunica vascula anterior part of uveal tract anterior uveal tract anterior vascular layer of the eyeball anterior vascular tunic of the eye tunica vasculosa bulbosa ventral uveal tract uberon ciliary body and iris vasculosa oculi UBERON:0011892 anterior uvea UBERON:0011892 ZFA MP Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. MP:0005194 EMAPA:37417 MA:th Haller tunica vascula MP:0005194 tunica vasculosa bulbosa MP:0005194 vasculosa oculi MP:0005194 Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. The Epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones FMA:9726 NCIT:C32527 UMLS:C0504096 Wikipedia:Epimysium fascia of muscle organ uberon epimysia UBERON:0011899 epimysium UBERON:0011899 FMA FMA Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. Wikipedia:Epimysium UMLS:C0504096 ncithesaurus:Epimysium fascia of muscle organ FMA:9726 epimysia Wikipedia:Epimysium Masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac. EHDAA2:0000177 EMAPA:16115 visceral yolk sac blood island yolk sac blood islands uberon UBERON:0011919 yolk sac blood island UBERON:0011919 EHDAA2 Masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac. MP:0011204 visceral yolk sac blood island MP:0011204 yolk sac blood islands EHDAA2:0000177 in EHDAA2 gives rise to connecting stalk blood vessels and extraembryonic umbilical vessels EHDAA2:0003242 blood island of umbilical vesicle insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis uberon UBERON:0011921 connecting stalk blood islands UBERON:0011921 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 in EHDAA2 gives rise to connecting stalk blood vessels and extraembryonic umbilical vessels EHDAA2 blood island of umbilical vesicle Wikipedia:Blood_island insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis Wikipedia:Blood_island Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. FMA:5923 MESH:D001339 NCIT:C12624 Wikipedia:Preganglionic_nerve_fibers preganglionic nerve fiber uberon preganglionic autonomic fibre UBERON:0011925 preganglionic autonomic fiber UBERON:0011925 Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. MESH:A08.663.542.122 Wikipedia:Preganglionic_nerve_fibers preganglionic nerve fiber FMA:5923 A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a sympathetic ganglion. SCTID:323517007 uberon sympathetic preganglionic fiber UBERON:0011927 preganglionic sympathetic fiber UBERON:0011927 A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a sympathetic ganglion. MP:0008310 sympathetic preganglionic fiber MP:0008310 A cholinergic axonal fibers projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion. Wikipedia:Preganglionic_fibers uberon parasympathetic preganglionic fiber UBERON:0011930 preganglionic parasympathetic fiber UBERON:0011930 A cholinergic axonal fibers projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion. MP:0008311 parasympathetic preganglionic fiber MP:0008311 A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. as currently defined, this would include the cardiac antrum; however, the intent may be to exclude the cardiac glands and in mice for this to be part of the region distal to the margo plicatus EMAPA:17623 MA:0001613 NCIT:C77661 SCTID:27633001 UMLS:C0227197 uberon glandular stomach UBERON:0011953 stomach glandular region UBERON:0011953 A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0227197 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Stomach A hepatic vein that is part of a left lobe of liver. EMAPA:37164 FMA:14339 MA:0003032 SCTID:55188000 uberon UBERON:0011955 left hepatic vein UBERON:0011955 A hepatic vein that is part of a left lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37164 MA:th A hepatic vein that is part of a right lobe of liver. EMAPA:37377 FMA:14338 MA:0003034 SCTID:18135006 uberon UBERON:0011956 right hepatic vein UBERON:0011956 A hepatic vein that is part of a right lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37377 MA:th An articular capsule that is part of the glenohumeral joint. FMA:34944 SCTID:361836001 Wikipedia:Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus articular capsule of humerus articular capsule of shoulder joint capsule of shoulder joint fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint uberon glenohumeral joint capsule UBERON:0011960 articular capsule of glenohumeral joint UBERON:0011960 An articular capsule that is part of the glenohumeral joint. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 articular capsule of humerus Wikipedia:Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus capsule of shoulder joint FMA:34944 fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint FMA:34944 glenohumeral joint capsule FMA:34944 An articular capsule that is part of the hip joint. FMA:42821 SCTID:263382006 Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint capsula articularis coxae capsule of hip joint fibrous capsule of hip joint uberon UBERON:0011961 articular capsule of hip joint UBERON:0011961 An articular capsule that is part of the hip joint. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 capsula articularis coxae Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint capsule of hip joint Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint fibrous capsule of hip joint FMA:42821 The transverse tarsal joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid, and the articulation of the talus with the navicular. The movement which takes place in this joint is more extensive than that in the other tarsal joints, and consists of a sort of rotation by means of which the foot may be slightly flexed or extended, the sole being at the same time carried medially (inverted) or laterally. FMA:35201 NCIT:C102354 SCTID:182220000 Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint articulatio tarsi transversa chopart's joint midtarsal joint uberon UBERON:0011962 transverse tarsal joint UBERON:0011962 The transverse tarsal joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid, and the articulation of the talus with the navicular. The movement which takes place in this joint is more extensive than that in the other tarsal joints, and consists of a sort of rotation by means of which the foot may be slightly flexed or extended, the sole being at the same time carried medially (inverted) or laterally. Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint articulatio tarsi transversa Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint chopart's joint FMA:35201 midtarsal joint Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint The talocalcaneonavicular articulation is an arthrodial joint: the rounded head of the talus being received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus, and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament. There are two ligaments in this joint: the articular capsule and the dorsal talonavicular. FMA:35204 SCTID:182211009 Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis talocalcaneonavicular articulation uberon UBERON:0011963 talocalcaneonavicular joint UBERON:0011963 FMA-modified The talocalcaneonavicular articulation is an arthrodial joint: the rounded head of the talus being received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus, and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament. There are two ligaments in this joint: the articular capsule and the dorsal talonavicular. Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation talocalcaneonavicular articulation Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation In a saddle joint (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception) the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex. FMA:75298 SCTID:23059003 Wikipedia:Saddle_joint sellar joint uberon articulation by reciprocal reception UBERON:0011965 saddle joint UBERON:0011965 In a saddle joint (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception) the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex. Wikipedia:Saddle_joint sellar joint Wikipedia:Saddle_joint articulation by reciprocal reception Wikipedia:Saddle_joint A skeletal joint that connects a radius bone and connects a carpal skeleton. wrist joint EMAPA:19205 FMA:35291 MA:0000461 SCTID:361839008 articulatio radiocarpea radiocarpal articulation radiocarpal joint uberon UBERON:0011968 radio-carpal joint UBERON:0011968 MA A skeletal joint that connects a radius bone and connects a carpal skeleton. OBOL:automatic wrist joint FMA:35291 articulatio radiocarpea Wikipedia:Wrist radiocarpal articulation Wikipedia:Wrist An ankle joint that passes between the proximal and distal tarsals. uberon UBERON:0011969 Calcaneus and astragalus are interlocked, line of flexion is distal to them[Kardong] mesotarsal joint UBERON:0011969 An ankle joint that passes between the proximal and distal tarsals. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html A skeletal ligament that connects the fibula to the talus. Examples: anterior and posterior talofibular ligament. FMA:44080 SCTID:244649001 Wikipedia:Talofibular_ligament ligamentum talofibulare talo-fibular ligament uberon UBERON:0011970 talofibular ligament UBERON:0011970 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg A skeletal ligament that connects the fibula to the talus. Examples: anterior and posterior talofibular ligament. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ligamentum talofibulare Wikipedia:Talofibular_ligament A skeletal ligament that connects the fibula to the calcaneus. In humans, it is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the apex of the fibular malleolus downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is covered by the tendons of the Peronæi longus and brevis. FMA:44089 SCTID:244650001 Wikipedia:Calcaneofibular_ligament ligamentum calcaneofibulare uberon UBERON:0011971 calcaneofibular ligament UBERON:0011971 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg A skeletal ligament that connects the fibula to the calcaneus. Wikipedia:Calcaneofibular_ligament In humans, it is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the apex of the fibular malleolus downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is covered by the tendons of the Peronæi longus and brevis. WP,modified ligamentum calcaneofibulare Wikipedia:Calcaneofibular_ligament A skeletal ligament that connects a tibia and connects a tarsal skeleton. FMA:44055 SCTID:41159004 deltoid collateral ligament of ankle joint deltoid ligament of ankle joint ligamentum collaterale mediale (articulatio talocruralis) ligamentum collaterale mediale articulationis talocruralis ligamentum deltoideum ligamentum deltoideum (articulatio talocruralis) medial collateral ligament of ankle joint uberon UBERON:0011972 medial ligament of ankle joint UBERON:0011972 A skeletal ligament that connects a tibia and connects a tarsal skeleton. OBOL:automatic deltoid collateral ligament of ankle joint FMA:44055 deltoid ligament of ankle joint FMA:44055 ligamentum collaterale mediale (articulatio talocruralis) FMA:44055 ligamentum collaterale mediale articulationis talocruralis FMA:44055 FMA:TA ligamentum deltoideum FMA:TA ligamentum deltoideum (articulatio talocruralis) FMA:44055 medial collateral ligament of ankle joint FMA:44055 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:314621001 epiphysis of phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0011973 epiphysis of phalanx of pes UBERON:0011973 An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of pes. SCTID:280047006 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0011974 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of pes UBERON:0011974 An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of pes. SCTID:280048001 epiphysis of middle phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0011975 epiphysis of middle phalanx of pes UBERON:0011975 An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pes. SCTID:280049009 epiphysis of distal phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0011976 epiphysis of distal phalanx of pes UBERON:0011976 An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manus. SCTID:280044004 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of finger uberon UBERON:0011977 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manus UBERON:0011977 An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manus. SCTID:280045003 epiphysis of middle phalanx of finger uberon UBERON:0011978 epiphysis of middle phalanx of manus UBERON:0011978 An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manus. FMA:321561 SCTID:280046002 epiphysis of distal phalanx of finger uberon UBERON:0011979 epiphysis of distal phalanx of manus UBERON:0011979 An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic A joint that connects the bones of the crus to the proximal tarsal bones. an ankle joint that passes between the astragalus and calcaneum[Palaeos]. Wikipedia:Crurotarsal uberon crurotarsal UBERON:0011980 line of flexion between calcaneus and astragalus crurotarsal joint UBERON:0011980 A joint that connects the bones of the crus to the proximal tarsal bones. Wikipedia:Crurotarsal an ankle joint that passes between the astragalus and calcaneum[Palaeos]. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryCr.html#Crurotarsal%20joint The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. EHDAA2 distingsuishes between the lumen, the lining, and the 'coelomic cavity', which despire it's name, is not a space - it is the aggregate of space plus lining. coelomic EHDAA2:0004731 Wikipedia:Coelom enterocoelom haemocoelom schizocoelom uberon coelem coelomic cavity UBERON:0011997 coelom UBERON:0011997 EHDAA2 The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Body_cavity Wikipedia:Coelom Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha enterocoelom NCBITaxon:33511 coelomic cavity EHDAA2:0004731 The cavity within a myotome. The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:31134 VHOG:0001283 uberon UBERON:0012054 myocoele UBERON:0012054 The cavity within a myotome. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocoele The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001283 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A tooth that is on the roof of the mouth. palatal teeth uberon UBERON:0012070 palatal tooth UBERON:0012070 A tooth that is on the roof of the mouth. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/anteosauria.html palatal teeth Any bone that is part of a palate. this is distinct (but not disjoint) from palatine bone EMAPA:37930 NCIT:C33248 UMLS:C1518857 palatal bone uberon UBERON:0012071 palate bone UBERON:0012071 Any bone that is part of a palate. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37930 MA:th UMLS:C1518857 ncithesaurus:Palate_Bone uberon dermatocranium, palatal series palatal series UBERON:0012072 palatal part of dermatocranium UBERON:0012072 dermatocranium, palatal series ISBN:0073040584 palatal series ISBN:0073040584 A tooth that is attached to a palatine bone. Teeth present in some fishes on the palatine bones, bones that lie inside the upper jaw bones (sometimes maxillaries, sometimes premaxillaries) usually behind the vomerine tooth patch. palatine teeth palatine tooth uberon UBERON:0012073 tooth of palatine bone UBERON:0012073 A tooth that is attached to a palatine bone. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Teeth present in some fishes on the palatine bones, bones that lie inside the upper jaw bones (sometimes maxillaries, sometimes premaxillaries) usually behind the vomerine tooth patch. http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=palatine+teeth palatine teeth A subdivision of skeletal system that subdivision_of a hard palate. EMAPA:37444 FMA:59857 bony palate hard palate skeleton palatum osseum uberon UBERON:0012074 bony part of hard palate UBERON:0012074 FMA A subdivision of skeletal system that subdivision_of a hard palate. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37444 MA:th bony palate FMA:59857 hard palate skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 palatum osseum FMA:TA Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The corresponding TAO term was obsoleted, and never introduced into VSAO. Note that VSAO does have replacement element. AAO:0010768 TAO:0001637 ZFA:0001628 replacement bones uberon UBERON:0012075 replacement bone UBERON:0012075 ZFA ZFA Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. ZFA:0001628 Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001637 TAO TAO:wd This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The corresponding TAO term was obsoleted, and never introduced into VSAO. Note that VSAO does have replacement element. ZFA replacement bones ZFA:0001628 A skeletal joint that connects a tibia and connects a talus. see also FMA:44063 ! tibiotalar part of medial ligament of ankle joint ankle joint SCTID:361864006 talotibial joint tibioastragalar joint uberon UBERON:0012076 tibiotalar joint UBERON:0012076 A skeletal joint that connects a tibia and connects a talus. OBOL:automatic see also FMA:44063 ! tibiotalar part of medial ligament of ankle joint FMA ankle joint Wikipedia:Ankle talotibial joint Wikipedia:Ankle tibioastragalar joint Wikipedia:Ankle A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a patella. Note some sources have this as intramembranous EMAPA:19140 uberon UBERON:0012080 patella cartilage element UBERON:0012080 A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a patella. OBOL:automatic A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a patella. EMAPA:18510 uberon UBERON:0012081 patella pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0012081 EMAPA A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a patella. OBOL:automatic An anatomical cavity that is part of a bronchus. FMA:62646 SCTID:199401001 bronchial lumen lumen of bronchus uberon UBERON:0012082 bronchial lumen UBERON:0012082 FMA FMA An anatomical cavity that is part of a bronchus. OBOL:automatic bronchial lumen FMA:62646 lumen of bronchus FMA:62646 2 A space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars UBERON:0013134 FMA:77271 MESH:D003970 SCTID:410003009 Wikipedia:Diastema_(dentistry) interdental space uberon diastemata UBERON:0012111 Some animals, like horses, that have diastema between incisors and premolars because canines were evolutionarily loss, sometimes have a vestigial canine in the diastema, but the diastema is still considered between the incisor and premolar. diastema UBERON:0012111 A space or gap between two teeth. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Diastema_(dentistry) diastemata Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. uberon dermatological system UBERON:0012125 dermatological-muscosal system UBERON:0012125 Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/53 dermatological system OBI:MC One of two elements that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element[AAO]. One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO] In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale AAO:0000913 uberon astragalus UBERON:0012126 fibulare UBERON:0012126 One of two elements that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element[AAO]. AAO:0000913 One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000913 AAO AAO:LAP In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale AAO astragalus AAO:0000913 Outermost point on an external nose or snout. EMAPA:37915 FMA:59518 SCTID:361926005 apex nasi apex of nose nasal tip tip of nose uberon pirula snout tip tip of snout UBERON:0012128 nose tip UBERON:0012128 FMA Outermost point on an external nose or snout. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/109 EMAPA:37915 MA:th apex nasi FMA:TA apex of nose FMA:59518 nasal tip FMA:59518 tip of nose FMA:59518 pirula https://www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/translat/84v.hti Endochondral bone located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. This term corresponds both to the navicular bone in the pes and the similar central carpals in the manus the FMA term is under 'general anatomical term'. EMAPA:36170 FMA:77232 central mesopodium bone os centrale uberon centralia UBERON:0012131 centrale UBERON:0012131 Endochondral bone located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. PHENOSCAPE:AMAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/124 the FMA term is under 'general anatomical term'. FMA os centrale FMA:77232 centralia uberon UBERON:0012139 segment of autopod UBERON:0012139 may be revised A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon acropodium (Wagner) UBERON:0012140 digitopodium region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012140 A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. PHENOSCAPE:ni https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/131 A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon UBERON:0012141 manual digitopodium region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012141 A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon UBERON:0012142 pedal digitopodium region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012142 A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon digitopodium skeleton of digits UBERON:0012150 skeleton of digitopodium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012150 A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni digitopodium PHENOSCAPE:ni skeleton of digits A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon manual digitopodium UBERON:0012151 skeleton of manual digitopodium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012151 FMA A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. some sources call this the acropodium. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod uberon pedal digitopodium UBERON:0012152 skeleton of pedal digitopodium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Subdivisions-of-the-autopod UBERON:0012152 A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP]. BTO:0004053 CALOHA:TS-1079 EFO:0001942 MESH:D005312 Wikipedia:Cord_blood uberon cord blood fetal blood umbilical cord blood UBERON:0012168 Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders.[WP] umbilical cord blood UBERON:0012168 Blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP]. Wikipedia:Cord_blood cord blood BTO:0004053 fetal blood MESH:A12.207.152.200 umbilical cord blood MESH:A12.207.152.200 A primordium that has the potential to develop into a stomach. EFO:0002580 NCIT:C34305 UMLS:C1514976 uberon stomach endoderm UBERON:0012172 stomach primordium UBERON:0012172 A primordium that has the potential to develop into a stomach. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1514976 ncithesaurus:Stomach_Primordium stomach endoderm EFO:0002580 EHDAA2:0000494 EMAPA:16794 SCTID:361514006 VHOG:0000715 acousticofacial ganglion facio-acoustic ganglion facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII uberon facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex facio-acoustic ganglion complex UBERON:0012175 acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex UBERON:0012175 cjm EHDAA2 cjm facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII EMAPA:16794 facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex VHOG:0000715 facio-acoustic ganglion complex EMAPA:16794 A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. EMAPA:37276 MA:0000574 NCIT:C12294 UMLS:C1522650 uberon UBERON:0012180 head or neck skin UBERON:0012180 A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37276 MA:th UMLS:C1522650 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Scalp_and_Neck The veins that run parallel to the phrenic arteries which include the two superior and two inferior phrenic veins. EMAPA:37180 MA:0002194 NCIT:C53062 UMLS:C1709532 uberon UBERON:0012193 phrenic vein UBERON:0012193 The veins that run parallel to the phrenic arteries which include the two superior and two inferior phrenic veins. ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Vein EMAPA:37180 MA:th UMLS:C1709532 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Vein Network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP]. EMAPA:28679 bladder vasculature blood vessels of bladder set of urinary bladder blood vessels uberon blood vessel of bladder UBERON:0012239 urinary bladder vasculature UBERON:0012239 EMAPA Network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP]. MP:MP blood vessels of bladder EMAPA:28679 blood vessel of bladder EMAPA:28679 External opening or orifice of the urethra through which urine and seminal fluid (in males only) leave the body; in males the meatus presents as a vertical slit normally positioned at the tip of glans penis; in females the meatus is located between the clitoris and the vagina in the vulvular vestibule of the female genitalia[MP]. EMAPA:37977 FMA:19650 SCTID:181424008 Wikipedia:Urinary_meatus external meatus of urethra external urethral orifice external urethral ostium external urinary meatus meatus urinarius orificium urethrae externum orificium urethræ externum urethral meatus uberon urinary meatus UBERON:0012240 urethral meatus UBERON:0012240 External opening or orifice of the urethra through which urine and seminal fluid (in males only) leave the body; in males the meatus presents as a vertical slit normally positioned at the tip of glans penis; in females the meatus is located between the clitoris and the vagina in the vulvular vestibule of the female genitalia[MP]. MP:MP Wikipedia:Urinary_meatus EMAPA:37977 MA:th external meatus of urethra FMA:19650 external urethral orifice FMA:19650 external urethral ostium FMA:19650 external urinary meatus FMA:19650 meatus urinarius orificium urethrae externum orificium urethræ externum urethral meatus FMA:19650 A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. EMAPA:36434 FMA:85265 MA:0002642 SCTID:279478000 Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(male) external orifice of male urethra external urethral orifice (male) male urethra ostium ostium urethrae externum (urethra masculina) urethral meatus of penile urethra uberon distal urethral opening of male urethral opening of penile urethra UBERON:0012241 male urethral meatus UBERON:0012241 A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(male) The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_(male) external orifice of male urethra FMA:85265 external urethral orifice (male) FMA:85265 male urethra ostium MA:0002642 ostium urethrae externum (urethra masculina) FMA:TA urethral meatus of penile urethra EMAPA:36434 distal urethral opening of male EMAPA:36434 urethral opening of penile urethra EMAPA:36434 The usually crescent-shaped opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra, placed at the anteroinferior angle (apex) of the urinary bladder trigone. FMA:85263 SCTID:362228001 Wikipedia:Internal_urethral_orifice internal meatus of urethra internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder internal urethral ostium orificium urethrae internum ostium orificium internum ostium urethrae internum vesicourethral orifice uberon internal urethral ostium internal urinary meatus UBERON:0012242 internal urethral orifice UBERON:0012242 The usually crescent-shaped opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra, placed at the anteroinferior angle (apex) of the urinary bladder trigone. MGI:anna MP:0011782 internal meatus of urethra FMA:85263 internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder FMA:85263 internal urethral ostium FMA:85263 orificium urethrae internum MP:0011782 ostium orificium internum ostium urethrae internum Wikipedia:Internal_urethral_orifice vesicourethral orifice FMA:85263 internal urethral ostium MP:0011782 internal urinary meatus MP:0011782 An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta. SCTID:281470000 abdominal artery artery of abdomen uberon UBERON:0012254 abdominal aorta artery UBERON:0012254 An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta#Branches https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Columnar_epithelium uberon UBERON:0012274 columnar epithelium UBERON:0012274 An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Columnar_epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86452 mesoderm-derived epithelium mesoepithelium uberon UBERON:0012275 meso-epithelium UBERON:0012275 Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:35308 FMA:86488 MA:0002732 glandular part of endometrium uterine glands uterine glands set uberon UBERON:0012276 endometrium glandular epithelium UBERON:0012276 glandular part of endometrium FMA:86488 The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. nasal gland EMAPA:37871 FMA:321518 NCIT:C22725 SCTID:368881007 UMLS:C1522269 Wikipedia:Nasal_glands glandula nasalis glandulae nasales uberon UBERON:0012278 gland of nasal mucosa UBERON:0012278 The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. Wikipedia:Nasal_glands EMAPA:37871 MA:th UMLS:C1522269 ncithesaurus:Nose_Nasal_Cavity_Nasal_Gland_MMHCC glandula nasalis glandulae nasales A carpal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd distal carpal bones. fused carpals 2 and 3 uberon carpals 2+3 UBERON:0012290 fused carpal bones 2 and 3 UBERON:0012290 A carpal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd distal carpal bones. UBERON:skansa Malleolus is the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. In bovids, the distal end of the fibula is present only as the lateral malleolus, a separate bone that articulates with the lateral side of the distal tibia. lateral malleolus EMAPA:37893 FMA:35502 SCTID:361795009 Wikipedia:Malleolus malleolar bone malleolar bone of ankle uberon distal extremity of fibula external malleolus of fibula fibular malleolus UBERON:0012291 lateral malleolus of fibula UBERON:0012291 Malleolus is the name for the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. Wikipedia:Malleolus In bovids, the distal end of the fibula is present only as the lateral malleolus, a separate bone that articulates with the lateral side of the distal tibia. NCBITaxon:9895 UBERON:0004410 UBERON:skansa lateral malleolus FMA:35502 EMAPA:37893 MA:th malleolar bone malleolar bone of ankle distal extremity of fibula Wikipedia:Malleolus#Lateral_malleolus external malleolus of fibula Wikipedia:Malleolus#Lateral_malleolus One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly. cloacal fold EHDAA2:0004009 uberon UBERON:0012292 We presume this is distinct from AAO:0001003, an external integumentary structure - check with amphibian anatomy ontology developers. AO notes: the text def states mesenchymal swelling, EHDAA2 splits into mesenchymal and epithelial parts embryonic cloacal fold UBERON:0012292 EHDAA2 One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly. MP:0011836 MP:anna cloacal fold EHDAA2:0004009 A mucosa that is part of a urethra. EMAPA:37912 FMA:76904 SCTID:362229009 mucous membrane of urethra tunica mucosa urethrae urethral mucosa uberon UBERON:0012299 mucosa of urethra UBERON:0012299 A mucosa that is part of a urethra. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37912 MA:th mucous membrane of urethra FMA:76904 tunica mucosa urethrae FMA:TA urethral mucosa FMA:76904 One of five swellings formed during the development of the face. FMA:293103 SCTID:89066004 uberon embryonic facial process facial primordium primordium of face UBERON:0012314 embryonic facial prominence UBERON:0012314 One of five swellings formed during the development of the face. http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html An artery of the neck. EMAPA:37075 NCIT:C52850 UMLS:C1707349 uberon UBERON:0012320 cervical artery UBERON:0012320 An artery of the neck. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37075 MA:th UMLS:C1707349 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Artery The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. FMA:10659 SCTID:244223002 Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery uberon profunda cervicalis UBERON:0012321 deep cervical artery UBERON:0012321 FMA The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery profunda cervicalis Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversa colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery. Unclear if MA class belongs here or in parent FMA:10664 MA:0001936 SCTID:244224008 Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery uberon cervical artery cervical transverse artery descending branch of the transverse cervical transversalis artery colli transversalis colli artery transverse cervical transverse cervical vessels UBERON:0012324 transverse cervical artery UBERON:0012324 The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversa colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery. Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery Unclear if MA class belongs here or in parent MA cervical artery MA:0001936 Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery cervical transverse artery Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery descending branch of the transverse cervical Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transversalis artery colli Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transversalis colli artery Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transverse cervical Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transverse cervical vessels Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. FMA:45568 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Keratinized epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum uberon UBERON:0012329 keratinized stratified squamous epithelium UBERON:0012329 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. FMA:45568 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Keratinized epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum FMA:45568 A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. FMA:16516 MESH:D001956 NCIT:C12318 SCTID:362723009 UMLS:C0006205 Wikipedia:Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus broad uterine ligament uberon broad ligament ligamentum latum uteri UBERON:0012332 broad ligament of uterus UBERON:0012332 MESH A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. MESH:A02.513.170 Wikipedia:Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus UMLS:C0006205 ncithesaurus:Broad_Ligament broad uterine ligament FMA:16516 broad ligament MESH:A02.513.170 ligamentum latum uteri The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits. class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones acropodial limb segment acropodial region acropodial segment of autopod set of digits uberon UBERON:0012354 acropodium region UBERON:0012354 The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The segment of the manus that is distal to the metacarpal region and consists of the manual digits (fingers). class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones FMA:75592 acropodial hindlimb segment acropodial region of manus acropodial segment of manus all fingers anterior acropodium region anterior acropodium segment of limb digiti manus digits of hand fingers including thumb fingers set manual acropodium region manual acropodium segment of limb set of digits of hand set of fingers uberon anterior acropodium manual acropodium UBERON:0012355 manual acropodium region UBERON:0012355 The segment of the manus that is distal to the metacarpal region and consists of the manual digits (fingers). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digiti manus FMA:TA digits of hand FMA:75592 fingers including thumb FMA:75592 fingers set FMA:75592 set of digits of hand FMA:75592 set of fingers FMA:75592 The segment of the pes that is distal to the metatarsal region and consists of the pedal digits (toes). class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones FMA:70664 SCTID:362835004 acropodial forelimb segment acropodial region of pes acropodial segment of pes all toes digits of foot pedal acropodium region set of toes toes set uberon toes UBERON:0012356 pedal acropodium region UBERON:0012356 The segment of the pes that is distal to the metatarsal region and consists of the pedal digits (toes). https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digits of foot FMA:70664 set of toes FMA:70664 toes set FMA:70664 toes FMA:70664 A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. uberon digit bone UBERON:0012357 digitopodium bone UBERON:0012357 A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit bone A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. SCTID:265809008 bone of forelimb digitopodium uberon UBERON:0012358 manual digitopodium bone UBERON:0012358 A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. bone of hindlimb digitopodium uberon UBERON:0012359 pedal digitopodium bone UBERON:0012359 A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone element that is part of a jaw region. Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified EMAPA:35453 MA:0003130 SCTID:369003004 jaw bone uberon UBERON:0012360 bone of jaw UBERON:0012360 A bone element that is part of a jaw region. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004588 uberon UBERON:0012361 internal anal region UBERON:0012361 EHDAA2 A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. FMA:15697 intestinal muscularis propria muscularis externa of intestine uberon smooth muscle of intestine UBERON:0012367 muscle layer of intestine UBERON:0012367 FMA A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. OBOL:automatic intestinal muscularis propria FMA:15697 muscularis externa of intestine FMA:15697 A nerve plexus that is part of a sympathetic nervous system. EMAPA:37617 MA:0001160 uberon UBERON:0012373 sympathetic nerve plexus UBERON:0012373 A nerve plexus that is part of a sympathetic nervous system. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37617 MA:th A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. FMA:45636 NCIT:C94494 SCTID:2255006 UMLS:C0225334 Wikipedia:Subserosa uberon UBERON:0012375 Contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and lymph nodes subserosa UBERON:0012375 A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. Wikipedia:Subserosa UMLS:C0225334 ncithesaurus:Subserosa A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder. FMA:15930 NCIT:C32206 UMLS:C1288327 bladder muscular coat muscle layer of urinary bladder muscular coat of bladder muscular coat of urinary bladder muscular layer of bladder muscular layer of urinary bladder tunica musculari vesicae tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) uberon UBERON:0012378 muscle layer of urinary bladder UBERON:0012378 FMA A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1288327 ncithesaurus:Bladder_Muscular_Coat muscle layer of urinary bladder FMA:15930 muscular coat of bladder FMA:15930 muscular coat of urinary bladder FMA:15930 muscular layer of bladder FMA:15930 muscular layer of urinary bladder FMA:15930 tunica musculari vesicae FMA:TA tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) FMA:TA EMAPA:37567 MA:0001802 uberon UBERON:0012416 respiratory system arterial smooth muscle UBERON:0012416 EMAPA:37567 MA:th A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. EMAPA:37586 MA:0001812 uberon UBERON:0012418 respiratory system venous smooth muscle UBERON:0012418 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37586 MA:th A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified]. a wide variety of physiological and cellular functions including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction increases the surface area of a cell lining whilst minimizing increase in volume FMA class represents an individual microvillus. FMA:67296 MESH:D008871 NCIT:C33112 UMLS:C0026049 Wikipedia:Microvillus uberon microvilli microvillus UBERON:0012423 layer of microvilli UBERON:0012423 A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified]. GO:0005902 Wikipedia:Microvillus FMA class represents an individual microvillus. FMA UMLS:C0026049 ncithesaurus:Microvillus microvilli MESH:A11.284.180.565 microvillus FMA:67296 A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine. FMA class represents an individual microvillus FMA:70978 NCIT:C33634 uberon striated border UBERON:0012425 striated border microvillus layer UBERON:0012425 A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/striated+border http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA class represents an individual microvillus FMA striated border FMA:70978 Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Bone marrow in humans, kidney interstitium in Danio, within a stroma of reticuloendothelial tissue CALOHA:TS-2142 FMA:14073 NCIT:C13051 UMLS:C0229619 haemopoietic tissue hematopoietic tissue hemopoietic tissue textus haemopoieticus bone marrow tissue uberon UBERON:0012429 hematopoietic tissue UBERON:0012429 FMA defitional Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/hematopoietic+tissue UMLS:C0229619 ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_Tissue haemopoietic tissue FMA:14073 hematopoietic tissue FMA:14073 hemopoietic tissue FMA:14073 textus haemopoieticus FMA:14073 bone marrow tissue NCBITaxon:9606 The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. tunica fibrosa FMA:58102 SCTID:361318005 Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball fibrous layer of eyeball uberon corneosclera fibrous tunic UBERON:0012430 tunica fibrosa of eyeball UBERON:0012430 FMA The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball DOI:10.1177/0192623311409597 fibrous layer of eyeball FMA:58102 corneosclera Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball fibrous tunic Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball An anatomical space that is enclosed by a cloaca. the ZFA class belongs here as it is an anatomical space. See https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/102/ TAO:0000330 ZFA:0000330 cloaca lumen cloacal chamber uberon UBERON:0012463 cloacal lumen UBERON:0012463 cjm An anatomical space that is enclosed by a cloaca. OBOL:automatic the ZFA class belongs here as it is an anatomical space. See https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/102/ ZFA cloaca lumen ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber ZFA:0000330 The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. cloacal opening uberon cloacal orifice vent UBERON:0012464 cloacal vent UBERON:0012464 The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a terminal part of digestive tract. includes the cloacal lumen, in species where this is present uberon UBERON:0012465 lumen of terminal part of digestive tract UBERON:0012465 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a terminal part of digestive tract. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000472 EMAPA:16054 VHOG:0000767 uberon extraembryonic cavities UBERON:0012466 extraembryonic cavity UBERON:0012466 extraembryonic cavities EHDAA2:0000472 An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. AEO:0000222 closed anatomical space uberon UBERON:0012467 enclosed anatomical space UBERON:0012467 An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. AEO:0000222 Triangular calcified papillae (often five) placed radially around the anus of some Holothuriidae. anal teeth uberon calcified anal papilla cloacal tooth perianal tooth UBERON:0012468 anal tooth UBERON:0012468 Triangular calcified papillae (often five) placed radially around the anus of some Holothuriidae. http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=nasc&selected=definitie&menuentry=woordenlijst&record=Anal%20teeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/142845 anal teeth EHDAA2:0004589 uberon UBERON:0012469 external anal region UBERON:0012469 EHDAA2 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. FMA:24139 uberon bones of upper limb ossa membri superioris pectoral complex skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle upper limb skeleton UBERON:0012475 skeleton of pectoral complex UBERON:0012475 FMA The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bones of upper limb FMA:24139 ossa membri superioris FMA:TA pectoral complex skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 set of bones of upper limb FMA:24139 skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 upper limb skeleton FMA:24139 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. FMA:24140 uberon bones of lower limb lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris pelvic complex skeleton set of bones of lower limb skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle UBERON:0012476 skeleton of pelvic complex UBERON:0012476 FMA The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bones of lower limb FMA:24140 lower limb skeleton FMA:24140 ossa membri inferioris FMA:TA pelvic complex skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 set of bones of lower limb FMA:24140 skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The posterior region of the neck, including the suboccipital region. nuchal nape BTO:0000957 FMA:24189 SCTID:182326009 SCTID:304036007 back of neck nape of neck neck back nucha nuchal region posterior cervical region posterior neck region posterior part of neck regio cervicalis posterior uberon hindneck UBERON:0012477 dorsal part of neck UBERON:0012477 FMA FMA FMA The posterior region of the neck, including the suboccipital region. MP:0012723 nape BTO:0000957 back of neck FMA:24189 neck back FMA:24189 nucha FMA:24189 nuchal region FMA:24189 posterior cervical region FMA:24189 posterior neck region FMA:24189 posterior part of neck FMA:24189 regio cervicalis posterior FMA:TA A gland that is part of a cloaca. uberon UBERON:0012478 cloacal gland UBERON:0012478 A gland that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003349 cloaca mucosa cloaca mucosa of organ cloaca mucous membrane cloaca organ mucosa cloacal mucous membrane mucosa of cloaca mucosa of organ of cloaca mucous membrane of cloaca organ mucosa of cloaca uberon UBERON:0012480 cloacal mucosa UBERON:0012480 A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. cloacal epithelium (cle) (syn: cloacal endoderm) (TS17-TS20): the cloacal epithelium is derived from endoderm and lines the cloacal cavity. It is marked by Shh and Cdh1 and lines the cloacal lumen. The cloacal epithelium gives rise to the urogenital sinus epithelium, hindgut epithelium and the urethral plate epithelium. EMAPA:27577 EMAPA:36070 ZFA:0005783 uberon cloacal endoderm UBERON:0012481 cloacal epithelium UBERON:0012481 An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cloacal epithelium (cle) (syn: cloacal endoderm) (TS17-TS20): the cloacal epithelium is derived from endoderm and lines the cloacal cavity. It is marked by Shh and Cdh1 and lines the cloacal lumen. The cloacal epithelium gives rise to the urogenital sinus epithelium, hindgut epithelium and the urethral plate epithelium. EMAPA:27577 cloacal endoderm EMAPA:27577 A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca submucosa cloacal submucosa uberon UBERON:0012482 submucosa of cloaca UBERON:0012482 A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca serosa cloaca serous membrane cloacal serosa serous membrane of cloaca visceral peritoneum of cloaca uberon UBERON:0012483 serosa of cloaca UBERON:0012483 A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cloacal villi uberon UBERON:0012485 cloacal villus UBERON:0012485 cloacal villi A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. muscularis externa of cloaca uberon smooth muscle of cloaca UBERON:0012486 muscle layer of cloaca UBERON:0012486 A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum. FMA:14944 SCTID:362147007 duodenal muscularis propria muscularis externa of duodenum uberon muscularis propria of duodenum smooth muscle of duodenum UBERON:0012488 muscle layer of duodenum UBERON:0012488 A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum. OBOL:automatic duodenal muscularis propria FMA:14944 muscularis externa of duodenum FMA:14944 muscularis propria of duodenum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 smooth muscle of duodenum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A muscular coat that is part of a colon. EMAPA:27383 FMA:14986 MA:0003198 SCTID:362158003 colonic muscularis propria muscular coat of colon muscular layer of colon muscularis externa of colon tunica muscularis coli uberon colon muscularis UBERON:0012489 muscle layer of colon UBERON:0012489 A muscular coat that is part of a colon. OBOL:automatic colonic muscularis propria FMA:14986 muscular coat of colon FMA:14986 muscular layer of colon FMA:14986 muscularis externa of colon FMA:14986 tunica muscularis coli FMA:TA colon muscularis MA:0003198 A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. FMA:15708 SCTID:362171000 anal canal muscularis propria anal muscularis propria muscular coat of anal canal muscular layer of anal canal muscularis externa of anal canal muscularis propria of anal canal uberon UBERON:0012490 muscle layer of anal canal UBERON:0012490 A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal muscularis propria FMA:15708 muscularis propria of anal canal FMA:15708 A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. FMA:18316 SCTID:259593000 serosa of fallopian tube serosa of oviduct serous coat of uterine tube tunica serosa (tuba uterina) tunica serosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal serosa uterine tube serosa uberon UBERON:0012499 serosa of uterine tube UBERON:0012499 A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. OBOL:automatic serosa of fallopian tube FMA:18316 serosa of oviduct FMA:18316 serous coat of uterine tube FMA:18316 tunica serosa (tuba uterina) FMA:18316 tunica serosa tubae uterinae FMA:TA uterine tubal serosa FMA:18316 uterine tube serosa FMA:18316 An adventitia that is part of a esophagus. FMA:63006 SCTID:85950006 adventitia of oesophagus adventitious layer of esophagus esophageal adventitia esophagus adventitia tunica adventitia (esophagus) tunica adventitia oesophageae uberon UBERON:0012504 adventitia of esophagus UBERON:0012504 An adventitia that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic adventitia of oesophagus FMA:63006 adventitious layer of esophagus FMA:63006 esophageal adventitia FMA:63006 esophagus adventitia FMA:63006 tunica adventitia (esophagus) FMA:63006 tunica adventitia oesophageae FMA:TA A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord. BTO:0001847 uberon UBERON:0012615 umbilical smooth muscle UBERON:0012615 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord. OBOL:automatic An anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum. FMA:17046 SCTID:264014000 uberon UBERON:0012650 gastroduodenal junction UBERON:0012650 An anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum. OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction. BTO:0005415 gastroduodenal mucosa uberon UBERON:0012651 mucosa of gastroduodenal junction UBERON:0012651 A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction. OBOL:automatic gastroduodenal mucosa BTO:0005415 A depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. sulci are considered absent from lissencephalic mammals such as mice, but they may possess fissures. For example, the Allen mouse brain Atlas includes hippocampal, rhinal and choroid fissure. For this reason we do not place a taxon constraint on this class Indentation on the surface of the brain or spinal cord that forms a recognizable landmark, e.g., central sulcus, sulcus limitans (CUMBO) sulci & spaces sulcus DHBA:10610 HBA:9352 NCIT:C32292 SCTID:279337001 Wikipedia:Sulcus_(neuroanatomy) neuronames:1208 cerebral sulci fissure of brain uberon cerebral sulci cerebral sulcus UBERON:0013118 sulcus of brain UBERON:0013118 A depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. Wikipedia:Sulcus_(neuroanatomy) https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/315 Indentation on the surface of the brain or spinal cord that forms a recognizable landmark, e.g., central sulcus, sulcus limitans (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms sulci & spaces HBA:9352 sulcus NLX:144078 cerebral sulci DHBA:10610 fissure of brain Wikipedia:Sulcus_(neuroanatomy) cerebral sulci NeuroNames:1208 cerebral sulcus NeuroNames:1208 FMA:32888 basal epiphysis of phalanx of foot base of phalanx of foot basis phalangis (pedis) basis phalangis pedis proximal epiphysis of phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0013121 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of pes UBERON:0013121 basal epiphysis of phalanx of foot FMA:32888 base of phalanx of foot FMA:32888 basis phalangis (pedis) FMA:32888 basis phalangis pedis FMA:TA proximal epiphysis of phalanx of toe FMA:32888 FMA:32890 SCTID:236801009 caput phalangis (pedis) caput phalangis pedis distal end of phalanx of foot distal epiphysis of phalanx of toe head of phalanx of foot uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of toe UBERON:0013122 distal epiphysis of phalanx of pes UBERON:0013122 caput phalangis (pedis) FMA:32890 caput phalangis pedis FMA:TA distal end of phalanx of foot FMA:32890 distal epiphysis of phalanx of toe FMA:32890 head of phalanx of foot FMA:32890 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of toe FMA:32890 A vein that is part of a abdomen. TODO mirror representation of abdominal aorta this class groups all veins that are in the abdomen. The term 'abdominal vein' may have specific meanings in different contexts. The lateral abdominal veins are present in fishes but usually merged or absent in tetrapods; in amphibians, the L&R abdominal veins merge into the ventral abdominal vein SCTID:281473003 abdominal vein uberon UBERON:0013126 vein of abdomen UBERON:0013126 A vein that is part of a abdomen. OBOL:automatic The interdental plate refers to the bone-filled mesial-distal region between the teeth. In paleobiology, the presence or absence of the interdental plate can determine the place of an animal in the evolutionary scale, and paleontologists use the interdental plate when trying to classify a new specimen. Thecodont reptiles and theropod dinosaur fossils have an interdental plate, whereas acrodont reptiles such as Sphenodontia do not.[3] Its presence in Archaeopteryx, an extinct avian, resulted in the proposal of the dinosaur-bird connection Wikipedia:Interdental_plate uberon UBERON:0013135 interdental plate UBERON:0013135 The interdental plate refers to the bone-filled mesial-distal region between the teeth. Wikipedia:Interdental_plate In paleobiology, the presence or absence of the interdental plate can determine the place of an animal in the evolutionary scale, and paleontologists use the interdental plate when trying to classify a new specimen. Thecodont reptiles and theropod dinosaur fossils have an interdental plate, whereas acrodont reptiles such as Sphenodontia do not.[3] Its presence in Archaeopteryx, an extinct avian, resulted in the proposal of the dinosaur-bird connection WP A vein that drains a lip. SCTID:367664002 labial vein of face lip vein vena labialis uberon labial vein UBERON:0013136 vein of lip UBERON:0013136 FMA A vein that drains a lip. OBOL:automatic lip vein OBOL:automatic vena labialis A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver. FMA:15820 NCIT:C32997 SCTID:48536008 UMLS:C0230238 hepatic ligament liver ligament uberon UBERON:0013139 ligament of liver UBERON:0013139 A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0230238 ncithesaurus:Liver_Ligament hepatic ligament FMA:15820 Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. FMA:66644 NCIT:C33719 SCTID:244389004 UMLS:C0447117 systemic venous tree organ part uberon UBERON:0013140 systemic vein UBERON:0013140 Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. ncithesaurus:Systemic_Vein UMLS:C0447117 ncithesaurus:Systemic_Vein systemic venous tree organ part FMA:66644 EHDAA2:0000033 EMAPA:16384 endoderm of mandibular component uberon UBERON:0013156 1st arch mandibular endoderm UBERON:0013156 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 endoderm of mandibular component EMAPA:16384 A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000574 EMAPA:17065 gland of foregut-midgut junction uberon UBERON:0013158 foregut-midgut junction gland UBERON:0013158 A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic gland of foregut-midgut junction EMAPA:17065 A molar or premolar. postcanine tooth uberon cheek tooth molariform UBERON:0013164 molariform tooth UBERON:0013164 A molar or premolar. ISBN:0073040584 postcanine tooth http://www.termwiki.com/EN:postcanine_teeth cheek tooth ISBN:0073040584 molariform ISBN:0073040584 The layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles. EMAPA:37927 FMA:18613 NCIT:C33243 UMLS:C0227878 cortex of ovary cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) uberon UBERON:0013191 ovarian cortex UBERON:0013191 The layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles. MGI:anna EMAPA:37927 MA:th UMLS:C0227878 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Cortex cortex of ovary FMA:18613 cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) FMA:18613 The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. FMA:86279 acinus of serous gland uberon UBERON:0013232 serous acinus UBERON:0013232 The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm uberon UBERON:0013238 future glans UBERON:0013238 A future glans that is part of a male genital tubercle. EMAPA:29252 glans of male genital tubercle uberon UBERON:0013239 future glans penis UBERON:0013239 EMAPA A future glans that is part of a male genital tubercle. OBOL:automatic A future glans that is part of a female genital tubercle. EMAPA:19170 glans of female genital tubercle uberon UBERON:0013240 future glans clitoris UBERON:0013240 EMAPA A future glans that is part of a female genital tubercle. OBOL:automatic The precursor of the urethra. In humans, the urethral groove is a temporary linear indentation on the underside (ventral side) of the male penis during embryonic development. It typically appears around 8 weeks of gestation and becomes closed into a normal male urethra by the 12th week SCTID:361531004 Wikipedia:Urethral_groove sulcus urethralis primarius urethral groove urethral sulcus uberon UBERON:0013241 embryonic urethral groove UBERON:0013241 Wikipedia The precursor of the urethra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In humans, the urethral groove is a temporary linear indentation on the underside (ventral side) of the male penis during embryonic development. It typically appears around 8 weeks of gestation and becomes closed into a normal male urethra by the 12th week Wikipedia:Urethral_groove sulcus urethralis primarius Wikipedia:Urethral_groove An epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates. consider separating the duct from the degenerating portion, as in EMAPA EHDAA2:0001052 EMAPA:29161 EMAPA:35661 uberon degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct UBERON:0013247 male paramesonephric duct UBERON:0013247 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct EMAPA:29161 A diaphysis that is part of a fibula[Automatically generated definition]. The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula]. EMAPA:37892 FMA:33738 SCTID:302528006 Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula body of fibula corpus fibulae fibula diaphysis shaft of fibula uberon UBERON:0013279 diaphysis of fibula UBERON:0013279 A diaphysis that is part of a fibula[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula]. Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula EMAPA:37892 MA:th body of fibula FMA:33738 corpus fibulae FMA:TA fibula diaphysis FMA:33738 shaft of fibula FMA:33738 A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. The body of the tibia has three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia]. EMAPA:37770 FMA:33125 MA:0003049 SCTID:302525009 Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia body of tibia corpus tibiae shaft of tibia tibial diaphysis uberon body of the tibia shaft of tibia UBERON:0013280 diaphysis of tibia UBERON:0013280 A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia The body of the tibia has three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia]. Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia EMAPA:37770 MA:th body of tibia FMA:33125 corpus tibiae FMA:TA shaft of tibia FMA:33125 tibial diaphysis FMA:33125 body of the tibia Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia shaft of tibia Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia Anatomical cavity that is the lumen of the skull and contains the brain. EMAPA:37497 FMA:9644 MA:0003061 NCIT:C77638 SCTID:264452006 UMLS:C0230041 Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity neuronames:2806 cavitas cranii uberon intracranial cavity intracranial space UBERON:0013411 cranial cavity UBERON:0013411 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg Wikipedia Anatomical cavity that is the lumen of the skull and contains the brain. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37497 MA:th UMLS:C0230041 ncithesaurus:Cranial_Cavity cavitas cranii FMA:9644 FMA:TA intracranial cavity Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity intracranial space Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity A ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls and serves as an attachment site for the temporailis muscle[WP,modified]. Skulls of some dinosaur species, including tyrannosaurs, possessed well developed sagittal crests. Among mammals, dogs, cats, lions, and many other carnivores have sagittal crests, as do some leaf eaters, including tapirs and some apes. Sagittal crests are found in robust great apes, and some early hominins. Prominent sagittal crests are found among male gorillas and orangutans, and do occur but only rarely in male chimpanzees such as Bili Apes The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles Compare with: AAO:0000384 parasagittal crest (UBERON:0013402) sagittal crest Wikipedia:Sagittal_crest crista sagittalis externa uberon sagittal ridge UBERON:0013447 sagittal crest of skull UBERON:0013447 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Paranthropus_aethiopicus.JPG A ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls and serves as an attachment site for the temporailis muscle[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Sagittal_crest Compare with: AAO:0000384 parasagittal crest (UBERON:0013402) AAO The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. FMA:75307 NCIT:C33742 SCTID:137157009 UMLS:C0230010 Wikipedia:Temporal_fossa uberon UBERON:0013463 temporal fossa UBERON:0013463 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Fossatemporalis.PNG Wikipedia The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. Wikipedia:Temporal_fossa UMLS:C0230010 ncithesaurus:Temporal_Fossa A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004128 CALOHA:TS-0573 uberon respiratory endothelium UBERON:0013479 lung endothelium UBERON:0013479 A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory endothelium BTO:0004128 A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca. NCIT:C34129 UMLS:C1516658 sphincter cloacae uberon UBERON:0013501 the muscles of the cloacal sphincter specialise into the perineal muscles in mammals (Gegenbaur, 1883; Popowsky, 1899; Nishi, 1938). cloacal sphincter UBERON:0013501 A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1516658 ncithesaurus:Cloacal_Sphincter sphincter cloacae A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. UBERON:0013517 EHDAA2:0000260 EMAPA:18044 coccygeal vertebra cartilage element coccygeal vertebral cartilage condensation group tail vertebral cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0013503 caudal vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0013503 A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic coccygeal vertebra cartilage element http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 coccygeal vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0000260 tail vertebral cartilage condensation EMAPA:18044 A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. UBERON:0013518 EMAPA:18045 coccygeal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation tail vertebral pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0013504 caudal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013504 A caudal vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic coccygeal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tail vertebral pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:18045 A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0000240 cervical vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon UBERON:0013505 cervical vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0013505 A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic cervical vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0000240 A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0013506 cervical vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013506 A cervical vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0002014 thoracic vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon UBERON:0013507 thoracic vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0013507 A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic thoracic vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0002014 A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0013508 thoracic vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013508 A thoracic vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A lumbar vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. EHDAA2:0001038 lumbar vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon UBERON:0013509 lumbar vertebra cartilage element UBERON:0013509 A lumbar vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic lumbar vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2:0001038 A lumbar vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0013510 lumbar vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013510 A lumbar vertebra endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic The space that surrounds an organism. external to organism outside of body uberon UBERON:0013514 space surrounding organism UBERON:0013514 The space that surrounds an organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. FMA class may only represent the uterine portion FMA:18302 subdivision of oviduct subdivision of uterine tube uterine tube zone zone of uterine tube subdivision of fallopian tube uberon UBERON:0013515 subdivision of oviduct UBERON:0013515 A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA class may only represent the uterine portion FMA subdivision of oviduct FMA:18302 uterine tube zone FMA:18302 zone of uterine tube FMA:18302 subdivision of fallopian tube FMA:18302 uberon UBERON:0013522 subdivision of tube UBERON:0013522 The anatomical space that is enclosed by a stomach. Organ cavity which is bound by the internal surface of the wall of stomach. Examples: There is only one cavity of stomach[FMA:14585]. EMAPA:18395 FMA:14585 cavity of stomach uberon gastric cavity UBERON:0013525 stomach lumen UBERON:0013525 FMA The anatomical space that is enclosed by a stomach. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ cavity which is bound by the internal surface of the wall of stomach. Examples: There is only one cavity of stomach[FMA:14585]. FMA:14585 cavity of stomach FMA:14585 gastric cavity FMA:14585 An anatomical cavity that is part of a ear vesicle. EHDAA2:0004121 EMAPA:25363 lumen of otocyst uberon UBERON:0013526 otocyst lumen UBERON:0013526 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An anatomical cavity that is part of a ear vesicle. OBOL:automatic lumen of otocyst EMAPA:25363 A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment. metapodium 1 metapodium I uberon UBERON:0013581 metapodium bone 1 UBERON:0013581 A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 1 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment. metapodium 2 metapodium II uberon UBERON:0013582 metapodium bone 2 UBERON:0013582 A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 2 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic A metapodial bone that is associated with digit III. 3rd metapodium bone metapodial bone III metapodium 3 metapodium III cannon bone uberon UBERON:0013583 metapodium bone 3 UBERON:0013583 A metapodial bone that is associated with digit III. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 3rd metapodium bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodial bone III http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cannon bone NCBITaxon:9788 Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Metacarpal_bones A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment. metapodium 4 metapodium IV uberon UBERON:0013584 metapodium bone 4 UBERON:0013584 A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 4 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment. metapodium 5 metapodium V uberon UBERON:0013585 metapodium bone 5 UBERON:0013585 A metapodium bone that is part of a digit 5 plus metapodial segment. OBOL:automatic An element formed from the fusion of metapodium 3 and metapodium 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 3 and 4 or metacarpals 3 and 4). this class can be used in annotation when it is unclear whether the element is a fusion of the metacarpal and metatarsal elements. fused metapodials 3/4 os metapodiale III et IV uberon metapodial 3+4 UBERON:0013586 fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 UBERON:0013586 An element formed from the fusion of metapodium 3 and metapodium 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 3 and 4 or metacarpals 3 and 4). http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 os metapodiale III et IV An element formed from the fusion of metacarpal 3 and metacarpal 4. In many artiodactyls, the 3rd & 4th metapodials are fused, creating a main metapodial. fused metacarpal 3/4 os metacarpale III et IV uberon metacarpal 3+4 UBERON:0013587 fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 UBERON:0013587 An element formed from the fusion of metacarpal 3 and metacarpal 4. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 os metacarpale III et IV NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria:2005 An element formed from the fusion of metatarsal 3 and metatarsal 4. In many artiodactyls, the 3rd & 4th metapodials are fused, creating a main metapodial. fused metatarsal 3/4 os metatarsale III et IV (Ru) uberon metatarsal 3+4 UBERON:0013588 fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 UBERON:0013588 An element formed from the fusion of metatarsal 3 and metatarsal 4. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 os metatarsale III et IV (Ru) NominaAnatomicaVeterinaria:2005 TODO - logical definition FMA:84206 SCTID:368703003 deciduous molar tooth primary molar tooth temporary molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013616 primary molar tooth UBERON:0013616 deciduous molar tooth FMA:84206 primary molar tooth FMA:84206 temporary molar tooth FMA:84206 A primary molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:84210 SCTID:422318005 primary upper molar tooth upper deciduous molar upper deciduous molar tooth upper primary molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013617 upper primary molar tooth UBERON:0013617 A primary molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic upper deciduous molar tooth FMA:84210 upper primary molar tooth FMA:84210 FMA:84207 SCTID:421593002 permanent molar tooth secondary molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013618 secondary molar tooth UBERON:0013618 permanent molar tooth FMA:84207 secondary molar tooth FMA:84207 A secondary molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:55720 maxillary secondary molar tooth upper permanent molar tooth upper secondary molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013619 upper secondary molar tooth UBERON:0013619 A secondary molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic maxillary secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 upper permanent molar tooth FMA:55720 upper secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 A primary molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:84213 SCTID:421482001 lower deciduous molar tooth primary lower molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013620 lower primary molar tooth UBERON:0013620 A primary molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic lower deciduous molar tooth FMA:84213 A secondary molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:55721 lower permanent molar lower permanent molar tooth mandibular secondary molar tooth uberon UBERON:0013621 lower secondary molar tooth UBERON:0013621 A secondary molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic lower permanent molar tooth FMA:55721 mandibular secondary molar tooth FMA:55721 Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. TODO - make subclass links FMA:7475 NCIT:C33545 SCTID:332807009 Wikipedia:Short_bone uberon UBERON:0013630 short bone UBERON:0013630 NCIT Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. Wikipedia:Short_bone Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. VSAO:0000137 sesamoid uberon UBERON:0013631 Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage. sesamoid element UBERON:0013631 VSAO VSAO Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. PSPUB:0000169 VSAO:0000137 sesamoid VSAO:0000137 A sesamoid element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. FMA:55379 cartilago sesamoidea sesamoid cartilage of cricopharyngeal ligament uberon UBERON:0013632 sesamoid cartilage UBERON:0013632 A sesamoid element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic cartilago sesamoidea FMA:55379 sesamoid cartilage of cricopharyngeal ligament FMA:55379 An epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus. FMA:63587 intestinal villus epithelium uberon villous epithelium villus epithelium UBERON:0013636 epithelium of intestinal villus UBERON:0013636 FMA An epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus. OBOL:automatic intestinal villus epithelium FMA:63587 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. FMA:53165 SCTID:276742007 Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull foramen of skull cranial conduit cranial foramen uberon foramina of the skull UBERON:0013685 foramen of skull UBERON:0013685 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. TAO:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 foramen of skull Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull cranial conduit FMA:53165 foramina of the skull Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull 2 An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. FMA:9338 foramen space uberon UBERON:0013686 anatomical conduit space UBERON:0013686 FMA An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. FMA:9338 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. BTO:0001852 BTO:0003248 CALOHA:TS-0092 uberon cerebromicrovascular endothelium UBERON:0013694 brain endothelium UBERON:0013694 Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. CALOHA:TS-0092 cerebromicrovascular endothelium CALOHA:TS-0092 Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-0162 uberon colon endothelial cell colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colonic endothelium colorectal endothelial cell colorectal endothelium UBERON:0013695 colon endothelium UBERON:0013695 Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-0162 colon endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colon endothelial cells CALOHA:TS-0162 colonic endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colonic endothelium CALOHA:TS-0162 colorectal endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colorectal endothelium CALOHA:TS-0162 Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas. CALOHA:TS-2108 uberon epithelium of exocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas epithelial cell UBERON:0013697 exocrine pancreas epithelium UBERON:0013697 Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas. CALOHA:TS-2108 epithelium of exocrine pancreas CALOHA:TS-2108 exocrine pancreas epithelial cell CALOHA:TS-2108 Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. EHDAA2:0000159 EMAPA:18166 uberon UBERON:0013700 axial musculature UBERON:0013700 Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. HP:0003327 A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. uberon UBERON:0013701 main body axis UBERON:0013701 A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the vertebral column and ribcage. Examples: There is only one body proper[FMA:231424]. AEO:0000103 BTO:0001489 EMAPA:36031 FMA:231424 uberon body whole body UBERON:0013702 body proper UBERON:0013702 AEO The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. AEO:0000103 Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the vertebral column and ribcage. Examples: There is only one body proper[FMA:231424]. FMA:231424 body AEO:0000103 whole body BTO:0001489 Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system. skin projection uberon UBERON:0013703 integumentary projection UBERON:0013703 Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. FMA:293127 NCIT:C34230 UMLS:C1518428 uberon chordal canal UBERON:0013704 notochordal canal UBERON:0013704 A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/notochordal+canal UMLS:C1518428 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Canal Fluid contained within the notochordal canal. notochord fluid portion of notochordal fluid uberon UBERON:0013727 Distinct feature of coelocanths notochordal fluid UBERON:0013727 Fluid contained within the notochordal canal. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Latimeria_chalumnae/ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A metaphysis that is part of a ulna. FMA:33767 metaphysis of ulna uberon UBERON:0013748 ulnar metaphysis UBERON:0013748 FMA A metaphysis that is part of a ulna. OBOL:automatic metaphysis of ulna FMA:33767 A metaphysis that is part of a metaphysis. FMA:32830 diaphyseal end of humerus humeral metaphysis uberon UBERON:0013749 metaphysis of humerus UBERON:0013749 A metaphysis that is part of a metaphysis. OBOL:automatic diaphyseal end of humerus FMA:32830 humeral metaphysis FMA:32830 A metaphysis that is part of a tibia. EMAPA:37772 FMA:33135 MA:0003106 tibial metaphysis uberon UBERON:0013750 metaphysis of tibia UBERON:0013750 A metaphysis that is part of a tibia. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37772 MA:th tibial metaphysis FMA:33135 A metaphysis that is part of a radius bone. FMA:33789 radial metaphysis uberon UBERON:0013751 metaphysis of radius UBERON:0013751 A metaphysis that is part of a radius bone. OBOL:automatic radial metaphysis FMA:33789 A diaphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone. FMA:33804 body of metacarpal corpus ossis metacarpi metacarpal bone diaphysis shaft of metacarpal shaft of metacarpal bone uberon UBERON:0013752 diaphysis of metacarpal bone UBERON:0013752 A diaphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone. OBOL:automatic body of metacarpal FMA:33804 corpus ossis metacarpi FMA:TA metacarpal bone diaphysis FMA:33804 shaft of metacarpal FMA:33804 shaft of metacarpal bone FMA:33804 A distal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone. FMA:33798 caput ossis metacarpi distal end of metacarpal bone head of metacarpal bone lower end of metacarpal bone uberon UBERON:0013753 distal epiphysis of metacarpal bone UBERON:0013753 A distal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone. OBOL:automatic caput ossis metacarpi FMA:TA distal end of metacarpal bone FMA:33798 head of metacarpal bone FMA:33798 lower end of metacarpal bone FMA:33798 An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. SCTID:314820002 layer of skin skin layer uberon UBERON:0013754 integumentary system layer UBERON:0013754 An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. OBOL:automatic A blood that is part of a artery. FMA:83066 arterial blood blood in artery portion of arterial blood uberon UBERON:0013755 arterial blood UBERON:0013755 A blood that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial blood FMA:83066 blood in artery FMA:83066 portion of arterial blood FMA:83066 A blood that is part of a vein. FMA:83067 blood in vein portion of venous blood venous blood uberon UBERON:0013756 venous blood UBERON:0013756 A blood that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic blood in vein FMA:83067 portion of venous blood FMA:83067 venous blood FMA:83067 A blood that is part of a capillary. FMA:263901 NCIT:C32212 blood in capillary portion of blood in capillary portion of capillary blood uberon UBERON:0013757 capillary blood UBERON:0013757 A blood that is part of a capillary. OBOL:automatic portion of blood in capillary FMA:263901 Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. EMAPA:37843 SCTID:272627002 digestive organ digestive system organ uberon UBERON:0013765 digestive system element UBERON:0013765 Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37843 MA:th Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. great vessel EMAPA:36460 SCTID:304066000 Wikipedia:Great_vessels great vessel of thorax uberon UBERON:0013768 Groupings may vary - typically pulmonary vessels and aorta and vena cavae great vessel of heart UBERON:0013768 Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. Wikipedia:Great_vessels An organ cavity that is part of a uterus. EMAPA:36273 FMA:17745 Wikipedia:Uterine_cavity cavity of uterus uterine cavity uterine space uberon UBERON:0013769 uterine lumen UBERON:0013769 An organ cavity that is part of a uterus. OBOL:automatic cavity of uterus FMA:17745 uterine cavity FMA:17745 A diaphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone. FMA:33826 diaphysis of metatarsal metatarsal bone diaphysis metatarsal diaphysis shaft of metatarsal bone uberon UBERON:0013774 diaphysis of metatarsal bone UBERON:0013774 A diaphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone. OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone diaphysis FMA:33826 shaft of metatarsal bone FMA:33826 Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon. EHDAA2:0004424 EMAPA:36024 TAO:0000571 ZFA:0000571 presumptive telencephalon uberon UBERON:0014371 paired anteriolateral division of the embryonic prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived[MP] future telencephalon UBERON:0014371 definitional Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon. ZFA:0000571 ZFA:curator presumptive telencephalon ZFA:0000571 Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32735 FMA:293883 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived mesenchyme neural crest mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0014387 mesenchyme derived from neural crest UBERON:0014387 Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/248 The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts. In mouse, the mature and differentiated CD epithelium comprises two unique cells types with principal cells responsible for vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, and intercalated cells regulating acid-base homeostasis; injury to the epithelium is believed to cause epithelial cells to acquire mesenchymal characteristics via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process through which tubular epithelial cells may transform into interstitial fibroblasts and promote renal fibrosis EMAPA:37885 collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium epithelium of collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium of renal collecting tubule uberon UBERON:0014388 kidney collecting duct epithelium UBERON:0014388 The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts. MGI:anna MP:0011843 EMAPA:37885 MA:th A papilla that contain taste buds, including the fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae. FMA:54822 gustatory papilla taste papilla uberon gustatory papillae taste papillae UBERON:0014389 gustatory papilla of tongue UBERON:0014389 A papilla that contain taste buds, including the fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae. MGI:smb MP:0006256 gustatory papillae taste papillae A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. uberon UBERON:0014395 proximal mesopodial bone UBERON:0014395 A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. OBOL:automatic Muscle that is part of the respiratory system. this class may be merged with 'respiratory system muscle'; check intercostals MESH:D012132 uberon UBERON:0014398 respiratory muscle UBERON:0014398 Muscle that is part of the respiratory system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a sinusoid. FMA:63133 lumen of sinusoid sinusoid lumen uberon UBERON:0014399 sinusoidal space UBERON:0014399 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a sinusoid. OBOL:automatic lumen of sinusoid FMA:63133 sinusoid lumen FMA:63133 A sinusoidal space that is part of a hepatic sinusoid. FMA:262090 lumen of hepatic sinusoid uberon UBERON:0014400 hepatic sinusoidal space UBERON:0014400 A sinusoidal space that is part of a hepatic sinusoid. OBOL:automatic lumen of hepatic sinusoid FMA:262090 Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation. we follow MA and MP in distinguishing the venous blood vessel from the vein. The kidney cortex vein is not considered a renal vein, nor is the vasa recta EMAPA:31450 MA:0002591 kidney venous blood vessel venous blood vessel of kidney uberon kidney venous system UBERON:0014401 renal venous blood vessel UBERON:0014401 Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation. MGI:csmith we follow MA and MP in distinguishing the venous blood vessel from the vein. The kidney cortex vein is not considered a renal vein, nor is the vasa recta MA kidney venous blood vessel MA:0002591 kidney venous system EMAPA:31450 A part of the body present only in a specific gender. AEO:0000174 WBbt:0005752 gender-specific gender-specific anatomical structure sex-specific uberon UBERON:0014402 sex-specific anatomical structure UBERON:0014402 A part of the body present only in a specific gender. AEO:0000174 AEO:JB gender-specific anatomical structure AEO:0000174 A part of the body present only in males. AEO:0000175 WBbt:0005757 male-specific structure uberon male-specific UBERON:0014403 male anatomical structure UBERON:0014403 A part of the body present only in males. AEO:0000175 AEO:JB male-specific WBbt:0005757 A part of the body present only in females. AEO:0000176 uberon UBERON:0014404 female anatomical structure UBERON:0014404 A part of the body present only in females. AEO:0000176 AEO:JB A taste bud that is located on the tongue, situated on a gustatory papilla. gustatory papilla taste bud gustatory papillae taste bud uberon UBERON:0014451 tongue taste bud UBERON:0014451 A taste bud that is located on the tongue, situated on a gustatory papilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gustatory papillae taste bud MP:0006260 A gustatory epithelium that is part of a tongue. BIRNLEX:4099 UMLS:C1179150 lingual gustatory epithelium uberon UBERON:0014452 gustatory epithelium of tongue UBERON:0014452 A gustatory epithelium that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179150 BIRNLEX:4099 lingual gustatory epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A gustatory epithelium that is part of a roof of mouth. palatal gustatory epithelium uberon UBERON:0014453 gustatory epithelium of palate UBERON:0014453 A gustatory epithelium that is part of a roof of mouth. OBOL:automatic palatal gustatory epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the peritoneal cavity. Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively[BTO:0004041]. BTO:0004041 CALOHA:TS-2405 uberon abdominal fat intra-abdominal adipose tissue intra-abdominal fat organ fat visceral adipose tissue visceral fat UBERON:0014454 visceral abdominal adipose tissue UBERON:0014454 Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the peritoneal cavity. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively[BTO:0004041]. BTO:0004041 abdominal fat BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO:0004041 organ fat BTO:0004041 visceral adipose tissue BTO:0004041 visceral fat BTO:0004041 Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. CALOHA:TS-2406 abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue subcutaneous abdominal fat subcutaneous fat of abdominal region uberon UBERON:0014455 subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue UBERON:0014455 Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+ganglion]. EMAPA:36644 FMA:77582 SCTID:57098005 Wrisberg ganglion cardiac ganglia set cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg ganglia cardiaca ganglion of Wrisberg uberon cardiac ganglia UBERON:0014463 cardiac ganglion UBERON:0014463 Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0003685 Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+ganglion]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cardiac+ganglion Wrisberg ganglion MP:0003685 cardiac ganglia set FMA:77582 ganglia cardiaca FMA:TA ganglion of Wrisberg FMA:77582 cardiac ganglia Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. EHDAA2:0002013 FMA:77169 Wikipedia:Thoracic_skeleton skeleton of thorax thoracic part of axial skeleton thoracic skeleton uberon UBERON:0014477 thoracic skeleton UBERON:0014477 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. Wikipedia:Rib_cage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 thoracic skeleton EHDAA2:0002013 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs and rib joints in an organism. In many vertebrates this consists of the combination of the rib cage and all rib joints, but some vertebrates have ribs outside the thoracic rib cage. FMA:265719 TAO:0002100 rib series uberon rib skeleton set of all ribs UBERON:0014478 rib skeletal system UBERON:0014478 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs and rib joints in an organism. In many vertebrates this consists of the combination of the rib cage and all rib joints, but some vertebrates have ribs outside the thoracic rib cage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia rib series TAO:0002100 set of all ribs FMA:265719 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. digit 1 distal phalanx distal phalanx of digit I distal phalanx of first digit uberon digit I P3 first distal phalanx UBERON:0014483 distal phalanx of digit 1 UBERON:0014483 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 1 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd distal phalanx of digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. 2nd digit distal phalanx digit 2 distal phalanx distal phalanx of 2nd digit distal phalanx of digit II distal phalanx of index digit distal phalanx of second digit second digit distal phalanx second distal phalanx uberon digit II P3 UBERON:0014484 distal phalanx of digit 2 UBERON:0014484 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 2 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd distal phalanx of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 3. In odd-toes ungulates (Perissodactyla e.g. horses) this is called the coffin bone. In even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla e.g cattle) this is associated with the medial claw. the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint[Wikipedia:Coffin_bone] SCTID:370666003 SCTID:370671005 SCTID:410030004 Wikipedia:Coffin_bone 3rd digit distal phalanx digit 3 distal phalanx distal phalanx of 3rd digit distal phalanx of digit III distal phalanx of middle digit distal phalanx of third digit equine 3rd phalanx of digit 3 equine distal phalanx third digit distal phalanx third distal phalanx coffin bone medial claw of artiodactyl medial claw of ruminant hoof medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl pedal bone uberon digit III P3 UBERON:0014485 distal phalanx of digit 3 UBERON:0014485 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 3. In odd-toes ungulates (Perissodactyla e.g. horses) this is called the coffin bone. In even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla e.g cattle) this is associated with the medial claw. Wikipedia:Coffin_bone Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Distal_phalanx http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint[Wikipedia:Coffin_bone] Wikipedia:Coffin_bone NCBITaxon:9788 digit 3 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd distal phalanx of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 equine 3rd phalanx of digit 3 NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine distal phalanx NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 coffin bone NCBITaxon:9787 medial claw of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 medial claw of ruminant hoof NCBITaxon:91561 medial ungual phalanx of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 pedal bone NCBITaxon:9787 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:370667007 SCTID:370670006 4th digit distal phalanx digit 4 distal phalanx distal phalanx of 4th digit distal phalanx of digit IV distal phalanx of fourth digit distal phalanx of ring digit fourth digit distal phalanx fourth distal phalanx lateral claw of artiodactyl lateral claw of ruminant hoof lateral ungual phalanx of artiodactyl uberon digit IV P3 UBERON:0014486 distal phalanx of digit 4 UBERON:0014486 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 4 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd distal phalanx of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 lateral claw of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 lateral claw of ruminant hoof NCBITaxon:91561 lateral ungual phalanx of artiodactyl NCBITaxon:91561 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. 5th digit distal phalanx digit 5 distal phalanx distal phalanx of 5th digit distal phalanx of digit V distal phalanx of fifth digit distal phalanx of little digit fifth digit distal phalanx fifth distal phalanx uberon digit V P3 UBERON:0014487 distal phalanx of digit 5 UBERON:0014487 A distal phalanx that is part of a digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 5 distal phalanx PHENOSCAPE:wd distal phalanx of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. 2nd digit intermediate phalanx 2nd digit middle phalanx 2nd digit of intermediate phalanx 2nd digit of middle phalanx digit 2 intermediate phalanx digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit intermediate phalanx of digit 2 intermediate phalanx of second digit middle phalanx of 2nd digit middle phalanx of digit II middle phalanx of index digit middle phalanx of second digit second digit intermediate phalanx second digit middle phalanx second middle phalanx uberon digit II P2 UBERON:0014488 middle phalanx of digit 2 UBERON:0014488 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 middle phalanx of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:370676000 SCTID:370730008 3rd digit intermediate phalanx 3rd digit middle phalanx 3rd digit of intermediate phalanx 3rd digit of middle phalanx digit 3 intermediate phalanx digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit intermediate phalanx of digit 3 intermediate phalanx of third digit middle phalanx of 3rd digit middle phalanx of digit III middle phalanx of middle digit middle phalanx of third digit third digit intermediate phalanx third digit middle phalanx third middle phalanx uberon digit III P2 UBERON:0014489 middle phalanx of digit 3 UBERON:0014489 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 middle phalanx of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:370675001 4th digit intermediate phalanx 4th digit middle phalanx 4th digit of intermediate phalanx 4th digit of middle phalanx digit 4 intermediate phalanx digit 4 middle phalanx fourth digit intermediate phalanx fourth digit middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 4th digit intermediate phalanx of digit 4 intermediate phalanx of fourth digit middle phalanx of 4th digit middle phalanx of digit IV middle phalanx of fourth digit middle phalanx of ring digit uberon digit IV P2 UBERON:0014490 middle phalanx of digit 4 UBERON:0014490 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 middle phalanx of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. 5th digit intermediate phalanx 5th digit middle phalanx 5th digit of intermediate phalanx 5th digit of middle phalanx digit 5 intermediate phalanx digit 5 middle phalanx fifth digit intermediate phalanx fifth digit middle phalanx fifth middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th digit intermediate phalanx of digit 5 intermediate phalanx of fifth digit middle phalanx of 5th digit middle phalanx of digit V middle phalanx of fifth digit middle phalanx of little digit uberon digit V P2 UBERON:0014491 middle phalanx of digit 5 UBERON:0014491 A middle phalanx that is part of a digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 middle phalanx of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. digit I P1 digit I-1 first proximal phalanx of autopod proximal phalanx of digit I proximal phalanx of first digit of autopod uberon UBERON:0014501 proximal phalanx of digit 1 UBERON:0014501 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit I-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. 2nd digit of autopod proximal phalanx 2nd digit proximal phalanx autopod digit 2 proximal phalanx digit II-1 digit IU P1 proximal phalanx of 2nd digit proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of autopod proximal phalanx of digit II proximal phalanx of index digit proximal phalanx of second digit proximal phalanx of second digit of autopod second digit proximal phalanx second proximal phalanx of autopod uberon UBERON:0014502 proximal phalanx of digit 2 UBERON:0014502 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit II-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:370732000 SCTID:370733005 3rd digit of autopod proximal phalanx 3rd digit proximal phalanx autopod digit 3 proximal phalanx digit III P1 digit III-1 proximal phalanx of 3rd digit proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of autopod proximal phalanx of digit III proximal phalanx of middle digit proximal phalanx of third digit proximal phalanx of third digit of autopod third digit proximal phalanx third proximal phalanx of autopod uberon UBERON:0014503 proximal phalanx of digit 3 UBERON:0014503 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit III-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. 4th digit of autopod proximal phalanx 4th digit proximal phalanx autopod digit 4 proximal phalanx digit IV P1 digit IV-1 fourth digit proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of autopod proximal phalanx of 4th digit proximal phalanx of 4th digit of autopod proximal phalanx of digit IV proximal phalanx of fourth digit proximal phalanx of fourth digit of autopod proximal phalanx of ring digit uberon UBERON:0014504 proximal phalanx of digit 4 UBERON:0014504 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit IV-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. 5th digit of autopod proximal phalanx 5th digit proximal phalanx autopod digit 5 proximal phalanx digit V P1 digit V-1 fifth digit proximal phalanx fifth proximal phalanx of autopod proximal phalanx of 5th digit proximal phalanx of 5th digit of autopod proximal phalanx of digit V proximal phalanx of fifth digit proximal phalanx of fifth digit of autopod proximal phalanx of little digit uberon UBERON:0014505 proximal phalanx of digit 5 UBERON:0014505 A proximal phalanx that is part of a autopod digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit V-1 PHENOSCAPE:wd proximal phalanx of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd digit. In Equidae, this is known as the coffin joint, and is the articulation between the short pastern bone (P2) and the coffin bone (P3 / distal phalanx) NCIT:C102292 SCTID:196392002 SCTID:370892008 distal interphalangeal joint of digit III coffin joint equine distal interphalangeal joint equine second interphalangeal joint of limb digit III uberon distal interphalangeal joint 3 UBERON:0014506 distal interphalangeal joint of digit 3 UBERON:0014506 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd digit. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal interphalangeal joint of digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 coffin joint NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine distal interphalangeal joint NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine second interphalangeal joint of limb digit III NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd pedal digit. FMA:35375 SCTID:361880001 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit III distal interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot distal interphalangeal joint of third toe equine distal interphalangeal joint of hindlimb hindlimb coffin joint uberon UBERON:0014507 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0014507 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd pedal digit. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot FMA:35375 distal interphalangeal joint of third toe FMA:35375 equine distal interphalangeal joint of hindlimb NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 hindlimb coffin joint NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd manual digit. FMA:35337 SCTID:361854002 SCTID:370683007 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit III distal interphalangeal joint of middle finger equine distal interphalangeal joint of forelimb equine second interphalangeal joint of forelimb digit III forelimb coffin joint uberon UBERON:0014508 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 3 UBERON:0014508 A distal inter-phalangeal joint that is part of the 3rd manual digit. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal interphalangeal joint of middle finger FMA:35337 equine distal interphalangeal joint of forelimb NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 equine second interphalangeal joint of forelimb digit III NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 forelimb coffin joint NCBITaxon:9788 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lamina of neuraxis neuraxis lamina FMA:83856 uberon UBERON:0014530 white matter lamina of neuraxis UBERON:0014530 lamina of neuraxis FMA:83856 neuraxis lamina FMA:83856 cerebral hemisphere lamina lamina of cerebral hemisphere FMA:67951 uberon UBERON:0014532 white matter lamina of cerebral hemisphere UBERON:0014532 cerebral hemisphere lamina FMA:67951 lamina of cerebral hemisphere FMA:67951 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1410 SCTID:367876000 UMLS:C0228632 UMLS:C1288552 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn uberon thoracic spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0014610 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn UBERON:0014610 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228632 BIRNLEX:1410 UMLS:C1288552 BIRNLEX:1410 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:1410 thoracic spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:1410 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1521 SCTID:362438009 UMLS:C0228610 cervical spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0014613 cervical spinal cord gray matter UBERON:0014613 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228610 BIRNLEX:1521 cervical spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:1521 A white matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1531 SCTID:174829001 UMLS:C0228616 cervical spinal cord white matter uberon UBERON:0014614 cervical spinal cord white matter UBERON:0014614 A white matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228616 BIRNLEX:1531 cervical spinal cord white matter BIRNLEX:1531 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1680 SCTID:174363005 UMLS:C0228615 UMLS:C1278740 cervical spinal cord ventral horn uberon cervical spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0014621 cervical spinal cord ventral horn UBERON:0014621 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228615 BIRNLEX:1680 UMLS:C1278740 BIRNLEX:1680 cervical spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:1680 cervical spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:1680 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. BIRNLEX:980 SCTID:362441000 UMLS:C0228627 thoracic spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0014636 thoracic spinal cord gray matter UBERON:0014636 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228627 BIRNLEX:980 thoracic spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:980 A white matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. BIRNLEX:999 SCTID:367881009 UMLS:C0228633 UMLS:C1288557 thoracic spinal cord white matter uberon UBERON:0014637 thoracic spinal cord white matter UBERON:0014637 A white matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228633 BIRNLEX:999 UMLS:C1288557 BIRNLEX:999 thoracic spinal cord white matter BIRNLEX:999 A white matter that is part of a medulla oblongata. BAMS:mw BIRNLEX:1024 BIRNLEX:1414 FMA:83944 neuronames:778 substantia alba medullae oblongatae white matter of medulla white substance of medulla uberon medullary white matter UBERON:0014649 white matter of medulla oblongata UBERON:0014649 A white matter that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic substantia alba medullae oblongatae FMA:TA white matter of medulla FMA:83944 white substance of medulla FMA:83944 medullary white matter BAMS:mw FMA:35334 SCTID:361852003 distal interphalangeal joint of index finger distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit II uberon UBERON:0014668 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 2 UBERON:0014668 distal interphalangeal joint of index finger FMA:35334 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 FMA:35340 SCTID:361856000 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit IV distal interphalangeal joint of ring finger uberon UBERON:0014670 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4 UBERON:0014670 distal interphalangeal joint of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal interphalangeal joint of ring finger FMA:35340 FMA:35343 SCTID:361858004 distal interphalangeal joint of little finger distal interphalangeal joint of manural digit V uberon UBERON:0014671 distal interphalangeal joint of manural digit 5 UBERON:0014671 distal interphalangeal joint of little finger FMA:35343 distal interphalangeal joint of manural digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 FMA:35369 SCTID:361878007 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit II distal interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot distal interphalangeal joint of second toe uberon UBERON:0014672 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0014672 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA:35369 distal interphalangeal joint of second toe FMA:35369 FMA:35387 SCTID:361882009 distal interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot distal interphalangeal joint of fourth toe distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit IV uberon UBERON:0014674 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0014674 distal interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA:35387 distal interphalangeal joint of fourth toe FMA:35387 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 FMA:35393 SCTID:361884005 distal interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot distal interphalangeal joint of fifth toe distal interphalangeal joint of little toe distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit V uberon UBERON:0014675 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0014675 distal interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot FMA:35393 distal interphalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA:35393 distal interphalangeal joint of little toe FMA:35393 distal interphalangeal joint of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 2. check whether NCITA classes belong with hand or generic autopod NCIT:C102291 distal interphalangeal joint of digit II uberon distal interphalangeal joint 2 UBERON:0014677 distal interphalangeal joint of digit 2 UBERON:0014677 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 2. OBOL:automatic distal interphalangeal joint of digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 4. NCIT:C102293 distal interphalangeal joint of digit IV uberon distal interphalangeal joint 4 UBERON:0014679 distal interphalangeal joint of digit 4 UBERON:0014679 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 4. OBOL:automatic distal interphalangeal joint of digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 5. NCIT:C102294 distal interphalangeal joint of digit V uberon distal interphalangeal joint 5 UBERON:0014680 distal interphalangeal joint of digit 5 UBERON:0014680 A distal interphalangeal joint that is part of a digit 5. OBOL:automatic distal interphalangeal joint of digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 The deep auricular artery often arises in common with the anterior tympanic artery. It ascends in the substance of the parotid gland, behind the temporomandibular articulation, pierces the cartilaginous or bony wall of the external acoustic meatus, and supplies its cuticular lining and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane. It gives a branch to the temporomandibular joint. FMA:49689 SCTID:147157007 Wikipedia:Deep_auricular_artery uberon UBERON:0014695 deep auricular artery UBERON:0014695 FMA The deep auricular artery often arises in common with the anterior tympanic artery. It ascends in the substance of the parotid gland, behind the temporomandibular articulation, pierces the cartilaginous or bony wall of the external acoustic meatus, and supplies its cuticular lining and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane. It gives a branch to the temporomandibular joint. Wikipedia:Deep_auricular_artery A venous system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component. EHDAA2:0000479 EMAPA:16374 VHOG:0000282 uberon UBERON:0014699 extraembryonic venous system UBERON:0014699 VHOG A venous system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component. OBOL:automatic A vascular system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component. EHDAA2:0000478 EMAPA:16370 VHOG:0001396 uberon UBERON:0014701 extraembryonic vascular system UBERON:0014701 A vascular system that overlaps a umbilical cord and is part of a entire extraembryonic component. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence. EHDAA2:0004108 EMAPA:32918 uberon UBERON:0014702 frontonasal process epithelium UBERON:0014702 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence. OBOL:automatic A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. EHDAA2:0004019 EMAPA:25040 uberon UBERON:0014703 anal membrane ectodermal component UBERON:0014703 A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pleuroperitoneal canal. EHDAA2:0004736 EMAPA:25034 pleuro-peritoneal canal cavity uberon UBERON:0014704 pleuroperitoneal canal lumen UBERON:0014704 EHDAA2 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pleuroperitoneal canal. OBOL:automatic pleuro-peritoneal canal cavity EMAPA:25034 An epithelium that is part of a median lingual swelling. EHDAA2:0001085 EMAPA:17188 uberon tuberculum impar epitheilium UBERON:0014705 median lingual swelling epithelium UBERON:0014705 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a median lingual swelling. OBOL:automatic tuberculum impar epitheilium EMAPA:17188 EHDAA2:0001147 EMAPA:17646 metanephros primitive collecting ducts primitive collecting duct uberon UBERON:0014706 primitive renal collecting duct system UBERON:0014706 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 metanephros primitive collecting ducts EHDAA2:0001147 primitive collecting duct EMAPA:17646 A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory. NCIT:C32828 UMLS:C1512857 Wikipedia:Interlobular_ducts uberon UBERON:0014716 interlobular duct UBERON:0014716 A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory. ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Duct The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. FMA:86278 acinus of mucuous gland mucus acinus uberon UBERON:0014717 mucous acinus UBERON:0014717 The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular. SCTID:205214009 uberon intralobular ductule UBERON:0014719 intralobular duct UBERON:0014719 A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. uberon intralobular ductule UBERON:0014720 interlobar duct UBERON:0014720 A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm An element formed from the fusion of metapodium bones 2, 3 and 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 2-4 or metacarpals 3-4). fused central metapodials fused metapodials 2-4 uberon metapodial 2+3+4 UBERON:0014762 fused metapodial bones 2-4 UBERON:0014762 An element formed from the fusion of metapodium bones 2, 3 and 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 2-4 or metacarpals 3-4). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fused central metapodials http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fused metapodials 2-4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 metapodial 2+3+4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An element formed from the fusion of metapodium bones 2, 3 and 4 in the pedal autopod. The cannon bone of the 3-toed jerboa (jaculus jaculus) is the postnatal fusion of the 3 central metatarsals, which are distinct ossified elements prenatally fused central metatarsals fused metatarsals 2-4 uberon cannon bone metatarsal 2+3+4 UBERON:0014763 fused metatarsal bones 2-4 UBERON:0014763 An element formed from the fusion of metapodium bones 2, 3 and 4 in the pedal autopod. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The cannon bone of the 3-toed jerboa (jaculus jaculus) is the postnatal fusion of the 3 central metatarsals, which are distinct ossified elements prenatally PMID:22135653 NCBITaxon:51337 fused central metatarsals http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fused metatarsals 2-4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cannon bone NCBITaxon:51337 metatarsal 2+3+4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The domain of the diaphragm that is located dorsally and attaches to the vertebrae and surrounds the esophagus and aorta. EHDAA2:0000597 EMAPA:17703 SCTID:244668003 VHOG:0001546 Wikipedia:Crus_of_diaphragm crural diaphragm uberon crura of the diaphragm crus of the diaphragm diaphragm crura diaphragmatic crura UBERON:0014765 Classification notes: May be considered an external sphincter[PMID:8224664] crus of diaphragm UBERON:0014765 PMID:23586979 PMID:23586979 The domain of the diaphragm that is located dorsally and attaches to the vertebrae and surrounds the esophagus and aorta. PMID:23586979 crural diaphragm PMID:23586979 crura of the diaphragm Wikipedia:Crus_of_diaphragm crus of the diaphragm Wikipedia:Crus_of_diaphragm diaphragm crura diaphragmatic crura Wikipedia:Crus_of_diaphragm A crus of diaphragm that is in_the_right_side_of a diaphragm. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:58286 SCTID:362690009 crus dextrum (Diaphragma) crus dextrum diaphragmatis external sphincter of esophagus right crus of diaphragm right crus of lumbar part of diaphragm uberon UBERON:0014766 right crus of diaphragm UBERON:0014766 A crus of diaphragm that is in_the_right_side_of a diaphragm. OBOL:automatic crus dextrum (Diaphragma) FMA:58286 FMA:TA crus dextrum diaphragmatis FMA:58286 FMA:TA external sphincter of esophagus FMA:58286 right crus of diaphragm FMA:58286 right crus of lumbar part of diaphragm FMA:58286 A crus of diaphragm that is in_the_left_side_of a diaphragm. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:58287 SCTID:244937004 crus sinistrum (Diaphragma) crus sinistrum diaphragmatis left crus of diaphragm left crus of lumbar part of diaphragm uberon UBERON:0014767 left crus of diaphragm UBERON:0014767 A crus of diaphragm that is in_the_left_side_of a diaphragm. OBOL:automatic crus sinistrum (Diaphragma) FMA:58287 FMA:TA crus sinistrum diaphragmatis FMA:58287 FMA:TA left crus of diaphragm FMA:58287 left crus of lumbar part of diaphragm FMA:58287 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain. forebrain segment segment of forebrain FMA:61996 forebrain neuromere uberon future prosencephalon UBERON:0014775 prosomere UBERON:0014775 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain. mesomere midbrain segment segment of midbrain EHDAA2:0004352 FMA:61997 mesomere of nervous system neuromere of mesomere group uberon future mesencephalon mesomere group UBERON:0014776 midbrain neuromere UBERON:0014776 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesomere group EHDAA2:0004352 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord. TAO:0001332 ZFA:0001332 spinal cord metameric segment spinal neuromeres uberon spinal cord segment UBERON:0014777 spinal neuromere UBERON:0014777 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 spinal neuromeres TAO:0001332 spinal cord segment TAO:0001332 Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. uberon UBERON:0014783 cloacal muscle UBERON:0014783 Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical section across the organ. EMAPA:18274 FMA:54813 SCTID:368727001 Wikipedia:Lingual_septum septum of tongue uberon median fibrous septum septum of tongue tongue septum UBERON:0014790 lingual septum UBERON:0014790 The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical section across the organ. Wikipedia:Lingual_septum septum of tongue FMA:54813 median fibrous septum Wikipedia:Lingual_septum septum of tongue Wikipedia:Lingual_septum tongue septum Wikipedia:Lingual_septum Any collection of muscles that is part of the forelimb stylopod region [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50202 uberon arm musculature muscle group of arm musculature of arm set of muscles of arm UBERON:0014791 musculature of forelimb stylopod UBERON:0014791 Any collection of muscles that is part of the forelimb stylopod region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arm musculature FMA:50202 muscle group of arm FMA:50202 musculature of arm FMA:50202 set of muscles of arm FMA:50202 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. currently defined by location rather than attachment EMAPA:37864 FMA:71297 muscles of lower limb musculature of lower limb musculi membri inferioris uberon UBERON:0014792 musculature of pelvic complex UBERON:0014792 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37864 MA:th muscles of lower limb FMA:71297 musculature of lower limb FMA:71297 musculi membri inferioris FMA:TA Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin. currently defined by location rather than attachment EMAPA:37861 FMA:71296 muscles of upper limb musculature of upper limb musculi membri superioris set of muscles of upper limb upper limb musculature uberon UBERON:0014793 musculature of pectoral complex UBERON:0014793 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37861 MA:th muscles of upper limb FMA:71296 musculature of upper limb FMA:71296 musculi membri superioris FMA:TA set of muscles of upper limb FMA:71296 upper limb musculature FMA:71296 Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin). uberon UBERON:0014794 pectoral appendage muscle UBERON:0014794 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin). OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). uberon UBERON:0014795 pelvic appendage muscle UBERON:0014795 prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). OBOL:automatic A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. FMA:33036 distal end of distal phalanx of big toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of big toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit I head of distal phalanx of big toe head of distal phalanx of first digit of foot head of distal phalanx of great toe uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of big toe UBERON:0014871 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 UBERON:0014871 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of big toe FMA:33036 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of big toe FMA:33036 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 head of distal phalanx of big toe FMA:33036 head of distal phalanx of first digit of foot FMA:33036 head of distal phalanx of great toe FMA:33036 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of big toe FMA:33036 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. FMA:33045 distal end of distal phalanx of second toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit II distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of second toe head of distal phalanx of second toe uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of second toe UBERON:0014872 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 UBERON:0014872 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of second toe FMA:33045 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of second toe FMA:33045 head of distal phalanx of second toe FMA:33045 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of second toe FMA:33045 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. FMA:33054 distal end of distal phalanx of third toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit III distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of third toe head of distal phalanx of third digit of foot head of distal phalanx of third toe uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of third toe UBERON:0014873 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 UBERON:0014873 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of third toe FMA:33054 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of third toe FMA:33054 head of distal phalanx of third digit of foot FMA:33054 head of distal phalanx of third toe FMA:33054 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of third toe FMA:33054 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. FMA:33091 distal end of distal phalanx of fourth toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit IV head of distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot head of distal phalanx of fourth toe uberon ungal tuberosity of distal phalanx of fourth toe UBERON:0014874 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 UBERON:0014874 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:33091 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:33091 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 head of distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:33091 head of distal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:33091 ungal tuberosity of distal phalanx of fourth toe FMA:33091 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. FMA:33106 distal end of distal phalanx of little toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little toe distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit V head of distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot head of distal phalanx of fifth toe head of distal phalanx of little toe uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of fifth toe UBERON:0014875 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 UBERON:0014875 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of little toe FMA:33106 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little toe FMA:33106 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 head of distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:33106 head of distal phalanx of fifth toe FMA:33106 head of distal phalanx of little toe FMA:33106 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of fifth toe FMA:33106 distal end of distal phalanx of toe head of distal phalanx of digit of foot head of distal phalanx of digit of pes head of distal phalanx of toe uberon UBERON:0014876 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of pedal digit UBERON:0014876 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1. FMA:37609 SCTID:182011000 distal end of phalanx of right thumb distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit I distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb head of distal phalanx of first digit of hand head of distal phalanx of thumb uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of thumb UBERON:0014881 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:0014881 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic distal end of phalanx of right thumb FMA:37609 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit I https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb FMA:37609 head of distal phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:37609 head of distal phalanx of thumb FMA:37609 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of thumb FMA:37609 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. FMA:37621 SCTID:263457005 distal end of distal phalanx of index finger distal end of distal phalanx of second finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit II head of distal phalanx of index finger head of distal phalanx of second finger uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of index finger UBERON:0014882 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 UBERON:0014882 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37621 distal end of distal phalanx of second finger FMA:37621 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37621 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit II https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 head of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37621 head of distal phalanx of second finger FMA:37621 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37621 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. FMA:37633 SCTID:263458000 distal end of distal phalanx of middle finger distal end of distal phalanx of third finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit III distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger head of distal phalanx of middle finger head of distal phalanx of third digit of hand head of distal phalanx of third finger uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of middle finger UBERON:0014883 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 UBERON:0014883 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37633 distal end of distal phalanx of third finger FMA:37633 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit III https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37633 head of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37633 head of distal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37633 head of distal phalanx of third finger FMA:37633 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37633 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. FMA:37645 SCTID:263459008 distal end of distal phalanx of fourth finger distal end of distal phalanx of ring finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit IV distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger head of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand head of distal phalanx of fourth finger head of distal phalanx of ring finger uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of ring finger UBERON:0014884 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 UBERON:0014884 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37645 distal end of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37645 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit IV https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37645 head of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37645 head of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37645 head of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37645 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37645 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. FMA:37657 SCTID:263460003 distal end of distal phalanx of fifth finger distal end of distal phalanx of little finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit V head of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand head of distal phalanx of fifth finger head of distal phalanx of little finger uberon ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of little finger UBERON:0014885 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 UBERON:0014885 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic distal end of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37657 distal end of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37657 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37657 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit V https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 head of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37657 head of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37657 head of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37657 ungual tuberosity of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37657 SCTID:182006002 distal end of distal phalanx of finger head of distal phalanx of digit of hand head of distal phalanx of digit of manus head of distal phalanx of finger uberon UBERON:0014886 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit UBERON:0014886 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx. distal end of distal phalanx of digit head of distal phalanx head of distal phalanx of digit head of distal phalanx of digit of autopod uberon UBERON:0014887 distal epiphysis of distal phalanx of digit UBERON:0014887 A distal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx. OBOL:automatic White matter that is part of a brainstem [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35189 FMA:282112 MA:0002741 SCTID:360442003 uberon brain stem white matter brainstem tract/commissure brainstem tracts brainstem tracts and commissures UBERON:0014891 brainstem white matter UBERON:0014891 White matter that is part of a brainstem [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic brain stem white matter EMAPA:35189 A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). skeletal muscle AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 CALOHA:TS-0933 EFO:0000888 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EMAPA:35988 EV:0100377 GAID:141 MA:0003148 MAT:0000302 MESH:D018482 MIAA:0000302 TAO:0005277 VHOG:0000319 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 uberon UBERON:0014892 skeletal muscle organ UBERON:0014892 A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). GOC:dos A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. EFO:0003708 TAO:0005076 ZFA:0005076 uberon UBERON:0014903 primordial vasculature UBERON:0014903 A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. ZFA:0005076 ZFA:curator One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites. Blood vessels that connect the dorsal aorta or the posterior cardinal vein and the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel. They run along the vertical myotomal boundaries. At early stages these don't have venous or arterial markers[ZFA:0001285, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-030908-4]. EFO:0003664 EMAPA:37389 TAO:0001285 XAO:0004075 ZFA:0001285 intersegmental vessel intersegmental vessels intersomitic blood vessel intersomitic vessels segmental vessel uberon UBERON:0014907 intersomitic vessel UBERON:0014907 ZFA ZFA One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites. MGI:anna Blood vessels that connect the dorsal aorta or the posterior cardinal vein and the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel. They run along the vertical myotomal boundaries. At early stages these don't have venous or arterial markers[ZFA:0001285, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-030908-4]. ZFA:0001285, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-030908-4 EMAPA:37389 MA:th intersegmental vessel ZFA:0001285 intersegmental vessels ZFA:0001285 intersomitic blood vessel XAO:0004075 intersomitic vessels ZFA:0001285 segmental vessel ZFA:0001285 these layers primarily refer to the mammalian future neocortex uberon UBERON:0014950 layer of developing cerebral cortex UBERON:0014950 EMAPA The major preaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod. radius skeletal element radius element uberon UBERON:0015001 radius endochondral element UBERON:0015001 The major preaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod. UBERON:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/70 radius skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern radius element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A radius-ulna bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. radius-ulna skeletal element radius-ulna element uberon UBERON:0015002 radius-ulna endochondral element UBERON:0015002 A radius-ulna bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern radius-ulna skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern radius-ulna element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern Major postaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod. ulna skeletal element ulna element uberon UBERON:0015003 The corresponding element in the posterior fin/limb is the fibula. ulna endochondral element UBERON:0015003 Major postaxial endrochondral skeletal element in the anterior zeugopod. UBERON:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/70 ulna skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern ulna element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. tibia skeletal element tibia element uberon UBERON:0015004 tibia endochondral element UBERON:0015004 The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/71 tibia skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern tibia element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A vertebral endochondral element in the cervical region of the vertebral column. cervical vertebra skeletal element cervical vertebra element uberon UBERON:0015007 cervical vertebra endochondral element UBERON:0015007 A vertebral endochondral element in the cervical region of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cervical vertebra skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern cervical vertebra element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A vertebral endochondral element in the thoracic region of the vertebral column. thoracic vertebra skeletal element thoracic vertebra element uberon UBERON:0015008 thoracic vertebra endochondral element UBERON:0015008 A vertebral endochondral element in the thoracic region of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 thoracic vertebra skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern thoracic vertebra element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A lumbar vertebra bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. lumbar vertebra skeletal element lumbar vertebra element uberon UBERON:0015009 lumbar vertebra endochondral element UBERON:0015009 A lumbar vertebra bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern lumbar vertebra skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern lumbar vertebra element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A vertebra endochondral element that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column. sacral vertebra skeletal element sacral vertebra element uberon UBERON:0015010 sacral vertebra endochondral element UBERON:0015010 A vertebra endochondral element that is part of the sacral region of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 sacral vertebra skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern sacral vertebra element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern The major postaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. fibula skeletal element fibula element uberon UBERON:0015013 fibula endochondral element UBERON:0015013 The major postaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. PHENOSCAPE:mah https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/73 fibula skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern fibula element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A calcaneum bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. calcaneum skeletal element calcaneum element uberon UBERON:0015014 calcaneum endochondral element UBERON:0015014 A calcaneum bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern calcaneum skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern calcaneum element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A supraoccipital bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. supraoccipital skeletal element supraoccipital element uberon UBERON:0015015 supraoccipital endochondral element UBERON:0015015 A supraoccipital bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern supraoccipital skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern supraoccipital element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A rib bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as 'true ribs', are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. The following five sets are known as 'false ribs', three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluitantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair. Rib removal is the surgical excision of ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass. Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.[1] In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.[1]. In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.[1]. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals. rib skeletal element rib element uberon UBERON:0015019 rib endochondral element UBERON:0015019 A rib bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern rib skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern rib element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. forelimb skeletal element uberon UBERON:0015021 forelimb endochondral element UBERON:0015021 A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern forelimb skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. hindlimb bone skeletal element uberon UBERON:0015022 hindlimb endochondral element UBERON:0015022 A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern hindlimb bone skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. phalanx skeletal element phalanx element uberon UBERON:0015023 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015023 A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A manual digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit phalanx skeletal element manual digit phalanx element uberon UBERON:0015024 manual digit phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015024 A manual digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A manual digit 1 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 1 phalanx skeletal element manual digit 1 phalanx element manual digit I phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015025 manual digit 1 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015025 A manual digit 1 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 1 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 1 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit I phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 2 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 2 phalanx skeletal element manual digit 2 phalanx element manual digit II phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015026 manual digit 2 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015026 A manual digit 2 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 2 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 2 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit II phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 3 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 3 phalanx skeletal element manual digit 3 phalanx element manual digit III phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015027 manual digit 3 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015027 A manual digit 3 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 3 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 3 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit III phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 4 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 4 phalanx skeletal element manual digit 4 phalanx element manual digit IV phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015028 manual digit 4 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015028 A manual digit 4 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 4 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 4 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit IV phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 5 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 5 phalanx skeletal element manual digit 5 phalanx element manual digit V phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015029 manual digit 5 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015029 A manual digit 5 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 5 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 5 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit V phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit phalanx skeletal element pedal digit phalanx element uberon UBERON:0015030 pedal digit phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015030 A pedal digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A pedal digit 1 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 1 phalanx skeletal element pedal digit 1 phalanx element pedal digit I phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015031 pedal digit 1 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015031 A pedal digit 1 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 1 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 1 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit I phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 2 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 2 phalanx skeletal element pedal digit 2 phalanx element pedal digit II phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015032 pedal digit 2 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015032 A pedal digit 2 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 2 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 2 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit II phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 3 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 3 phalanx skeletal element pedal digit 3 phalanx element pedal digit III phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015033 pedal digit 3 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015033 A pedal digit 3 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 3 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 3 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit III phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 4 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 4 phalanx skeletal element pedal digit 4 phalanx element pedal digit IV phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015034 pedal digit 4 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015034 A pedal digit 4 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 4 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 4 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit IV phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 5 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 5 phalanx skeletal element pedal digit 5 phalanx element pedal digit V phalanx endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015035 pedal digit 5 phalanx endochondral element UBERON:0015035 A pedal digit 5 phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 5 phalanx skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 5 phalanx element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit V phalanx endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit metatarsal element uberon UBERON:0015036 pedal digit metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015036 A pedal digit metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A pedal digit 1 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 1 metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit 1 metatarsal element pedal digit I metatarsal endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015037 pedal digit 1 metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015037 A pedal digit 1 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 1 metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 1 metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit I metatarsal endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 2 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 2 metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit 2 metatarsal element pedal digit II metatarsal endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015038 pedal digit 2 metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015038 A pedal digit 2 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 2 metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 2 metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit II metatarsal endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 3 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 3 metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit 3 metatarsal element pedal digit III metatarsal endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015039 pedal digit 3 metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015039 A pedal digit 3 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 3 metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 3 metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit III metatarsal endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 4 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 4 metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit 4 metatarsal element pedal digit IV metatarsal endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015040 pedal digit 4 metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015040 A pedal digit 4 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 4 metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 4 metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit IV metatarsal endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A pedal digit 5 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit 5 metatarsal skeletal element pedal digit 5 metatarsal element pedal digit V metatarsal endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015041 pedal digit 5 metatarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015041 A pedal digit 5 metatarsal bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 5 metatarsal skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit 5 metatarsal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pedal digit V metatarsal endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit metacarpus skeletal element manual digit metacarpus element uberon UBERON:0015042 manual digit metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015042 A manual digit metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A manual digit 1 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 1 metacarpus skeletal element manual digit 1 metacarpus element manual digit I metacarpus endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015043 manual digit 1 metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015043 A manual digit 1 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 1 metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 1 metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit I metacarpus endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 2 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 2 metacarpus skeletal element manual digit 2 metacarpus element manual digit II metacarpus endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015044 manual digit 2 metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015044 A manual digit 2 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 2 metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 2 metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit II metacarpus endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 3 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 3 metacarpus skeletal element manual digit 3 metacarpus element manual digit III metacarpus endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015045 manual digit 3 metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015045 A manual digit 3 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 3 metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 3 metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit III metacarpus endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 4 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 4 metacarpus skeletal element manual digit 4 metacarpus element manual digit IV metacarpus endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015046 manual digit 4 metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015046 A manual digit 4 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 4 metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 4 metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit IV metacarpus endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A manual digit 5 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit 5 metacarpus skeletal element manual digit 5 metacarpus element manual digit V metacarpus endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015047 manual digit 5 metacarpus endochondral element UBERON:0015047 A manual digit 5 metacarpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 5 metacarpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit 5 metacarpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern manual digit V metacarpus endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A carpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. carpus skeletal element carpus element uberon UBERON:0015049 carpus endochondral element UBERON:0015049 A carpus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern carpus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern carpus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A tarsus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. tarsus skeletal element tarsus element uberon UBERON:0015050 tarsus endochondral element UBERON:0015050 A tarsus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern tarsus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern tarsus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. femur skeletal element femur element uberon UBERON:0015052 femur endochondral element UBERON:0015052 A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern femur skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern femur element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A humerus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. humerus skeletal element humerus element uberon UBERON:0015053 humerus endochondral element UBERON:0015053 A humerus bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern humerus skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern humerus element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern An iliac bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. iliac skeletal element iliac element uberon UBERON:0015054 iliac endochondral element UBERON:0015054 An iliac bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern iliac skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern iliac element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A pubic bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pubic skeletal element pubic element uberon UBERON:0015055 pubic endochondral element UBERON:0015055 A pubic bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pubic skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern pubic element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern An ischial bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. ischial skeletal element ischial element uberon UBERON:0015056 ischial endochondral element UBERON:0015056 An ischial bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern ischial skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern ischial element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A scapula bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. scapula skeletal element scapula element uberon UBERON:0015057 scapula endochondral element UBERON:0015057 A scapula bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern scapula skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern scapula element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A sphenoid bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. sphenoid bone skeletal element sphenoid element uberon UBERON:0015060 sphenoid endochondral element UBERON:0015060 A sphenoid bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern sphenoid bone skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern sphenoid element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. limb bone skeletal element limb bone endochondral element uberon UBERON:0015061 limb endochondral element UBERON:0015061 A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern limb bone skeletal element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern limb bone endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern An endochondral element that is part of a autopod region. uberon UBERON:0015063 autopod endochondral element UBERON:0015063 cjm An endochondral element that is part of a autopod region. OBOL:automatic An autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015064 autopod cartilage UBERON:0015064 An autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic Endochondral element located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. This term corresponds both to the navicular bone in the pes and the similar central carpals in the manus the FMA term is under 'general anatomical term'. central mesopodium element uberon centralia UBERON:0015067 centrale endochondral element UBERON:0015067 Endochondral element located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. PHENOSCAPE:AMAO the FMA term is under 'general anatomical term'. FMA central mesopodium element UBERON:0012131 centralia UBERON:0012131 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a forelimb. uberon distal carpal UBERON:0015068 distal carpal endochondral element UBERON:0015068 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic distal carpal AAO:0000847 UBERON:cjm A distal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015069 distal carpal cartilage element UBERON:0015069 A distal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A centrale endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015077 centrale cartilage UBERON:0015077 A centrale endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a forelimb. proximal carpal element uberon proximal carpal UBERON:0015078 proximal carpal endochondral element UBERON:0015078 A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic proximal carpal element UBERON:cjm proximal carpal UBERON:cjm A proximal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015079 proximal carpal cartilage UBERON:0015079 A proximal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A proximal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015080 proximal carpal bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015080 A proximal carpal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb. uberon proximal tarsal UBERON:0015081 proximal tarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015081 A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic proximal tarsal UBERON:cjm A proximal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015082 proximal tarsal cartilage UBERON:0015082 A proximal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A proximal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015083 proximal tarsal bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015083 A proximal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic uberon distal carpal 2 UBERON:0015087 distal carpal bone 2 endochondral element UBERON:0015087 distal carpal 2 UBERON:cjm A distal carpal bone 2 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015088 distal carpal bone 2 cartilage UBERON:0015088 A distal carpal bone 2 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A distal carpal bone 2 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015089 distal carpal bone 2 pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015089 A distal carpal bone 2 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic uberon distal carpal 3 UBERON:0015090 distal carpal bone 3 endochondral element UBERON:0015090 distal carpal 3 UBERON:cjm A distal carpal bone 3 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015091 distal carpal bone 3 cartilage UBERON:0015091 A distal carpal bone 3 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A distal carpal bone 3 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015092 distal carpal bone 3 pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015092 A distal carpal bone 3 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic uberon distal carpal 4 UBERON:0015093 distal carpal bone 4 endochondral element UBERON:0015093 distal carpal 4 UBERON:cjm A distal carpal bone 4 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015094 distal carpal bone 4 cartilage UBERON:0015094 A distal carpal bone 4 endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A distal carpal bone 4 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015095 distal carpal bone 4 pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015095 A distal carpal bone 4 endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb. uberon distal tarsal UBERON:0015099 distal tarsal endochondral element UBERON:0015099 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is part of a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic distal tarsal UBERON:cjm A distal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0015100 distal tarsal cartilage UBERON:0015100 A distal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A distal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0015101 distal tarsal bone pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0015101 A distal tarsal endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic consider merging into myocardial compact layer FMA:83105 perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium subepicardial connective tissue uberon UBERON:0015128 subepicardial layer of epicardium UBERON:0015128 FMA perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium FMA:83105 subepicardial connective tissue FMA:83105 Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. FMA:9871 SCTID:42267001 epicardial adipose tissue pericardial adipose tissue uberon UBERON:0015129 epicardial fat UBERON:0015129 Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. the only orbital gland found in anuran amphibians is either the Harderian or the lacrimal; if it is a lacrimal, then a progressive lateral migration of the lacrimal glands must occur through the amniotes[PMID:7559104] the only orbital gland found in anuran amphibians is the Harderian[PMID:8843648] ocular gland uberon orbital gland UBERON:0015152 gland of ocular region UBERON:0015152 inferred A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/614 An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs. uberon UBERON:0015165 multi-unit eye UBERON:0015165 An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs. PMID:21062451 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 present on tentacular crown PMID:21062451 present on mantle edge in arcacean Bivalvia PMID:21062451 The eyes (optic cushions) on the oral surface of Asteroida (Echinodermata), close to the base of the terminal tentacles, are also composed of a number of simple ocelli - as many as 80-200 in certain species PMID:21062451 A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. SCTID:254200009 blood vessel of endometrium uberon UBERON:0015172 endometrial blood vessel UBERON:0015172 A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. OBOL:automatic A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm. TAO:0001462 XAO:0004074 ZFA:0001462 uberon inter-somited border intersomitic boundary intersomitic fissure intersomitic junction segmental border somite boundary UBERON:0015178 somite border UBERON:0015178 A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intersomitic junction XAO:0004074 somite boundary ZFA:0001462 Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. XAO:0004077 intersomitic epithelium intersomitic membrane uberon UBERON:0015179 somite boundary epithelium UBERON:0015179 Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. XAO:0004077 XAO:EJS intersomitic epithelium XAO:0004077 intersomitic membrane XAO:0004077 The neck of talus is directed forward and medialward, and comprises the constricted portion of the bone between the body and the oval head. Its upper and medial surfaces are rough, for the attachment of ligaments; its lateral surface is concave and is continuous below with the deep groove for the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament. FMA:33636 SCTID:182104001 Wikipedia:Neck_of_talus talar neck talus neck uberon collum tali UBERON:0015180 neck of talus UBERON:0015180 The neck of talus is directed forward and medialward, and comprises the constricted portion of the bone between the body and the oval head. Its upper and medial surfaces are rough, for the attachment of ligaments; its lateral surface is concave and is continuous below with the deep groove for the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament. Wikipedia:Neck_of_talus talar neck FMA:33636 talus neck FMA:33636 collum tali Wikipedia:Neck_of_talus The slightly constricted part of a tooth, between the crown and the root. FMA:55627 NCIT:C32346 SCTID:28638008 cervix dentis cervix of tooth collumn dentis dental neck tooth neck uberon cervical margin of tooth cervical zone of tooth UBERON:0015181 neck of tooth UBERON:0015181 The slightly constricted part of a tooth, between the crown and the root. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=neck+of+tooth cervix dentis FMA:TA cervix of tooth FMA:55627 collumn dentis ncithesaurus:Collum_Dentis dental neck http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=neck+of+tooth tooth neck FMA:55627 cervical margin of tooth http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=neck+of+tooth cervical zone of tooth http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=neck+of+tooth An anatomical group whose component structures share a common function. AEO:0000093 FBbt:00007278 uberon UBERON:0015203 non-connected functional system UBERON:0015203 An anatomical group whose component structures share a common function. AEO:0000093 AEO:JB FBC:DOS FBbt:00007278 A non-connected functional system that is composed primarily of a gland. EHDAA2:0002223 uberon UBERON:0015204 glandular system UBERON:0015204 A non-connected functional system that is composed primarily of a gland. OBOL:automatic Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. This class is primarily to implement taxon constraints. It may be removed in the future. uberon UBERON:0015212 lateral structure UBERON:0015212 Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A ligament that is part of a diaphragm. EMAPA:19236 FMA:58280 uberon UBERON:0015214 arcuate ligament UBERON:0015214 A ligament that is part of a diaphragm. OBOL:automatic A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. heart SPD:0000130 cardiac pump heart or heart like organ circulatory vessel uberon cardiac structure UBERON:0015228 circulatory organ UBERON:0015228 A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A zone of skin that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32615 MA:0003011 uberon UBERON:0015249 digit skin UBERON:0015249 A zone of skin that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_left_side_of a exocrine pancreas. EMAPA:37711 MA:0000722 uberon UBERON:0015280 pancreas left lobe UBERON:0015280 A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_left_side_of a exocrine pancreas. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37711 MA:th A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_right_side_of a exocrine pancreas. EMAPA:37712 MA:0000723 uberon UBERON:0015281 pancreas right lobe UBERON:0015281 A pancreatic lobule that is in_the_right_side_of a exocrine pancreas. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37712 MA:th A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. EMAPA:37570 MA:0001815 uberon UBERON:0015329 respiratory system basement membrane UBERON:0015329 MA A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37570 MA:th EMAPA:37597 MA:0002449 heart/pericardium uberon UBERON:0015410 heart plus pericardium UBERON:0015410 MA EMAPA:37597 MA:th heart/pericardium MA:0002449 A mesenchyme that is part of a urethra. EMAPA:37786 MA:0002648 uberon UBERON:0015418 urethra mesenchymal layer UBERON:0015418 A mesenchyme that is part of a urethra. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37786 MA:th A valve that is part of a ureter. EMAPA:37781 MA:0002658 ureteral valve valve or ureter uberon UBERON:0015420 ureteral valve UBERON:0015420 A valve that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37781 MA:th ureteral valve MA:0002658 A zone of skin that is part of a axilla. EMAPA:37349 FMA:37322 MA:0003087 NCIT:C116164 axillary skin skin of axilla uberon UBERON:0015474 axilla skin UBERON:0015474 A zone of skin that is part of a axilla. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37349 MA:th axillary skin FMA:37322 skin of axilla FMA:37322 A zone of skin that is part of a external nose. EMAPA:37684 FMA:24763 MA:0003090 external nasal skin skin of external nose skin of nose uberon UBERON:0015476 nose skin UBERON:0015476 A zone of skin that is part of a external nose. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37684 MA:th external nasal skin FMA:24763 skin of external nose FMA:24763 skin of nose FMA:24763 The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery. EMAPA:37217 FMA:14772 MA:0003095 SCTID:244262006 Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper hepatic artery proper uberon proper hepatic UBERON:0015480 proper hepatic artery UBERON:0015480 MA FMA The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature of the stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently gives off the cystic artery, which feeds the gallbladder, before bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of note, the right and left hepatic arteries may demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right hepatic artery may arise from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic artery may arise from the left gastric artery. Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper EMAPA:37217 MA:th hepatic artery proper FMA:14772 proper hepatic Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper A hepatic artery that is part of a left lobe of liver. EMAPA:37096 FMA:14779 MA:0003096 left branch of hepatic artery left part of hepatic artery proper ramus sinister (arteria hepatica propria) uberon UBERON:0015481 left hepatic artery UBERON:0015481 FMA A hepatic artery that is part of a left lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37096 MA:th left branch of hepatic artery FMA:14779 left part of hepatic artery proper FMA:14779 ramus sinister (arteria hepatica propria) FMA:14779 FMA:TA A hepatic artery that is part of a right lobe of liver. EMAPA:37376 FMA:14778 MA:0003097 ramus dexter (arteria hepatica propria) right branch of hepatic artery proper right part of hepatic artery proper uberon UBERON:0015482 right hepatic artery UBERON:0015482 FMA A hepatic artery that is part of a right lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37376 MA:th ramus dexter (arteria hepatica propria) FMA:14778 FMA:TA right branch of hepatic artery proper FMA:14778 right part of hepatic artery proper FMA:14778 Hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla. EMAPA:37478 MA:0003108 choledochoduodenal junction uberon UBERON:0015485 choledocho-duodenal junction UBERON:0015485 Hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/choledochoduodenal+junction EMAPA:37478 MA:th choledochoduodenal junction MA:0003108 An epithelium that is part of a anal canal. EMAPA:18835 FMA:17511 anal canal epithelium epithelium of anal canal uberon UBERON:0015716 anal canal epithelium UBERON:0015716 An epithelium that is part of a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal canal epithelium FMA:17511 epithelium of anal canal FMA:17511 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a ejaculatory duct. EMAPA:32289 FMA:19372 muscle layer of ejaculatory duct uberon UBERON:0015717 smooth muscle tissue layer of ejaculatory duct UBERON:0015717 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a ejaculatory duct. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of ejaculatory duct FMA:19372 FMA:62798 portion of heterogeneous tissue uberon UBERON:0015757 heterogeneous tissue UBERON:0015757 FMA portion of heterogeneous tissue FMA:62798 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. FMA:77862 muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae uberon UBERON:0015783 smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue UBERON:0015783 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. OBOL:automatic muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue FMA:77862 stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae FMA:77862 FMA:TA Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract. Anatomical cluster which consists a segment of the upper respiratory tract[FMA:265132]. FMA:265132 uberon respiratory conduit UBERON:0015787 upper respiratory conduit UBERON:0015787 Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster which consists a segment of the upper respiratory tract[FMA:265132]. FMA:265132 respiratory conduit FMA:265132 An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. FMA:265136 uberon UBERON:0015788 olfactory apparatus chamber UBERON:0015788 An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 see also, 'facial nerve muscle', which is not precisely equivalent. We include this grouping to accomodate the MA class, which includes masticatory muscle as a subtype; note the masticatory muscle is noy innervated by the facial nerve, unlike the facial muscles proper EMAPA:25133 MA:0000579 cranial/facial muscle uberon cranial-facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle UBERON:0015789 cranial or facial muscle UBERON:0015789 cranial/facial muscle MA:0000579 cranial-facial muscle EMAPA:25133 cranio-facial muscle EMAPA:25133 craniofacial muscle EMAPA:25133 A zone of skin that is part of a autopod region. EMAPA:32723 MA:0003120 uberon paw skin UBERON:0015790 autopod skin UBERON:0015790 A zone of skin that is part of a autopod region. OBOL:automatic paw skin MA:0003120 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a digit. EMAPA:37290 MA:0003123 uberon UBERON:0015791 digit connective tissue UBERON:0015791 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a digit. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37290 MA:th A blood vessel that is part of a liver. EMAPA:35498 MA:0003137 uberon hepatic blood vessel UBERON:0015796 liver blood vessel UBERON:0015796 A blood vessel that is part of a liver. OBOL:automatic hepatic blood vessel EMAPA:35498 An epithelium that is part of a ear. EMAPA:32800 MA:0003161 uberon UBERON:0015807 ear epithelium UBERON:0015807 An epithelium that is part of a ear. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. EMAPA:35957 MA:0003162 uberon UBERON:0015808 eye epithelium UBERON:0015808 An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a middle ear. EMAPA:35673 MA:0003169 uberon UBERON:0015813 middle ear epithelium UBERON:0015813 An epithelium that is part of a middle ear. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a external ear. EMAPA:35956 MA:0003170 uberon UBERON:0015814 outer ear epithelium UBERON:0015814 An epithelium that is part of a external ear. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a foregut. EMAPA:32922 MA:0003204 uberon UBERON:0015833 foregut epithelium UBERON:0015833 An epithelium that is part of a foregut. OBOL:automatic A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum. EMAPA:27255 FMA:15972 MA:0003209 duodenal lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of duodenum lamina propria of duodenum uberon UBERON:0015834 duodenum lamina propria UBERON:0015834 FMA A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum. OBOL:automatic duodenal lamina propria FMA:15972 lamina propria mucosae of duodenum FMA:15972 lamina propria of duodenum FMA:15972 A dental pulp that is part of a incisor tooth. FMA has classes for very specific sublcasses but no generic grouping at this level EMAPA:35429 FMA:294459 MA:0003221 uberon UBERON:0015837 incisor dental pulp UBERON:0015837 A dental pulp that is part of a incisor tooth. OBOL:automatic FMA has classes for very specific sublcasses but no generic grouping at this level FMA FMA has classes for very specific sublcasses but no generic grouping at this level EMAPA:35576 FMA:294469 MA:0003222 uberon UBERON:0015838 molar dental pulp UBERON:0015838 FMA has classes for very specific sublcasses but no generic grouping at this level FMA EMAPA:32878 MA:0003224 epithelium of molar epithelium of molar tooth uberon UBERON:0015839 molar epithelium UBERON:0015839 A tooth enamel organ that is part of a incisor tooth. EMAPA:32895 MA:0003227 uberon UBERON:0015842 incisor enamel organ UBERON:0015842 A tooth enamel organ that is part of a incisor tooth. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:32880 MA:0003228 uberon UBERON:0015843 molar enamel organ UBERON:0015843 EMAPA:32882 MA:0003232 molar odontogenic papilla molar tooth odontogenic papilla uberon UBERON:0015844 molar dental papilla UBERON:0015844 molar odontogenic papilla OBOL:automatic molar tooth odontogenic papilla OBOL:automatic An odontogenic mesenchyme that is part of a incisor tooth. EMAPA:32894 MA:0003229 uberon UBERON:0015846 incisor mesenchyme UBERON:0015846 An odontogenic mesenchyme that is part of a incisor tooth. OBOL:automatic A upper jaw incisor that is in_the_left_side_of a dentition. SCTID:245585000 uberon UBERON:0015847 upper left incisor tooth UBERON:0015847 A upper jaw incisor that is in_the_left_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a heel. EMAPA:37354 MA:0003104 SCTID:244185002 skin of heel uberon UBERON:0015873 heel skin UBERON:0015873 A zone of skin that is part of a heel. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37354 MA:th The part of the foot that is the projection of the calcaneus. FMA:24994 MESH:D006365 SCTID:362804005 Wikipedia:Heel calcaneal region heel region regio calcanea uberon UBERON:0015875 heel UBERON:0015875 The part of the foot that is the projection of the calcaneus. Wikipedia:Heel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 calcaneal region FMA:24994 heel region FMA:24994 regio calcanea FMA:TA A vertebral arch joint that is part of a cervical region of vertebral column. FMA:13668 cervical facet joint joint of cervical vertebral arch joint of cervical vertebral articular process zygapophyseal joint of cervical vertebrae zygapophysial joint of cervical vertebrae uberon UBERON:0016404 cervical vertebral arch joint UBERON:0016404 A vertebral arch joint that is part of a cervical region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic cervical facet joint FMA:13668 joint of cervical vertebral arch FMA:13668 joint of cervical vertebral articular process FMA:13668 zygapophyseal joint of cervical vertebrae FMA:13668 zygapophysial joint of cervical vertebrae FMA:13668 A capillary that is part of a lung. FMA:14121 capillary of lung uberon UBERON:0016405 pulmonary capillary UBERON:0016405 A capillary that is part of a lung. OBOL:automatic capillary of lung FMA:14121 The intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose. FMA:264779 Wikipedia:Nasion uberon UBERON:0016418 nasion UBERON:0016418 The intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose. Wikipedia:Nasion FMA:35324 uberon UBERON:0016426 proximal interphalangeal joint of little finger UBERON:0016426 2 The line of junction between the horizontal parts of the palatine bones that extends from both sides of the skull to form the posterior part of the hard palate. FMA:52966 median palatine suture of skull middle palatine suture of skull midpalatal suture of skull uberon UBERON:0016442 median palatine suture UBERON:0016442 The line of junction between the horizontal parts of the palatine bones that extends from both sides of the skull to form the posterior part of the hard palate. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/median+palatine+suture median palatine suture of skull FMA:52966 middle palatine suture of skull FMA:52966 midpalatal suture of skull FMA:52966 FMA:55716 maxillary secondary premolar tooth upper permanent premolar tooth uberon permanent upper premolar tooth secondary upper premolar tooth UBERON:0016452 upper secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0016452 maxillary secondary premolar tooth FMA:55716 upper permanent premolar tooth FMA:55716 permanent upper premolar tooth FMA:55716 secondary upper premolar tooth FMA:55716 FMA:55717 lower permanent premolar tooth mandibular secondary premolar tooth uberon permanent lower premolar tooth UBERON:0016453 lower secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0016453 lower permanent premolar tooth FMA:55717 mandibular secondary premolar tooth FMA:55717 permanent lower premolar tooth FMA:55717 FMA:55722 maxillary central permanent incisor tooth maxillary central secondary incisor tooth upper central permanent incisor tooth uberon I1 permanent upper central incisor tooth UBERON:0016454 upper central secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0016454 maxillary central secondary incisor tooth FMA:55722 upper central permanent incisor tooth FMA:55722 I1 permanent upper central incisor tooth FMA:55722 FMA:55724 maxillary lateral secondary incisor tooth upper lateral permanent incisor tooth uberon I2 UBERON:0016455 upper lateral secondary incisor tooth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/557 UBERON:0016455 maxillary lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:55724 upper lateral permanent incisor tooth FMA:55724 I2 A hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. FMA:58289 esophageal hiatus of diaphragm oesophageal aperture oesophageal hiatus uberon UBERON:0016458 esophageal hiatus UBERON:0016458 A hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. HP:0002036 esophageal hiatus of diaphragm FMA:58289 oesophageal aperture FMA:58289 oesophageal hiatus FMA:58289 The antitragus is a feature of human ear anatomy. It is a small tubercle that points anteriorly. It is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch. FMA:61001 NCIT:C32121 SCTID:362543000 UMLS:C0229314 Wikipedia:Antitragus antitragal part of pinna uberon UBERON:0016467 antitragus UBERON:0016467 FMA http://php.med.unsw.edu.au The antitragus is a feature of human ear anatomy. It is a small tubercle that points anteriorly. It is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch. Wikipedia:Antitragus antitragal part of pinna FMA:61001 An incisor tooth that is part of a primary dentition. FMA:84200 SCTID:51528000 deciduous incisor tooth temporary incisor tooth uberon UBERON:0016476 primary incisor tooth UBERON:0016476 An incisor tooth that is part of a primary dentition. OBOL:automatic deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84200 temporary incisor tooth FMA:84200 A stroma that is part of a liver. FMA:17553 hepatic stroma stroma of liver uberon UBERON:0016478 liver stroma UBERON:0016478 A stroma that is part of a liver. OBOL:automatic hepatic stroma FMA:17553 stroma of liver FMA:17553 Is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA EMAPA:36002 FMA:7192 MA:0002443 NCIT:C12889 NLXANAT:090817 UMLS:C0587901 Wikipedia:Auditory_system neuronames:2888 uberon UBERON:0016490 auditory system UBERON:0016490 Is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. NLXANAT:090817 Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA FMA UMLS:C0587901 ncithesaurus:Auditory_System Skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord.[VSAO] the main cylindrical portion of the vertebra ventral to the vertebral canal The vertebral centrum may be cartilaginous, develop as cartilage but be replaced by bone or mineralized, or form directly through intramembranous ossification. centrum VSAO:0000183 centrum of vertebra uberon UBERON:0016491 vertebral centrum element UBERON:0016491 VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. VSAO:0000183 VSAO:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/207 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/80 Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000183 VSAO VSAO:curator the main cylindrical portion of the vertebra ventral to the vertebral canal MP:0000141,ISBN:0-683-40008-8,PMID:10572046 centrum VSAO:0000183 Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart. EMAPA:26047 FMA:9291 right ventricle lumen right ventricular cavity uberon UBERON:0016509 cavity of right ventricle UBERON:0016509 Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 right ventricle lumen EMAPA:26047 right ventricular cavity FMA:FMA An epithelium that is part of a male urethra. EMAPA:30467 FMA:19684 male urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of male uberon UBERON:0016510 epithelium of male urethra UBERON:0016510 An epithelium that is part of a male urethra. OBOL:automatic male urethral epithelium FMA:FMA urethral epithelium of male EMAPA:30467 An anatomical space that is part of a duodenum. EMAPA:19080 FMA:14589 doudenal lumen duodenal lumen uberon UBERON:0016512 lumen of duodenum UBERON:0016512 An anatomical space that is part of a duodenum. OBOL:automatic doudenal lumen FMA:FMA duodenal lumen FMA:FMA Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart. EMAPA:26011 FMA:9465 left atrial cavity left atrium lumen uberon UBERON:0016513 cavity of left atrium UBERON:0016513 Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 left atrial cavity FMA:FMA left atrium lumen EMAPA:26011 Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. EMAPA:26038 FMA:9466 left ventricular cavity uberon UBERON:0016514 cavity of left ventricle UBERON:0016514 Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 left ventricular cavity FMA:FMA An epithelium that is part of a female urethra. EMAPA:30470 FMA:19774 female urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of female uberon UBERON:0016520 epithelium of female urethra UBERON:0016520 An epithelium that is part of a female urethra. OBOL:automatic female urethral epithelium FMA:FMA urethral epithelium of female EMAPA:30470 Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart. EMAPA:26020 FMA:11359 right atrial cavity uberon UBERON:0016522 cavity of right atrium UBERON:0016522 Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 right atrial cavity FMA:FMA The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. UBERON:2001379 TAO:0001379 ZFA:0001379 uberon UBERON:0016545 pharyngeal ectoderm UBERON:0016545 The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. PMID:23020903 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. grey matter layer FMA:83142 CNS gray matter layer CNS grey matter layer gray matter layer of neuraxis grey matter layer of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0016548 central nervous system gray matter layer UBERON:0016548 A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gray matter layer of neuraxis FMA:83142 A layer of of the central nervous system that is composed of white matter. white matter layer FMA:83898 CNS white matter layer white matter layer of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0016549 central nervous system white matter layer UBERON:0016549 A layer of of the central nervous system that is composed of white matter. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 white matter layer of neuraxis FMA:83898 uberon UBERON:0016550 spinal cord column UBERON:0016550 Mucus produced in the respiratory tract. NCIT:C93171 UMLS:C0225378 uberon UBERON:0016552 phlegm UBERON:0016552 Mucus produced in the respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm). uberon UBERON:0016553 respiratory system mucus UBERON:0016553 Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm). Wikipedia:Nasal_mucus#Respiratory_system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A white matter that is part of the midbrain. DHBA:10650 FMA:83936 HBA:265505382 mesencephalic white matter uberon UBERON:0016554 white matter of midbrain UBERON:0016554 A white matter that is part of the midbrain. OBOL:automatic mesencephalic white matter HBA:MESWM An roughly circular indentation in a surface. AEO:0000204 uberon UBERON:0016566 pit UBERON:0016566 An roughly circular indentation in a surface. AEO:0000204 AEO:JB FMA:68861 Wikipedia:Rexed_laminae http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Rexed_spinal_cord_parcellation_scheme_region rexed lamina uberon UBERON:0016570 lamina of gray matter of spinal cord UBERON:0016570 rexed lamina FMA:68861 A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 1 that develop into the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix. uberon UBERON:0016611 auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 1 derived UBERON:0016611 A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 1 that develop into the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix. http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Outer_Ear_Development#Pinna-_Auricle A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 2 that develop into the concha, antihelix and antitragus. uberon UBERON:0016612 auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 2 derived UBERON:0016612 A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 2 that develop into the concha, antihelix and antitragus. http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Hearing_-_Outer_Ear_Development#Pinna-_Auricle The dorsal region of the optic cup that gives rise to the dorsal part of the retina. dorsal optic cup dorsal region of optic cup uberon UBERON:0016854 dorsal part of optic cup UBERON:0016854 The dorsal region of the optic cup that gives rise to the dorsal part of the retina. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 dorsal optic cup http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 dorsal region of optic cup http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Primordium that develops into the central nervous system. UBERON:3000469 future CNS presumptive central nervous system uberon UBERON:0016879 future central nervous system UBERON:0016879 Primordium that develops into the central nervous system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Primordium that develops into the nervous system. UBERON:3000477 AAO:0000477 presumptive nervous system uberon UBERON:0016880 future nervous system UBERON:0016880 Primordium that develops into the nervous system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive nervous system AAO:0000477 The joint that is formed by the union of the humerus, the scapula (or shoulder blade), and the clavicle (or collarbone). Commonly thought of as a single joint, the shoulder is actually made up of two separate joints - the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints. MESH:D012785 SCTID:361835002 joint of shoulder region uberon UBERON:0016884 shoulder joint UBERON:0016884 definitional The joint that is formed by the union of the humerus, the scapula (or shoulder blade), and the clavicle (or collarbone). Commonly thought of as a single joint, the shoulder is actually made up of two separate joints - the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints. http://www.innerbody.com/image/skel17.html Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. BTO:0005445 WBbt:0005800 rectum epithelium uberon UBERON:0016885 epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract UBERON:0016885 Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rectum epithelium BTO:0005445 Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum muscle rectum muscle structure uberon UBERON:0016886 muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract UBERON:0016886 Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. AEO:0000195 EHDAA2:0000003 EMAPA:16042 extra-embryonic component extraembryonic component uberon UBERON:0016887 entire extraembryonic component UBERON:0016887 AEO AEO The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. AEO:0000195 AEO:JB extraembryonic component AEO:0000195 An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. AEO:0000132 uberon UBERON:0016888 transitional anatomical structure UBERON:0016888 AEO An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. AEO:0000132 AEO:JB A metaphysis that is part of a fibula. FMA:33745 fibula metaphysis fibular metaphysis uberon UBERON:0016928 metaphysis of fibula UBERON:0016928 A metaphysis that is part of a fibula. UBERON:nv fibula metaphysis FMA:33745 UBERON:4200143 LP lower premolar tooth mandibular premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0016943 lower premolar tooth UBERON:0016943 LP UBERON:4200144 UP maxillary premolar tooth upper premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0016944 upper premolar tooth UBERON:0016944 UP A bony structure embedded in skin, roughly equivalent to osteoderms. bony tubercle uberon bony tubercles UBERON:0017163 skin bony tubercle UBERON:0017163 A bony structure embedded in skin, roughly equivalent to osteoderms. PHENOSCAPE:Nizar bony tubercles UBERONTEMP:3b77fb04-1e62-43af-a84b-5d5eb7388525 A sesamoid element that is part of a tarsal skeleton. uberon tarsal sesamoid UBERON:0017261 intertarsal sesamoid UBERON:0017261 A sesamoid element that is part of a tarsal skeleton. OBOL:automatic SCTID:421227007 deciduous premolar tooth primary premolar uberon primary bicuspid UBERON:0017269 primary premolar tooth UBERON:0017269 SCTID:422038004 permanent premolar tooth secondary premolar uberon secondary bicuspid UBERON:0017270 secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0017270 maxillary primary premolar tooth upper deciduous premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0017271 upper primary premolar tooth UBERON:0017271 lower deciduous premolar tooth mandibular primary premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0017272 lower primary premolar tooth UBERON:0017272 A set of teeth in which each tooth that attaches to a vomer. AAO:0000635 uberon vomerine teeth UBERON:0017615 vomerine dentition UBERON:0017615 A set of teeth in which each tooth that attaches to a vomer. OBOL:automatic The dorsal part of the body wall. uberon UBERON:0017649 dorsal body wall UBERON:0017649 The dorsal part of the body wall. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. AEO:0001016 uberon UBERON:0017650 developing mesenchymal structure UBERON:0017650 A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. AEO:0001016 AEO:JB A viscus that is part of a abdomen. FMA:32413 FMA:67355 abdominal viscera abdominal viscera set set of abdominal viscera uberon UBERON:0017672 abdominal viscera UBERON:0017672 A viscus that is part of a abdomen. OBOL:automatic abdominal viscera FMA:32413 abdominal viscera set FMA:32413 set of abdominal viscera FMA:32413 A primary incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:84215 SCTID:420793009 lower deciduous incisor tooth primary lower incisor tooth uberon deciduous lower incisor tooth UBERON:0017748 lower primary incisor tooth UBERON:0017748 A primary incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic lower deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84215 deciduous lower incisor tooth FMA:84215 A mesopodial endochondral element that is in the most proximal part of the mesopodial skeleton, connected to the zeugopodial skeleton. awaiting approval by phenoscape curators uberon UBERON:0017750 proximal mesopodial endochondral element UBERON:0017750 A mesopodial endochondral element that is in the most proximal part of the mesopodial skeleton, connected to the zeugopodial skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0017751 proximal mesopodial cartilage element UBERON:0017751 A proximal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic An endochondral element in the distal portion of the mesopodial skeleton, between the central mesopodial skeleton and the metapodial skeleton. TODO add logical definition distal mesopodial uberon UBERON:0018099 distal mesopodial endochondral element UBERON:0018099 An endochondral element in the distal portion of the mesopodial skeleton, between the central mesopodial skeleton and the metapodial skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 distal mesopodial UBERON:cjm A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:0018100 distal mesopodial cartilage element UBERON:0018100 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. OBOL:automatic A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. uberon UBERON:0018101 distal mesopodial pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0018101 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. OBOL:automatic A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. uberon UBERON:0018102 distal mesopodial bone UBERON:0018102 A distal mesopodial endochondral element that is composed primarily of a bone tissue. OBOL:automatic A muscle layer that is part of the rectum. FMA:15035 muscular coat of rectum muscularis externa of rectum rectal muscularis propria tunica muscularis (rectum) tunica muscularis recti uberon UBERON:0018111 muscle layer of rectum UBERON:0018111 A muscle layer that is part of the rectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscular coat of rectum FMA:15035 muscularis externa of rectum FMA:15035 rectal muscularis propria FMA:15035 tunica muscularis (rectum) FMA:15035 tunica muscularis recti FMA:TA Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum. rectal smooth muscle tissue rectum smooth muscle smooth muscle of rectum uberon UBERON:0018112 rectum smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0018112 Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A kidney interstitium that is part of a left kidney. FMA:74271 left renal stroma stroma of left kidney uberon UBERON:0018113 left kidney interstitium UBERON:0018113 A kidney interstitium that is part of a left kidney. OBOL:automatic left renal stroma FMA:74271 stroma of left kidney FMA:74271 A kidney interstitium that is part of a right kidney. FMA:74270 right renal stroma stroma of right kidney uberon UBERON:0018114 right kidney interstitium UBERON:0018114 A kidney interstitium that is part of a right kidney. OBOL:automatic right renal stroma FMA:74270 stroma of right kidney FMA:74270 A renal pelvis that is part of a left ureter. FMA:15579 SCTID:243436005 pelvis of left ureter renal pelvis of left kidney uberon UBERON:0018115 left renal pelvis UBERON:0018115 A renal pelvis that is part of a left ureter. OBOL:automatic pelvis of left ureter FMA:15579 renal pelvis of left kidney FMA:15579 A renal pelvis that is part of a right ureter. FMA:15578 SCTID:243419002 pelvis of right kidney pelvis of right ureter uberon UBERON:0018116 right renal pelvis UBERON:0018116 A renal pelvis that is part of a right ureter. OBOL:automatic pelvis of right kidney FMA:15578 pelvis of right ureter FMA:15578 A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a left kidney. cortical interstitial tissue of left kidney uberon UBERON:0018117 left renal cortex interstitium UBERON:0018117 A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a left kidney. OBOL:automatic A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a right kidney. cortical interstitial tissue of right kidney uberon UBERON:0018118 right renal cortex interstitium UBERON:0018118 A renal cortex interstitium that is part of a right kidney. OBOL:automatic FMA:83521 uberon UBERON:0018135 fibrocollagenous connective tissue UBERON:0018135 Any vertebra endochondral element that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx). UBERON:0015006 caudal vertebra element tail vertebra element coccygeal vertebra element coccyx vertebra element uberon UBERON:0018142 caudal vertebra endochondral element UBERON:0018142 Any vertebra endochondral element that is part of the caudal region of the vertebral column (tail or coccyx). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transverse process that is part of a cervical vertebra. May be homologous with the cervical ribs of some vertebrates FMA:23894 FMA:9913 SCTID:280730000 uberon UBERON:0018143 transverse process of cervical vertebra UBERON:0018143 A transverse process that is part of a cervical vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A rib that is attached to a cervical vertebra. Trunk, presacral and sacral ribs do not have a 'part of some region' asserted for them, we should add it to them[PHENOSCAPE:ad] May be homologous with the transverse processes of cervical vertebra EMAPA:37825 MESH:D057070 UBERONTEMP:d522e981-3a43-4cab-9862-4344b5c3ff22 uberon UBERON:0018144 cervical rib UBERON:0018144 A rib that is attached to a cervical vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 should be all Theria, see https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/116 EMAPA:37825 MA:th A rib that is attached to a lumbar vertebra. May be homologous with the transverse processes of lumbar vertebra uberon UBERON:0018145 lumbar rib UBERON:0018145 A rib that is attached to a lumbar vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transverse process that is part of a lumbar vertebra. May be homologous with the lumbar ribs of some vertebrates FMA:16080 FMA:65469 SCTID:280733003 costa lumbalis lumbar transverse process uberon UBERON:0018146 transverse process of lumbar vertebra UBERON:0018146 A transverse process that is part of a lumbar vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 costa lumbalis FMA:65469 FMA:TA lumbar transverse process FMA:16080 A zone of skin that is part of a lower lip. FMA:24767 SCTID:281630002 lower lip skin uberon UBERON:0018150 skin of lower lip UBERON:0018150 A zone of skin that is part of a lower lip. OBOL:automatic lower lip skin FMA:24767 A zone of skin that is part of a upper lip. FMA:24765 SCTID:281629007 upper lip skin uberon UBERON:0018151 skin of upper lip UBERON:0018151 A zone of skin that is part of a upper lip. OBOL:automatic upper lip skin FMA:24765 A ligament that is part of a middle ear. uberon UBERON:0018154 ligament of middle ear UBERON:0018154 A ligament that is part of a middle ear. OBOL:automatic A stroma that is part of a pancreas. FMA:63121 pancreatic stroma uberon UBERON:0018234 stroma of pancreas UBERON:0018234 A stroma that is part of a pancreas. OBOL:automatic pancreatic stroma FMA:63121 A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. rhombomere junction uberon UBERON:0018239 rhombomere boundary UBERON:0018239 A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. GO:0021654 One of the veins draining a meninix. In humans, any of several veins that accompany the meningeal arteries, communicate with the sinuses of the dura mater and diploic veins, and drain into the regional veins outside the cranial vault. FMA:50839 SCTID:84842006 uberon UBERON:0018251 meningeal vein UBERON:0018251 One of the veins draining a meninix. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Accompanying vein of internal pudendal artery. In humans, they begin in the deep veins of the penis which issue from the corpus cavernosum penis, accompany the internal pudendal artery, and unite to form a single vessel, which ends in the internal iliac vein. They receive the veins from the urethral bulb, and the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal veins FMA:18917 SCTID:14885008 Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_veins vena pudenda interna uberon internal pudic vein UBERON:0018252 internal pudendal vein UBERON:0018252 Accompanying vein of internal pudendal artery. Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_veins vena pudenda interna Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_veins internal pudic vein Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_veins Added for consistency with MA EMAPA and EHDAA2. See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/104 EHDAA2:0001842 EMAPA:35578 MA:0000165 uberon UBERON:0018254 skeletal musculature UBERON:0018254 MA Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. uberon UBERON:0018257 submucosa of digestive tract UBERON:0018257 Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. NCITA class may refer to smooth muscle only FMA:45634 NCIT:C75444 UMLS:C0225358 uberon UBERON:0018260 layer of muscle tissue UBERON:0018260 Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 NCITA class may refer to smooth muscle only NCIT A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. responsible for gut movement, such as peristalsis tunica muscularis of digestive tract uberon muscular layer of digestive tract muscularis externa of digestive tract tunica externa of digestive tract UBERON:0018261 muscular coat of digestive tract UBERON:0018261 A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. OBOL:automatic Fifth premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. UBERONTEMP:ebd28885-699a-4637-9112-4ff68ddb6299 uberon dp5 UBERON:0018281 lower deciduous premolar 5 UBERON:0018281 Fifth premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. PHENOSCAPE:alex dp5 Third molar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the lower jaw. UBERONTEMP:d55a3eec-6055-46eb-84c5-0e03f25b0122 Wikipedia:Wisdom_tooth uberon lower wisdom tooth wisdom tooth UBERON:0018282 lower molar 3 UBERON:0018282 Third molar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the lower jaw. PHENOSCAPE:alex wisdom tooth PHENOSCAPE:alex First premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. UBERONTEMP:31f522c3-c02f-42a7-b998-4881dffb8536 uberon UBERON:0018284 lower premolar 1 UBERON:0018284 First premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. PHENOSCAPE:alex Second premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. UBERONTEMP:51fc0a23-6be1-4341-9048-34863ba2cadd uberon UBERON:0018285 lower premolar 2 UBERON:0018285 Second premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the lower jaw. PHENOSCAPE:alex First premolar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the jaw. SCTID:422368002 UBERONTEMP:df0eb189-0c10-493d-b5ce-8fd091e09456 first premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0018294 premolar 1 UBERON:0018294 First premolar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the jaw. PHENOSCAPE:alex First canine (counting anteroposteriorly) in the upper jaw. UBERONTEMP:14c28c28-237e-435d-9883-8dff529e64cc UC1 upper canine UC1 uberon UBERON:0018300 upper canine 1 UBERON:0018300 First canine (counting anteroposteriorly) in the upper jaw. PHENOSCAPE:Alex UC1 Fifth premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the upper jaw. UBERONTEMP:ae0e62b6-59ad-4c21-8e15-b67570c5137a uberon dP5 UBERON:0018301 upper deciduous premolar 5 UBERON:0018301 Fifth premolar (counting anteroposteriorly ) in the upper jaw. PHENOSCAPE:Alex dP5 First molar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the upper jaw. UBERONTEMP:12acbe6c-9036-48e3-b1a0-1f2fdaa0241d uberon UBERON:0018302 upper molar 1 UBERON:0018302 First molar (counting anteroposteriorly) in the upper jaw. PHENOSCAPE:Alex Foramen that allows the passge of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). UBERONTEMP:9ca0bda7-9111-4f59-bc72-5d47bc3d7d61 uberon UBERON:0018321 foramen for glossopharyngeal nerve UBERON:0018321 Foramen that allows the passge of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). PHENOSCAPE:alex Situated just caudal to the acetabulum, the foramen is bound dorsally by the illium and ventrally by the ischium. The foramen transmitts the ischiadic nerves and vessels (Baumel et al. 1993). UBERONTEMP:63e09c69-ac98-49ba-b232-2da5c7b19019 uberon UBERON:0018326 ilioischiadic foramen UBERON:0018326 Situated just caudal to the acetabulum, the foramen is bound dorsally by the illium and ventrally by the ischium. The foramen transmitts the ischiadic nerves and vessels (Baumel et al. 1993). PHENOSCAPE:alex deciduous premolar 5 primary premolar 5 tooth uberon UBERON:0018375 deciduous premolar 5 UBERON:0018375 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 1. FMA:321614 SCTID:422372003 first molar tooth molar 1 molar 1 tooth uberon UBERON:0018376 molar tooth 1 UBERON:0018376 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 1. UBERON:cjm The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 3. A wisdom tooth is in humans any of the usually four third molars, including mandibular third molar and maxillary third molar. Wisdom teeth usually appear between the ages of 17 and 25. Most adults have four wisdom teeth, but it is possible to have morebin which case they are called supernumerary teethbor fewerba condition called hypodontia. Wisdom teeth commonly affect other teeth as they develop, becoming impacted or 'coming in sideways'. They are often extracted when this occurs. FMA:321612 MESH:D008964 NCIT:C60732 SCTID:181222005 Wikipedia:Wisdom_tooth molar 3 molar 3 tooth third molar tooth uberon wisdom tooth UBERON:0018377 molar tooth 3 UBERON:0018377 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 3. UBERON:cjm A wisdom tooth is in humans any of the usually four third molars, including mandibular third molar and maxillary third molar. Wisdom teeth usually appear between the ages of 17 and 25. Most adults have four wisdom teeth, but it is possible to have morebin which case they are called supernumerary teethbor fewerba condition called hypodontia. Wisdom teeth commonly affect other teeth as they develop, becoming impacted or 'coming in sideways'. They are often extracted when this occurs. Wikipedia:Wisdom_tooth wisdom tooth NCBITaxon:9606 A skeletal ligament that is part of a hip joint. FMA:42868 SCTID:182435001 hip joint ligament uberon UBERON:0018411 ligament of hip joint UBERON:0018411 A skeletal ligament that is part of a hip joint. OBOL:automatic hip joint ligament FMA:42868 A Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. It is located within the middle ear region, according to its shape it is divided into three main segments: the labyrinthine, the tympanic, and the mastoidal segment . FMA:54952 Wikipedia:Facial_canal canalis nervi facialis facial canal uberon fallopian canal UBERON:0018413 facial nerve canal UBERON:0018413 A Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen. It is located within the middle ear region, according to its shape it is divided into three main segments: the labyrinthine, the tympanic, and the mastoidal segment . Wikipedia:Facial_canal canalis nervi facialis FMA:54952 FMA:TA facial canal FMA:54952 fallopian canal FMA:54952 An bone foramen in the ethmoid bone. There are usually two Foramina ethmoidalia present on each side in the dog. Sometimes one is situated rostral to the other, but often it is dorsal. They are not homologous with the Foramen ethmoidale anterius and Foramen ethmoidale posterius of man. Therefore they are not listed separately.[NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2005)] Wikipedia:Ethmoidal_foramina ethmoidal foramen foramina ethmoidalia uberon ethmoid foramina ethmoidal foramina UBERON:0018415 Taxon nodes: In humans, refers to anterior or posterior ethmoid foramina ethmoid foramen UBERON:0018415 An bone foramen in the ethmoid bone. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 foramina ethmoidalia ethmoid foramina ethmoidal foramina A vascular foramen opening on the outer surface of a nasal bone. FMA:57653 Wikipedia:Nasal_foramina foramina nasalia nasal foramen uberon foramen of nasal bone nasal foramina UBERON:0018508 foramen of nasal bone UBERON:0018508 A vascular foramen opening on the outer surface of a nasal bone. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nasal+foramina foramina nasalia Wikipedia:Nasal_foramina nasal foramina FMA:57653 The anatomical space within the intestine. see notes in inclusivity in class 'intestine' FMA:14586 TADS:0000495 WBbt:0005791 ZFA:0005807 intestinal lumen intestine lumen uberon gut lumen UBERON:0018543 lumen of intestine UBERON:0018543 The anatomical space within the intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intestinal lumen FMA:14586 intestine lumen ZFA:0005807 gut lumen ZFA:0005807 Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V). MFMO:0000072 muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve uberon UBERON:0018544 trigeminal nerve muscle UBERON:0018544 Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V). MFMO:0000072 muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve MFMO:0000072 FMA:84201 SCTID:304571003 permanent incisor permanent incisor tooth uberon UBERON:0018550 secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0018550 permanent incisor tooth FMA:84201 SCTID:422364000 central incisor uberon UBERON:0018551 central incisor tooth UBERON:0018551 SCTID:422366003 lateral incisor uberon UBERON:0018552 lateral incisor tooth UBERON:0018552 primary central incisor uberon UBERON:0018553 primary central incisor tooth UBERON:0018553 primary lateral incisor uberon UBERON:0018554 primary lateral incisor tooth UBERON:0018554 A secondary canine tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:55714 maxillary secondary canine tooth upper permanent canine tooth uberon C permanent upper canine tooth UBERON:0018561 upper secondary canine tooth UBERON:0018561 A secondary canine tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic maxillary secondary canine tooth FMA:55714 upper permanent canine tooth FMA:55714 C permanent upper canine tooth FMA:55714 A secondary canine tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:55715 lower permanent canine tooth mandibular secondary canine tooth uberon c permanent lower canine tooth UBERON:0018562 lower secondary canine tooth UBERON:0018562 A secondary canine tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic lower permanent canine tooth FMA:55715 mandibular secondary canine tooth FMA:55715 c permanent lower canine tooth FMA:55715 A lower jaw incisor that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. FMA:55723 lower central permanent incisor tooth mandibular central permanent incisor mandibular central secondary incisor tooth uberon i1 UBERON:0018568 lower central secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0018568 A lower jaw incisor that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic lower central permanent incisor tooth FMA:55723 mandibular central secondary incisor tooth FMA:55723 i1 A lower jaw incisor that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. FMA:55725 lower lateral permanent incisor tooth mandibular lateral permanent incisor mandibular lateral secondary incisor tooth uberon i2 UBERON:0018570 lower lateral secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0018570 A lower jaw incisor that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic lower lateral permanent incisor tooth FMA:55725 mandibular lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:55725 i2 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55801 maxillary first secondary premolar tooth upper first permanent premolar tooth uberon P1 permanent first upper premolar tooth secondary first upper premolar tooth UBERON:0018571 upper first secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0018571 maxillary first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55801 upper first permanent premolar tooth FMA:55801 P1 permanent first upper premolar tooth FMA:55801 secondary first upper premolar tooth FMA:55801 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55802 maxillary second secondary premolar tooth upper second permanent premolar tooth uberon P2 permanent second upper premolar tooth secondary second upper premolar tooth UBERON:0018572 upper second secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0018572 maxillary second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55802 upper second permanent premolar tooth FMA:55802 P2 permanent second upper premolar tooth FMA:55802 secondary second upper premolar tooth FMA:55802 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55803 lower first permanent premolar tooth mandibular first secondary premolar tooth uberon p1 permanent first lower premolar tooth secondary first lower premolar tooth UBERON:0018573 lower first secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0018573 lower first permanent premolar tooth FMA:55803 mandibular first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55803 p1 permanent first lower premolar tooth FMA:55803 secondary first lower premolar tooth FMA:55803 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55804 lower second permanent premolar tooth mandibular second secondary premolar tooth uberon p2 permanent second lower premolar tooth secondary second lower premolar tooth UBERON:0018574 lower second secondary premolar tooth UBERON:0018574 lower second permanent premolar tooth FMA:55804 mandibular second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55804 p2 permanent second lower premolar tooth FMA:55804 secondary second lower premolar tooth FMA:55804 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55811 maxillary first secondary molar tooth upper first permanent molar tooth uberon M1 UBERON:0018575 upper first secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018575 maxillary first secondary molar tooth FMA:55811 upper first permanent molar tooth FMA:55811 M1 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55812 maxillary second secondary molar tooth upper second permanent tooth uberon M2 UBERON:0018576 upper second secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018576 maxillary second secondary molar tooth FMA:55812 upper second permanent tooth FMA:55812 M2 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55813 dens serotinus (upper) maxillary third secondary molar tooth upper third permanent molar tooth upper wisdom tooth uberon M3 permanent third upper molar tooth secondary third upper molar tooth UBERON:0018577 upper third secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018577 dens serotinus (upper) FMA:55813 FMA:TA maxillary third secondary molar tooth FMA:55813 upper third permanent molar tooth FMA:55813 upper wisdom tooth FMA:55813 M3 permanent third upper molar tooth FMA:55813 secondary third upper molar tooth FMA:55813 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55814 lower first permanent molar tooth mandibular first secondary molar tooth uberon m1 UBERON:0018578 lower first secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018578 lower first permanent molar tooth FMA:55814 mandibular first secondary molar tooth FMA:55814 m1 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55815 lower second permanent molar tooth lower secondary molar 2 mandibular second secondary molar tooth uberon m2 UBERON:0018579 lower second secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018579 lower second permanent molar tooth FMA:55815 mandibular second secondary molar tooth FMA:55815 m2 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:55817 lower secondary molar 3 lower third permanent molar tooth lower wisdom tooth mandibular third secondary molar tooth uberon m3 secondary third lower molar tooth UBERON:0018580 lower third secondary molar tooth UBERON:0018580 lower third permanent molar tooth FMA:55817 lower wisdom tooth FMA:55817 mandibular third secondary molar tooth FMA:55817 m3 secondary third lower molar tooth FMA:55817 FMA:84202 SCTID:15819002 deciduous canine tooth primary tooth C temporary canine tooth uberon UBERON:0018583 primary canine tooth UBERON:0018583 deciduous canine tooth FMA:84202 primary tooth C FMA:84202 temporary canine tooth FMA:84202 FMA:84203 SCTID:134340007 permanent canine tooth uberon UBERON:0018584 secondary canine tooth UBERON:0018584 permanent canine tooth FMA:84203 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:84211 upper first deciduous molar tooth upper primary tooth D uberon dM1 UBERON:0018588 upper first primary molar tooth UBERON:0018588 upper first deciduous molar tooth FMA:84211 upper primary tooth D FMA:84211 dM1 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:84212 lower first deciduous molar tooth lower primary molar 1 lower primary tooth D uberon dm1 UBERON:0018589 lower first primary molar tooth UBERON:0018589 lower first deciduous molar tooth FMA:84212 lower primary tooth D FMA:84212 dm1 A primary incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:84214 upper deciduous incisor tooth uberon deciduous upper incisor tooth UBERON:0018591 upper primary incisor tooth UBERON:0018591 A primary incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic upper deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84214 deciduous upper incisor tooth FMA:84214 A upper primary canine tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. FMA:84216 upper central deciduous incisor tooth upper primary tooth A uberon dI1 UBERON:0018593 upper central primary incisor tooth UBERON:0018593 A upper primary canine tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic upper central deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84216 upper primary tooth A FMA:84216 dI1 A upper primary canine tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. FMA:84217 upper lateral deciduous incisor tooth upper primary tooth B uberon dI2 UBERON:0018594 upper lateral primary incisor tooth UBERON:0018594 A upper primary canine tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic upper lateral deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84217 upper primary tooth B FMA:84217 dI2 A lower primary incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. FMA:84218 lower central deciduous incisor tooth lower primary tooth A uberon deciduous lower central incisor tooth di1 UBERON:0018595 lower central primary incisor tooth UBERON:0018595 A lower primary incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic lower central deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84218 lower primary tooth A FMA:84218 deciduous lower central incisor tooth FMA:84218 di1 A lower primary incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. FMA:84219 lower lateral deciduous incisor tooth lower primary tooth B mandibular lateral primary incisor uberon deciduous lower lateral incisor tooth di2 UBERON:0018596 lower lateral primary incisor tooth UBERON:0018596 A lower primary incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition. OBOL:automatic lower lateral deciduous incisor tooth FMA:84219 lower primary tooth B FMA:84219 deciduous lower lateral incisor tooth FMA:84219 di2 A primary canine tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:84228 SCTID:421810006 upper deciduous canine tooth upper primary tooth C uberon dC deciduous upper canine tooth UBERON:0018597 upper primary canine tooth UBERON:0018597 A primary canine tooth that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic upper deciduous canine tooth FMA:84228 upper primary tooth C FMA:84228 dC deciduous upper canine tooth FMA:84228 A primary canine tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:84229 SCTID:420326009 lower deciduous canine tooth lower primary tooth C primary lower canine tooth uberon dc deciduous lower canine tooth UBERON:0018598 lower primary canine tooth UBERON:0018598 A primary canine tooth that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic lower deciduous canine tooth FMA:84229 lower primary tooth C FMA:84229 dc deciduous lower canine tooth FMA:84229 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:84236 upper primary tooth E upper second deciduous molar tooth uberon dM2 UBERON:0018599 upper second primary molar tooth UBERON:0018599 upper primary tooth E FMA:84236 upper second deciduous molar tooth FMA:84236 dM2 TODO - tooth numbering nomeculature to be aligned across species FMA:84237 lower primary tooth E lower second deciduous molar tooth uberon dm2 UBERON:0018600 lower second primary molar tooth UBERON:0018600 lower primary tooth E FMA:84237 lower second deciduous molar tooth FMA:84237 dm2 An incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition and is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:290182 lower central incisor mandibular central incisor uberon UBERON:0018601 lower central incisor tooth UBERON:0018601 An incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition and is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic An incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition and is part of a lower jaw region. FMA:290197 lower lateral incisor mandibular lateral incisor uberon UBERON:0018602 lower lateral incisor tooth UBERON:0018602 An incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition and is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic An incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition and is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:290180 maxillary central incisor upper central incisor uberon UBERON:0018603 upper central incisor tooth UBERON:0018603 An incisor tooth that is in_the_central_side_of a dentition and is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic An incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition and is part of a upper jaw region. FMA:290194 maxillary lateral incisor upper lateral incisor uberon UBERON:0018604 upper lateral incisor tooth UBERON:0018604 An incisor tooth that is in_the_lateral_side_of a dentition and is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 2. FMA:321613 SCTID:422374002 molar 2 molar 2 tooth second molar tooth uberon UBERON:0018606 molar tooth 2 UBERON:0018606 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 2. UBERON:cjm SCTID:420479003 permanent second molar tooth second permanent molar second permanent molar tooth secondary second molar tooth uberon UBERON:0018607 permanent molar tooth 2 UBERON:0018607 SCTID:304565009 first permanent molar first permanent molar tooth permanent first molar tooth uberon UBERON:0018608 permanent molar tooth 1 UBERON:0018608 SCTID:245564000 permanent upper tooth uberon UBERON:0018613 secondary upper tooth UBERON:0018613 SCTID:245588003 secondary lower tooth uberon UBERON:0018614 permanent lower tooth UBERON:0018614 SCTID:245613009 deciduous upper tooth uberon UBERON:0018616 primary upper tooth UBERON:0018616 SCTID:245628009 deciduous lower tooth uberon UBERON:0018617 primary lower tooth UBERON:0018617 maxillary canine tooth upper canine upper cuspid uberon UBERON:0018621 upper canine tooth UBERON:0018621 lower canine lower cuspid mandibular canine tooth uberon UBERON:0018622 lower canine tooth UBERON:0018622 FMA:55713 lower permanent incisor tooth mandibular secondary incisor tooth uberon permanent lower incisor tooth UBERON:0018623 lower secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0018623 lower permanent incisor tooth FMA:55713 mandibular secondary incisor tooth FMA:55713 permanent lower incisor tooth FMA:55713 SCTID:422370006 second premolar tooth uberon UBERON:0018640 premolar 2 UBERON:0018640 SCTID:422595006 deciduous second molar tooth uberon UBERON:0018643 deciduous molar tooth 2 UBERON:0018643 SCTID:423890001 deciduous first molar tooth deciduous molar 1 first temporarary molar uberon UBERON:0018644 deciduous molar tooth 1 UBERON:0018644 The subdivision of the dentition that consists entire of incisor teeth. uberon set of incisors UBERON:0018645 incisor region of dentition UBERON:0018645 The subdivision of the dentition that consists entire of incisor teeth. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 5. premolar 5 uberon UBERON:0018646 premolar tooth 5 UBERON:0018646 The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 5. UBERON:cjm The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. premolar 4 uberon UBERON:0018647 premolar tooth 4 UBERON:0018647 The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. UBERON:cjm uberon carnassial tooth UBERON:0018648 Often called the carnassial tooth, this tooth acts with its counterpart in the lower jaw (the 1st molar in that case) to slice food in a scissoring action.[MURDOCH:2142] upper premolar 4 UBERON:0018648 carnassial tooth MURDOCH:2142 FMA:83450 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue ventricular heart muscle uberon ventricular muscle UBERON:0018649 cardiac muscle tissue of ventricle UBERON:0018649 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ventricular heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ventricular muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The neck region of a bone organ. bone neck neck of bone uberon UBERON:0018664 neck of bone element UBERON:0018664 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Hidden-GCIs The neck region of a bone organ. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:23254 SCTID:181915009 anatomical neck of scapula collum scapulae scapular neck uberon UBERON:0018667 neck of scapula UBERON:0018667 anatomical neck of scapula FMA:23254 scapular neck FMA:23254 EMAPA:37891 FMA:35508 fibula neck fibular neck uberon UBERON:0018673 neck of fibula UBERON:0018673 EMAPA:37891 MA:th fibula neck FMA:35508 An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. FMA:73747 ZFA:0005811 cardiac vasculature uberon UBERON:0018674 heart vasculature UBERON:0018674 An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. ZFA:0005811 ZFA:CVS cardiac vasculature FMA:73747 uberon UBERON:0018692 dorsal side of post-anal tail UBERON:0018692 A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas. BTO:0000123 bladder uberon UBERON:0018707 bladder organ UBERON:0018707 A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas. BTO:0000123 bladder BTO:0000123 BTO:0002439 genital mucosa uberon UBERON:0019042 reproductive system mucosa UBERON:0019042 genital mucosa BTO:0002439 Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BTO:0004043 uberon intramuscular fat UBERON:0019143 intramuscular adipose tissue UBERON:0019143 Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BTO:0004043 intramuscular fat BTO:0004043 BTO:0004626 uberon carotid endothelium carotid epithelium UBERON:0019189 carotid artery endothelium UBERON:0019189 carotid endothelium BTO:0004626 BTO:0004638 FMA:13119 SCTID:88410004 bronchial gland bronchial mucous gland peribronchial gland uberon UBERON:0019190 mucous gland of lung UBERON:0019190 bronchial gland FMA:13119 bronchial mucous gland FMA:13119 peribronchial gland BTO:0004638 BTO:0004661 uberon UBERON:0019196 iliac artery endothelium UBERON:0019196 Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. BTO:0004382 uberon UBERON:0019204 skin epithelium UBERON:0019204 Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:35869 MA:0003178 uberon UBERON:0019206 tongue papilla epithelium UBERON:0019206 The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid. SCTID:110701000 chorioretina choroid and retina retinachoroid retinachoroidal region uberon UBERON:0019207 chorioretinal region UBERON:0019207 The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid. UBERON:drseb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Either of the outermost digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent. uberon lateral digit outer digit outermost digit UBERON:0019221 digit 1 or 5 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019221 Either of the outermost digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent. UBERON:cjm lateral digit outer digit outermost digit Any of the three medial digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent. uberon medial digit mesoaxial digit UBERON:0019222 digit 2, 3 or 4 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019222 Any of the three medial digits in a five-digit autopod, or their phylogenetic equivalent. UBERON:cjm medial digit mesoaxial digit uberon lateral finger lateral manual digit outer manual digit outermost manual digit UBERON:0019231 manual digit 1 or 5 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019231 lateral finger lateral manual digit outer manual digit outermost manual digit uberon medial manual digit mesoaxial manual digit mesoxaxial finger UBERON:0019232 manual digit 2, 3 or 4 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019232 medial manual digit mesoaxial manual digit mesoxaxial finger uberon lateral pedal digit lateral toe outer pedal digit outermost pedal digit UBERON:0019241 pedal digit 1 or 5 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019241 lateral pedal digit lateral toe outer pedal digit outermost pedal digit uberon medial pedal digit mesoaxial pedal digit mesoxaxial ftoe UBERON:0019242 pedal digit 2, 3 or 4 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/592 UBERON:0019242 medial pedal digit mesoaxial pedal digit mesoxaxial ftoe FMA:55712 maxillary secondary incisor tooth upper permanent incisor upper permanent incisor tooth uberon UBERON:0019253 upper secondary incisor tooth UBERON:0019253 maxillary secondary incisor tooth FMA:55712 upper permanent incisor tooth FMA:55712 A white matter that is part of the hindbrain. DHBA:10668 FMA:268636 uberon UBERON:0019258 white matter of hindbrain UBERON:0019258 A white matter that is part of the hindbrain. OBOL:automatic A white matter that is part of the forebrain. DHBA:10557 FMA:268634 uberon UBERON:0019261 white matter of forebrain UBERON:0019261 A white matter that is part of the forebrain. OBOL:automatic A white matter that is part of the myelencephalon. HBA:9298 myelencephalic white matter uberon UBERON:0019262 white matter of myelencephalon UBERON:0019262 A white matter that is part of the myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic myelencephalic white matter HBA:MYWM DHBA:10654 FMA:268630 gray matter of the hindbrain uberon UBERON:0019263 gray matter of hindbrain UBERON:0019263 gray matter of the hindbrain DHBA:HGM DHBA:10157 FMA:268608 uberon UBERON:0019264 gray matter of forebrain UBERON:0019264 DHBA:10649 FMA:83913 uberon UBERON:0019267 gray matter of midbrain UBERON:0019267 FMA:83939 HBA:9287 uberon UBERON:0019291 white matter of metencephalon UBERON:0019291 FMA:83940 uberon UBERON:0019292 white matter of pons UBERON:0019292 UBERON:0025819 BIRNLEX:1069 FMA:83942 HBA:265505486 pontine white matter tracts predominantly white regional part of pontine tegmentum substantia alba tegmenti pontis white matter of pontile tegmentum white substance of pontile tegmentum uberon UBERON:0019293 white matter of pontine tegmentum UBERON:0019293 pontine white matter tracts HBA:PoWM predominantly white regional part of pontine tegmentum BIRNLEX:1069 substantia alba tegmenti pontis FMA:TA white matter of pontile tegmentum FMA:83942 white substance of pontile tegmentum FMA:83942 EMAPA:35952 MA:0003174 uberon UBERON:0019304 sensory organ epithelium UBERON:0019304 EMAPA:35958 MA:0003171 uberon UBERON:0019306 nose epithelium UBERON:0019306 Epithelial layer that is part of the external part of the nose. FMA:63143 epithelium of skin of external nose uberon UBERON:0019307 epithelium of external nose UBERON:0019307 FMA Epithelial layer that is part of the external part of the nose. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epithelium of skin of external nose FMA:63143 An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. integumental exocrine gland integumental system exocrine gland uberon UBERON:0019319 exocrine gland of integumental system UBERON:0019319 An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. GOC:dos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental exocrine gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental system exocrine gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The spinal accessory nucleus lies within the cervical spinal cord (C1-C5) in the ventral horn. The nucleus ambiguus is classically said to provide the 'cranial component' of the accessory nerve. However, the very existence of this cranial component has been recently questioned and seen as contributing exclusively to the vagus nerve. The terminology continues to be used in describing both human anatomy, and that of other animals. EMAPA:37067 FMA:83965 MA:0001033 Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nucleus neuronames:2003 accessory neural nucleus uberon accessory nucleus of anterior column of spinal cord nucleus accessorius columnae anterioris medullae spinalis nucleus nervi accessorii nucleus of accessory nerve nucleus of the accessory nerve nucleus of the spinal accessory nerve spinal accessory nucleus UBERON:0020358 See also: Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nucleus accessory XI nerve nucleus UBERON:0020358 FMA The spinal accessory nucleus lies within the cervical spinal cord (C1-C5) in the ventral horn. The nucleus ambiguus is classically said to provide the 'cranial component' of the accessory nerve. However, the very existence of this cranial component has been recently questioned and seen as contributing exclusively to the vagus nerve. The terminology continues to be used in describing both human anatomy, and that of other animals. Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nucleus EMAPA:37067 MA:th accessory neural nucleus FMA:83965 accessory nucleus of anterior column of spinal cord NeuroNames:2003 nucleus accessorius columnae anterioris medullae spinalis NeuroNames:2003 nucleus nervi accessorii NeuroNames:2003 nucleus of accessory nerve NeuroNames:2003 nucleus of the accessory nerve NeuroNames:2003 nucleus of the spinal accessory nerve NeuroNames:2003 spinal accessory nucleus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel that supplies or drains an ear. EMAPA:37386 MA:0001226 uberon UBERON:0020550 auricular blood vessel UBERON:0020550 A blood vessel that supplies or drains an ear. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37386 MA:th FMA:260712 cerebral fascicle cerebral fasciculus nerve fascicle of telencephalon telencephalic fascicle telencephalic nerve fascicle uberon UBERON:0022248 cerebral nerve fasciculus UBERON:0022248 cerebral fascicle FMA:260712 cerebral fasciculus FMA:260712 FMA:58315 uberon surface of region of wall of eyeball UBERON:0022288 surface of eyeball UBERON:0022288 surface of region of wall of eyeball FMA:58315 NCIT:C33596 SCTID:282511007 uberon UBERON:0022292 splenic arteriole UBERON:0022292 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a reproductive gland. uberon genital fluid genital secretion reproductive system fluid reproductive system fluid/secretion reproductive system secretion UBERON:0022293 reproductive gland secretion UBERON:0022293 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a reproductive gland. UBERON:cjm Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. this is currently used to group some cellular layers that may not strictly conform to the CARO definition of cell-part layer. Consider genericisizing and introducing subtypes for cellular layer, fibrous layer and cell soma layer lamina layer NLX:149357 uberon UBERON:0022303 nervous system cell part layer UBERON:0022303 Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. NLX:149357 lamina CUMBO:CUMBO layer CUMBO:CUMBO Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. FMA:15860 visceral wall of serous membrane uberon UBERON:0022350 visceral serous membrane UBERON:0022350 Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral wall of serous membrane FMA:15860 Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. cavity lining FMA:15859 MA:0002448 parietal wall of serous membrane uberon UBERON:0022351 parietal serous membrane UBERON:0022351 Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cavity lining MA:0002448 parietal wall of serous membrane FMA:15859 The layer of endometrial epithelium adjacent to the uterine cavity. FMA:86492 NCIT:C32189 pars basalis of endometrium stratum basalis of endometrium uberon UBERON:0022355 basal layer of endometrium UBERON:0022355 The layer of endometrial epithelium adjacent to the uterine cavity. Wikipedia:Endometrium#Histology stratum basalis of endometrium FMA:86492 A blood vessel of the placenta. placental vessel SCTID:280716005 uberon UBERON:0022358 placenta blood vessel UBERON:0022358 A blood vessel of the placenta. GO:0060674 A specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop. SCTID:34922002 lung field uberon UBERON:0022361 lung field UBERON:0022361 A specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung BIRNLEX:1500 sacral spinal cord white matter uberon UBERON:0026246 sacral spinal cord white matter UBERON:0026246 NIFSTD sacral spinal cord white matter BIRNLEX:1500 BIRNLEX:1639 lumbar spinal cord white matter uberon UBERON:0026386 lumbar spinal cord white matter UBERON:0026386 NIFSTD lumbar spinal cord white matter BIRNLEX:1639 BIRNLEX:1491 sacral spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0029503 sacral spinal cord gray matter UBERON:0029503 sacral spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:1491 BIRNLEX:1624 lumbar spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0029636 lumbar spinal cord gray matter UBERON:0029636 lumbar spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:1624 BIRNLEX:891 lumbar spinal cord ventral horn uberon lumbar spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0030276 lumbar spinal cord ventral horn UBERON:0030276 lumbar spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:891 lumbar spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:891 BIRNLEX:1457 sacral spinal cord ventral horn uberon sacral spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0032748 sacral spinal cord ventral horn UBERON:0032748 sacral spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:1457 sacral spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:1457 An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. neurepithelium AEO:0001008 BTO:0000314 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004654 FMA:64807 embryonic neuroepithelium neuroepithelium uberon UBERON:0034705 developing neuroepithelium UBERON:0034705 An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. AEO:0001008 AEO:JB neurepithelium BTO:0000314 embryonic neuroepithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuroepithelium AEO:0001008 An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. AEO:0001009 uberon UBERON:0034706 proliferating neuroepithelium UBERON:0034706 AEO An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. AEO:0001009 A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. AEO:0001010 uberon UBERON:0034707 differentiating neuroepithelium UBERON:0034707 AEO A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. AEO:0001010 DHBA:12694 EMAPA:32916 marginal zone of hindbrain uberon MZH UBERON:0034709 hindbrain marginal layer UBERON:0034709 marginal zone of hindbrain DHBA:12694 MZH DHBA:12694 EHDAA2:0001267 EMAPA:17585 spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer uberon UBERON:0034710 spinal cord ventricular layer UBERON:0034710 EHDAA2 spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer EHDAA2:0001267 The layer of the developing cerebral cortex that is formed from the first cohort of neurons to migrate out of the cortical ventricular zone; split by the second wave into marginal zone and subplate. EMAPA:35261 uberon UBERON:0034711 cortical preplate UBERON:0034711 The layer of the developing cerebral cortex that is formed from the first cohort of neurons to migrate out of the cortical ventricular zone; split by the second wave into marginal zone and subplate. PMID:12626695 Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain. uberon cranial nerve fiber bundle cranial nerve fiber tract cranial nerve or tract neuron projection bundle from brain UBERON:0034713 cranial neuron projection bundle UBERON:0034713 Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain. ISBN:0471888893 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve fiber bundle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve fiber tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve or tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuron projection bundle from brain http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located external to the digestive tube, on the head or body, as found in species such as goldfish. uberon UBERON:0034717 integumental taste bud UBERON:0034717 A taste bud that is located external to the digestive tube, on the head or body, as found in species such as goldfish. PMID:11921337 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located on a lip. uberon UBERON:0034719 lip taste bud UBERON:0034719 A taste bud that is located on a lip. PMID:11921337 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located on the skin of the head. uberon UBERON:0034720 head taste bud UBERON:0034720 A taste bud that is located on the skin of the head. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located in the pharynx. uberon UBERON:0034721 pharyngeal taste bud UBERON:0034721 A taste bud that is located in the pharynx. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located on the roof of the mouth. uberon UBERON:0034722 mouth roof taste bud UBERON:0034722 A taste bud that is located on the roof of the mouth. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located in the esophagus. uberon UBERON:0034724 esophageal taste bud UBERON:0034724 A taste bud that is located in the esophagus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A taste bud that is located on the skin of the trunk. uberon UBERON:0034726 trunk taste bud UBERON:0034726 A taste bud that is located on the skin of the trunk. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa. EMAPA:37957 FMA:5866 MESH:D017776 SCTID:276145003 Wikipedia:Autonomic_nerve nervus visceralis visceral nerve uberon UBERON:0034728 autonomic nerve UBERON:0034728 The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa. Wikipedia:Autonomic_nerve EMAPA:37957 MA:th nervus visceralis FMA:5866 visceral nerve FMA:5866 EMAPA:37958 SCTID:181098007 uberon UBERON:0034729 sympathetic nerve UBERON:0034729 EMAPA:37958 MA:th A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology. uberon UBERON:0034768 morphological feature UBERON:0034768 A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:79770 NCIT:C41168 uberon UBERON:0034769 lymphomyeloid tissue UBERON:0034769 FMA Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state. FMA:84580 gas in anatomical space portion of gas in anatomical space uberon UBERON:0034873 bodily gas UBERON:0034873 Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 portion of gas in anatomical space FMA:84580 Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air. FMA:84581 respiratory air respiratory system air uberon UBERON:0034874 air in respiratory system UBERON:0034874 Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 respiratory air FMA:84581 The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate. prechordal mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0034878 prechordal mesoderm UBERON:0034878 The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate. MGI:anna The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the premaxilla. AAO:0000397 pars dentalis of premaxilla uberon UBERON:0034898 alveolar ridge of premaxilla UBERON:0034898 AAO The thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the premaxilla. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pars dentalis of premaxilla AAO:0000397 Endocardium that is part of the left atrium. Endocardium of atrium which is continuous with the tunica intima of the trunk of pulmonary vein. FMA:7286 SCTID:190064008 VHOG:0001226 endocardium of left atrium left atrial endocardium uberon left atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0034903 left atrium endocardium UBERON:0034903 Endocardium that is part of the left atrium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of atrium which is continuous with the tunica intima of the trunk of pulmonary vein. FMA:7286 endocardium of left atrium FMA:7286 left atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0001226 lumen of gland uberon UBERON:0034905 gland lumen UBERON:0034905 Any of the muscles that are responsible for moving the scapula. In humans these are the levator scapulae, the infraspinatus muscle, the teres major, the teres minor, and the supraspinatus muscle. uberon UBERON:0034908 scapular muscle UBERON:0034908 Any of the muscles that are responsible for moving the scapula. In humans these are the levator scapulae, the infraspinatus muscle, the teres major, the teres minor, and the supraspinatus muscle. HPO:curators 2 A cranial suture in the midline of the skull that connects the left and right maxilla bones. FMA:52963 intermaxillary suture of skull uberon UBERON:0034909 in humans, the upper maxillae (the upper jaw) is composed of the right and left maxilla bones, which are fused in the midline at the intermaxillary suture to form the upper jaw.[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-4463] intermaxillary suture UBERON:0034909 A cranial suture in the midline of the skull that connects the left and right maxilla bones. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255909975_Relationship_between_intermaxillary_suture_and_midline_diastema https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-4463 intermaxillary suture of skull FMA:52963 An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. CARO:0020001 uberon anatomical cluster UBERON:0034921 multi organ part structure UBERON:0034921 CARO An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. CARO:0020001 anatomical cluster CARO:0020001 A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. CARO:0020002 FMA:62807 uberon UBERON:0034922 cell cluster UBERON:0034922 CARO A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. CARO:0020002 2 Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other. CARO:0020000 FBbt:00007276 uberon UBERON:0034923 disconnected anatomical group UBERON:0034923 CARO Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other. CARO:0020000 A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected uberon UBERON:0034925 anatomical collection UBERON:0034925 A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line. resolve if this should be a subclass of or merged with aligned anatomical group. FBbt:00100152 uberon UBERON:0034926 anatomical row UBERON:0034926 An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:19623 dorsum of penis dorsum penis uberon UBERON:0034928 dorsal surface of penis UBERON:0034928 dorsum of penis FMA:19623 dorsum penis FMA:TA A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. uberon UBERON:0034929 external soft tissue zone UBERON:0034929 A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. BTO:0001513 biliary system epithelium uberon biliary epithelium biliary tract epithelium UBERON:0034932 epithelium of biliary system UBERON:0034932 The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. BTO:0001513 MGI:cs http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 biliary system epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 biliary epithelium BTO:0001513 biliary tract epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. uberon UBERON:0034933 layer of smooth muscle tissue UBERON:0034933 Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:55268 organ sector organ zonal region organ zone uberon organ region with floating fiat boundary UBERON:0034944 zone of organ UBERON:0034944 organ sector FMA:55268 organ zone FMA:55268 organ region with floating fiat boundary FMA:55268 Any gaseous product of an excretory process. uberon UBERON:0034945 excreted gas UBERON:0034945 Any gaseous product of an excretory process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract. FMA:78440 flatulence flatus intestinal gas uberon UBERON:0034946 In mammals, mostly produced as a byproduct of bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially the colon, and excreted through the rectum gas excreted from digestive tract UBERON:0034946 Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 flatulence FMA:78440 flatus Wikipedia:Flatulence Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system. respiratory gas respiratory system gas uberon UBERON:0034947 gas in respiratory system UBERON:0034947 Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 NCIT:C25787 UMLS:C1512086 uberon duct epithelium ductal epithelium UBERON:0034969 epithelial layer of duct UBERON:0034969 A horizontal thickening onto which the muscles of the femur, such as the quadriceps and hamstring, attach. FMA:17010 NCIT:C105446 SCTID:182041003 Wikipedia:Tuberosity_of_the_ischium tuber ischiale uberon ischial tuberosities ischial tuberosity tuber ischiadicum UBERON:0034983 ischial tuberosity UBERON:0034983 FMA A horizontal thickening onto which the muscles of the femur, such as the quadriceps and hamstring, attach. MURDOCH:1034 tuber ischiale FMA:17010 ischial tuberosities Wikipedia:Tuberosity_of_the_ischium ischial tuberosity Wikipedia:Tuberosity_of_the_ischium tuber ischiadicum Wikipedia:Tuberosity_of_the_ischium DHBA:12682 EMAPA:32917 hindbrain mantle layer uberon UBERON:0034994 hindbrain cortical intermediate zone UBERON:0034994 hindbrain mantle layer EMAPA:32917 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32907 EMAPA:35454 uberon UBERON:0034995 jaw mesenchyme UBERON:0034995 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35959 MA:0003172 uberon UBERON:0035036 naris epithelium UBERON:0035036 An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:32904 MA:0003220 uberon UBERON:0035037 jaw epithelium UBERON:0035037 SCTID:277967008 hemorrhoidal artery uberon UBERON:0035039 rectal artery UBERON:0035039 uberon UBERON:0035050 excretory duct UBERON:0035050 A vertebra that has a transverse process. uberon TP vertebra pygal vertebra UBERON:0035083 transverse process-bearing vertebra UBERON:0035083 A vertebra that has a transverse process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 TP vertebra PMID:22753107 pygal vertebra PMID:22753107 A post-anal tail that attaches outside the tail. uberon UBERON:0035091 extrinsic post-anal tail muscle UBERON:0035091 A post-anal tail that attaches outside the tail. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transverse process that is part of a caudal vertebra. uberon UBERON:0035102 transverse process of caudal vertebra UBERON:0035102 A transverse process that is part of a caudal vertebra. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 2 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors, on either the upper or lower jaw. interdental space, central incisors midline diastema uberon UBERON:0035115 diastema between central incisors UBERON:0035115 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors, on either the upper or lower jaw. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 2 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors on the upper jaw. interdental space between maxillary central incisors interdental space, upper central incisors midline maxillary diastema uberon UBERON:0035116 diastema between upper central incisors UBERON:0035116 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors on the upper jaw. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 2 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors on the lower jaw. interdental space between mandibular central incisors interdental space, lower central incisors midline mandibular diastema uberon UBERON:0035117 diastema between lower central incisors UBERON:0035117 A space or gap between the left and right central incisors on the lower jaw. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included. Note that we treat any material entity that is ingested as an anatomical structure by defintion, although this may be expanding the CARO usage somewhat digestive tract contents uberon ingested material entity UBERON:0035118 material entity in digestive tract UBERON:0035118 Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/110 digestive tract contents 2 A space or gap any two incisors. This may be a midline diastema between central incisors, or a diastema located entirely in a single jaw quadrant between lateral incisors. incisor diastema interdental space, incisors uberon UBERON:0035119 diastema between incisors UBERON:0035119 A space or gap any two incisors. This may be a midline diastema between central incisors, or a diastema located entirely in a single jaw quadrant between lateral incisors. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any of the sutures of the hard palate. palatine suture uberon UBERON:0035127 suture of hard palate UBERON:0035127 Any of the sutures of the hard palate. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/palatine%20suture palatine suture http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/palatine%20suture EMAPA:32631 hand cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0035128 manus cartilage element UBERON:0035128 EMAPA-modified hand cartilage condensation EMAPA:32631 EMAPA:32657 foot cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0035129 pes cartilage element UBERON:0035129 EMAPA-modified foot cartilage condensation EMAPA:32657 ossicle element auditory skeletal element middle ear ossicle element uberon ear ossicle element ear ossicles element middle ear skeletal element ossicle element of ear ossicle element of inner ear ossicular chain element UBERON:0035130 auditory ossicle endochondral element UBERON:0035130 MA PMID:11523816 PMID:11237469 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest ossicle element EMAPA:17824 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle middle ear ossicle element MP:0005105 ear ossicles element ossicular chain element EMAPA:35979 ossicle cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0035131 auditory ossicle cartilage element UBERON:0035131 ossicle cartilage condensation EMAPA:35979 EMAPA:35982 ossicle pre-cartilage condensation uberon UBERON:0035132 auditory ossicle pre-cartilage element UBERON:0035132 ossicle pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:35982 Anatomical surface, which is the external surface of the whole body. Examples: There is only one body surface. FMA:61695 NCIT:C29667 SCTID:261060002 UMLS:C0489451 surface of body uberon UBERON:0035159 entire surface of organism UBERON:0035159 Anatomical surface, which is the external surface of the whole body. Examples: There is only one body surface. FMA:61695 surface of body FMA:61695 The organ of hearing located on the right side of the head. FMA:53641 NCIT:C81285 SCTID:368570004 UMLS:C0229298 uberon UBERON:0035174 right ear UBERON:0035174 The organ of hearing located on the right side of the head. ncithesaurus:Right_Ear FMA:70506 NCIT:C32837 SCTID:360629008 UMLS:C1182571 internal carotid arterial subdivision subdivision of internal carotid artery uberon UBERON:0035237 branch of internal carotid artery UBERON:0035237 internal carotid arterial subdivision FMA:70506 subdivision of internal carotid artery FMA:70506 The narrowest portion of the gallbladder and distal to the cystic duct. FMA:14538 NCIT:C32649 SCTID:245394007 UMLS:C0227546 Wikipedia:Neck_of_gallbladder cervix of gallbladder gallbladder neck uberon UBERON:0035267 neck of gallbladder UBERON:0035267 The narrowest portion of the gallbladder and distal to the cystic duct. ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Neck cervix of gallbladder FMA:14538 gallbladder neck FMA:14538 The organ of hearing located on the left side of the head[ncit,modified]. FMA:53642 NCIT:C81259 SCTID:368592000 UMLS:C0229299 uberon UBERON:0035295 left ear UBERON:0035295 The organ of hearing located on the left side of the head[ncit,modified]. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ncithesaurus:Left_Ear FMA:14765 NCIT:C33474 SCTID:283392005 UMLS:C0226362 trunk of right common iliac arterial tree uberon UBERON:0035322 right common iliac artery UBERON:0035322 trunk of right common iliac arterial tree FMA:14765 FMA:54908 NCIT:C12244 SCTID:361937006 UMLS:C0225486 lateral nasopharynx uberon UBERON:0035383 lateral wall of nasopharynx UBERON:0035383 lateral nasopharynx FMA:54908 FMA:70505 NCIT:C32552 SCTID:244216003 UMLS:C0447038 external carotid arterial subdivision subdivision of external carotid artery uberon UBERON:0035398 branch of external carotid artery UBERON:0035398 external carotid arterial subdivision FMA:70505 subdivision of external carotid artery FMA:70505 FMA:54907 NCIT:C12243 SCTID:361936002 UMLS:C0225484 posterior nasopharynx uberon UBERON:0035401 posterior wall of nasopharynx UBERON:0035401 posterior nasopharynx FMA:54907 The parietal pleura that lines the mediastinum. FMA:9736 NCIT:C94820 SCTID:362002008 UMLS:C0225789 Wikipedia:Mediastinal_pleura mediastinal part of parietal pleura pars mediastinalis (pleurae) pars mediastinalis pleurae parietalis uberon UBERON:0035431 mediastinal pleura UBERON:0035431 FMA FMA The parietal pleura that lines the mediastinum. ncithesaurus:Mediastinal_Pleura mediastinal part of parietal pleura FMA:9736 pars mediastinalis (pleurae) FMA:9736 pars mediastinalis pleurae parietalis FMA:9736 FMA:TA FMA:15590 NCIT:C32895 SCTID:279376000 UMLS:C0227610 facies posterior (Ren) facies posterior renis uberon UBERON:0035471 posterior surface of kidney UBERON:0035471 facies posterior (Ren) FMA:15590 facies posterior renis FMA:15590 FMA:TA FMA:14766 NCIT:C32957 SCTID:283493001 UMLS:C0226363 trunk of left common iliac arterial tree uberon UBERON:0035529 left common iliac artery UBERON:0035529 trunk of left common iliac arterial tree FMA:14766 Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus. FMA:4149 NCIT:C32535 SCTID:56548006 UMLS:C0226294 aortic esophageal artery oesophageal artery uberon UBERON:0035539 esophageal artery UBERON:0035539 FMA FMA Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus. ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Artery aortic esophageal artery FMA:4149 oesophageal artery FMA:4149 FMA:51797 SCTID:149683007 ciliary vein uberon UBERON:0035546 uveal vein UBERON:0035546 ciliary vein FMA:51797 SCTID:77852007 uberon UBERON:0035548 colic artery UBERON:0035548 The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin. FMA:225275 superficial part of circulatory system superficial vasculature dermis vasculature hypodermis vasculature uberon skin vasculature subcutaneous vasculature vasculature of skin UBERON:0035549 vasculature of integument UBERON:0035549 The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vasculature of skin FMA:225275 Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the subcutaneous tissue layers. FMA:76719 NCIT:C33666 SCTID:341382008 UMLS:C0226513 Wikipedia:Superficial_vein uberon superfical vein superficial veins superficial vessels UBERON:0035550 superficial vein UBERON:0035550 Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the subcutaneous tissue layers. ncithesaurus:Superficial_Vein superfical vein Wikipedia:Superficial_vein superficial veins Wikipedia:Superficial_vein superficial vessels Wikipedia:Superficial_vein The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin. deep part of circulatory system uberon UBERON:0035551 deep vasculature UBERON:0035551 The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood far beneath the skin usually accompanying an artery. FMA:76718 NCIT:C32444 SCTID:341484008 UMLS:C0226514 Wikipedia:Deep_vein uberon deep veins deep vessels UBERON:0035552 deep vein UBERON:0035552 A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood far beneath the skin usually accompanying an artery. ncithesaurus:Deep_Vein deep veins Wikipedia:Deep_vein deep vessels Wikipedia:Deep_vein Any chamber of the left side of the heart. FMA:7166 SCTID:362008007 uberon UBERON:0035553 left cardiac chamber UBERON:0035553 Any chamber of the left side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any chamber of the right side of the heart. FMA:7165 SCTID:362007002 uberon UBERON:0035554 right cardiac chamber UBERON:0035554 Any chamber of the right side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:61298 cartilage of acoustic meatus cartilage of auditory canal cartilago meatus acustici external acoustic meatus cartilage uberon UBERON:0035606 cartilage of external acoustic meatus UBERON:0035606 cartilage of acoustic meatus FMA:61298 cartilage of auditory canal FMA:61298 cartilago meatus acustici FMA:TA external acoustic meatus cartilage FMA:61298 The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva. FMA:76554 NCIT:C32574 SCTID:120612006 UMLS:C0229243 Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures adnexa oculi uberon accessory parts of orbital region accessory visual structures accessory visual structures set adnexal parts of orbital region appendage of eye appendages of the eye eye adnexa set of accessory visual structures structurae oculi accessoriae UBERON:0035639 ocular adnexa UBERON:0035639 The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva. HPO:pr UBERON:cjm http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1132 adnexa oculi http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa accessory visual structures FMA:76554 Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures accessory visual structures set FMA:76554 appendage of eye http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa appendages of the eye http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa set of accessory visual structures FMA:76554 structurae oculi accessoriae Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures Any nerve that innervates the larynx. MESH:D007823 SCTID:307013006 uberon UBERON:0035642 laryngeal nerve UBERON:0035642 Any nerve that innervates the larynx. UBERON:cjm Any nerve that innervates the pinna. EMAPA:36513 MA:0001232 auricular nerve uberon UBERON:0035648 nerve innervating pinna UBERON:0035648 FMA Any nerve that innervates the pinna. UBERON:cjm auricular nerve MA:0001232 Any nerve that innervates the penis. EMAPA:35057 penile nerve penis nerve uberon UBERON:0035649 nerve of penis UBERON:0035649 Any nerve that innervates the penis. UBERON:cjm Any nerve that innervates the clitoris. EMAPA:35044 clitoral nerve clitoris nerve uberon UBERON:0035650 nerve of clitoris UBERON:0035650 Any nerve that innervates the clitoris. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Glans uberon UBERON:0035651 glans UBERON:0035651 EHDAA2:0004181 FMA:9464 cardiac chamber cavity heart cavity heart lumen uberon UBERON:0035763 cavity of cardiac chamber UBERON:0035763 FMA cardiac chamber cavity FMA:9464 heart cavity FMA:9464 heart lumen EHDAA2:0004181 FMA:223208 NCIT:C12930 UMLS:C1512970 uberon UBERON:0035767 intrapulmonary bronchus UBERON:0035767 The primordial mouth region of the developing head. FMA:293105 primitive mouth primordial mouth uberon UBERON:0035804 future mouth UBERON:0035804 The primordial mouth region of the developing head. MP:0003119 primitive mouth FMA:293105 A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon. FMA:15028 muscularis externa of sigmoid colon muscularis propria of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon muscularis propria uberon sigmoideum muscularis tunica muscularis colon sigmoideum UBERON:0035805 muscle layer of sigmoid colon UBERON:0035805 A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1162 muscularis externa of sigmoid colon FMA:15028 FMA:12241 SCTID:304404008 uberon UBERON:0035809 serous cavity UBERON:0035809 The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. SCTID:42267001 ZFA:0005765 uberon UBERON:0035814 pericardial fat UBERON:0035814 The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium . intrathoracic fat uberon UBERON:0035815 paracardial fat UBERON:0035815 Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium . DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 intrathoracic fat DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. uberon UBERON:0035818 visceral fat UBERON:0035818 Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. UBERON:cjm The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdominal segment of the trunk, which encompasses the abdomen proper plus pelvic cavity. FMA:12267 Wikipedia:Abdominopelvic_cavity cavitas abdominis et pelvis uberon UBERON:0035819 abdominopelvic cavity UBERON:0035819 The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdominal segment of the trunk, which encompasses the abdomen proper plus pelvic cavity. UBERON:cjm cavitas abdominis et pelvis FMA:TA A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. EMAPA:16137 FMA:9908 uberon peritoneal component UBERON:0035820 peritoneal sac UBERON:0035820 A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 peritoneal component EMAPA:16137 The domain of the diaphragm that is a thin domed sheet of muscle composed of a radial array of myofibers extending laterally from the ribs and medially to a central tendon. FMA:58277 SCTID:368048007 costal part of diaphragm pars costalis diaphragmatis uberon UBERON:0035831 costal diaphragm UBERON:0035831 PMID:23586979 PMID:23586979 The domain of the diaphragm that is a thin domed sheet of muscle composed of a radial array of myofibers extending laterally from the ribs and medially to a central tendon. PMID:23586979 costal part of diaphragm FMA:58277 pars costalis diaphragmatis FMA:TA A suture between the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla with the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. FMA:52954 ethmoidomaxillary suture of skull sutura ethmoidomaxillaris uberon UBERON:0035881 ethmoidomaxillary suture UBERON:0035881 A suture between the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla with the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ethmoidomaxillary+suture ethmoidomaxillary suture of skull FMA:52954 sutura ethmoidomaxillaris FMA:TA A suture between the maxilla and premaxilla. present in mouse [PMID:21538817] transient in humans maxillary-premaxillary incisive suture uberon incisive suture premaxillary suture UBERON:0035884 maxillary-premaxillary suture UBERON:0035884 A suture between the maxilla and premaxilla. MGI:csmith PMID:21538817 https://github.com/obophenotype/mammalian-phenotype-ontology/issues/2139 maxillary-premaxillary incisive suture UBERON:cjm incisive suture MGI:csmith premaxillary suture MGI:csmith The lumen of the epididymis. FMA:18274 SCTID:367722009 epididymis lumen lumen of epididymis uberon UBERON:0035956 epididymal lumen UBERON:0035956 FMA The lumen of the epididymis. GOC:DOS https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1209 epididymis lumen FMA:18274 lumen of epididymis FMA:18274 BTO:0004378 EMAPA:37987 FMA:67473 blood vessel wall uberon vascular wall UBERON:0035965 wall of blood vessel UBERON:0035965 EMAPA:37987 MA:th blood vessel wall FMA:67473 vascular wall BTO:0004378 EHDAA2:0004070 uberon UBERON:0036072 respiratory primordium epithelium UBERON:0036072 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004071 respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0036073 respiratory primordium mesenchyme UBERON:0036073 EHDAA2 respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004071 An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. uberon UBERON:0036146 cardiopharyngeal field UBERON:0036146 An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7548/full/nature14435.html#bx1 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-6245 FMA:83520 uberon UBERON:0036186 fibroelastic connective tissue UBERON:0036186 A surface structure that is the narrowed downward continuation of the conchal space bounded anteriorly by the borders of the tragus, posteriorly by theantitragus, and along its lower lateral margins and inferior boundary by the connection between the first two. incisura FMA:61175 SCTID:362542005 Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris incisura intertragica intertragal incisure intertragic incisure intertragic notch uberon anterior auricular groove auricular notch incisura anterior auris intertragic incisure sulcus auriculae anterior UBERON:0036212 Measurement notes: The length is measured from the upper to the lower border (between tragus and antitragus) intertragic incisure UBERON:0036212 A surface structure that is the narrowed downward continuation of the conchal space bounded anteriorly by the borders of the tragus, posteriorly by theantitragus, and along its lower lateral margins and inferior boundary by the connection between the first two. PMID:20082456 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris https://github.com/obophenotype/human-phenotype-ontology/issues/2274 incisura https://github.com/obophenotype/human-phenotype-ontology/issues/2274 incisura intertragica FMA:TA intertragal incisure FMA:61175 intertragic incisure FMA:61175 intertragic notch FMA:61175 anterior auricular groove Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris auricular notch Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris incisura anterior auris Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris intertragic incisure Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris sulcus auriculae anterior Wikipedia:Incisura_anterior_auris An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. NCIT:C54188 SCTID:245429006 uberon rectosigmoid region UBERON:0036214 rectosigmoid junction UBERON:0036214 An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. NCIT:C54188 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1319 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/pdf/abstracting/colon.pdf rectosigmoid region NCIT:C54188 Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. AAO:0010270 AEO:0000154 ZFA:0005594 uberon UBERON:0036215 anatomical surface region UBERON:0036215 Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1324 A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom. he coelomic fluid serves several functions; it acts as a hydroskeleton, it allows free movement and growth of internal organs, it serves for transport of gases, nutrients and waste products between different parts of the body, it allows storage of sperm and eggs during maturation and it acts as a reservoir for waste [Wikipedia:Coelom#Coelomic_fluid] BTO:0001708 uberon UBERON:0036217 coelomic fluid UBERON:0036217 A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom. PMID:10874572 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1326 Any gland that is part os the respiratory system. uberon UBERON:0036225 respiratory system gland UBERON:0036225 Any gland that is part os the respiratory system. UBERON:cjm A notochord that has persisted beyond the embryonic stage. uberon UBERON:0036242 post-embryonic notochord UBERON:0036242 A notochord that has persisted beyond the embryonic stage. UBERON:cjm A transudate found in the serous sac. serous fluid FMA:20932 serous sac fluid uberon UBERON:0036244 secretion of serous membrane UBERON:0036244 A transudate found in the serous sac. FMA:20932 serous fluid FMA:20932 Any synovial joint that connects auditory ossicles. FMA:60063 auditory ossicle joint auditory ossicles joint joint of auditory ossicles uberon UBERON:0036248 joint of auditory ossicle UBERON:0036248 Any synovial joint that connects auditory ossicles. UBERON:cjm auditory ossicles joint FMA:60063 joint of auditory ossicles FMA:60063 FMA:53133 cranial orifice skull orifice uberon UBERON:0036253 orifice of skull UBERON:0036253 cranial orifice FMA:53133 skull orifice FMA:53133 The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. FMA:52972 SCTID:280243001 Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus) ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve uberon zygomaticotemporal zygomaticotemporal branch UBERON:0036264 zygomaticotemporal nerve UBERON:0036264 The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus) FMA:52972 ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici FMA:TA zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve FMA:52972 zygomaticotemporal Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve zygomaticotemporal branch Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve SCTID:279975006 uberon UBERON:0036267 vulval vein UBERON:0036267 SCTID:13152008 uberon UBERON:0036268 pelvic vein UBERON:0036268 EMAPA:30807 SCTID:363673006 uberon penis vasculature vasculature of penis UBERON:0036269 penis blood vessel UBERON:0036269 vasculature of penis EMAPA:30807 Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of aorta. FMA:9556 left ventricular wall uberon UBERON:0036285 wall of left ventricle UBERON:0036285 FMA FMA Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of aorta. FMA:9556 left ventricular wall FMA:9556 Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of pulmonary trunk. FMA:9533 right ventricular wall uberon UBERON:0036286 wall of right ventricle UBERON:0036286 FMA FMA Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of pulmonary trunk. FMA:9533 right ventricular wall FMA:9533 FMA:9560 uberon UBERON:0036288 anterior wall of left ventricle UBERON:0036288 FMA Region of wall of right ventricle which is continuous with the lateral and septal walls of right ventricle. FMA:9553 uberon UBERON:0036289 anterior wall of right ventricle UBERON:0036289 Region of wall of right ventricle which is continuous with the lateral and septal walls of right ventricle. FMA:9553 FMA:87177 uberon UBERON:0036290 myocardium of anterior wall of left ventricle UBERON:0036290 FMA:260877 uberon UBERON:0036291 myocardium of anterior wall of right ventricle UBERON:0036291 A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition]. NCIT:C12226 labial mucosa uberon UBERON:0036294 mucosa of lip UBERON:0036294 A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic labial mucosa UBERON:cjm The upper tract of the renal system. The renal pelvis is the large cavity in the middle of each kidney. Urine drains from each kidney through a long tube called the ureter, into the bladder, where it is stored until it is passed from the body through the urethra. NCIT:C54419 renal pelvis and ureter renal pelvis plus ureter uberon UBERON:0036295 renal pelvis/ureter UBERON:0036295 NCIT The upper tract of the renal system. The renal pelvis is the large cavity in the middle of each kidney. Urine drains from each kidney through a long tube called the ureter, into the bladder, where it is stored until it is passed from the body through the urethra. NCIT:C54419 FMA:225251 SCTID:297287005 uberon UBERON:0036301 vasculature of spleen UBERON:0036301 FMA uberon UBERON:0036302 vasculature of central nervous system plus retina UBERON:0036302 FMA:259905 uberon UBERON:0036303 vasculature of central nervous system UBERON:0036303 An anatomical structure that is located along the line dividing two regions of an anatomical structure. uberon UBERON:0036304 anatomical border UBERON:0036304 An anatomical structure that is located along the line dividing two regions of an anatomical structure. UBERON:cjm FMA:14657 gallbladder wall uberon UBERON:0036343 wall of gallbladder UBERON:0036343 FMA gallbladder wall FMA:14657 FMA:15089 brachiocephalic arterial wall uberon UBERON:0036351 wall of brachiocephalic artery UBERON:0036351 FMA FMA brachiocephalic arterial wall FMA:15089 FMA:15090 subclavian arterial wall uberon UBERON:0036352 wall of subclavian artery UBERON:0036352 FMA FMA subclavian arterial wall FMA:15090 FMA:15704 anal canal wall uberon UBERON:0036362 wall of anal canal UBERON:0036362 FMA anal canal wall FMA:15704 FMA:15889 right ureteral wall uberon UBERON:0036375 wall of right ureter UBERON:0036375 FMA FMA right ureteral wall FMA:15889 FMA:15890 left ureteral wall uberon UBERON:0036376 wall of left ureter UBERON:0036376 FMA FMA left ureteral wall FMA:15890 FMA:18211 pulmonary arterial wall uberon UBERON:0036422 wall of pulmonary artery UBERON:0036422 FMA FMA pulmonary arterial wall FMA:18211 FMA:18303 uterine tube wall wall of fallopian tube wall of oviduct uberon UBERON:0036441 wall of uterine tube UBERON:0036441 FMA FMA uterine tube wall FMA:18303 wall of fallopian tube FMA:18303 wall of oviduct FMA:18303 FMA:19779 urethral wall uberon UBERON:0036521 wall of urethra UBERON:0036521 FMA FMA urethral wall FMA:19779 FMA:231590 uberon UBERON:0036553 wall of synovial tendon sheath UBERON:0036553 FMA FMA FMA:58098 eyeball wall uberon UBERON:0036925 wall of eyeball UBERON:0036925 FMA FMA eyeball wall FMA:58098 FMA:63144 orbit wall uberon UBERON:0037089 wall of orbit UBERON:0037089 FMA FMA orbit wall FMA:63144 FMA:66284 common carotid arterial wall uberon UBERON:0037094 wall of common carotid artery UBERON:0037094 FMA FMA common carotid arterial wall FMA:66284 Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees. FMA:7274 cardiac wall uberon UBERON:0037144 wall of heart UBERON:0037144 FMA FMA FMA FMA Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees. FMA:7274 cardiac wall FMA:7274 FMA:19676 male urethral wall uberon UBERON:0037447 wall of male urethra UBERON:0037447 FMA FMA male urethral wall FMA:19676 FMA:19780 female urethral wall uberon UBERON:0037455 wall of female urethra UBERON:0037455 FMA FMA female urethral wall FMA:19780 An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the cystic duct. FMA:14835 cholecystic artery uberon UBERON:0039222 cystic artery UBERON:0039222 FMA Wikipedia An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the cystic duct. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_artery cholecystic artery FMA:14835 FMA:15395 uberon UBERON:0039228 sigmoid vein UBERON:0039228 FMA FMA:70471 uberon UBERON:0039261 pancreatic artery UBERON:0039261 FMA:20903 arteria urethralis uberon UBERON:0039355 urethral artery UBERON:0039355 arteria urethralis A12.2.15.042 A vein that drains the urethra. FMA:21270 uberon UBERON:0039377 urethral vein UBERON:0039377 FMA A vein that drains the urethra. UBERON:cjm Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14342 uberon UBERON:0039856 right ovarian vein UBERON:0039856 FMA FMA Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14342 Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14347 uberon UBERON:0039857 left ovarian vein UBERON:0039857 FMA Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14347 A zone of skin that is part of the snout. EMAPA:37746 MA:0003079 snout skin uberon UBERON:1000015 skin of snout UBERON:1000015 A zone of skin that is part of the snout. UBERON:EJS https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/34 EMAPA:37746 MA:th snout skin MA:0003079 Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the snout. uberon UBERON:1000016 tip of snout UBERON:1000016 Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the snout. UBERON:EJS https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/34 A zone of skin that is part of the face. 2012-02-05T05:23:01Z EMAPA:36657 FMA:24758 NCIT:C33561 SCTID:361703006 UMLS:C0222084 face skin uberon facial skin UBERON:1000021 skin of face UBERON:1000021 A zone of skin that is part of the face. UBERON:EJS https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/34 UMLS:C0222084 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Face face skin EMAPA:36657 FMA:24758 A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. FMA:16029 splenic parenchyma uberon UBERON:1000024 parenchyma of spleen UBERON:1000024 A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. OBOL:automatic splenic parenchyma FMA:16029 An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract. 2021-02-05T11:19:31Z uberon UBERON:1100000 digestive tract junction UBERON:1100000 An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 EFO:0003612 TAO:0001053 ZFA:0001053 PICA primitive internal carotid artery uberon UBERON:2001053 future internal carotid artery UBERON:2001053 EHDAA2 PICA TAO:0001053 primitive internal carotid artery ZFA:0001053 This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0001073 uberon UBERON:2001073 axial vasculature UBERON:2001073 This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0001457 uberon UBERON:2001457 postcranial axial cartilage UBERON:2001457 Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton. ZFIN:curator This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Tooth that is attached to the premaxilla. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:2001626 premaxillary tooth UBERON:2001626 Tooth that is attached to the premaxilla. TAO:wd This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Process that is part of the supraoccipital. It is a posteriorly directed and unpaired median projection off the posterior margin of the supraoccipital bone. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon supraoccipital process supraoccipital spine uberon UBERON:2001783 The supraoccipital crest may be small and restricted to the dorsal part of the supraoccipital, or may be large and long and extending ventrally to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. The supraoccipital crest may be a large process extending above the skull roof in some teleostean subgroups. supraoccipital crest UBERON:2001783 Process that is part of the supraoccipital. It is a posteriorly directed and unpaired median projection off the posterior margin of the supraoccipital bone. TAO:GA_TG This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl supraoccipital process TAO:0001783 supraoccipital spine TAO:0001783 Joint that articulates the left and right premaxillary bones. Inter-premaxillary joint is unpaired. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0005475 uberon UBERON:2001950 inter-premaxillary joint UBERON:2001950 Joint that articulates the left and right premaxillary bones. Inter-premaxillary joint is unpaired. TAO:wd This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Centrum that is part of vertebra 2. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:2001984 centrum 2 UBERON:2001984 Centrum that is part of vertebra 2. TAO:wd This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Joint that articulates the premaxilla and maxilla. Premaxillary-maxillary joint is paired. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:2002260 premaxillary-maxillary joint UBERON:2002260 Joint that articulates the premaxilla and maxilla. Premaxillary-maxillary joint is paired. TAO:wd This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. the ZFA class from which this was derived is not explicitly classified as a capillary - need to verify for taxon histology differences Blood vessel endothelium that has pores that allow passage small molecules and proteins[ZFA]. fenestrated blood vessel endothelium FMA:63196 NCIT:C32595 TAO:0005260 UMLS:C1179615 Wikipedia:Capillary#Types ZFA:0005260 fenestrated capillary vessel uberon UBERON:2005260 fenestrated capillary UBERON:2005260 FMA ZFA Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. Wikipedia:Capillary#Types Wikipedia:Fenestra_(histology) fenestrated blood vessel endothelium ZFA:0005260 UMLS:C1179615 ncithesaurus:Fenestrated_Capillary fenestrated capillary vessel FMA:63196 This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0005609 uberon UBERON:2005264 supraoccipital-parietal joint UBERON:2005264 This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0007013 uberon UBERON:2007013 preplacodal ectoderm UBERON:2007013 Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. ZFIN:curator This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000224 hyobranchial muscle UBERON:3000224 This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000400 pars facialis of maxilla UBERON:3000400 This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon preorbital process uberon UBERON:3000467 preorbital process of the pars facialis of the maxilla UBERON:3000467 This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000774 ilial shaft UBERON:3000774 Anterior rod that articulates with the sacrum. AAO:LAP This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon medial condyle UBERON:3000784 ulnar condyle UBERON:3000784 Semi-elliptical ball located at the lower end of the humerus, adjacent to the humeral ball. AAO:LAP This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl medial condyle UBERON:3000784 Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon trochlear sulcus of humerus uberon UBERON:3000785 trochlear groove of humerus UBERON:3000785 Furrow between the humeral head and the ulnar condyle. AAO:LAP This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000840 capitulum of radius UBERON:3000840 Lateral portion of the proximal (upper) articular surface of the radius that consists of an eminence with a rounded apex. AAO:LAP This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000961 Not clear how this differs from parent class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1305 external integument structure UBERON:3000961 Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000972 head external integument structure UBERON:3000972 Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000977 body external integument structure UBERON:3000977 Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the limb integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000981 limb external integument structure UBERON:3000981 Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the limb integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the tail integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000982 tail external integument structure UBERON:3000982 Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the tail integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Blood vessels in respiratory skin. Modified from the original AAO source This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3010200 vasculature of respiratory integument UBERON:3010200 Blood vessels in respiratory skin. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Retracts the hyoid and, therefore, the tongue. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3010654 rectus cervicis UBERON:3010654 Retracts the hyoid and, therefore, the tongue. AAO:BMZ This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Muscle which originates on the prootic and the otic ramus of the squamosal and inserts on the anterior border of the suprascapula. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3010692 m. cucullaris UBERON:3010692 Muscle which originates on the prootic and the otic ramus of the squamosal and inserts on the anterior border of the suprascapula. AAO:MEJ This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. mineralized tissue VSAO:0000013 XAO:0004039 uberon UBERON:4000013 mineralized skeletal tissue UBERON:4000013 Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. XAO:0004039 XAO:EJS mineralized tissue VSAO:0000013 Extracellular matrix that is mineralized. This class was sourced from an external ontology (vertebrate_skeletal_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:4000020 mineralized extracellular matrix UBERON:4000020 Extracellular matrix that is mineralized. PSPUB:0000170 This class was sourced from an external ontology (vertebrate_skeletal_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/vsao.owl Bone tissue mineralized with hydroxyapatite. This class was sourced from an external ontology (vertebrate_skeletal_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:4000115 mineralized bone tissue UBERON:4000115 Bone tissue mineralized with hydroxyapatite. PSPUB:0000170 This class was sourced from an external ontology (vertebrate_skeletal_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/vsao.owl Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue. uberon UBERON:4100000 skeletal element projection UBERON:4100000 Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue. PHENOSCAPE Anatomical surface that is part of a skeletal element and articulates with another skeletal element. uberon UBERON:4100003 Not necessarily part of a joint. articular surface UBERON:4100003 Anatomical surface that is part of a skeletal element and articulates with another skeletal element. PHENOSCAPE:NI OBSOLETE Claws on the pes. UBERON:0009567 uberon UBERON:4100008 Term is redundant with 'nail of pedal digit' (UBERON:0009567). obsolete pedal claws https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1699 true UBERON:4100008 OBSOLETE Claws on the pes. PHENOSCAPE A ridge or similar projection rising above the surface of an anatomical structure. uberon UBERON:4200133 crest UBERON:4200133 A ridge or similar projection rising above the surface of an anatomical structure. PHENOSCAPE FMA:23356 NCIT:C33164 collum anatomicum (Humerus) collum anatomicum humeri humeral neck uberon anatomic neck of humerus UBERON:4200172 neck of humerus UBERON:4200172 collum anatomicum (Humerus) FMA:23356 collum anatomicum humeri FMA:23356 FMA:TA anatomic neck of humerus FMA:23356 The area encompassing the radial and ulnar condyles of the humerus. uberon UBERON:4200174 distal condyle of humerus UBERON:4200174 The area encompassing the radial and ulnar condyles of the humerus. PHENOSCAPE The region of the astragalus/ talus that carries the articular surface for the navicular or central metatarsal. talus head uberon UBERON:4200181 astragalus head UBERON:4200181 The region of the astragalus/ talus that carries the articular surface for the navicular or central metatarsal. PHENOSCAPE Facet on the ulna for articulation with the ulnar condyle of the humerus. uberon UBERON:4200203 humeral facet on the ulna UBERON:4200203 Facet on the ulna for articulation with the ulnar condyle of the humerus. PHENOSCAPE Facet on the radius for articulation with the radial condyle of the humerus. proximal articular surface of radius uberon UBERON:4200204 humeral facet on radius UBERON:4200204 Facet on the radius for articulation with the radial condyle of the humerus. PHENOSCAPE uberon UBERON:4200219 middle phalanx of manual digit 1 UBERON:4200219 An anatomical surface that is part of a bone. bone surface uberon UBERON:4200230 surface of bone UBERON:4200230 An anatomical surface that is part of a bone. PHENOSCAPE A small smooth area on a bone or other firm structure. A worn spot on a tooth, produced by chewing or grinding. uberon UBERON:4300038 facet UBERON:4300038 A small smooth area on a bone or other firm structure. A worn spot on a tooth, produced by chewing or grinding. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/facet Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb bud. uberon UBERON:4300226 forelimb bud mesenchyme UBERON:4300226 Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb bud. PHENOSCAPE Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb bud. uberon UBERON:4300227 hindlimb bud mesenchyme UBERON:4300227 Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb bud. PHENOSCAPE A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit 1 manual digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit 1 digitopodial subdivision manual digit 1 ray manual digit I plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5001463 manual digit 1 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5001463 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 1 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 1 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit I plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit pedal digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit digitopodial subdivision pedal digit ray uberon UBERON:5001466 pedal digit plus metapodial segment UBERON:5001466 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit manual digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit digitopodial subdivision manual digit ray uberon UBERON:5002389 manual digit plus metapodial segment UBERON:5002389 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit digitopodial subdivision digit ray uberon UBERON:5002544 digit plus metapodial segment UBERON:5002544 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit 2 manual digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit 2 digitopodial subdivision manual digit 2 ray manual digit II plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003622 manual digit 2 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003622 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 2 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 2 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit II plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit 3 manual digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit 3 digitopodial subdivision manual digit 3 ray manual digit III plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003623 manual digit 3 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003623 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 3 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 3 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit III plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit 4 manual digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit 4 digitopodial subdivision manual digit 4 ray manual digit IV plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003624 manual digit 4 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003624 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 4 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 4 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit IV plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. manual digit 5 manual digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit 5 digitopodial subdivision manual digit 5 ray manual digit V plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003625 manual digit 5 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003625 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 5 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 5 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit V plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit 1 pedal digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit 1 digitopodial subdivision pedal digit 1 ray pedal digit I plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003631 pedal digit 1 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003631 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 1 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 1 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit I plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit 2 pedal digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit 2 digitopodial subdivision pedal digit 2 ray pedal digit II plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003632 pedal digit 2 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003632 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 2 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 2 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit II plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit 3 pedal digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit 3 digitopodial subdivision pedal digit 3 ray pedal digit III plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003633 pedal digit 3 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003633 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 3 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 3 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit III plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit 4 pedal digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit 4 digitopodial subdivision pedal digit 4 ray pedal digit IV plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003634 pedal digit 4 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003634 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 4 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 4 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit IV plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. pedal digit 5 pedal digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit 5 digitopodial subdivision pedal digit 5 ray pedal digit V plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5003635 pedal digit 5 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5003635 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 5 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 5 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit V plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit 1 digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit 1 digitopodial subdivision digit 1 ray digit I plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5006048 digit 1 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5006048 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 1 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 1 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 1 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 1 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit I plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit 2 digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit 2 digitopodial subdivision digit 2 ray digit II plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5006049 digit 2 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5006049 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 2 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 2 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 2 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 2 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit II plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit 3 digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit 3 digitopodial subdivision digit 3 ray digit III plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5006050 digit 3 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5006050 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 3 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 3 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 3 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 3 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit III plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit 4 digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit 4 digitopodial subdivision digit 4 ray digit IV plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5006051 digit 4 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5006051 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 4 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 4 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 4 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 4 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit IV plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. digit 5 digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit 5 digitopodial subdivision digit 5 ray digit V plus metapodial segment uberon UBERON:5006052 digit 5 plus metapodial segment UBERON:5006052 A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit 5 plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element plus associated soft tissues. Instances of this class typically do not form a distinct unit. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 5 ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 5 digitopodial subdivision http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 5 ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit V plus metapodial segment https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. manual digit I digitopodial skeleton uberon manual digit 1 manual digit 1 skeleton UBERON:5101463 manual digit 1 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5101463 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit I digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 1 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. uberon pedal digit pedal digit skeleton UBERON:5101466 pedal digit digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5101466 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. uberon manual digit manual digit skeleton UBERON:5102389 manual digit digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5102389 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. uberon digit digit skeleton UBERON:5102544 individual digit of digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5102544 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. manual digit II digitopodial skeleton uberon manual digit 2 manual digit 2 skeleton UBERON:5103622 manual digit 2 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103622 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit II digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 2 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. manual digit III digitopodial skeleton uberon manual digit 3 manual digit 3 skeleton UBERON:5103623 manual digit 3 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103623 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit III digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 3 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. manual digit IV digitopodial skeleton uberon manual digit 4 manual digit 4 skeleton UBERON:5103624 manual digit 4 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103624 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit IV digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 4 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. manual digit V digitopodial skeleton uberon manual digit 5 manual digit 5 skeleton UBERON:5103625 manual digit 5 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103625 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit V digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 manual digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 manual digit 5 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. pedal digit I digitopodial skeleton uberon pedal digit 1 pedal digit 1 skeleton UBERON:5103631 pedal digit 1 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103631 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit I digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 1 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. pedal digit II digitopodial skeleton uberon pedal digit 2 pedal digit 2 skeleton UBERON:5103632 pedal digit 2 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103632 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit II digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 2 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. pedal digit III digitopodial skeleton uberon pedal digit 3 pedal digit 3 skeleton UBERON:5103633 pedal digit 3 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103633 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit III digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 3 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. pedal digit IV digitopodial skeleton uberon pedal digit 4 pedal digit 4 skeleton UBERON:5103634 pedal digit 4 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103634 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit IV digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 4 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. pedal digit V digitopodial skeleton uberon pedal digit 5 pedal digit 5 skeleton UBERON:5103635 pedal digit 5 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5103635 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit V digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 pedal digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pedal digit 5 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. digit I digitopodial skeleton uberon digit 1 digit 1 skeleton UBERON:5106048 digit 1 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5106048 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 1 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit I digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 1 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. digit II digitopodial skeleton uberon digit 2 digit 2 skeleton UBERON:5106049 digit 2 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5106049 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 2 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit II digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 2 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. digit III digitopodial skeleton uberon digit 3 digit 3 skeleton UBERON:5106050 digit 3 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5106050 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 3 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit III digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 3 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 3 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. digit IV digitopodial skeleton uberon digit 4 digit 4 skeleton UBERON:5106051 digit 4 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5106051 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 4 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit IV digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 4 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. this class represents a series of phalanges plus a metapodial element. In comparative anatomy terminology we would call this a 'digit', but the label 'digit' is sometimes used to exclude metapodials and to include soft tissue. This series of elements is hypothesized to be homologous to radials. digit V digitopodial skeleton uberon digit 5 digit 5 skeleton UBERON:5106052 digit 5 digitopodial skeleton UBERON:5106052 A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of digit 5 plus the associated metapodial element. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit V digitopodial skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/458 digit 5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 digit 5 skeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of the main divisions of the whole organism of arthropods formed from groups of segments. FBbt:00000002 uberon UBERON:6000002 Strictly speaking the term "tagma" cam be used for any metameric organism, however we follow the common usage which is to restrict the term to arthropods. arthropod tagma UBERON:6000002 One of the main divisions of the whole organism of arthropods formed from groups of segments. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00024-3 FBbt:00000004 uberon UBERON:6000004 panarthropod head UBERON:6000004 Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some embryo (UBERON:6000052). FBbt:00000137 uberon UBERON:6000137 embryonic tagma UBERON:6000137 Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some embryo (UBERON:6000052). FBC:auto_generated_definition Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727). FBbt:00001728 uberon UBERON:6001728 insect larval tagma UBERON:6001728 Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727). FBC:auto_generated_definition Any head that is part of some larva. FBbt:00001730 uberon UBERON:6001730 insect larval head UBERON:6001730 Any head that is part of some larva. FBC:auto_generated_definition Any sense organ that is part of some larva. FBbt:00002639 larval sense organ uberon UBERON:6002639 insect larval sense organ UBERON:6002639 Any sense organ that is part of some larva. FBC:auto_generated_definition Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some adult (UBERON:6003004). FBbt:00003005 uberon UBERON:6003005 insect adult tagma UBERON:6003005 Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some adult (UBERON:6003004). FBC:auto_generated_definition Head of the adult organism. FBbt:00003007 uberon UBERON:6003007 insect adult head UBERON:6003007 Head of the adult organism. FBC:SPR Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727). FBbt:00007240 larval sensillum uberon UBERON:6007240 insect embryonic/larval sensillum UBERON:6007240 Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larva (UBERON:6001727). FBC:auto_generated_definition Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730). FBbt:00007242 larval head sensillum uberon UBERON:6007242 insect embryonic/larval head sensillum UBERON:6007242 Any sensillum (UBERON:6007152) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730). FBC:auto_generated_definition Any sense organ (UBERON:6005155) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730). FBbt:00007280 larval head sense organ uberon UBERON:6007280 insect embryonic/larval head sense organ UBERON:6007280 Any sense organ (UBERON:6005155) that is part of some larval head (UBERON:6001730). FBC:auto_generated_definition The proximal-most point of the head of a femur. uberon UBERON:7500046 proximal-most point of head of femur UBERON:7500046 The proximal-most point of the head of a femur. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The proximal-most point of the head of a humerus. uberon UBERON:7500047 proximal-most point of head of humerus UBERON:7500047 The proximal-most point of the head of a humerus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The proximal-most point of the ventral tubercle of a humerus. uberon UBERON:7500048 proximal-most point of ventral tubercle of humerus UBERON:7500048 The proximal-most point of the ventral tubercle of a humerus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The proximal-most point of the greater trochanter of a femur. uberon UBERON:7500049 proximal-most point of greater trochanter of femur UBERON:7500049 The proximal-most point of the greater trochanter of a femur. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The premolar tooth of the lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. lower fourth permanent premolar tooth uberon p4 UBERON:7500053 lower fourth secondary premolar tooth UBERON:7500053 The premolar tooth of the lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 p4 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. fourth molar tooth molar 4 molar 4 tooth uberon UBERON:7500055 molar tooth 4 UBERON:7500055 The molar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 4. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 3. premolar tooth 3 third premolar tooth uberon UBERON:7500056 premolar 3 UBERON:7500056 The premolar tooth of the upper or lower jaw that is phylogenetically number 3. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The ridge of the trochlea on a humerus lies in the middle of the distal end of a humerus on the lateral side of the trochlea and the medial side of the capitulum (capitellum). uberon UBERON:7500061 trochlear ridge of humerus UBERON:7500061 The ridge of the trochlea on a humerus lies in the middle of the distal end of a humerus on the lateral side of the trochlea and the medial side of the capitulum (capitellum). https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The tibial tuberosity is on the anterior side of a tibia and is where a patella ligament attaches. fossa digitalis uberon UBERON:7500062 tibial tuberosity UBERON:7500062 The tibial tuberosity is on the anterior side of a tibia and is where a patella ligament attaches. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_tibia The articular surface of a talus that interacts with a tibia. It has a deep depression that forms the trochlear groove and is bounded by the medial and lateral condyles. trochlea for tibia trochlea of astragalus trochlea tali uberon UBERON:7500063 trochlea of talus UBERON:7500063 The articular surface of a talus that interacts with a tibia. It has a deep depression that forms the trochlear groove and is bounded by the medial and lateral condyles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone The furrow between the lateral and medial condyles of the trochlea of talus. trochlear groove of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500064 trochlear groove of talus UBERON:7500064 The furrow between the lateral and medial condyles of the trochlea of talus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone An articular prominence of a talus that engages with the tibia. condyle of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500065 condyle of talus UBERON:7500065 An articular prominence of a talus that engages with the tibia. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The medial condyle of talus is an articular prominence of bone on medial side of the trochlea of a talus, which engages with the tibia. medial condyle of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500066 medial condyle of talus UBERON:7500066 The medial condyle of talus is an articular prominence of bone on medial side of the trochlea of a talus, which engages with the tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The lateral condyle of talus is an articular prominence of bone on the lateral side of the trochlea of a talus, which engages with the tibia. lateral condyle of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500067 lateral condyle of talus UBERON:7500067 The lateral condyle of talus is an articular prominence of bone on the lateral side of the trochlea of a talus, which engages with the tibia. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The crest of the medial condyle of a talus. ridge of medial condyle of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500068 ridge of medial condyle of talus UBERON:7500068 The crest of the medial condyle of a talus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The crest of the lateral condyle of a talus. ridge of lateral condyle of astragalus uberon UBERON:7500069 ridge of lateral condyle of talus UBERON:7500069 The crest of the lateral condyle of a talus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A depression that runs between the two facets of a talus that interact with a calcaneum. sulcus for flexor hallucis longus tendon uberon UBERON:7500070 sulcus tali UBERON:7500070 A depression that runs between the two facets of a talus that interact with a calcaneum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone An anatomical structure that protrudes from the head region. In vertebrates, this includes the part of the cranium (skull) in front of the zygomatic arches that also holds the teeth, palat, and nasal cavity. In invertebrates it is the forward extension of the carapace and/or the piercing mouthparts. uberon beak muzzle snout UBERON:7500071 rostrum UBERON:7500071 An anatomical structure that protrudes from the head region. In vertebrates, this includes the part of the cranium (skull) in front of the zygomatic arches that also holds the teeth, palat, and nasal cavity. In invertebrates it is the forward extension of the carapace and/or the piercing mouthparts. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Nasal bone on the left side of an organism when in anatomical position. uberon UBERON:7500073 left nasal bone UBERON:7500073 Nasal bone on the left side of an organism when in anatomical position. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Nasal bone on the right side of an organism when in anatomical position. uberon UBERON:7500074 right nasal bone UBERON:7500074 Nasal bone on the right side of an organism when in anatomical position. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Zygomatic arch on the left side of an organism when in anatomical position. uberon UBERON:7500075 left zygomatic arch UBERON:7500075 Zygomatic arch on the left side of an organism when in anatomical position. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Zygomatic arch on the right side of an organism when in anatomical position. uberon UBERON:7500076 right zygomatic arch UBERON:7500076 Zygomatic arch on the right side of an organism when in anatomical position. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A trochlea on the distal end of a femur that interacts with the patella. UBERON:4200096 2021-06-02T00:19:07Z uberon UBERON:7500077 obsolete trochlea of femur true UBERON:7500077 A trochlea on the distal end of a femur that interacts with the patella. https://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Anatomical-Parts/patellar-surface A condyle on the distal end and lateral side of a radius. radial condyle radial styloid process uberon UBERON:7500078 styloid process of radius UBERON:7500078 A condyle on the distal end and lateral side of a radius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_styloid_process A condyle on the distal end and medial side of a radius that interacts with the ulna. sigmoid cavity ulnar condyle of radius uberon UBERON:7500079 ulnar notch of radius UBERON:7500079 A condyle on the distal end and medial side of a radius that interacts with the ulna. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius The articular surface on the distal end of a radius that interacts with carpals. distal articular surface of radius uberon UBERON:7500080 articular surface for carpals UBERON:7500080 The articular surface on the distal end of a radius that interacts with carpals. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Contact surface between the tibia and the talus located on the talus. uberon UBERON:7500081 articular surface for the tibia on the talus UBERON:7500081 Contact surface between the tibia and the talus located on the talus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talus_bone Posterior-most facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. proximal facet of calcaneum uberon UBERON:7500089 posterior articular facet for talus of calcaneus UBERON:7500089 Posterior-most facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Middle facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. uberon UBERON:7500091 middle articular facet for talus of calcaneus UBERON:7500091 Middle facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 Anterior-most facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. distal facet of calcaneum uberon UBERON:7500092 anterior articular facet for talus of calcaneus UBERON:7500092 Anterior-most facet on the proximal surface of the calcaneus for the articulation of the talus bone. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The calcaneus body is the part of the bone not used for articulation with other bones. corpus calcanei uberon UBERON:7500093 calcaneal body UBERON:7500093 The calcaneus body is the part of the bone not used for articulation with other bones. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A raised projection on the calcaneus. calcaneal tubercle calcaneal tuberosity tuberosity of calcaneus uberon UBERON:7500094 tubercle of calcaneus UBERON:7500094 A raised projection on the calcaneus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A raised projection on the lateral side of a calcaneus. lateral tuberosity of calcaneus uberon UBERON:7500095 lateral tubercle of calcaneus UBERON:7500095 A raised projection on the lateral side of a calcaneus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A raised projection on the medial side of a calcaneus. medial tuberosity of calcaneus uberon UBERON:7500096 medial tubercle of calcaneus UBERON:7500096 A raised projection on the medial side of a calcaneus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 The antorbital notch is a prominence of bone located anterolaterally of the antorbital fenestra. uberon UBERON:7500101 antorbital notch UBERON:7500101 The antorbital notch is a prominence of bone located anterolaterally of the antorbital fenestra. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.627 At the dorsal part of the base of the calcaneal tuberoisty is a pointed process called the coracoid process. processus coracoideus of calcaneus uberon UBERON:7500105 coracoid process of calcaneus UBERON:7500105 At the dorsal part of the base of the calcaneal tuberoisty is a pointed process called the coracoid process. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-003-0220-0 https://www.imaios.com/en/vet-Anatomy/Vet-Anatomical-Part/Coracoid-process2 A craniometric point at the junction of the posterior midline border of the vomer with the sphenoid bone on the sphenovomerine suture. uberon UBERON:7500106 hormion UBERON:7500106 http://locatelambda.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hormion.jpg A craniometric point at the junction of the posterior midline border of the vomer with the sphenoid bone on the sphenovomerine suture. ISBN:9780873659505 https://locatelambda.org/manual https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hormion A suture joining a sphenoid bone with the alae of a vomer to form a schindylesis type of joint. uberon UBERON:7500107 sphenovomerine suture UBERON:7500107 A suture joining a sphenoid bone with the alae of a vomer to form a schindylesis type of joint. DOI:10.1097/SCS.0000000000002945 PMID:27483100 Any of the post-canine teeth, which are the multicuspidate molars or premolars used for shearing and grinding food in mammals. cheektooth uberon cheek teeth cheekteeth UBERON:7500108 cheek tooth UBERON:7500108 Any of the post-canine teeth, which are the multicuspidate molars or premolars used for shearing and grinding food in mammals. Wikipedia:Cheek_teeth cheek teeth cheekteeth An anatomical point on the antero-ventral margin of foramen magnum in the median plane. uberon UBERON:7500109 basion UBERON:7500109 An anatomical point on the antero-ventral margin of foramen magnum in the median plane. ISBN:9780873659505 A craniometric point on the ventral surface of the intersphenoid suture, along the midline of the skull. uberon UBERON:7500110 synsphenion UBERON:7500110 A craniometric point on the ventral surface of the intersphenoid suture, along the midline of the skull. ISBN:9780873659505 A suture joining the basisphenoid bone and the presphenoid bone of a sphenoid bone. This fuses in childhood in humans. intersphenoidal synchondrosis uberon UBERON:7500111 intersphenoid suture UBERON:7500111 A suture joining the basisphenoid bone and the presphenoid bone of a sphenoid bone. ISBN:9780873659505 This fuses in childhood in humans. DOI:10.2214/ajr.104.1.184 intersphenoidal synchondrosis DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-04783-1 A craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla between the incisors (premaxilla bone). alveolar point prostheon uberon UBERON:7500112 Often this point is midway between the median upper incisor teeth. In ruminants and pigs this point is projected into space. prosthion UBERON:7500112 A craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla between the incisors (premaxilla bone). DOI:10.1002/ar.a.10052 ISBN:97808736590505 alveolar point https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/alveolar%20point prostheon https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prostheon The most dorsoanterior point on the supraoccipital crest in the medial plane. uberon UBERON:7500113 akrokranion UBERON:7500113 The most dorsoanterior point on the supraoccipital crest in the medial plane. ISBN:9780873659505 An anatomical row consisting of adjacent cheek teeth. cheektooth row uberon UBERON:7500114 cheek tooth row UBERON:7500114 An anatomical row consisting of adjacent cheek teeth. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 cheektooth row https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A ridge or similar projection rising above the surface of an anatomical strucuture along the sagittal (midline) plane. sagittal ridge uberon UBERON:7500115 sagittal crest UBERON:7500115 A ridge or similar projection rising above the surface of an anatomical strucuture along the sagittal (midline) plane. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-3066 A craniometric point which is the furthest point from the glabella along the midline. opisthokranion uberon UBERON:7500117 In pigs this point is projected into space as a point between a line connecting the aboral points of the right and left superior nuchal lines. opisthocranion UBERON:7500117 A craniometric point which is the furthest point from the glabella along the midline. ISBN:9780873659505 Wiktionary:opisthocranion https://locatelambda.org/manual/ opisthokranion ISBN:9780873659505 In pigs this point is projected into space as a point between a line connecting the aboral points of the right and left superior nuchal lines. ISBN:9780873659505 An anatomical point on the most lateral point of the frontal bone of tetrapods on the occipital side of the orbit. uberon UBERON:7500119 ectorbitale UBERON:7500119 An anatomical point on the most lateral point of the frontal bone of tetrapods on the occipital side of the orbit. ISBN:9004086161 ISBN:9789004086166 The most lateral anatomical point of the zygomatic arch. uberon UBERON:7500120 zygion UBERON:7500120 The most lateral anatomical point of the zygomatic arch. ISBN:9004086161,9789004086166 A process of bone extending downward from the jugular process of the occipital bone. estiloid process paracondylar parajugular paramastoid process paraoccipital uberon UBERON:7500121 This process occurs in 0.5-2.0% of the human population. paroccipital process UBERON:7500121 A process of bone extending downward from the jugular process of the occipital bone. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paroccipital+process estiloid process DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 paracondylar DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 parajugular DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 paramastoid process DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 paraoccipital DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 This process occurs in 0.5-2.0% of the human population. DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.056 A ridge or similar projection connected to the temporal lines and nuchal crest on the squamous part of the occipital bone. It bounds the posteroventral part of the temporal fossa. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2882 uberon temporal crest UBERON:7500128 cranial temporal crest UBERON:7500128 A ridge or similar projection connected to the temporal lines and nuchal crest on the squamous part of the occipital bone. It bounds the posteroventral part of the temporal fossa. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325258124_Morphological_Study_on_the_Skull_of_Wild_Boar_of_Mizoram_Sus_scrofa temporal crest DOI:10.1016/j.asj.2009.01.011 Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. uberon UBERON:8000006 left side of back UBERON:8000006 Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. https://microbiomedb.org/ Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. uberon UBERON:8000007 right side of back UBERON:8000007 Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. https://microbiomedb.org/ A collection of Purkinje fibers that receives signals from the right and left bundle branches and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. The Purkinje fiber network creates synchronized contractions of the heart ventricles. Purkinje fibre network uberon UBERON:8000009 Purkinje fiber network UBERON:8000009 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 A collection of Purkinje fibers that receives signals from the right and left bundle branches and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. The Purkinje fiber network creates synchronized contractions of the heart ventricles. PMID:26786210 Purkinje fibre network PMID:26786210 A forelimb that is on the right side of a pectoral complex. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:7185 uberon UBERON:8300001 right forelimb UBERON:8300001 A forelimb that is on the right side of a pectoral complex. UBERONREF:0000003 A forelimb that is on the left side of a pectoral complex. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:7186 uberon UBERON:8300002 left forelimb UBERON:8300002 A forelimb that is on the left side of a pectoral complex. UBERONREF:0000003 A hindlimb that is on the right side of a pelvic complex. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:7187 uberon UBERON:8300003 right hindlimb UBERON:8300003 A hindlimb that is on the right side of a pelvic complex. UBERONREF:0000003 A hindlimb that is on the left side of a pelvic complex. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:7188 uberon UBERON:8300004 left hindlimb UBERON:8300004 A hindlimb that is on the left side of a pelvic complex. UBERONREF:0000003 Hepatic serous coat; peritoneal covering of the liver, enclosing almost all except for a triangular area on its posterior surface (the 'bare area of the liver') and a smaller area where the liver and gallbladder are in direct contact. serosa of liver tunica serosa hepatis uberon UBERON:8400021 liver serosa UBERON:8400021 Hepatic serous coat; peritoneal covering of the liver, enclosing almost all except for a triangular area on its posterior surface (the 'bare area of the liver') and a smaller area where the liver and gallbladder are in direct contact. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serosa+of+liver https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-2730 serosa of liver FMA:15811 tunica serosa hepatis LATIN https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/serosa+of+liver Subserosal tissue of liver. A zone of areolar connective tissue lying beneath the serous coat of the liver and distinguished with difficulty from the fibrous capsule of Glisson. hepatic subserosa subserosal tissue of liver subserous layer of liver tela subserosa (hepar) tela subserosa hepatis uberon UBERON:8400023 liver subserosa UBERON:8400023 Subserosal tissue of liver. A zone of areolar connective tissue lying beneath the serous coat of the liver and distinguished with difficulty from the fibrous capsule of Glisson. FMA:15812 https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subserosa+of+liver https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-2730 tela subserosa (hepar) FMA:15821 tela subserosa hepatis https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subserosa+of+liver Venule of villus of small intestine. venule of small intestine uberon UBERON:8410001 small intestine venule UBERON:8410001 Venule of villus of small intestine. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 Arteriole of villus of small intestine. arteriole of small intestine arteriole of villus of small intestine small intestine villus arteriole uberon UBERON:8410004 small intestine arteriole UBERON:8410004 Arteriole of villus of small intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A venule that is located in the anorectum. anorectum venule uberon UBERON:8410008 venule of anorectum UBERON:8410008 A venule that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An arteriole that is located in the anorectum. anorectum arteriole uberon UBERON:8410009 arteriole of anorectum UBERON:8410009 An arteriole that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An arteriole located in the colon. uberon UBERON:8410015 arteriole of colon UBERON:8410015 An arteriole located in the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine. junction of intestine uberon UBERON:8410024 intestinal junction UBERON:8410024 An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 A submucosal gland located in a bronchus. airway submucosal gland bronchial submucosal gland submucosal bronchial gland submucosal bronchus gland uberon UBERON:8410043 bronchus submucosal gland UBERON:8410043 A submucosal gland located in a bronchus. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A venule located in the colon. uberon UBERON:8410048 venule of colon UBERON:8410048 A venule located in the colon. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A subdivision of the digestive tract in humans that includes the rectum, the anal canal and the anus. The anatomy, pathology and medical community considers the anus to be part of the large intestine, and supports the use of 'anorectum' to include rectum, anal canal and anus. Although a few resources seem to only include the distal part of the rectum in 'anorectum', this UBERON grouping term is meant to refer more broadly to the whole of rectum. anorectal anorectal canal uberon UBERON:8410050 anorectum UBERON:8410050 A subdivision of the digestive tract in humans that includes the rectum, the anal canal and the anus. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26938-2_8 DOI:10.1148/rg.2015150037 PMID:29742860 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-8770 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A capillary that is part of the anorectum. blood vessel capillary of anorectum uberon UBERON:8410056 capillary of anorectum UBERON:8410056 A capillary that is part of the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A capillary that is part of the colon. blood vessel capillary of colon uberon UBERON:8410057 capillary of colon UBERON:8410057 A capillary that is part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A capillary that is part of a small intestine. 2021-12-21T15:14:31Z blood vessel capillary of small intestine small intestine capillary uberon UBERON:8410068 capillary of small intestine UBERON:8410068 A capillary that is part of a small intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A submucosal gland found in a respiratory tract. 2022-03-24T14:21:59Z EFO:0010666 respiratory tract submucosal gland submucosal gland of respiratory tract uberon UBERON:8410077 airway submucosal gland UBERON:8410077 A submucosal gland found in a respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 Red bone marrow located in the sternum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 sternum red bone marrow uberon UBERON:8410080 red bone marrow of sternum UBERON:8410080 Red bone marrow located in the sternum. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7655-4833 Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins. microvascular http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 microvasculature microvessel uberon UBERON:8410081 blood microvessel https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 UBERON:8410081 Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins. Wikipedia:Microcirculation http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 One or a subset of adjacent layers of the neocortex. uberon UBERON:8440004 laminar subdivision of the cortex UBERON:8440004 One or a subset of adjacent layers of the neocortex. ISBN-10:0-87893-742-0 Collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenalin). uberon UBERON:8440015 noradrenergic cell groups UBERON:8440015 Collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenalin). WikipediaVersioned:Noradrenergic_cell_groups&oldid=965992184 An anatomical system that eliminates waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-8718 2022-05-25T18:21:29Z uberon UBERON:8450002 excretory system UBERON:8450002 An anatomical system that eliminates waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GO:0007588 Blood located in the placenta. 2022-04-04T11:06:09Z uberon UBERON:8470000 placental blood UBERON:8470000 Blood located in the placenta. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-0902 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53254/ A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an iliac vein. 2022-06-17T14:34:50Z uberon UBERON:8480000 iliac vein smooth muscle tissue UBERON:8480000 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an iliac vein. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A capillary that is part of the brain. 2022-06-24T09:28:31Z uberon UBERON:8480001 capillary of brain UBERON:8480001 A capillary that is part of the brain. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the thoracic aorta. 2022-06-24T09:30:54Z uberon UBERON:8480002 thoracic aorta smooth muscle tissue UBERON:8480002 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the thoracic aorta. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an iliac artery. 2022-06-24T09:32:07Z uberon UBERON:8480003 iliac artery smooth muscle tissue UBERON:8480003 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an iliac artery. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 An endothelium that is part of an iliac vein. 2022-06-24T09:33:18Z uberon UBERON:8480004 iliac vein endothelium UBERON:8480004 An endothelium that is part of an iliac vein. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 An endothelium that is part of the placental artery. 2022-06-24T09:34:25Z uberon UBERON:8480005 placental artery endothelium UBERON:8480005 An endothelium that is part of the placental artery. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 An artery that is part of the placenta. 2022-06-24T11:25:24Z uberon UBERON:8480007 placental artery UBERON:8480007 An artery that is part of the placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A vein that is part of the placenta. 2022-06-27T09:30:52Z uberon UBERON:8480008 placental vein UBERON:8480008 A vein that is part of the placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A zone of skin that is part of the sacral region. 2022-08-29T14:14:27Z uberon UBERON:8480024 skin of sacral region UBERON:8480024 A zone of skin that is part of the sacral region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A zone of skin that is above the clavicle zone in the pectoral girdle region. 2022-08-29T14:17:12Z uberon UBERON:8480025 skin of clavicle region UBERON:8480025 A zone of skin that is above the clavicle zone in the pectoral girdle region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A zone of skin that is above the iliac crest in the pelvic girdle bone/zone. 2022-08-29T14:19:16Z skin of posterior iliac crest region uberon UBERON:8480026 skin of iliac crest region UBERON:8480026 A zone of skin that is above the iliac crest in the pelvic girdle bone/zone. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 A zone of skin that is part of the external genitalia. 2022-08-30T06:55:06Z uberon UBERON:8480029 skin of external genitalia UBERON:8480029 A zone of skin that is part of the external genitalia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-0473 Subserosa that is part of the uterine tube. It contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatic tissue. 2022-10-21T08:55:11Z subserosa of fallopian tube subserosa of oviduct uberon UBERON:8480037 subserosa of uterine tube UBERON:8480037 Subserosa that is part of the uterine tube. It contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatic tissue. ISBN:9783662026762 PMID:30095490 subserosa of fallopian tube PMID:30095490 subserosa of oviduct PMID:34440264 UBERON:8490000 A upper third secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 1 FDI tooth 18 right upper third secondary molar tooth right upper third secondary molar tooth right upper third secondary molar tooth FMA:55696 UBERON:8490001 A upper second secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 2 FDI tooth 17 right upper second secondary molar tooth right upper second secondary molar tooth right upper second secondary molar tooth FMA:55697 UBERON:8490002 A upper first secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 3 FDI tooth 16 right upper first secondary molar tooth right upper first secondary molar tooth right upper first secondary molar tooth FMA:55698 UBERON:8490003 A upper second secondary premolar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 4 FDI tooth 15 right upper second secondary premolar tooth right upper second secondary premolar tooth right upper second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55688 UBERON:8490004 A upper first secondary premolar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 5 FDI tooth 14 right upper first secondary premolar tooth right upper first secondary premolar tooth right upper first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55689 UBERON:8490005 A upper secondary canine tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 6 FDI tooth 13 right upper secondary canine tooth right upper secondary canine tooth right upper secondary canine tooth FMA:55798 UBERON:8490006 A upper lateral secondary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 7 FDI tooth 12 right upper lateral secondary incisor tooth right upper lateral secondary incisor tooth right upper lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:55680 UBERON:8490007 A upper central secondary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 8 FDI tooth 11 right upper central secondary incisor tooth right upper central secondary incisor tooth right upper central secondary incisor tooth FMA:55681 UBERON:8490008 A lower third secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 32 FDI tooth 48 right lower third secondary molar tooth right lower third secondary molar tooth right lower third secondary molar tooth FMA:55707 UBERON:8490009 A lower second secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 31 FDI tooth 47 right lower second secondary molar tooth right lower second secondary molar tooth right lower second secondary molar tooth FMA:55706 UBERON:8490010 A lower first secondary molar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 30 FDI tooth 46 right lower first secondary molar tooth right lower first secondary molar tooth right lower first secondary molar tooth FMA:55705 UBERON:8490011 A lower second secondary premolar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 29 FDI tooth 45 right lower second secondary premolar tooth right lower second secondary premolar tooth right lower second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55695 UBERON:8490012 A lower first secondary premolar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 28 FDI tooth 44 right lower first secondary premolar tooth right lower first secondary premolar tooth right lower first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55694 UBERON:8490013 A lower secondary canine tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 27 FDI tooth 43 right lower secondary canine tooth right lower secondary canine tooth right lower secondary canine tooth FMA:55686 UBERON:8490014 A lower lateral secondary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 26 FDI tooth 42 right lower lateral secondary incisor tooth right lower lateral secondary incisor tooth right lower lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:57140 UBERON:8490015 A lower central secondary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 25 FDI tooth 41 right lower central secondary incisor tooth right lower central secondary incisor tooth right lower central secondary incisor tooth FMA:57142 UBERON:8490016 A upper second primary molar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth A FDI tooth 55 right upper second primary molar tooth right upper second primary molar tooth right upper second primary molar tooth FMA:84240 UBERON:8490017 A upper first primary molar tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth B FDI tooth 54 right upper first primary molar tooth right upper first primary molar tooth right upper first primary molar tooth FMA:84238 UBERON:8490018 A upper primary canine tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth C FDI tooth 53 right upper primary canine tooth right upper primary canine tooth right upper primary canine tooth FMA:84230 UBERON:8490019 A upper lateral primary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth D FDI tooth 52 right upper lateral primary incisor tooth right upper lateral primary incisor tooth right upper lateral primary incisor tooth FMA:84222 UBERON:8490020 A upper central primary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth E FDI tooth 51 right upper central primary incisor tooth right upper central primary incisor tooth right upper central primary incisor tooth FMA:84220 UBERON:8490021 A lower second primary molar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth T FDI tooth 85 right lower second primary molar tooth right lower second primary molar tooth right lower second primary molar tooth FMA:84244 UBERON:8490022 A lower first primary molar tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth S FDI tooth 84 right lower first primary molar tooth right lower first primary molar tooth right lower first primary molar tooth FMA:84242 UBERON:8490023 A lower primary canine tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth R FDI tooth 83 right lower primary canine tooth right lower primary canine tooth right lower primary canine tooth FMA:84232 UBERON:8490024 A lower lateral primary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth Q FDI tooth 82 right lower lateral primary incisor tooth right lower lateral primary incisor tooth right lower lateral primary incisor tooth FMA:84226 UBERON:8490025 A lower central primary incisor tooth that is in the right side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-13T00:00:00Z ADA tooth P FDI tooth 81 right lower central primary incisor tooth right lower central primary incisor tooth right lower central primary incisor tooth FMA:84224 UBERON:8490026 A upper third secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 16 FDI tooth 28 left upper third secondary molar tooth left upper third secondary molar tooth left upper third secondary molar tooth FMA:55701 UBERON:8490027 A upper second secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 15 FDI tooth 27 left upper second secondary molar tooth left upper second secondary molar tooth left upper second secondary molar tooth FMA:55700 UBERON:8490028 A upper first secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 14 FDI tooth 26 left upper first secondary molar tooth left upper first secondary molar tooth left upper first secondary molar tooth FMA:55699 UBERON:8490029 A upper second secondary premolar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 13 FDI tooth 25 left upper second secondary premolar tooth left upper second secondary premolar tooth left upper second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55691 UBERON:8490030 A upper first secondary premolar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 12 FDI tooth 24 left upper first secondary premolar tooth left upper first secondary premolar tooth left upper first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55690 UBERON:8490031 A upper secondary canine tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 11 FDI tooth 23 left upper secondary canine tooth left upper secondary canine tooth left upper secondary canine tooth FMA:55799 UBERON:8490032 A upper lateral secondary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 10 FDI tooth 22 left upper lateral secondary incisor tooth left upper lateral secondary incisor tooth left upper lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:55683 UBERON:8490033 A upper central secondary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 9 FDI tooth 21 left upper central secondary incisor tooth left upper central secondary incisor tooth left upper central secondary incisor tooth FMA:55682 UBERON:8490034 A lower third secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 17 FDI tooth 38 left lower third secondary molar tooth left lower third secondary molar tooth left lower third secondary molar tooth FMA:55702 UBERON:8490035 A lower second secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 18 FDI tooth 37 left lower second secondary molar tooth left lower second secondary molar tooth left lower second secondary molar tooth FMA:55703 UBERON:8490036 A lower first secondary molar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 19 FDI tooth 36 left lower first secondary molar tooth left lower first secondary molar tooth left lower first secondary molar tooth FMA:55704 UBERON:8490037 A lower second secondary premolar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 20 FDI tooth 35 left lower second secondary premolar tooth left lower second secondary premolar tooth left lower second secondary premolar tooth FMA:55692 UBERON:8490038 A lower first secondary premolar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 21 FDI tooth 34 left lower first secondary premolar tooth left lower first secondary premolar tooth left lower first secondary premolar tooth FMA:55693 UBERON:8490039 A lower secondary canine tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 22 FDI tooth 33 left lower secondary canine tooth left lower secondary canine tooth left lower secondary canine tooth FMA:55687 UBERON:8490040 A lower lateral secondary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 23 FDI tooth 32 left lower lateral secondary incisor tooth left lower lateral secondary incisor tooth left lower lateral secondary incisor tooth FMA:57141 UBERON:8490041 A lower central secondary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth 24 FDI tooth 31 left lower central secondary incisor tooth left lower central secondary incisor tooth left lower central secondary incisor tooth FMA:57143 UBERON:8490042 A upper second primary molar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth J FDI tooth 65 left upper second primary molar tooth left upper second primary molar tooth left upper second primary molar tooth FMA:84241 UBERON:8490043 A upper first primary molar tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth I FDI tooth 64 left upper first primary molar tooth left upper first primary molar tooth left upper first primary molar tooth FMA:84239 UBERON:8490044 A upper primary canine tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth H FDI tooth 63 left upper primary canine tooth left upper primary canine tooth left upper primary canine tooth FMA:84231 UBERON:8490045 A upper lateral primary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth G FDI tooth 62 left upper lateral primary incisor tooth left upper lateral primary incisor tooth left upper lateral primary incisor tooth FMA:84223 UBERON:8490046 A upper central primary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the upper jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth F FDI tooth 61 left upper central primary incisor tooth left upper central primary incisor tooth left upper central primary incisor tooth FMA:84221 UBERON:8490047 A lower second primary molar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth K FDI tooth 75 left lower second primary molar tooth left lower second primary molar tooth left lower second primary molar tooth FMA:84245 UBERON:8490048 A lower first primary molar tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth L FDI tooth 74 left lower first primary molar tooth left lower first primary molar tooth left lower first primary molar tooth FMA:84243 UBERON:8490049 A lower primary canine tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth M FDI tooth 73 left lower primary canine tooth left lower primary canine tooth left lower primary canine tooth FMA:84233 UBERON:8490050 A lower lateral primary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth N FDI tooth 72 left lower lateral primary incisor tooth left lower lateral primary incisor tooth left lower lateral primary incisor tooth FMA:84227 UBERON:8490051 A lower central primary incisor tooth that is in the left side of the lower jaw region. 2022-11-18T00:00:00Z ADA tooth O FDI tooth 71 left lower central primary incisor tooth left lower central primary incisor tooth left lower central primary incisor tooth FMA:84225 A muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera). 2023-02-16T10:17:46Z visceral muscle uberon UBERON:8600004 It is quite common to refer to visceral muscles as smooth muscles, by analogy with vertebrates; however, most visceral muscles in arthropods are actually striated. visceral muscle tissue UBERON:8600004 A muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera). BTO:0002780 CLAO:0001295 visceral muscle BTO:0002780 It is quite common to refer to visceral muscles as smooth muscles, by analogy with vertebrates; however, most visceral muscles in arthropods are actually striated. FBbt:00005070 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle PMID:8720463 A striated muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera). 2023-02-16T10:34:43Z striated visceral muscle tissue uberon UBERON:8600006 visceral striated muscle tissue UBERON:8600006 A striated muscle tissue that is associated with soft internal organs (viscera). PMID:8720463 https://pressbooks.pub/rbtallitsch/chapter/chapter-6-muscle-tissue/ A spherical or tubular structure in a submucosal gland that produces and secretes mucus and other substances into the ducts leading to the surface epithelium. 2023-05-02T08:57:27Z uberon UBERON:8600012 submucosal gland acinus UBERON:8600012 A spherical or tubular structure in a submucosal gland that produces and secretes mucus and other substances into the ducts leading to the surface epithelium. PMID:17394068 PMID:17707699 PMID:25648514 PMID:30864819 true event A specimen collection process. A camera trap image capture. A marine trawl. An action that occurs at some location during some time. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/ Event specimen A whole organism preserved in a collection. A part of an organism isolated for some purpose. A soil sample. A marine microbial sample. A physical result of a sampling (or subsampling) event. In biological collections, the material sample is typically collected, and either preserved or destructively processed. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/ Material Sample oboInOwl:ObsoleteClass Obsolete Class oboInOwl:Subset owl:Nothing specimen collection process X material entity A material entity B material entity C specimen collection process Y false incorrect identifier format, replaced example to be eventually removed example to be eventually removed failed exploratory term The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg failed exploratory term metadata complete Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. FossilSpecimen metadata complete organizational term Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg organizational term ready for release Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release metadata incomplete Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete uncurated Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated pending final vetting All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot core placeholder removed placeholder removed terms merged An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged term imported This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. term imported term split This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. term split universal Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. Alan Ruttenberg Alan Ruttenberg A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal universal defined class A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. Alan Ruttenberg Alan Ruttenberg defined class defined class named class expression A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions Alan Ruttenberg Alan Ruttenberg named class expression named class expression to be replaced with external ontology term Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term requires discussion A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion Thermo Fisher Scientific An organization that is an American multinational, biotechnology product development company, created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific. Chris Stoeckert, Helena Ellis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific Thermo Fisher Scientific The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 out of scope The set of classes specified by the Darwin Core Type Vocabulary, used to categorize the nature or genre of the resource. http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/ Darwin Core Type True 2023-05-31 has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part BFO:0000051 external quality spatial uberon has_part has_part has part has part has_part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in preceded by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by BFO:0000062 external uberon preceded_by preceded_by preceded by preceded by precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. BFO:0000063 external uberon precedes precedes precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in BFO:0000066 external occurs_in occurs_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in occurs in site of [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t BFO:0000067 uberon contains_process contains_process Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process contains process x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:0000096 rostral_to spatial uberon anterior_to anterior_to anterior to x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:0000097 spatial uberon distal_to distal_to distal to x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:cjm x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:0000098 spatial uberon dorsal_to dorsal_to dorsal to x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:0000099 caudal to spatial uberon posterior_to posterior_to posterior to x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm caudal to x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:0000100 NCIT:C25236 spatial uberon proximal_to proximal_to The elbow is proximal to the hand, but distal to the shoulder. proximal to x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:cjm x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:0000102 spatial uberon ventral_to ventral_to ventral to x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole. BSPO:0000104 spatial approximately_perpendicular_to approximately_perpendicular_to approximately perpendicular to Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole. BSPO:cjm Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. BSPO:0000107 spatial uberon deep_to deep_to deep to Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. BSPO:cjm Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. BSPO:0000108 spatial uberon superficial_to superficial_to superficial to Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. BSPO:cjm Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:0000110 spatial left_of left_of left of Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:cjm Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis. BSPO:0000113 spatial opposite_to opposite_to opposite to Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis. BSPO:cjm X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion. BSPO:0000120 NCIT:C25229 spatial uberon in_left_side_of in_left_side_of in left side of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion. BSPO:0000121 NCIT:C25228 spatial uberon in_right_side_of in_right_side_of in right side of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion. BSPO:0000122 spatial uberon in_posterior_side_of in_posterior_side_of in posterior side of X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion. BSPO:0000123 spatial uberon in_anterior_side_of in_anterior_side_of in anterior side of X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion. BSPO:0000124 spatial uberon in_proximal_side_of in_proximal_side_of in proximal side of x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion. BSPO:0000125 spatial uberon in_distal_side_of in_distal_side_of in distal side of x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure BSPO:0000126 spatial uberon in_lateral_side_of in_lateral_side_of in lateral side of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure UBERON:cjm x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross. spatial parallel_to parallel to x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross. BSPO:curators X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y BSPO:0001106 spatial uberon proximalmost_part_of proximalmost_part_of proximalmost part of X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:0001107 spatial uberon immediately_deep_to immediately_deep_to immediately deep to x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:curators X distalmost part of Y <=> X is in distal side of Y and X is adjacent to the distal boundary of Y BSPO:0001108 spatial uberon distalmost_part_of distalmost_part_of distalmost part of X distalmost part of Y <=> X is in distal side of Y and X is adjacent to the distal boundary of Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 BSPO:0001113 spatial uberon preaxialmost_part_of preaxialmost_part_of preaxialmost part of BSPO:0001115 spatial uberon postaxialmost_part_of postaxialmost_part_of postaxialmost part of X intersects median plane of iff X crosses the midine plane of Y. BSPO:0005001 spatial uberon intersects_midsagittal_plane_of intersects_midsagittal_plane_of intersects midsagittal plane of BSPO:0015001 spatial finishes_axis finishes_axis A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. If s finishes axis x, and x has end point p, then x overlaps p finishes axis BSPO:0015002 spatial follows_axis follows_axis follows axis crossing at right angles BSPO:0015005 spatial orthogonal_to orthogonal_to orthogonal to crossing at right angles BSPO:cjm Intersects at two points. BSPO:0015006 spatial passes_through passes_through passes through Intersects at two points. BSPO:cjm BSPO:0015007 spatial starts_axis starts_axis A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. . If s starts axis x, and x has start point p, then x overlaps p starts axis BSPO:0015008 spatial surface_of surface_of placeholder. used for relation between anatomical surface and an anatomical side. surface of X dorsal side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two dorsal and ventral portions, X is part of the dorsal portion. BSPO:0015101 spatial uberon in_dorsal_side_of in_dorsal_side_of in dorsal side of X dorsal side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two dorsal and ventral portions, X is part of the dorsal portion. BSPO:cjm X in_central_side Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions around some median divisor, all parts of X are closer to the median divisor than the outermost lateral sides. This was migrated from http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/core#in_central_side_of in Uberon. BSPO:0020001 uberon in_central_side_of in_central_side_of in central side of X in_central_side Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions around some median divisor, all parts of X are closer to the median divisor than the outermost lateral sides. BSPO:cjm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 ?Y lacks_part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y) lacks_plasma_membrane_part GOREL:0002003 external results_in_distribution_of results_in_distribution_of results in distribution of results_in_distribution_of GOREL:0002004 external results_in_fission_of results_in_fission_of results in fission of results_in_fission_of This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about has_specified_input has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input has_specified_output has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color inheres in this apple this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in RO:0000052 characteristic_of Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of RO:0000053 external bearer_of bearer_of has_characteristic bearer of bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in RO:0000056 external uberon participates_in participates_in participates in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant RO:0000057 external has_participant has_participant has participant has participant this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality RO:0000086 uberon has_quality has_quality has quality has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role RO:0000087 has_role has role is location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ location_of RO:0001015 uberon location_of location_of location of location of located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in RO:0001025 uberon located_in located_in located in located in my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. has boundary has_2D_boundary RO:0002002 uberon has_boundary has_2D_boundary has_boundary has 2D boundary has 2D boundary http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402613 RO:0002005 uberon innervated_by innervated_by innervated_by innervated_by X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000 RO:0002007 external uberon bounding_layer_of bounding_layer_of A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. bounding layer of bounding layer of David Osumi-Sutherland RO:0002082 uberon simultaneous_with simultaneous_with t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2) simultaneous with simultaneous with David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of RO:0002087 external uberon immediately_preceded_by immediately_preceded_by X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by immediately preceded by Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure that its soma is part of. <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043025> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y) RO:0002100 has_soma_location has soma location Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it. <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that has_part some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?))) RO:0002103 uberon synapsed_by synapsed_by synapsed by synapsed by Every B cell[CL_0000236] has plasma membrane part some immunoglobulin complex[GO_0019814] Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part. <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ?Y) RO:0002104 has_plasma_membrane_part has plasma membrane part Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure (including cells) that it chemically synapses to. <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042734> that part_of some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045211> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?))) RO:0002120 synapsed_to N1 synapsed_to some N2 Expands to: N1 SubclassOf ( has_part some ( ‘pre-synaptic membrane ; GO:0042734’ that part_of some ( ‘synapse ; GO:0045202’ that has_part some ( ‘post-synaptic membrane ; GO:0045211’ that part_of some N2)))) synapsed to x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y x overlaps y iff they have some part in common. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002131 external spatial uberon overlaps overlaps "(forall (x y) (iff (overlaps x y) (exists (z) (and (part of z x) (part of z y)))))" CLIF [] overlaps overlaps x overlaps y iff they have some part in common. BSPO:cjm Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R. <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002132> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043005> that (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?))) RO:0002134 uberon innervates innervates innervates innervates X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary. connected to The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint) RO:0002150 uberon continuous_with continuous_with continuous with continuous with FMA:85972 lactation SubClassOf 'only in taxon' some 'Mammalia' x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z. The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria RO:0002160 uberon only_in_taxon only_in_taxon only in taxon x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed. RO:0002162 uberon in_taxon in_taxon Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin. in taxon a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones). a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b RO:0002170 uberon connected_to connected_to connected to connected to https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Connectivity-Design-Pattern https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-articulations-Design-Pattern The M8 connects Glasgow and Edinburgh a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones). c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system. RO:0002176 uberon connects connects connects connects https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Connectivity-Design-Pattern https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-articulations-Design-Pattern a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b. attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure) RO:0002177 uberon attaches_to_part_of attached_to_part_of attaches_to_part_of attached to part of attached to part of Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy. Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between an artery and an anatomical structure RO:0002178 uberon supplies supplies supplies supplies Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure. Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure RO:0002179 uberon drains drains drains drains inverse of develops from RO:0002203 develops_into develops into Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y. FBbt RO:0002207 has developmental precursor uberon directly_develops_from directly_develops_from TODO - add child relations from DOS directly develops from directly develops from p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q. process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit Chris Mungall David Hill Tanya Berardini GO Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process. regulates (processual) false RO:0002211 external regulates regulates regulates regulates Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. Chris Mungall negatively regulates (process to process) RO:0002212 external negatively_regulates negatively_regulates negatively regulates negatively regulates Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. Chris Mungall positively regulates (process to process) RO:0002213 external positively_regulates positively_regulates positively regulates positively regulates mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption' A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. Chris Mungall has function realized in For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)". RO:0002215 external uberon capable_of capable_of capable of capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. Chris Mungall has function in RO:0002216 external uberon capable_of_part_of capable_of_part_of capable of part of capable of part of x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x RO:0002219 uberon surrounded_by surrounded_by surrounded by surrounded by A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis. The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies. The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used. x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary. This relation acts as a join point with BSPO RO:0002220 external spatial uberon adjacent_to adjacent_to adjacent to adjacent to A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. inverse of surrounded by RO:0002221 uberon surrounds surrounds surrounds surrounds inverse of starts with Chris Mungall Allen RO:0002223 uberon starts starts starts starts Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall started by RO:0002224 external uberon starts_with starts_with starts with starts with x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y RO:0002225 uberon develops_from_part_of develops_from_part_of develops from part of develops from part of x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing EHDAA2 Jonathan Bard, EHDAA2 RO:0002226 uberon develops_in develops_in develops in develops in inverse of ends with Chris Mungall RO:0002229 uberon ends ends ends ends x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall finished by RO:0002230 external uberon ends_with ends_with ends with ends with x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y starts with process that occurs in RO:0002231 external has_start_location has_start_location has start location has start location x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y ends with process that occurs in RO:0002232 external has_end_location has_end_location has end location has end location p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. Chris Mungall consumes RO:0002233 external has_input has_input has input has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. produces RO:0002234 external has_output has_output has output has output Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong] x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y RO:0002254 uberon has_developmental_contribution_from has_developmental_contribution_from has developmental contribution from has developmental contribution from t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor anatomical structure type T to T', where T' develops_from T t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor material anatomical entity type T to T', where T' develops_from T induced by Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) GO:0001759 We place this under 'developmentally preceded by'. This placement should be examined in the context of reciprocal inductions[cjm] RO:0002256 uberon developmentally_induced_by developmentally_induced_by developmentally induced by developmentally induced by x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else This relation is intended for cases such as when we have a bone element replacing its cartilage element precursor. Currently most AOs represent this using 'develops from'. We need to decide whether 'develops from' will be generic and encompass replacement, or whether we need a new name for a generic relation that encompasses replacement and development-via-cell-lineage replaces RO:0002285 uberon developmentally_replaces developmentally_replaces developmentally replaces developmentally replaces p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint. RO:0002295 external results_in_developmental_progression_of results_in_developmental_progression_of results in developmental progression of results in developmental progression of every flower development (GO:0009908) results in development of some flower (PO:0009046) p 'results in development of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and p results in the state of c changing from its initial state as a primordium or anlage through its mature state and to its final state. http://www.geneontology.org/GO.doc.development.shtml RO:0002296 external results_in_development_of results_in_development_of results in development of results in development of an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists. every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062) GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002297 external results_in_formation_of results_in_formation_of results in formation of results in formation of an annotation of gene X to cell morphogenesis with results_in_morphogenesis_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an input neuron has attained its shape. tongue morphogenesis (GO:0043587) results in morphogenesis of tongue (UBERON:0001723) The relationship that links an entity with the process that results in the formation and shaping of that entity over time from an immature to a mature state. GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002298 external results_in_morphogenesis_of results_in_morphogenesis_of results in morphogenesis of results in morphogenesis of an annotation of gene X to cell maturation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that the fibroblast is mature at the end of the process bone maturation (GO:0070977) results_in_maturation_of bone (UBERON:0001474) The relationship that links an entity with a process that results in the progression of the entity over time that is independent of changes in it's shape and results in an end point state of that entity. GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002299 external results_in_maturation_of results_in_maturation_of results in maturation of results in maturation of q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of inheres in part of RO:0002314 characteristic_of_part_of characteristic of part of an annotation of gene X to cell differentiation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that at the end of the process the input cell that did not have features of a fibroblast, now has the features of a fibroblast. The relationship that links a specified entity with the process that results in an unspecified entity acquiring the features and characteristics of the specified entity GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002315 external results_in_acquisition_of_features_of results_in_acquisition_of_features_of results in acquisition of features of results in acquisition of features of An experimental relation currently used to connect a feature possessed by an organism (e.g. anatomical structure, biological process, phenotype or quality) to a habitat or environment in which that feature is well suited, adapted or provides a reproductive advantage for the organism. For example, fins to an aquatic environment. Usually this will mean that the structure is adapted for this environment, but we avoid saying this directly - primitive forms of the structure may not have evolved specifically for that environment (for example, early wings were not necessarily adapted for an aerial environment). Note also that this is a statement about the general class of structures - not every instance of a limb need confer an advantage for a terrestrial environment, e.g. if the limb is vestigial. adapted for RO:0002322 uberon confers_advantage_in confers_advantage_in confers advantage in A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function RO:0002328 uberon functionally_related_to functionally_related_to functionally related to functionally related to This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination. RO:0002338 external has_target_start_location has_target_start_location has target start location has target start location This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l. RO:0002339 external has_target_end_location has_target_end_location has target end location has target end location Holds between p and l when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that is aligned_with l RO:0002341 external results_in_transport_along results_in_transport_along results in transport along results in transport along Holds between p and m when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that crosses m. RO:0002342 external results_in_transport_across results_in_transport_across results in transport across results in transport across 'pollen tube growth' results_in growth_of some 'pollen tube' RO:0002343 external results_in_growth_of results_in_growth_of results in growth of results in growth of 'mitochondrial transport' results_in_transport_to_from_or_in some mitochondrion (GO:0005739) RO:0002344 external results_in_transport_to_from_or_in results_in_transport_to_from_or_in results in transport to from or in results in transport to from or in has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO RO:0002351 uberon has_member has_member has member has member inverse of has output RO:0002353 external uberon output_of output_of output of output of a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure) RO:0002371 uberon attaches_to attached_to attaches_to attached to attached to m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) RO:0002372 uberon has_muscle_origin has_muscle_origin has muscle origin has muscle origin m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) RO:0002373 uberon has_muscle_insertion has_muscle_insertion has muscle insertion has muscle insertion false x has_fused_element y iff: there exists some z : x has_part z, z homologous_to y, and y is a distinct element, the boundary between x and z is largely fiat has fused element RO:0002374 uberon has_fused_element derived_from_ancestral_fusion_of has_fused_element A has_fused_element B does not imply that A has_part some B: rather than A has_part some B', where B' that has some evolutionary relationship to B. derived from ancestral fusion of Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein. drains into drains to tributary channel of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary http://www.medindia.net/glossary/venous_tributary.htm This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (veins, arteries) RO:0002376 uberon tributary_of tributary_of tributary of tributary of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary In the tree T depicted in https://oborel.github.io/obo-relations/branching_part_of.png, B1 is a (direct) branching part of T. B1-1, B1-2, and B1-3 are also branching parts of T, but these are considered indirect branching parts as they do not directly connect to the main stem S x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y RO:0002380 uberon branching_part_of branching_part_of branching part of branching part of FMA:85994 x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y RO:0002385 uberon has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to has potential to developmentally contribute to has potential to developmentally contribute to x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y RO:0002387 uberon has_potential_to_develop_into has_potential_to_develop_into has potential to develop into has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y RO:0002388 has_potential_to_directly_develop_into has potential to directly develop into p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm. RO:0002433 uberon contributes_to_morphology_of contributes_to_morphology_of contributes to morphology of 'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate' x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. RO:0002473 uberon composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of composed primarily of x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y). RO:0002488 uberon existence_starts_during existence_starts_during existence starts during x starts ends with y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts with y iff α(x) = α(y). RO:0002489 uberon existence_starts_with existence_starts_with existence starts with x exists during y if and only if: 1) the time point at which x begins to exist is after or equal to the time point at which y begins and 2) the time point at which x ceases to exist is before or equal to the point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y) RO:0002491 exists during uberon existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_and_ends_during The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence starts and ends during Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y). RO:0002492 ceases_to_exist_during uberon existence_ends_during existence_ends_during The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends during Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x existence ends with y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence ends with y iff ω(x) = ω(y). RO:0002493 uberon existence_ends_with existence_ends_with The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends with x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships RO:0002494 uberon transformation_of transformation_of transformation of x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t RO:0002495 uberon immediate_transformation_of immediate_transformation_of immediate transformation of x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y). RO:0002496 uberon existence_starts_during_or_after existence_starts_during_or_after The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence starts during or after x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. RO:0002497 uberon existence_ends_during_or_before existence_ends_during_or_before The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends during or before Forelimb SubClassOf has_skeleton some 'Forelimb skeleton' A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision. has supporting framework The skeleton of a structure may be a true skeleton (for example, the bony skeleton of a hand) or any kind of support framework (the hydrostatic skeleton of a sea star, the exoskeleton of an insect, the cytoskeleton of a cell). RO:0002551 uberon has_skeleton has_skeleton has skeleton Holds between p and c when p is locomotion process and the outcome of this process is the change of location of c RO:0002565 external results_in_movement_of results_in_movement_of results in movement of m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 has_muscle_insertion s, m2 has_muscle_insection s, m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position. Wikipedia:Antagonist_(muscle) RO:0002568 uberon has_muscle_antagonist has_muscle_antagonist has muscle antagonist x is a conduit for y iff y overlaps through the lumen_of of x, and y has parts on either side of the lumen of x. UBERON:cjm This relation holds between a thing with a 'conduit' (e.g. a bone foramen) and a 'conduee' (for example, a nerve) such that at the time the relationship holds, the conduee has two ends sticking out either end of the conduit. It should therefore note be used for objects that move through the conduit but whose spatial extent does not span the passage. For example, it would not be used for a mountain that contains a long tunnel through which trains pass. Nor would we use it for a digestive tract and objects such as food that pass through. RO:0002570 uberon conduit_for conduit_for conduit for x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull. GOC:cjm RO:0002571 uberon lumen_of lumen_of lumen of s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity RO:0002572 uberon luminal_space_of luminal_space_of luminal space of inverse of has skeleton RO:0002576 uberon skeleton_of skeleton_of skeleton of RO:0002588 external results_in_assembly_of results_in_assembly_of results in assembly of RO:0002590 external results_in_disassembly_of results_in_disassembly_of results in disassembly of p results in organization of c iff p results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of c RO:0002592 external results_in_organization_of results_in_organization_of results in organization of Inverse of 'causal agent in process' RO:0002608 external process_has_causal_agent process_has_causal_agent process has causal agent a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix. RO:0003000 external uberon produces produces Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue. produces produces a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a. RO:0003001 external uberon produced_by produced_by produced by produced by p 'has primary input ot output' c iff either (a) p 'has primary input' c or (b) p 'has primary output' c. 2018-12-13T11:26:17Z RO:0004007 external has_primary_input_or_output has_primary_input_or_output has primary input or output p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c. 2018-12-13T11:26:32Z RO:0004008 external has_primary_output has_primary_output has primary output p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:kva GOC:pt PMID:27812932 p has primary input c if (a) p has input c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, consume, or transform c. 2018-12-13T11:26:56Z RO:0004009 external has_primary_input has_primary_input has primary input p has primary input c if (a) p has input c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, consume, or transform c. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:kva GOC:pt PMID:27812932 p acts on population of c iff c' is a collection, has members of type c, and p has participant c pg 2020-06-08T17:21:33Z RO:0012003 external acts_on_population_of acts_on_population_of acts on population of acts on population of pg 2021-02-26T07:28:29Z RO:0012008 external results_in_fusion_of results_in_fusion_of results in fusion of results in fusion of q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015007 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'. increased in magnitude relative to q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2. RO:0015011 has_cross_section Example: a spherical object has the quality of being spherical, and the spherical quality has_cross_section round. has cross section s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 None These are the terms that are improted for FOVT to describe vertebrate traits. FuTRES Ontology of Vertebrate Traits 2023-05-31 x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. uberon anteriorly_connected_to anteriorly connected to x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern carries uberon channel_for channel for uberon channels_from channels_from uberon channels_into channels_into x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. uberon distally_connected_to distally connected to x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern X extends_fibers into Y iff there exists some neuron (N) and N has_soma_location X and N 'has synaptic IO in region' some Y uberon extends_fibers_into extends_fibers_into X extends_fibers into Y iff there exists some neuron (N) and N has_soma_location X and N 'has synaptic IO in region' some Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 Relationship between a fluid and a material entity, where the fluid is the output of a realization of a filtration role that inheres in the material entity. uberon filtered_through Relationship between a fluid and a filtration barrier, where the portion of fluid arises as a transformation of another portion of fluid on the other side of the barrier, with larger particles removed filtered through a indirectly_supplies s iff a has a branch and the branch supplies or indirectly supplies s. add to RO uberon indirectly_supplies indirectly_supplies x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. uberon posteriorly_connected_to posteriorly connected to x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern uberon protects protects x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. uberon proximally_connected_to proximally connected to x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern uberon sexually_homologous_to sexually_homologous_to c site_of p if c is the bearer of a disposition that is realized by a process that has p as part. uberon capable_of_has_part site_of site_of uberon subdivision_of placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B subdivision of 2 2 1 2 hagfish have median nostril PMID:25312359 midface division only makes sense for gnathostomes PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 ZFS FMA FMA vertebrates FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA-abduced-lr definitional https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest only in species that have a stomach Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein FMA FMA Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein requires review EHDAA2 requires review EHDAA2 may be present in other parts in other species FMA FMA proximally Wikipedia proximally Wikipedia radially Wikipedia ulnar side Wikipedia distally Wikipedia distally Wikipedia distally Wikipedia Wikipedia FMA right arch 4 in human embryology.ch FMA Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein Wikipedia PMID:22179203 ISBN:080184780X FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA-implied FMA ISBN:080184780X FMA Euarchontoglires https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest FMA FMA FMA FMA Amphibia AAO Wikipedia Wikipedia UBERON:0011870 or UBERON:0011869 Wikipedia hamate Wikipedia cjm ZFA FMA JB PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 FMA AAO https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16143 shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite shoge-lite ISBN:9780878932504 FMA FMA ISBN:0073040584 teleosts Mammals conservatively place at deuterostome, excluding acoelomates FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia FMA EHDAA2 true MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z infer input from direct reg GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity' enabling an MF enables its parts true GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction' involved in BP This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this. inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction effector input is compound function input Input of effector is input of its parent MF if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X 'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties). 'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).