en Artistic License 2.0 This is a core version which contains all but deprecated classes. Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO) http://co.mbine.org/standards/kisao http://identifiers.org/pubmed/22027554 2.34 The Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO) classifies algorithms available for the simulation and analysis of models in biology, and their characteristics and the parameters required for their use. has characteristic 'has characteristic' links algorithms to the characteristics, they possess. is hybrid of http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bib/bbn050 The basic idea of hybrid simulation methods is to combine the advantages of complementary simulation approaches: the whole system is subdivided into appropriate parts and different simulation methods operate on these parts at the same time. 'is hybrid of' is a relation between the complex simulation method and algorithms it applies to the different parts of the system. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bib/bbn050 Biochemical simulations: stochastic, approximate stochastic and hybrid approaches. Pahle J. Brief Bioinform. 2009 Jan;10(1):53-64. Epub 2009 Jan 16. is parameter of 'is parameter of' is an inverse of 'has parameter' and links parameters to the algorithms which use them. has parameter 'has parameter' links algorithms to the parameters they use. is characteristic of 'is characteristic of' is an inverse of 'has characteristic' and links characteristics to the algorithms which possess them. 2011-06-10 AZ is similar to A relationship indicating that two entities are similar to each other. 2011-06-10 AZ uses A relation between algorithms indicating that one algorithm uses another one (for example, if the algorithm switches between several algorithms). 2011-06-10 AZ is generalization of A relation between kinetic simulation algorithms, indicating that one is a generalization of another (e.g.if one extends another to suit systems with more general characteristics ). 2011-07-19 AZ is used by A relation between algorithms indicating that one algorithm is used by another one (for example, if the algorithm switches between several algorithms). 'is used by' is inverse of 'uses'. has type Indicates the type of algorithm parameter value, such as, for example, xsd:double for 'absolute tolerance'. has Runge-Kutta method order Indicates the order of a 'Runge-Kutta based method' [urn.miriam.biomodels.kisao:KISAO_0000064]. A 'Runge-Kutta based method' has order p if for sufficiently smooth initial value problems (y'=f(x,y), y(x0)=y0), ||y(x0 + h)-y1||<=Kh^(p+h). kisao:KISAO_0000000 2008-05-26 dk true modelling and simulation algorithm modeling and simulation algorithm Algorithm used to instantiate a simulation from a mathematical model. kisao:KISAO_0000003 2009-01-24 NLN weighted stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/19045316 weighted SSA The weighted stochastic simulation algorithm manipulates the probabilities measure of biochemical systems by sampling, in order to increase the fraction of simulation runs exhibiting rare events. weighted SSA EXACT http://identifiers.org/pubmed/19045316 Kuwahara H, Mura I. (2008) An efficient and exact stochastic simulation method to analyse rare events in biochemical systems. J Chem Phys. 129(16):165101. kisao:KISAO_0000015 2007-11-09 NLN Cain Gillespie first reaction algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/j100540a008 Gillespie's first reaction method Stochastic simulation algorithm using the reaction probability density function (next-reaction density function), giving the probability that the next reaction will happen in a given time interval. To choose the next reaction to fire, the algorithm calculates a tentative reaction time for each reaction and then select the smallest. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3 Gillespie DT. A General Method for Numerically Simulating the Stochastic Time Evolution of Coupled Chemical Reactions. Journal of Computational Physics, Volume 2 , pages 403-434 (1976). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/j100540a008 Gillespie DT. Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 81, No. 25. (1977), pp. 2340-2361. Gillespie's first reaction method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000017 StochSim multi-state agent-based simulation method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/9628844 Morton-Firth The agent-based simulation method instantiates each molecule as an individual software object. The interactions between those objects are determined by interaction probabilities according to experimental data. The probability is depended on the state the molecule is in at that specific time (molecules have multiple-state). Additionally, ''pseudo-molecules'' are introduced to the system in order to simulate unimolecular reactions. For simulation, continuous time is broken down into discrete, independent ''slices''. During each time slice one molecule is selected randomly, a second molecule or pseudo-molecule is selected afterwards (leading to either a unimolecular or a bimolecular reaction). The reaction will only take place if a produced random number exceeds the reaction probability calculated beforehand. In that case, the system is updated after that reaction. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/9628844 Morton-Firth, C.J, Bray, D. Predicting temporal fluctuations in an intracellular signalling pathway. Journal of Theoretical Biology, volume 192, pages 117-128 (1998). Morton-Firth EXACT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000019 2007-11-30 dk SBML-SAT SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell libRoadRunner CVODE citeulike:1832863 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 VODE VODEPK code value ordinary differential equation solver The CVODE is a package written in C that solves ODE initial value problems, in real N-space, written as y'=f(t,y), y(t0)=y0. It is capable for stiff and non-stiff systems and uses two different linear multi-step methods, namely the Adam-Moulton [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000280] method and the backward differentiation formula [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288]. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen BioNetGen http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces PySCeS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell citeulike:1832863 Cohen S, Hindmarsh C. Cvode, A Stiff/nonstiff Ode Solver In C. Computers in Physics, Vol. 10 (2), pages 138-143 (1996). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. VODE RELATED VODEPK RELATED code value ordinary differential equation solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000020 SUNDIALS PVODE http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1177/109434209901300405 parallel code value ordinary differential equation solver PVODE is a general-purpose solver for ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems that implements methods for both stiff and nonstiff systems. [...] In the stiff case, PVODE uses a backward differentiation formula method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288] combined with preconditioned GMRES [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000253] iteration. Parallelism is achieved by distributing the ODE solution vector into user-specified segments and parallelizing a set of vector kernels accordingly. For PDE-based ODE systems, we provide a module that generates a band block-diagonal preconditioner for use with the GMRES [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000253] iteration. PVODE is based on CVODE [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000019]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1177/109434209901300405 Byrne GD, Hindmarsh AC. PVODE, an ODE Solver for Parallel Computers. International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol. 13 (4), pages 354-365 (1999). parallel code value ordinary differential equation solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000021 Stochsim 1.2 and more recent versions StochSim nearest-neighbour algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/11395441 The nearest-neighbour algorithm allows for the representation of spatial information, by adding a two-dimensional lattice in the form of a probabilistic cellular automata. That way, nearest neighbour interactions do additionally influence reactions taking place in the systems. Reactions between entities are calculated using the agent-based simulation algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000017]. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/11395441 Le Novere N, Shimizu TS. STOCHSIM: modelling of stochastic biomolecular processes. Bioinformatics, volume 17 (6), pages 575-576 (2001). kisao:KISAO_0000022 MesoRD SmartCell Elf and Ehrenberg method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1049/sb:20045021 Elf algorithm NSM next-subvolume method Sub-volume stochastic reaction-diffusion method that is a combination of the Direct Method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] for sampling the time for a next reaction or diffusion event in each subvolume, with Gibson and Bruck's Next Reaction Method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000027], which is used to keep track of in which subvolume an event occurs next. The subvolumes are kept sorted in a queue, implemented as a binary tree, according to increasing time of the next event. When an event has occurred in the subvolume at the top of the queue, new event times need to be sampled only for one (the event is a chemical reaction) or two (the event is a diffusion jump) subvolume(s). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1049/sb:20045021 Elf J, Ehrenberg M. Spontaneous separation of bi-stable biochemical systems into spatial domains of opposite phases. Systems Biology, IEE Proceedings, volume 1 (2), pages 230-236 (2004). Elf algorithm EXACT NSM EXACT next-subvolume method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000027 2007-11-10 dk Cain SmartCell http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell Gibson-Bruck next reaction algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/jp993732q Gibson and Bruck algorithm Gibson-Bruck's next reaction algorithm Gillespie-Gibson stochastic simulation algorithm SSA-GB next reaction method As with the first reaction method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000015], a putative reaction time is calculated for each reaction, and the reaction with the shortest reaction time will be realized. However, the unused calculated reaction times are not wasted. The set of reactions is organized in a priority queue to allow for the efficient search for the fastest reaction. In addition, by using a so-called dependency graph only those reaction times are recalculated in each step, that are dependent on the reaction, which has been realized. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/jp993732q Gibson MA, Bruck J. Efficient Exact Stochastic Simulation of Chemical Systems with Many Species and Many Channels. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 104, pages 1876-1889 (2000). Gibson and Bruck algorithm EXACT Gibson-Bruck's next reaction algorithm EXACT Gillespie-Gibson stochastic simulation algorithm EXACT SSA-GB EXACT next reaction method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000028 slow-scale stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/15638651 slow-scale stochastic SSA ssSSA Attempt to overcome the problem of stiff systems by developing an ''approximate theory that allows one to stochastically advance the system in time by simulating the firings of only the slow reaction events''. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/15638651 Cao Y, Gillespie DT, Petzold LR. The slow-scale stochastic simulation algorithm. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 122, No. 1. (1 January 2005). slow-scale stochastic SSA EXACT ssSSA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000029 2007-11-10 dk BetaWB ByoDyn Cain http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim Gillespie direct algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/j100540a008 DM Doob-Gillespie method Gillespie's algorithm Gillespie's direct method SSA stochastic simulation algorithm Stochastic simulation algorithm using the reaction probability density function (next-reaction density function), giving the probability that the next reaction will happen in a given time interval. To choose the next reaction to fire, the algorithm directly and separately calculates the identity of the reaction and the time it will fire. Gillespie's algorithm EXACT Gillespie's direct method EXACT SSA EXACT stochastic simulation algorithm EXACT http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen BioNetGen http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(76)90041-3 Gillespie DT. A General Method for Numerically Simulating the Stochastic Time Evolution of Coupled Chemical Reactions. Journal of Computational Physics, Volume 2 , pages 403-434 (1976). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/j100540a008 Gillespie DT. Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 81, No. 25. (1977), pp. 2340-2361. DM EXACT Doob-Gillespie method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000030 2007-11-10 dk http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell Euler forward method http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X explicit Euler method explicit Gaussian first order Runge-Kutta The Euler method is an explicit one-step method for the numerical integration of ODES with a given initial value. The calculation of the next integration step at time t+1 is based on the state of the system at time point t. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical Recipes. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2nd edition (1992). explicit Euler method EXACT explicit Gaussian first order Runge-Kutta EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000031 2007-11-02 dk GSL Euler backward method http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X implicit Euler method implicit Gaussian first order Runge-Kutta The Euler backward method is an implicit one-step method for the numerical integration of ODES with a given initial value. The next state of a system is calculated by solving an equation that considers both, the current state of the system and the later one. http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77. Cambridge University Press (2001). implicit Euler method EXACT implicit Gaussian first order Runge-Kutta EXACT 4 kisao:KISAO_0000032 2007-11-12 dk GSL http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell explicit fourth-order Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/isbn/0-471-91046-5 ERK4 RK4 Runge-Kutta method The Runge-Kutta method is a method for the numerical integration of ODES with a given initial value. The calculation of the next integration step at time t+1 is based on the state of the system at time point t, plus the product of the size of the interval and an estimated slope. The slope is a weighted average of 4 single slope points (beginning of interval-midpoint-midpoint-end of interval). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/isbn/0-471-91046-5 Butcher JC. The Numerical Analysis of Ordinary Differential Equations: Runge-Kutta and General Linear Methods (1987). ERK4 EXACT RK4 EXACT Runge-Kutta method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000033 2007-11-12 dk http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 Rosenbrock method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/comjnl/5.4.329 http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Kaps-Rentrop method generalized fourth order Runge-Kutta method Some general implicit processes are given for the solution of simultaneous first-order differential equations. These processes, which use successive substitution, are implicit analogues of the (explicit) Runge-Kutta processes. They require the solution in each time step of one or more set of simultaneous linear equations, usually of a special and simple form. Processes of any required order can be devised, and they can be made to have a wide margin of stability when applied to a linear problem. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/comjnl/5.4.329 Rosenbrock HH. Some general implicit processes for the numerical solution of differential equations. The Computer Journal, pages 329-330 (1963). http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical Recipes. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2nd edition, pages 742-746 (1992). Kaps-Rentrop method EXACT generalized fourth order Runge-Kutta method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000038 sorting stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2005.10.007 sorting SSA sorting direct method In order to overcome the problem of high complexity of the stochastic simulation algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] when simulating large systems, the sorting direct method maintains a loosely sorted order of the reactions as the simulation executes. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2005.10.007 McCollum J M, Peterson G D, Cox C D, Simpson M L, Samatova N F. The sorting direct method for stochastic simulation of biochemical systems with varying reaction execution behaviour. Computational Biology and Chemistry, Volume 30 (1), pages 39-49 (2006). sorting SSA EXACT sorting direct method EXACT 1 kisao:KISAO_0000039 2008-07-08 NLN ByoDyn Cain SmartCell tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 tauL Approximate acceleration procedure of the stochastic simulation algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] that divides the time into subintervals and ''leaps'' from one to another, firing all the reaction events in each subinterval. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Gillespie DT. Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 115 (4), pages 1716-1733 (2001). Section V. tauL EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000040 ByoDyn Poisson tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 explicit tau-leaping explicit tau-leaping method with basic pre-leap check explicit tau-leaping method with basic preleap check poisson tau-leaping Explicit tau-leaping method with basic pre leap check. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Gillespie DT. Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 115 (4), pages 1716-1733 (2001). Section V. explicit tau-leaping EXACT explicit tau-leaping method with basic preleap check EXACT poisson tau-leaping EXACT 1 kisao:KISAO_0000045 2007-10-12 dk implicit tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1627296 Contrary to the explicit tau-leaping [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000039 and http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000245 some http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000239] , the implicit tau-leaping allows for much larger time-steps when simulating stiff systems. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1627296 Rathinam M, Petzold L R, Cao Y, Gillespie D T. Stiffness in stochastic chemically reacting systems: The implicit tau-leaping method. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 119 (24), pages 12784-12794 (2003). kisao:KISAO_0000046 2007-10-16 dk trapezoidal tau-leaping method citeulike:1755561 trapezoidal implicit tau-leaping method Formula for accelerated discrete efficient stochastic simulation of chemically reacting system [which] has better accuracy and stiff stability properties than the explicit and implicit [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000045] tau-leaping formulas for discrete stochastic systems, and it limits to the trapezoidal rule in the deterministic regime. citeulike:1755561 Cao Y, Petzold L. Trapezoidal tau-leaping formula for the stochastic simulation of biochemical systems. Foundations of Systems Biology in Engineering (FOSBE), pages 149-152 (2005). trapezoidal implicit tau-leaping method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000048 adaptive explicit-implicit tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2745299 Modification of the original tau-selection strategy [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000040], designed for explicit tau-leaping, is modified to apply to implicit tau-leaping, allowing for longer steps when the system is stiff. Further, an adaptive strategy is proposed that identifies stiffness and automatically chooses between the explicit and the (new) implicit tau-selection methods to achieve better efficiency. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2745299 Cao Y, Gillespie DT, Petzold LR. Adaptive explicit-implicit tau-leaping method with automatic tau selection. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 126 (22) (2007). kisao:KISAO_0000051 Bortz-Kalos-Lebowitz algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(75)90060-1 BKL DMC KMC dynamic Monte Carlo dynamic Monte Carlo method kinetic Monte Carlo kinetic Monte Carlo method n-fold way The Bortz-Kalos-Lebowitz (or: kinetic Monte-Carlo-) method is a stochastic method for the simulation of time evolution of processes using (pseudo-)random numbers. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(75)90060-1 Bortz AB, Kalos MH, Lebowitz JL. A new algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of Ising spin systems. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 17 (1), pages 10-18 (1975). BKL EXACT DMC EXACT KMC EXACT dynamic Monte Carlo EXACT dynamic Monte Carlo method EXACT kinetic Monte Carlo EXACT kinetic Monte Carlo method EXACT n-fold way EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000056 2007-10-29 dk true Smoluchowski equation based method urn:issn:0942-9352 Method based on the Smoluchowski equation. urn:issn:0942-9352 Smoluchowski M. Mathematical theory of the kinetics of the coagulation of colloidal solutions. Z. Phys. Chem, Vol. 92, No. 129. (1917). 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000057 Smoldyn Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16204833 In the Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method, ''each molecule is treated as a point-like particle that diffuses freely in three-dimensional space. When a pair of reactive molecules collide, such as an enzyme and its substrate, a reaction occurs and the simulated reactants are replaced by products. [..] Analytic solutions are presented for some simulation parameters while others are calculated using look-up tables''. Supported chemical processes include molecular diffusion, treatment of surfaces, zeroth-order-, unimolecular-, and bimolecular reactions. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16204833 Andrews SS, Bray D. Stochastic simulation of chemical reactions with spatial resolution and single molecule detail. Phys Biol, volume 1 (3-4), pages 137-151 (December 2004). kisao:KISAO_0000058 Greens function reaction dynamics http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2137716 GFRD Green's function reaction dynamics Method that simulates biochemical networks on particle level. It considers both changes in time and space by ''exploiting both the exact solution of the Smoluchowski Equation to set up an event-driven algorithm'' which allows for large jumps in time when the considered particles are far away from each other [in space] and thus cannot react. GFRD combines the propagation of particles in space with the reactions taking place between them in one simulation step. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2137716 Van Zon JS, Ten Wolde PR. Green's-function reaction dynamics: A particle-based approach for simulating biochemical networks in time and space. Journal of Chemical Physics, Volume 123 (23) (2005). GFRD EXACT Green's function reaction dynamics EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000064 2007-11-12 dk ByoDyn true Runge-Kutta based method http://identifiers.org/isbn/0-471-91046-5 modified Euler method A method of numerically integrating ordinary differential equations, which uses a sampling of slopes through an interval and takes a weighted average to determine the right end point. This averaging gives a very accurate approximation. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0-471-91046-5 Butcher JC. The Numerical Analysis of Ordinary Differential Equations: Runge-Kutta and General Linear Methods (1987). modified Euler method RELATED kisao:KISAO_0000068 2007-11-30 dk deterministic cellular automata update algorithm http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0252000232 A cellular automaton is a discrete model of a regular grid of cells with a finite number of dimensions. Each cell has a finite number of defined states. The automaton changes its state in a discrete manner, meaning that the state of a cell at time t is determined by a function of the states of its neighbours at time t - 1. These neighbours are a selection of cells relative to the specified cell. Famous examples for deterministic cellular automata are Conway's game of life or Wolfram's elementary cellular automata. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0252000232 Burks, Arthur W (Editor). Essays on Cellular Automata. University of Illinois Press (1970). kisao:KISAO_0000071 2007-11-16 dk LSODE citeulike:1774586 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1218052.1218054 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations LSODE solves stiff and nonstiff systems of the form dy/dt = f. In the stiff case, it treats the Jacobian matrix sf/dy as either a dense (full) or a banded matrix, and as either user-supplied or internally approximated by difference quotients. It uses Adams methods (predictor-corrector) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000364] in the nonstiff case, and Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) methods (the Gear methods) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288] in the stiff case. citeulike:1774586 Radhakrishnan K, Hindmarsh AC. Description and Use of LSODE, the Livermore Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report, Vol. UCRL-ID-113855 (1993). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1218052.1218054 Hindmarsh AC. LSODE and LSODI, two new initial value ordinary differential equation solvers. SIGNUM Newsletter, Volume 15 (4), pages 10-11 (1980). Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations EXACT 1 kisao:KISAO_0000074 2007-10-16 dk binomial tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2771548 BtauL binomial tau-leap spatial stochastic simulation algorithm Coarse grained modified version of the next subvolume method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000022] that allows the user to consider both diffusion and reaction events in relatively long simulation time spans as compared with the original method and other commonly used fully stochastic computational methods. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2771548 Marquez-Lago T., Burrage K. Binomial tau-leap spatial stochastic simulation algorithm for applications in chemical kinetics. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 127 (10) (2007). BtauL EXACT binomial tau-leap spatial stochastic simulation algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000075 Gillespie multi-particle method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16731694 GMP Gillespie's multi-particle method particle-based spatial stochastic method Combination of the multiparticle method for diffusion [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000334] and the SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029]. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16731694 Rodriguez VJ, Kaandorp JA, Dobrzynski M, Blom JG. Spatial stochastic modelling of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase (PTS) pathway in Escherichia coli. Bioinformatics, Vol. 22 (15), pages 1895-1901 (2006). GMP EXACT Gillespie's multi-particle method EXACT particle-based spatial stochastic method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000076 Stundzia and Lumsden method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1006/jcph.1996.0168 RD SSA reaction-diffusion stochastic simulation algorithm Sub-volume stochastic reaction-diffusion method that using Green's function to link the bulk diffusion coefficient D in Fick's differential law to the corresponding transition rate probability for diffusion of a particle between finite volume elements. This generalized stochastic algorithm enables to numerically calculate the time evolution of a spatially inhomogeneous mixture of reaction-diffusion species in a finite volume. The time step is stochastic and is generated by a probability distribution determined by the intrinsic reaction kinetics and diffusion dynamics. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1006/jcph.1996.0168 Stundzia AB, Lumsden CJ. Stochastic simulation of coupled reaction-diffusion processes. J Comput Phys, Vol. 127 (1), pages 196-207 (1996). RD SSA EXACT reaction-diffusion stochastic simulation algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000081 estimated midpoint tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 explicit tau-leaping method with estimated-mid point technique Estimated-Midpoint tau-Leap Method: For the selected leaping time tau which satisfies the Leap Condition, compute the expected state change lambda' = tau sumj( aj(x)vj ) during [t, t + tau). Then, with x' =x + [lambda'/2], generate for each j = 1,...,M a sample value kj of the Poisson random variable P(aj(x'), tau). Compute the actual state change, lambda = sumj( kjvj ), and effect the leap by replacing t by t + tau and x by x + lambda. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Gillespie DT. Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 115 (4), pages 1716-1733 (2001). Section VI. explicit tau-leaping method with estimated-mid point technique EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000082 k-alpha leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Alternative to the tau-leaping [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000039], where one leaps a fixed number of reaction-events. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Gillespie DT. Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 115 (4), pages 1716-1733 (2001). Section VIII. 1 kisao:KISAO_0000084 nonnegative Poisson tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1992473 modified poisson tau-leaping The explicit tau-leaping procedure attempts to speed up the stochastic simulation of a chemically reacting system by approximating the number of firings of each reaction channel during a chosen time increment Tau as a Poisson random variable. Since the Poisson random variable can have arbitrarily large sample values, there is always the possibility that this procedure will cause one or more reaction channels to fire so many times during Tau that the population of some reactant species will be driven negative. Two recent papers have shown how that unacceptable occurrence can be avoided by replacing the Poisson random variables with binomial random variables, whose values are naturally bounded. This paper describes a modified Poisson tau-leaping procedure that also avoids negative populations, but is easier to implement than the binomial procedure. The new Poisson procedure also introduces a second control parameter, whose value essentially dials the procedure from the original Poisson tau-leaping at one extreme to the exact stochastic simulation algorithm at the other; therefore, the modified Poisson procedure will generally be more accurate than the original Poisson procedure [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000040]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1992473 Cao Y, Gillespie DT, Petzold LR. Avoiding negative populations in explicit Poisson tau-leaping. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 123, 4104 (2005). kisao:KISAO_0000086 GSL http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell Fehlberg method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02241732 http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 RKF45 Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method The method was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the class of Runge-Kutta methods. The Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method uses an O(h4) method together with an O(h5) method that uses all of the points of the O(h4) method, and hence is often referred to as an RKF45 method. Similar schemes with different orders have since been developed. By performing one extra calculation that would be required for an RK5 method, the error in the solution can be estimated and controlled and an appropriate step size can be determined automatically, making this method efficient for ordinary problems of automated numerical integration of ordinary differential equations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02241732 Erwin Fehlberg (1970). Klassische Runge-Kutta-Formeln vierter und niedrigerer Ordnung mit Schrittweiten-Kontrolle und ihre Anwendung auf Wärmeleitungsprobleme, Computing (Arch. Elektron. Rechnen), vol. 6, pp. 61-71. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 Takahashi K, Kaizu K, Hu B, Tomita M. A multi-algorithm, multi-timescale method for cell simulation. Bioinformatics volume 20(4), pages 538-46 (2004). RKF45 EXACT Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method EXACT 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000087 2007-11-12 dk ECell3 GSL Matlab http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim Dormand-Prince method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0771-050X(80)90013-3 http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 DOPRI Prince-Dormand method Dormand-Prince is an explicit method for the numerical integration of ODES with a given initial value. It is an 'embedded Runge-Kutta method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000302] RK5 (4) which (a) has a 'small' principal truncation term in the Fifth order and (b) has an extended region of absolute stability. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0771-050X(80)90013-3 Dormand J, Prince P. A family of embedded Runge-Kutta formulae. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Volume 6, pages 19-26 (1980). http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 Takahashi K, Kaizu K, Hu B, Tomita M. A multi-algorithm, multi-timescale method for cell simulation. Bioinformatics volume 20(4), pages 538-46 (2004). Prince-Dormand method EXACT 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000088 2007-11-30 dk LSODA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0904010 http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1227.html Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching LSODA solves systems dy/dt = f with a dense or banded Jacobian when the problem is stiff, but it automatically selects between non-stiff (Adams [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000289]) and stiff (BDF [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288]) methods. It uses the non-stiff method initially, and dynamically monitors data in order to decide which method to use. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0904010 Petzold LR. Automatic Selection of Methods for Solving Stiff and Nonstiff Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 4 (1), pages 136-148 (1983). http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1227.html Petzold LR, Hindmarsh, AC. LSODAR: Livermore solver of ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching and root finding, Computing and Mathematics Research Division, 1-316 Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory (1987). Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000089 2007-10-27 dk LSODAR http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1228.html Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching and root finding ordinary differential equation solver for stiff or non-stiff systems with root finding LSODAR is a variant of LSODA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000088] with a root finding capability added. Thus it solves problems dy/dt = f with dense or banded Jacobian and automatic method selection, and at the same time, it finds the roots of any of a set of given functions of the form g(t,y). This is often useful for finding stop conditions, or for finding points at which a switch is to be made in the function f. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1228.html Petzold LR, Hindmarsh, AC. LSODAR: Livermore solver of ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching and root finding, Computing and Mathematics Research Division, 1-316 Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory (1987). Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with automatic method switching and root finding EXACT ordinary differential equation solver for stiff or non-stiff systems with root finding EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000090 LSODI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1218052.1218054 http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, implicit version LSODI solves systems given in linearly implicit form, including differential-algebraic systems. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1218052.1218054 Hindmarsh AC. LSODE and LSODI, two new initial value ordinary differential equation solvers. SIGNUM Newsletter, Volume 15 (4), pages 10-11 (1980). http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, implicit version EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000091 2007-11-30 dk LSODIS http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1225.html Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, implicit sparse version LSODIS is a set of general-purpose FORTRAN routines solver for the initial value problem for ordinary differential equation systems. It is suitable for both stiff and nonstiff systems. LSODIS treat systems in the linearly implicit form A(t,y) dy/dt = g(t,y), A = a square matrix, i.e. with the derivative dy/dt implicit, but linearly so. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/uscd1225.html Seager M, Balsdon S. LSODIS - A sparse implicit ODE solver. 10th World Congress on System Simulation and Scientific Computation, pages 437-439 (1983). Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, implicit sparse version EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000093 2008-07-08 NLN LSODPK http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations for stiff and nonstiff systems with krylov corrector iteration LSODPK is a set of FORTRAN subroutines for solving the initial value problem for stiff and nonstiff systems of ordinary differential equations. In solving stiff systems, LSODPK uses a corrector iteration composed of Newton iteration and one of four preconditioned Krylov subspace iteration methods [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000354]. The user must select the desired Krylov method and supply a pair of routine to evaluate, preprocess, and solve the (left and/or right) preconditioner matrices. Aside from preconditioning, the implementation is matrix-free, meaning that explicit storage of the Jacobian (or related) matrix is not required. The method is experimental because the scope of problems for which it is effective is not well-known, and users are forewarned that LSODPK may or may not be competitive with traditional methods on a given problem. LSODPK also includes an option for a user-supplied linear system solver to be used without Krylov iteration. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations for stiff and nonstiff systems with krylov corrector iteration EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000094 2008-07-08 NLN true Livermore solver Method to solve ordinary differential equations developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. kisao:KISAO_0000095 2008-07-08 NLN true sub-volume stochastic reaction-diffusion algorithm Stochastic method using a combination of discretisation of compartment volumes into voxels and Gillespie-like algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000241] to simulate the evolution of the system. kisao:KISAO_0000097 AZ true modelling and simulation algorithm characteristic modeling and simulation algorithm characteristic Simulation algorithm property, which can, for example, describe the model, such as the type of variables (discrete or continuous), and information on the treatment of spatial descriptions, or can be a numerical characteristic, such as the system's behaviour (deterministic or stochastic) as well as the progression mechanism (fixed or adaptive time steps). kisao:KISAO_0000098 AZ true type of variable Type of variables used for the simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000099 AZ true type of system behaviour A characteristic describing the rules the algorithm uses to simulate the temporal evolution of a system, specifically whether or not the final state is uniquely determined from a precise initial state. kisao:KISAO_0000100 AZ true type of progression time step Type of time steps used by the algorithm. kisao:KISAO_0000102 2008-07-08 NLN spatial description Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, takes into account the location of the reacting components. kisao:KISAO_0000103 2008-07-08 NLN deterministic system behaviour Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, simulates the temporal evolution of a system deterministically, so that from a precise initial state the algorithm will always end up in the same final state. kisao:KISAO_0000104 2008-07-08 NLN stochastic system behaviour Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, simulates the temporal evolution of a system using probabilistic rules, so that between two simulations, the same precise initial state may result in a different final state. kisao:KISAO_0000105 2008-07-08 NLN discrete variable Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, allows values of system's variables to change by discrete (integral) amounts. kisao:KISAO_0000106 2008-07-08 NLN continuous variable Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, allows the values of a system's variables to change by continuous (non-integral) amounts. kisao:KISAO_0000107 2008-07-08 NLN progression with adaptive time step Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, does not use fixed time steps to update the state of a system during the whole simulation, but on the contrary adapts the length of the time steps to the local situation. kisao:KISAO_0000108 2008-07-08 NLN progression with fixed time step Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, uses time steps of constant length to update the state of a system during the whole simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000201 AZ true modelling and simulation algorithm parameter modeling and simulation algorithm parameter Parameter that can be used in the simulation experiment settings. kisao:KISAO_0000203 particle number lower limit This parameter of 'Pahle hybrid method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000231] is a double value specifying the lower limit for particle numbers. Species with a particle number below this value are considered as having a low particle number. The 'particle number lower limit' cannot be higher than the 'particle number upper limit' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000204]. kisao:KISAO_0000204 particle number upper limit This parameter of 'Pahle hybrid method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000231] is a double value specifying the upper limit for particle numbers. Species with a particle number above this value are considered as having a high particle number. The 'particle number upper limit' cannot be lower than the 'particle number lower limit' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000203]. kisao:KISAO_0000205 partitioning interval This positive integer value specifies after how many steps the internal partitioning of the system should be recalculated. kisao:KISAO_0000209 relative tolerance RTOL This parameter is a numeric value specifying the desired relative tolerance the user wants to achieve. A smaller value means that the trajectory is calculated more accurately. RTOL EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000211 absolute tolerance ATOL This parameter is a positive numeric value specifying the desired absolute tolerance the user wants to achieve. ATOL EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000216 use reduced model http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 integrate reduced model Boolean value which indicates whether the simulation/analysis should be performed using the complete model or an equivalent reduced model. Reduced models can be determined in many ways such as using mass conservation laws. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 Jacek Puchałka, Andrzej M Kierzek. Bridging the gap between stochastic and deterministic regimes in the kinetic simulations of the biochemical reaction networks. Biophys J. 2004, 86(3):1357-1372. kisao:KISAO_0000219 maximum Adams order Adams max order maximum non-stiff order This parameter is a positive integer value specifying the maximal order the non-stiff Adams integration method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000289] shall attempt before switching to the stiff BDF method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288]. kisao:KISAO_0000220 maximum BDF order BDF max order maximum stiff order This parameter is a positive integer value specifying the maximal order the stiff BDF integration method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288] shall attempt before switching to smaller internal step sizes. kisao:KISAO_0000223 number of history bins The 'number of history bins' is only enabled for models that contain delayed or multistep reactions for specifying the granularity with which the delayed reaction solver should retain the history of species values, for species that participate in delayed reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000228 tau-leaping epsilon http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 epsilon tolerance The leap condition is chosen such that the expected change in the propensity function aj(x) is bounded by Epsilon * a0 where Epsilon is an error control parameter between 0 and 1. This parameter is the basic error control mechanism for the Tau-Leaping algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000039]. As Epsilon decreases the leaps become shorter and the simulation is more accurate. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1378322 Gillespie DT. Approximate accelerated stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 115 (4), pages 1716-1733 (2001). Section V. epsilon EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000230 minimum reactions per leap threshold 'minimum reactions per leap' parameter is used in hybrid methods, which adaptively switch between the tau-leaping algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000039] to the SSA Direct Method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] when the number of reactions in a single tau-leaping leap step is less than the threshold. 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000231 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi true Pahle hybrid method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 The hybrid method combines the stochastic 'Gibson-Bruck's next reaction method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000027] with different algorithms for the numerical integration of ODEs [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000245 some http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000374]. The biochemical network is dynamically partitioned into a deterministic and a stochastic subnet depending on the current particle numbers in the system. The user can define limits for when a particle number should be considered low or high. The stochastic subnet contains reactions involving low numbered species as substrate or product. All the other reactions form the deterministic subnet. The two subnets are then simulated in parallel using the stochastic and deterministic solver, respectively. The reaction probabilities in the stochastic subnet are approximated as constant between two stochastic reaction events. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 COPASI--a COmplex PAthway SImulator. Hoops S, Sahle S, Gauges R, Lee C, Pahle J, Simus N, Singhal M, Xu L, Mendes P, Kummer U. Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 15;22(24):3067-74. Epub 2006 Oct 10. kisao:KISAO_0000232 LSOIBT http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations given in implicit form, with block-tridiagonal Jacobian treatment LSOIBT solves linearly implicit systems in which the matrices involved are all assumed to be block-tridiagonal. Linear systems are solved by the LU method. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations given in implicit form, with block-tridiagonal Jacobian treatment EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000233 LSODES http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with general sparse Jacobian matrix LSODES solves systems dy/dt = f and in the stiff case treats the Jacobian matrix in general sparse form. It determines the sparsity structure on its own, or optionally accepts this information from the user. It then uses parts of the Yale Sparse Matrix Package (YSMP) to solve the linear systems that arise, by a sparse (direct) LU factorization/backsolve method. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations with general sparse Jacobian matrix EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000234 LSODKR http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, with preconditioned Krylov iteration methods for the Newton correction linear systems, and with root finding. LSODKR is an initial value ODE solver for stiff and nonstiff systems. It is a variant of the LSODPK [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000093] and LSODE [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000071] solvers, intended mainly for large stiff systems. The main differences between LSODKR and LSODE [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000071] are the following: a) for stiff systems, LSODKR uses a corrector iteration composed of Newton iteration and one of four preconditioned Krylov subspace iteration methods. The user must supply routines for the preconditioning operations, b) within the corrector iteration, LSODKR does automatic switching between functional (fixpoint) iteration and modified Newton iteration, c) LSODKR includes the ability to find roots of given functions of the solution during the integration. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-0444866073 A. C. Hindmarsh, ODEPACK, A Systematized Collection of ODE Solvers, in Scientific Computing, R. S. Stepleman et al. (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983 (vol. 1 of IMACS Transactions on Scientific Computation), pp. 55-64. Livermore solver for ordinary differential equations, with preconditioned Krylov iteration methods for the Newton correction linear systems, and with root finding. EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000235 AZ true type of solution A characteristic describing the type of the solution produced by the method, specifically whether it is exact or approximate. kisao:KISAO_0000236 exact solution Algorithm, possessing this characteristic, provides an exact solution to the initial problem. kisao:KISAO_0000237 approximate solution Approximation algorithms are algorithms used to find approximate solutions to optimization problems. Approximation algorithms are often associated with NP-hard problems; since it is unlikely that there can ever be efficient polynomial time exact algorithms solving NP-hard problems, one settles for polynomial time sub-optimal solutions. Unlike heuristics, which usually only find reasonably good solutions reasonably fast, one wants provable solution quality and provable run time bounds. Ideally, the approximation is optimal up to a small constant factor (for instance within 5% of the optimal solution). Approximation algorithms are increasingly being used for problems where exact polynomial-time algorithms are known but are too expensive due to the input size. kisao:KISAO_0000238 AZ true type of method A characteristic describing the way the method finds a solution, specifically whether it solves an equation involving only the current state of the system (explicit) or both the current and the later one (implicit). kisao:KISAO_0000239 AZ explicit method type Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the current time. Mathematically, if Y(t) is the current system state and Y((t+delta t) is the state at the later time (delta t is a small time step), then, for an explicit method Y(t+delta t) = F(Y(t)), to find Y(t+delta t). kisao:KISAO_0000240 AZ implicit method type Implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current state of the system and the later one. Mathematically, if Y(t) is the current system state and Y((t+delta t) is the state at the later time (delta t is a small time step), then, for an implicit method one solves an equation G(Y(t), Y(t+delta t))=0, to find Y(t+delta t). kisao:KISAO_0000241 true Gillespie-like method Stochastic simulation algorithm using an approach alike the one described in Gillespie's papers of 1976 and 1977. kisao:KISAO_0000242 AZ true error control parameter Parameter controlling method accuracy. kisao:KISAO_0000243 AZ true method switching control parameter Parameters describing threshold conditions for algorithms that switch between different methods. kisao:KISAO_0000244 AZ true granularity control parameter Parameter controlling granularity. kisao:KISAO_0000248 tau-leaping delta Tau-leaping delta specifies how close two symmetric transition rates must be before we classify them as in partial-equilibrium. Only applies to the implicit tau routine [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000045]. kisao:KISAO_0000249 critical firing threshold nonnegative tau-leaping second control parameter The 'nonnegative Poisson tau-leaping method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000084] is based on the fact that negative populations typically arise from multiple firings of reactions that are only a few firings away from consuming all the molecules of one of their reactants. To focus on those reaction channels, the modified tau-leaping algorithm introduces a second control parameter nc, a positive integer that is usually set somewhere between 5 and 20. Any reaction channel with a positive propensity function that is currently within nc firings of exhausting one of its reactants is then classified as a critical reaction. The modified algorithm chooses tau in such a way that no more than one firing of all the critical reactions can occur during the leap. nonnegative tau-leaping second control parameter EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000252 Parameter describing partitioning of the system. true partitioning control parameter kisao:KISAO_0000253 coarse-graining factor http://identifiers.org/pubmed/15638577 The time in each Monte-Carlo iteration of 'binomial tau-leaping method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000074] is updated with the time increments tau=f/(a1+a2+...+aM). Here 1/(a1+a2+...+aM) is the averaged microscopic increment of the SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] and f is a coarse-graining factor, controlling the speed-up. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/15638577 Chatterjee A, Vlachos DG, Katsoulakis MA. Binomial distribution based tau-leap accelerated stochastic simulation. J Chem Phys. 2005;122(2):024112. kisao:KISAO_0000254 Smoldyn Brownian diffusion accuracy Accuracy code of 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057], which sets which neighbouring boxes are checked for potential bi-molecular reactions. Consider the reaction A + B -> C and suppose that A and B are within a binding radius of each other. This reaction will always be performed if A and B are in the same virtual box. If accuracy is set to at least 3, then it will also occur if A and B are in nearest-neighbour virtual boxes. If it is at least 7, then the reaction will happen if they are in nearest-neighbour boxes that are separated by periodic boundary conditions. And if it is 9 or 10, then all edge and corner boxes are checked for reactions, which means that no potential reactions are overlooked. kisao:KISAO_0000255 Smoldyn molecules per virtual box Target molecules per virtual box is a parameter of 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057], which sets the box sizes so that the average number of molecules per box, at simulation initiation, is close to the requested number. kisao:KISAO_0000256 Smoldyn virtual box side length The 'virtual box side length' is a parameter of 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057]. It requests the length of one side of a box. kisao:KISAO_0000257 surface-bound epsilon A parameter of 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057]. Molecules that are bound to a surface are given locations that are extremely close to that surface. However, this position does not need to be exactly at the surface, and in fact it usually cannot be exactly at the surface due to round-off error. The tolerance for how far a surface-bound molecule is allowed to be away from the surface can be set with the epsilon statement. kisao:KISAO_0000258 neighbour distance A parameter of 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057]. When a surface-bound molecule diffuses off of one surface panel, it can sometimes diffuse onto the neighbouring surface tile. It does so only if the neighbouring panel is declared to be a neighbour and also the neighbour is within a distance that is set with the neighbour distance statement. kisao:KISAO_0000260 virtual box size Target size of virtual boxes for 'Brownian diffusion Smoluchowski method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000057]. 1 kisao:KISAO_0000261 AZ ByoDyn http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim Euler method http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X The Euler method, named after Leonhard Euler, is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77. Cambridge University Press (2001). kisao:KISAO_0000263 2011-04-07 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen NFSim agent-based simulation method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/nmeth.1546 A generalization a rule-based version of 'Gillespie's direct method' (SSA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029]. The method is guaranteed to produce the same results as the exact SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] by cycling over three primary steps. First, NFsim calculates the probability or propensity for each rule to take effect given the current molecular states. Second, it samples the time to the next reaction event and selects the corresponding reaction rule. Finally, NFsim executes the selected reaction by applying the rule and updating the molecular agents accordingly. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen NFSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/nmeth.1546 Sneddon MW, Faeder JR and Emonet T. Efficient modelling, simulation and coarse-graining of biological complexity with NFsim. Nature Methods (2011) 8(2):177-83. kisao:KISAO_0000264 2011-04-07 AZ cellular automata update method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.55.601 CA cellular automata cellular spaces cellular structures homogeneous structures iterative arrays tessellation automata tessellation structures Cellular automata are mathematical idealizations of physical systems in which space and time are discrete, and physical quantities take on a finite set of discrete values. A cellular automaton consists of a regular uniform lattice (or ''array''), usually infinite in extent, with a discrete variable at each site (''cell''). A cellular automaton evolves in discrete time steps, with the value of the variable at one site being affected by the values of variables at sites in its ''neighbourhood'' on the previous time step. The neighbourhood of a site is typically taken to be the site itself and all immediately adjacent sites. The variables at each site are updated simultaneously (''synchronously''), based on the values of the variables in their neighbourhood at the preceding time step, and according to a definite set of ''local rules''. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.55.601 Wolfram, Stephen (1983) Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Reviews of Modern Physics 55 (3): 601-644. CA EXACT cellular automata EXACT cellular spaces EXACT cellular structures EXACT homogeneous structures EXACT iterative arrays EXACT tessellation automata EXACT tessellation structures EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000273 2011-05-05 AZ hard-particle molecular dynamics http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcp.2004.08.014 A collision-driven molecular dynamics algorithm for a system of non-spherical particles. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcp.2004.08.014 Aleksandar Donev, Salvatore Torquato, Frank H. Stillinger, Neighbor list collision-driven molecular dynamics simulation for nonspherical hard particles. I. Algorithmic details, Journal of Computational Physics, v.202 n.2, p.737-764, 20 January 2005 kisao:KISAO_0000274 2011-05-05 AZ first-passage Monte Carlo algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.230602 AED DKMC AED diffusion kinetic Monte Carlo method asynchronous event-driven diffusion Monte Carlo We present a novel Monte Carlo algorithm for N diffusing finite particles that react on collisions. Using the theory of first-passage processes and time dependent Green's functions, we break the difficult N-body problem into independent single- and two-body propagations circumventing numerous diffusion hops used in standard Monte Carlo simulations. The new algorithm is exact, extremely efficient, and applicable to many important physical situations in arbitrary integer dimensions. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.230602 T. Oppelstrup, V. V. Bulatov, G. H. Gilmer, M. H. Kalos, and B. Sadigh. First-passage Monte- Carlo algorithm: Diffusion without all the hops. Physical Review Letters, 97(23):230602, 2006. AED DKMC EXACT AED diffusion kinetic Monte Carlo method EXACT asynchronous event-driven diffusion Monte Carlo EXACT 4 kisao:KISAO_0000276 2011-05-09 AZ Gill method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1017/S0305004100026414 Gill's method Runge-Kutta-Gill method Gill's fourth order method is a Runge-Kutta method for approximating the solution of the initial value problem y'(x) = f(x,y); y(x0) = y0 which evaluates the integrand,f(x,y), four times per step. This method is a fourth order procedure for which Richardson extrapolation can be used. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1017/S0305004100026414 Gill, S. 1951. A process for the step-by-step integration of differential equations in an automatic digital computing machine. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 47, pp 96-108. Gill's method EXACT Runge-Kutta-Gill method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000278 2011-05-09 AZ CompuCell3D Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1699114 Metropolis algorithm Metropolis-Hastings algorithm A general method, suitable for fast computing machines, for investigating such properties as equations of state for substances consisting of interacting individual molecules is described. The method consists of a modified Monte Carlo integration [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000051] over configuration space. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.1699114 Metropolis, N.; Rosenbluth, A.W.; Rosenbluth, M.N.; Teller, A.H.; Teller, E. (1953). Equations of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines. Journal of Chemical Physics 21 (6): 1087-1092. Metropolis algorithm EXACT Metropolis-Hastings algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000279 2011-05-09 AZ Adams-Bashforth method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 explicit Adams method Given an initial value problem: y' = f(x,y), y(x0) = y0 together with additional starting values y1 = y(x0 + h), . . . , yk-1 = y(x0 + (k-1) h) the k-step Adams-Bashforth method is an explicit linear multistep method that approximates the solution, y(x) at x = x0+kh, of the initial value problem by yk = yk - 1 + h * ( a0 f(xk - 1,yk - 1) + a1 f(xk - 2,yk - 2) + . . . + ak - 1 f(x0,y0) ), where a0, a1, . . . , ak - 1 are constants. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag explicit Adams method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000280 2011-05-09 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell Adams-Moulton method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 implicit Adams method The (k-1)-step Adams-Moulton method is an implicit linear multistep method that iteratively approximates the solution, y(x) at x = x0+kh, of the initial value problem by yk = yk - 1 + h * ( b0 f(xk,yk) + b1 f(xk - 1,yk - 1) + . . . + bk - 1 f(x1,y1) ), where b1, . . . , bk - 1 are constants. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag implicit Adams method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000281 2011-05-09 AZ true multistep method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 multi-value method A numerical method for differential equations which is based on several values of the solution. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag multi-value method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000282 2011-05-09 AZ SUNDIALS KINSOL http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0911026 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.4249/scholarpedia.2860 FKINSOL NKSOL Newton-Krylov solver for nonlinear algebraic systems KINSOL solves algebraic systems in real N-space, written as F(u)=0, F:RN->RN, given an initial guess u0. The basic method is either a modified or an inexact Newton iteration [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408]. The linear systems that arise are solved with either a direct (dense or banded) solver (serial version only), or one of the Krylov iterative solvers [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000354]. In the Krylov case, the user can (optionally) supply a right preconditioner. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0911026 BROWN, P. N. AND SAAD, Y. 1990. Hybrid Krylov methods for nonlinear systems of equations. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 11, 450-481. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.4249/scholarpedia.2860 Alan C. Hindmarsh and Radu Serban (2007) Sundails equation solvers, Scholarpedia, 2(3):2860. FKINSOL RELATED NKSOL RELATED Newton-Krylov solver for nonlinear algebraic systems RELATED 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000283 2011-05-09 AZ SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell IDA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.4249/scholarpedia.2860 implicit differential-algebraic solver solver for differential-algebraic equation systems IDA solves real differential-algebraic systems in N-space, in the general form F(t,y,y')=0, y(t0)=y0, y'(t0)=y'0. At each step, a Newton iteration [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] leads to linear systems Jx=b, which are solved by one of five methods - two direct (dense or band; serial version only) and three Krylov [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000354] (GMRES [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000353], BiCGStab [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000392], or TFQMR [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000396]). IDA is written in C, but derived from the package DASPK [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000355] which is written in Fortran. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell IDA Alan C. Hindmarsh and Radu Serban (2007) Sundails equation solvers, Scholarpedia, 2(3):2860. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 BROWN, P. N., HINDMARSH, A. C., AND PETZOLD, L. R. 1994. Using Krylov methods in the solution of large-scale differential-algebraic systems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 15, 1467-1488. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.4249/scholarpedia.2860 Alan C. Hindmarsh and Radu Serban (2007) Sundails equation solvers, Scholarpedia, 2(3):2860. implicit differential-algebraic solver EXACT solver for differential-algebraic equation systems RELATED kisao:KISAO_0000285 2011-05-09 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell finite volume method http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 FVM The finite volume method is a method for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in the form of algebraic equations, which attempts to emulate continuous conservation laws of physics. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Y. Saad. 2003. Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems (2nd ed.). Soc. for Industrial and Applied Math., Philadelphia, PA, USA. FVM EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000286 2011-05-09 AZ Euler-Maruyama method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2003.1247 stochastic Euler scheme The Euler-Maruyama method is a method for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation, which truncates the Ito and Stratonovich Taylor series of the exact solution after the first order stochastic terms. This converges to the Ito solution with strong global order accuracy 1/2 or weak global order accuracy 1. It is a simple generalization of the Euler method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000261] for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2003.1247 Burrage, K., Burrage, P.M. and Tian, T. (2004) Numerical methods for strong solutions of stochastic differential equations: an overview. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 460 (2041). pp. 373-402. stochastic Euler scheme EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000287 2011-05-10 AZ Milstein method http://identifiers.org/isbn/079233213X The Milstein method is a technique for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation. http://identifiers.org/isbn/079233213X Milstein M. G. Numerical Integration of Stochastic Differential Equations (Mathematics and Its Applications) Springer, 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000288 2011-05-10 AZ ByoDyn GSL http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim backward differentiation formula http://identifiers.org/isbn/0136266061 BDF Gear method Gear's method The backward differentiation formulas (BDF) are implicit multistep methods based on the numerical differentiation of a given function and are wildly used for integration of stiff differential equations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/isbn/0136266061 C. William Gear. 1971. Numerical Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. BDF EXACT Gear method EXACT Gear's method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000289 2011-05-10 AZ ByoDyn Adams method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Adams' methods are multi-step methods used for the numerical integration of initial value problems in Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE's). Adams' algorithm consists of two parts: firstly, a starting procedure which provides y1, ... , yk-1 ( approximations to the exact solution at the points x0 + h, ... , x0 + (k - 1)h ) and, secondly, a multistep formula to obtain an approximation to the exact solution y(x0 + kh). This is then applied recursively, based on the numerical approximation of k successive steps, to compute y(x0 + (k + 1)h). http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag 4 kisao:KISAO_0000290 2011-05-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim Merson method http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn870866 KM Kutta-Merson method Merson's method Runge-Kutta-Merson method A five-stage Runge-Kutta method with fourth-order accuracy. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn870866 R.H. Merson, An operational method for the study of integration processes, in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Data Processing, Weapons Research Establishment, Salisbury, Australia, 1957, pp. 110-1-110-25. KM EXACT Kutta-Merson method EXACT Merson's method EXACT Runge-Kutta-Merson method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000296 2011-05-10 AZ Hammer-Hollingsworth method urn:issn:0891-6837 The numerical integration of ordinary differential equations by the use of Gaussian quadrature methods. urn:issn:0891-6837 P. C. Hammer & J. W. Hollingsworth, Trapezoidal methods of approximating solutions of differential equations, MTAC, v. 9, 1955, pp. 92-96. MR 17, 302. kisao:KISAO_0000297 2011-05-10 AZ Lobatto method urn:issn:1088-6842(e) implicit Runge-Kutta method based on Lobatto quadrature There are three families of Lobatto methods, called IIIA, IIIB and IIIC. These are named after Rehuel Lobatto. All are implicit Runge-Kutta methods, have order 2s − 2 and they all have c1 = 0 and cs = 1. urn:issn:1088-6842(e) J. C. Butcher, Integration processes based on Radau quadrature formulas, Math. Comp., v. 18, 1964, pp. 233-244. implicit Runge-Kutta method based on Lobatto quadrature EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000299 2011-05-10 AZ Butcher-Kuntzmann method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/zamm.19660460519 urn:issn:1088-6842(e) Gauss method From a theoretical point of view, the Butcher-Kuntzmann Runge-Kutta methods belong to the best step-by-step methods for nonstiff problems. These methods integrate first-order initial-value problems by means of formulas based on Gauss-Legendre quadrature, and combine excellent stability features with the property of superconvergence at the step points. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/zamm.19660460519 F. Ceschin, J. Kuntzmann, Problèmes différentiels de conditions initiales. Paris 1963. Dunod. urn:issn:1088-6842(e) Butcher, J. C. (1964) Implicit Runge-Kutta processes. Math. Comput. 18, 50-64. Gauss method EXACT 2 kisao:KISAO_0000301 2011-05-10 AZ Heun method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Heun's method The method is named after Karl L. W. M. Heun and is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It can be seen as extension of the Euler method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000261] into two-stage second-order Runge-Kutta method. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag Heun's method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000302 2011-05-10 AZ true embedded Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 embedded RK An embedded Runge-Kutta method is a method in which two Runge-Kutta estimates are obtained using the same auxiliary functions ki but with a different linear combination of these functions so that one estimate has an order one greater than the other. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag embedded RK EXACT 3 4 kisao:KISAO_0000303 2011-05-10 AZ Zonneveld method http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21424455 An embedded Runge-Kutta method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000302] of order 4(3), proposed by J.A. Zonneveld in 1964. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21424455 Zonneveld, J. A (1970). Automatic numerical integration Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam kisao:KISAO_0000304 2011-05-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim Radau method urn:issn:1088-6842(e) implicit Runge-Kutta method based on Radau quadrature Implicit Runge-Kutta methods based on Radau quadrature. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim urn:issn:1088-6842(e) J. C. Butcher, Integration processes based on Radau quadrature formulas, Math. Comput., 18(1964), 233-244. implicit Runge-Kutta method based on Radau quadrature EXACT 5 6 kisao:KISAO_0000305 2011-05-10 AZ Verner method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0728027 Verner's method The first high order (6(5)) embedded Runge-Kutta formulas that avoid the drawback of giving identically zero error estimates for quadrature problems y' = f(x) were constructed by Verner in 1978. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0728027 J.H. Verner, Some Runge-Kutta formula pairs, SIAM J. Numer. Anal 28 (1991) 496-511 Verner's method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000306 2011-05-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim Lagrangian sliding fluid element algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/1449234 BTEX LSFEA blood-tissue exchange method Because the analytic solutions to the partial differential equations require convolution integration, solutions are obtained relatively efficiently by a fast numerical method. Our approach centers on the use of a sliding fluid element algorithm for capillary convection, with the time step set equal to the length step divided by the fluid velocity. Radial fluxes by permeation between plasma, interstitial fluid, and cells and axial diffusion exchanges within each time step are calculated analytically. The method enforces mass conservation unless there is regional consumption. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/pubmed/1449234 Bassingthwaighte JB, Chan IS, and Wang CY. Computationally efficient algorithms for capillary convection-permeation-diffusion models for blood-tissue exchange. Ann Biomed Eng 20: 687-725, 1992. BTEX EXACT LSFEA EXACT blood-tissue exchange method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000307 2011-05-11 AZ finite difference method http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 FDM The finite difference method is based on local approximations of the partial derivatives in a Partial Differential Equation, which are derived by low order Taylor series expansions. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Y. Saad. 2003. Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems (2nd ed.). Soc. for Industrial and Applied Math., Philadelphia, PA, USA. FDM EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000308 2011-05-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim MacCormack method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.2514/2.6901 In computational fluid dynamics, the MacCormack method is a widely used discretization scheme for the numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations. This second-order finite difference method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000307] is introduced by R. W. MacCormack in 1969. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.2514/2.6901 MacCormack, R. W., The Effect of viscosity in hypervelocity impact cratering, AIAA Paper, 69-354 (1969). kisao:KISAO_0000309 2011-05-11 AZ Crank-Nicolson method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02127704 In numerical analysis, the Crank-Nicolson method is a finite difference method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000307] used for numerically solving the heat equation and similar partial differential equations. It is a second-order method in time, implicit in time, and is numerically stable. The method was developed by John Crank and Phyllis Nicolson in the mid 20th century. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02127704 Crank, J.; Nicolson, P. (1947). A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat conduction type. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 43 (1): 50-67. kisao:KISAO_0000310 2011-05-11 AZ method of lines http://identifiers.org/isbn/0126241309 MOL NMOL NUMOL The method of lines is a general technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by typically using finite difference relationships for the spatial derivatives and ordinary differential equations for the time derivative. method of lines EXACT http://identifiers.org/isbn/0126241309 Schiesser, W. E. (1991). The Numerical Method of Lines. Academic Press. MOL EXACT NMOL EXACT NUMOL EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000311 AZ true type of domain geometry handling kisao:KISAO_0000314 2011-05-20 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 S-System power-law canonical differential equations solver http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0727042 ESSYNS GMA Ordinary differential equations can be recast into a nonlinear canonical form called an S-system. Evidence for the generality of this class comes from extensive empirical examples that have been recast and from the discovery that sets of differential equations and functions, recognized as among the most general, are special cases of S-systems. Identification of this nonlinear canonical form suggests a radically different approach to numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. By capitalizing on the regular structure of S-systems, efficient formulas for a variable-order, variable-step Taylor-series method are developed. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0727042 Irvine, D.H. and Savageau, M.A., Efficient solution of nonlinear ordinary differential equations expressed in S-System canonical form, Siam. J. Numer. Anal., 27:704-735, 1990. ESSYNS GMA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000315 2011-05-23 AZ lattice gas automata http://identifiers.org/isbn/3-540-66973-6 LGA LGCA lattice gas cellular automata Lattice gas automata methods are a series of cellular automata methods used to simulate fluid flows. From the LGCA, it is possible to derive the macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations. http://identifiers.org/isbn/3-540-66973-6 Dieter A. Wolf-Gladrow (2000). Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata and Lattice Boltzmann Models. Springer. LGA EXACT LGCA EXACT lattice gas cellular automata EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000316 2011-05-23 AZ enhanced Greens function reaction dynamics http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-540-88562-7_3 eGFRD enhanced Greens function reaction dynamics GFRD [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000058] decomposes the multi­body reaction diffusion problem to a set of single and two body problems. Analytical solutions for two body reaction diffusion are available via Smoluchowski equation. eGFRD allows to solve each sub­problem asynchronously by introducing the concept of first passage processes. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-540-88562-7_3 K. Takahashi, An exact Brownian dynamics method for cell simulation, in Computational Methods in Systems Biology, vol. 5307/2008. eGFRD EXACT enhanced Greens function reaction dynamics EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000317 2011-05-23 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell multi-algorithm simulation method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 A modular meta-algorithm with a discrete event scheduler that can incorporate any type of time-driven simulation algorithm. It was shown that this meta-algorithm can efficiently drive simulation models with different simulation algorithms with little intrusive modification to the algorithms themselves. Only a few additional methods to handle communications between computational modules are required. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990450 Takahashi, K., Kaizu, K., Hu, B., and Tomita, M., A multi-algorithm, multi-timescale method for cell simulation. Bioinformatics, in press. kisao:KISAO_0000318 2011-05-26 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim Gauss-Legendre Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/isbn/960-8457-54-8 Open Formula So called 'Open Formula', two points formula, three points formula, four points formula, five points formula and six points formula of the Runge-Kutta method to solve the initial value problem of the ordinary differential equation. These formulas use the points and weights from the Gauss-Legendre Quadrature formulas for finding the value of the definite integral. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/isbn/960-8457-54-8 Maitree Podisuk, Sirirat Khuntidilokwongsa, and Witchaya Rattanametawee. 2006. Gauss-Legendre Quadrature formula in Runge-Kutta method with modified model of Newton cooling law. In Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS international conference on Mathematical methods and computational techniques in electrical engineering (MMACTEE'06). World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA, 312-317. Open Formula EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000319 2011-05-26 AZ true Monte Carlo method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.2307/2280232 MC Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.2307/2280232 Metropolis, N.; Ulam, S. (1949). "The Monte Carlo Method". Journal of the American Statistical Association (American Statistical Association) 44 (247): 335-341. MC EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000320 2011-05-26 AZ BioRica BioRica hybrid method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/19425152 The simulation schema for a given BioRica node is given by a hybrid algorithm that deals with continuous time and allows for discrete events that roll back the time according to these discrete interruptions. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/19425152 Cvijovic M, Soueidan H, Sherman DJ, Klipp E, Nikolski M. Exploratory simulation of cell ageing using hierarchical models. Genome Inform. 2008;21:114-25. kisao:KISAO_0000321 2011-05-26 AZ Cain GSL Cash-Karp method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/79505.79507 An family of explicit Runge-Kutta formulas, which are very efficient for problems with smooth solution as well as problems having rapidly varying solutions. Each member of this family consists of a fifty-order formula that contains embedded formulas of all orders 1 through 4. By computing solutions at several different orders, it is possible to detect sharp fronts or discontinuities before all the function evaluations defining the full Runge-Kutta step have been computed. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/79505.79507 J. R. Cash, A. H. Karp. "A variable order Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems with rapidly varying right-hand sides", ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 16: 201-222, 1990. kisao:KISAO_0000322 2011-05-27 AZ hybridity The basic idea of hybrid simulation methods is to combine the advantages of complementary simulation approaches: the whole system is subdivided into appropriate parts and different simulation methods operate on these parts at the same time. kisao:KISAO_0000323 2011-06-02 AZ equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 We present a probabilistic steady-state approximation that separates the time scales of an arbitrary reaction network, detects the convergence of a marginal distribution to a quasi-steady-state, directly samples the underlying distribution, and uses those samples to accurately predict the state of the system, including the effects of the slow dynamics, at future times. The numerical method produces an accurate solution of both the fast and slow reaction dynamics while, for stiff systems, reducing the computational time by orders of magnitude. The developed theory makes no approximations on the shape or form of the underlying steady-state distribution and only assumes that it is ergodic. <...> The developed theory may be applied to any type of kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to more efficiently simulate dynamically stiff systems, including existing exact, approximate, or hybrid stochastic simulation techniques. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Salis H, Kaznessis YN. An equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation: dynamic application to the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2005 Dec 1;123(21):214106. kisao:KISAO_0000324 2011-06-02 AZ nested stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16321076 nested SSA This multiscale method is a small modification of the Gillespie's direct method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029], in the form of a nested SSA, with inner loops for the fast reactions, and outer loop for the slow reactions. The number of groups can be more than two, and the grouping into fast and slow variables can be done dynamically in an adaptive version of the scheme. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16321076 E W., Liu D. and Vanden-Eijnden E. Nested stochastic simulation algorithm for chemical kinetic systems with disparate rates. J Chem Phys. 2005 Nov 15;123(19):194107. nested SSA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000325 2011-06-02 AZ minimum fast/discrete reaction occurrences number http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Parameter of 'equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation' method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000323], which describes the minimum number of fast/discrete reaction occurrences before their effects cause convergence to a quasi-steady-state distribution. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Salis H, Kaznessis YN. An equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation: dynamic application to the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2005 Dec 1;123(21):214106. kisao:KISAO_0000326 2011-06-02 AZ number of samples http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Parameter of 'equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation' method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000323], which determines the number of samples taken from the distribution. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Salis H, Kaznessis YN. An equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation: dynamic application to the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2005 Dec 1;123(21):214106. kisao:KISAO_0000327 2011-06-02 AZ maximum discrete number http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Parameter of 'equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation' method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000323], which controls the maximum number of molecules of some reactant species in order for the reaction to be considered discrete. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Salis H, Kaznessis YN. An equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation: dynamic application to the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2005 Dec 1;123(21):214106. kisao:KISAO_0000328 2011-06-02 AZ minimum fast rate http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Parameter of 'equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation' method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000323], which controls the minimum rate of the reaction in order for it to be considered fast. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2131050 Salis H, Kaznessis YN. An equation-free probabilistic steady-state approximation: dynamic application to the stochastic simulation of biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2005 Dec 1;123(21):214106. kisao:KISAO_0000329 2011-06-03 AZ constant-time kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/18513044 SSA-CR The computational cost of the original SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] scaled linearly with the number of reactions in the network. Gibson and Bruck developed a logarithmic scaling version of the SSA which uses a priority queue or binary tree for more efficient reaction selection [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000027]. More generally, this problem is one of dynamic discrete random variate generation which finds many uses in kinetic Monte Carlo and discrete event simulation. We present here a constant-time algorithm, whose cost is independent of the number of reactions, enabled by a slightly more complex underlying data structure. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/18513044 Slepoy A, Thompson AP, Plimpton SJ. A constant-time kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm for simulation of large biochemical reaction networks. J Chem Phys. 2008 May 28;128(20):205101. SSA-CR EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000330 2011-06-03 AZ R-leaping algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16964997 R-leap method A novel algorithm is proposed for the acceleration of the exact stochastic simulation algorithm by a predefined number of reaction firings (R-leaping) that may occur across several reaction channels. In the present approach, the numbers of reaction firings are correlated binomial distributions and the sampling procedure is independent of any permutation of the reaction channels. This enables the algorithm to efficiently handle large systems with disparate rates, providing substantial computational savings in certain cases. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/16964997 Auger A, Chatelain P, Koumoutsakos P. R-leaping: accelerating the stochastic simulation algorithm by reaction leaps. J Chem Phys. 2006 Aug 28;125(8):084103. R-leap method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000331 2011-06-03 AZ exact R-leaping algorithm http://identifiers.org/pubmed/2852436 ER-leap method exact R-leap method exact accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm We present a SSA which, similar to R-leap [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000330], accelerates SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] by executing multiple reactions per algorithmic step, but which samples the reactant trajectories from the same probability distribution as the SSA. This 'exact R-leap' or 'ER-leap' algorithm is a modification of the R-leap algorithm which is both exact and capable of substantial speed-up over SSA. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/2852436 Eric Mjolsness, David Orendorff, Philippe Chatelain, and Petros Koumoutsakos. An exact accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm. J Chem Phys. 2009 April 14; 130(14): 144110. ER-leap method EXACT exact R-leap method EXACT exact accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000332 2011-06-03 AZ ER-leap initial leap http://identifiers.org/pubmed/2852436 L L (initial step) is a parameter of 'exact R-leaping method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000331]. ''We will assume that the reaction event to be bounded occurs within a run of L events in the SSA algorithm[http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029], in order to execute L reactions at once in the manner of the R-leap algorithm[http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000230]''. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/2852436 Eric Mjolsness, David Orendorff, Philippe Chatelain, and Petros Koumoutsakos. An exact accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm. J Chem Phys. 2009 April 14; 130(14): 144110. L EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000333 2011-06-03 AZ true accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm accelerated SSA An algorithm, which accelerates SSA [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] either at the expense of its accuracy or exact. accelerated SSA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000334 2011-06-03 AZ multiparticle lattice gas automata http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1142/S0129183194000052 multiparticle lattice gas cellular automata An algorithm which allows for an arbitrary number of particles, while keeping the benefits of the cellular automata approach [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000315]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1142/S0129183194000052 Chopard B., et al.Multiparticle lattice gas automata for reaction diffusion systems. Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 1994;5:47-63. multiparticle lattice gas cellular automata EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000335 2011-06-03 AZ true generalized stochastic simulation algorithm Gillespie direct method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] follows unit-by-unit changes in the total numbers of each reactant species, it is especially well suited to the study of systems in which reactant densities are low and the application of methods based on continuum approximations, such as the traditional ordinary differential equations of chemical kinetics, is questionable. The 'generalized stochastic simulation algorithm' branch presents methods, which extend Gillespie direct method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000029] to suit to systems with other characteristics. kisao:KISAO_0000336 2011-06-03 AZ D-leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.05.004 We propose a novel, accelerated algorithm for the approximate stochastic simulation of biochemical systems with delays. The present work extends existing accelerated algorithms by distributing, in a time adaptive fashion, the delayed reactions so as to minimize the computational effort while preserving their accuracy. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.05.004 Bayati B, Chatelain P, Koumoutsakos. D-leaping: Accelerating stochastic simulation algorithms for reactions with delays. Journal of Computational Physics. 2009 Sept;228(16):5909-5918. kisao:KISAO_0000337 2011-06-07 AZ finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/MAP.2007.376627 FEA FEM finite element analysis A numerical technique for finding approximate solutions of partial differential equations (PDE) as well as of integral equations. The solution approach is based either on eliminating the differential equation completely (steady state problems), or rendering the PDE into an approximating system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically integrated using standard techniques such as Euler method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000261], Runge-Kutta [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000064], etc. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/MAP.2007.376627 Pelosi G. The finite-element method, Part I: R. L. Courant: Historical Corner. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 180-182. FEA EXACT FEM EXACT finite element analysis EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000338 2011-06-07 AZ h-version of the finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0168-874X(94)90003-5 h-FEM h-method Classical form of the 'finite element method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337], in which polynomials of fixed degree p are used and the mesh is refined to increase accuracy. Can be considered as a special case of the h-p version [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000340]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0168-874X(94)90003-5 Babuska, I., T. Strouboulis, A. Mathur, C. S. Upadhyay, Pollution error in the h-version of the finite element method and the local quality of a-posteriori error estimators, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 17: 273-321, 1994. h-FEM EXACT h-method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000339 2011-06-07 AZ p-version of the finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0718033 p-FEM p-method The p version of 'finite element method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337] uses a fixed mesh but increases the polynomial degree p to increase accuracy. Can be considered as a special case of the h-p version [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000340]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0718033 Babuska, I., B.A. Szabo and I.N. Katz, The p-version of the finite element method, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 18: 515-545, 1981. p-FEM EXACT p-method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000340 2011-06-07 AZ h-p version of the finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF00272624 hp-FEM hp-method In h-p version of 'finite difference method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337] the two approaches of mesh refinement and degree enchacement are combined. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF00272624 Babuska, I., and B. Guo, The h-p version of the finite element method, Comput. Mech., 1: 203-220, 1986. hp-FEM EXACT hp-method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000341 2011-06-07 AZ mixed finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0045-7825(90)90168-L A 'finite element method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337] in which both stress and displacement fields are approximated as primary variables. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0045-7825(90)90168-L D. N. Arnold. 1990. Mixed finite element methods for elliptic problems. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 82, 1-3 (September 1990), 281-300. kisao:KISAO_0000342 2011-06-07 AZ level set method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(88)90002-2 LSM level-set method An algorithm for moving surfaces under their curvature. This algorithm rely on numerically solving Hamilton-Jacobi equations with viscous terms, using approximation techniques from hyperbolic conservation laws. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0021-9991(88)90002-2 Osher, S.; Sethian, J. A. (1988), "Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations", J. Comput. Phys. 79: 12-49. LSM EXACT level-set method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000343 2011-06-07 AZ generalized finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1142/S0219876204000083 GFEM PUM partition of unity method The GFEM is a generalization of the classical 'finite element method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337] — in its h [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000338], p [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000339], and h-p versions [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000340]— as well as of the various forms of meshless methods used in engineering. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1142/S0219876204000083 Babuska, Ivo; Uday Banerjee, John E. Osborn (June 2004). Generalized Finite Element Methods: Main Ideas, Results, and Perspective. International Journal of Computational Methods 1 (1): 67-103. GFEM EXACT PUM EXACT partition of unity method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000345 2011-06-09 AZ h-p cloud method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2426(199611)12:6<673::AID-NUM3>3.0.CO;2-P h-p clouds method of clouds A meshless method, which uses a partition of unity to construct the family of h-p cloud functions. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2426(199611)12:6<673::AID-NUM3>3.0.CO;2-P Duarte, C. A. and Oden, J. T. (1996), H-p clouds—an h-p meshless method. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, 12: 673-705. h-p clouds EXACT method of clouds EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000346 AZ mesh-based geometry handling In most large-scale numerical simulations of physical phenomena, a large percentage of the overall computational effort is expended on technical details connected with meshing. These details include, in particular, grid generation, mesh adaptation to domain geometry, element or cell connectivity, grid motion and separation to model fracture, fragmentation, free surfaces, etc. kisao:KISAO_0000347 AZ meshless geometry handling Most meshless methods require a scattered set of nodal points in the domain of interest. In these methods, there may be no fixed connectivities between the nodes, unlike the finite element or finite difference methods. This feature has significant implications in modeling some physical phenomena that are characterized by a continuous change in the geometry of the domain under analysis. kisao:KISAO_0000348 2011-06-09 AZ extended finite element method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/s00466-002-0391-2 X-FEM XFEM A numerical method to model arbitrary discontinuities in continuous bodies that does not require the mesh to conform to the discontinuities nor significant mesh refinement near singularities. In X-FEM the standard finite element approximation [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000337] is enriched and the approximation space is extended by an additional family of functions. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/s00466-002-0391-2 Stazi, F. L.; Budyn, E.; Chessa, J.; Belytschko, T. An extended finite element method with higher-order elements for curved cracks. Computational Mechanics, Volume 31, Issue 1-2, pp. 38-48 (2003). X-FEM EXACT XFEM EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000349 2011-06-09 AZ method of finite spheres http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/s004660050481 MFS Method of finite spheres is truly meshless in the sense that the nodes are placed and the numerical integration is performed without a mesh. Some of the novel features of the method of finite spheres are the numerical integration scheme and the way in which the Dirichlet boundary conditions are incorporated. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/s004660050481 S. De and K. J. Bathe. The method of finite spheres. Computational Mechanics, Volume 25, Number 4, 329-345. MFS EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000350 2011-06-09 AZ probability-weighted dynamic Monte Carlo method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/jp011404w PW-DMC probability-weighted DMC We have developed a probability-weighted DMC method by incorporating the weighted sampling algorithm of equilibrium molecular simulations. This new algorithm samples the slow reactions very efficiently and makes it possible to simulate in a computationally efficient manner the reaction kinetics of physical systems in which the rates of reactions vary by several orders of magnitude. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1021/jp011404w Resat H, Wiley HS, Dixon DA. Probability-weighted dynamic Monte Carlo method for reaction kinetics simulations. J Phys Chem B. 2001;105:11026-11034. PW-DMC EXACT probability-weighted DMC EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000351 2011-06-09 AZ multinomial tau-leaping method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/17343434 MtauL The multinomial tau-leaping method is an extension of the binomial tau-leaping method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000074] to networks with arbitrary multiple-channel reactant dependencies. Improvements were achieved by a combination of three factors: First, tau-leaping steps are determined simply and efficiently using a-priori information and Poisson distribution based estimates of expectation values for reaction numbers. Second, networks are partitioned into closed groups of reactions and corresponding reactants in which no group reactant set is found in any other group. Third, product formation is factored into upper bound estimation of the number of times a particular reaction occurs. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/17343434 Pettigrew MF, Resat H. Multinomial tau-leaping method for stochastic kinetic simulations. J Chem Phys. 2007 Feb 28;126(8):084101. MtauL EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000352 2011-06-09 AZ true hybrid method A simulation methods which combines the advantages of complementary simulation approaches: the whole system is subdivided into appropriate parts and different simulation methods operate on these parts at the same time. kisao:KISAO_0000353 2011-06-10 AZ CVODE generalized minimal residual algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0907058 GMRES An iterative method for solving linear systems, which has the property of minimizing at every step the norm of the residual vector over a Krylov subspace. The generalized minimal residual method extends the minimal residual method (MINRES) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000388], which is only applicable to symmetric systems, to non-symmetric systems. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0907058 Youcef Saad and Martin H. Schultz, GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving Nonsymmetric Linear Systems. SIAM J. Sci. and Stat. Comput. 7, 856 (1986). GMRES EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000354 2011-06-10 AZ Krylov subspace projection method http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Krylov subspace method Krylov subspace method is an iterative linear equation method, which builds up Krylov subspaces and look for good approximations to eigenvectors and invariant subspaces within the Krylov spaces. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Y. Saad. 2003. Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems (2nd ed.). Soc. for Industrial and Applied Math., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Krylov subspace method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000355 2011-06-10 AZ DASPK http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 DDASPK SDASPK differential algebraic system solver with Krylov preconditioning In DASPK, we have combined the time-stepping methods of DASSL [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000255] with preconditioned iterative method GMRES [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000386], for solving large-scale systems of DAEs of the form F(t, y, y') = 0, where F, y, y' are N-dimensional vectors, and a consistent set of initial conditions y(t0) = y0, y'(t0) = y'0 is given. DASPK is written in Fortran. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 Peter N. Brown, Alan C. Hindmarsh, and Linda R. Petzold. 1994. Using Krylov methods in the solution of large-scale differential-algebraic systems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 15, 6 (November 1994), 1467-1488. DDASPK NARROW SDASPK NARROW differential algebraic system solver with Krylov preconditioning EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000356 2011-06-10 AZ DASSL http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/nesc9918.html DDASSL SDASSL differential algebraic system solver DASSL is designed for the numerical solution of implicit systems of differential/algebraic equations written in the form F(t,y,y')=0, where F, y, and y' are vectors, and initial values for y and y' are given. http://www.nea.fr/abs/html/nesc9918.html Linda R. Petzold: A Description of DASSL: A Differential/Algebraic System Solver, SAND82-8637 (September 1982). DDASSL NARROW SDASSL NARROW differential algebraic system solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000357 2011-06-10 AZ conjugate gradient method urn:issn:0091-0635 CG Conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is symmetric and positive-definite. The conjugate gradient method is an iterative method, so it can be applied to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by direct methods. Such systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations. urn:issn:0091-0635 M. R. Hestenes and E. L. Stiefel, Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 49 (1952), p. 409. CG EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000358 2011-06-10 AZ biconjugate gradient method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BFb0080109 BCG Bi-CG BiCG The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization of conjugate gradient method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000357] to non-symmetric matrices. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BFb0080109 Fletcher, R. (1976). "Conjugate gradient methods for indefinite systems". Numerical Analysis. Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 506: 73-89. BCG EXACT Bi-CG EXACT BiCG EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000362 2011-06-13 AZ implicit-state Doob-Gillespie algorithm http://identifiers.org/isbn/3-540-76636-7 978-3-540-76636-0 The algorithm uses a representation of the system together with a super-approximation of its ‘event horizon’ (all events that may happen next), and a specific correction scheme to obtain exact timings. Being completely local and not based on any kind of enumeration, this algorithm has a per event time cost which is independent of (i) the size of the set of generable species (which can even be infinite), and (ii) independent of the size of the system (ie, the number of agent instances). The algorithm can be refined, using concepts derived from the classical notion of causality, so that in addition to the above one also has that the even cost is depending (iii) only logarithmically on the size of the model (ie, the number of rules). http://identifiers.org/isbn/3-540-76636-7 978-3-540-76636-0 V. Danos, J. Feret, W. Fontana, and J. Krivine. 2007. Scalable simulation of cellular signalling networks. In Proceedings of the 5th Asian conference on Programming languages and systems (APLAS'07), Zhong Shao (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 139-157. kisao:KISAO_0000363 2011-06-13 AZ true rule-based simulation method Rule-based models provide a powerful alternative to approaches that require explicit enumeration of all possible molecular species of a system. Such models consist of formal rules governing interactive behaviour. Rule-based simulation methods simulate such models. kisao:KISAO_0000364 2011-06-16 AZ GSL Adams predictor-corrector method urn:asin:B0000EFQ8B The combination of evaluating a single explicit integration method ('Adams-Bashforth method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000279]) (the predictor step) in order to provide a good initial guess for the successive evaluation of an implicit method ('Adams-Moulton method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000280]) (the corrector step) using iteration. urn:asin:B0000EFQ8B Moulton, Forest R. (1926), New methods in exterior ballistics, University of Chicago Press. kisao:KISAO_0000365 2011-06-16 AZ Mathematica NDSolve method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-1-57955-058-5 The Mathematica computation system function NDSolve is a general numerical differential equation solver. It can handle a wide range of ordinary differential equations as well as some partial differential equations. NDSolve can also solve some differential-algebraic equations, which are typically a mix of differential and algebraic equations. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-1-57955-058-5 Advanced Numerical Differential Equation Solving in Mathematica, Wolfram Mathematica Tutorial Collection, 2008. kisao:KISAO_0000366 2011-06-16 AZ symplecticness http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1017/S0962492900002282 Roughly speaking, ‘symplecticness’ is a characteristic property possessed by the solutions of Hamiltonian problems. A numerical method is called symplectic if, when applied to Hamiltonian problems, it generates numerical solutions which inherit the property of symplecticness (phase volume preservation). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1017/S0962492900002282 J. M. Sanz-Serna (1992). Symplectic integrators for Hamiltonian problems: an overview. Acta Numerica, 1, pp 243-286 2 kisao:KISAO_0000367 2011-06-16 AZ partitioned Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01389456 PRK SPRK symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta method If a Hamiltonian system possesses a natural partitioning, it is possible to integrate its certain components using one Runge-Kutta method and other components using a different Runge-Kutta method. The overall s-stage scheme is called a partitioned Runge-Kutta method. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01389456 P. Rentrop (1985): Partitioned Runge-Kutta methods with stiffness detection and stepsize control. Numer. Math., Vol. 47, p.545-564. PRK EXACT SPRK EXACT symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000369 2011-06-27 AZ true partial differential equation discretization method A method which solves partial differential equations by discretizing them, i.e. approximating them by equations that involve a finite number of unknowns. kisao:KISAO_0000370 2011-06-29 AZ true type of problem A characteristic describing the type of the problems which can be solved by the algorithm. kisao:KISAO_0000371 AZ stochastic differential equation problem SDE problem SDE problem EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000372 AZ partial differential equation problem PDE problem PDE problem EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000373 AZ differential-algebraic equation problem DAE DAE EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000374 AZ ordinary differential equation problem ODE problem ODE problem EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000375 AZ delay differential equation problem DDE problem kisao:KISAO_0000376 2011-07-19 AZ linearity of equation Linear differential equations are of the form Ly = f, where the differential operator L is a linear operator, y is the unknown function, and the right hand side f is a given function of the same nature as y. kisao:KISAO_0000377 2011-06-30 AZ true one-step method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 A numerical method for differential equations which uses one starting value at each step. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag 2 kisao:KISAO_0000378 2011-06-30 AZ GSL implicit midpoint rule http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 implicit Gaussian second order Runge-Kutta method The implicit midpoint rule is a second-order case of the more general implicit s-stage Runge-Kutta methods [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000064 and (http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000245 some http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000240)]. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag. implicit Gaussian second order Runge-Kutta method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000379 2011-07-01 AZ Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02165234 GBS Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm The Bulirsch-Stoer method is an adaptive method which uses Gragg's modified midpoint method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000382] to estimate the solution of an initial value problem for various step sizes. The estimates are fit to a "diagonal" rational function or a polynomial as a function of the step size and the limit as the step size tends to zero is taken as the final estimate. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF02165234 Bulirsch R. and Stoer J. (1966) Numerical treatment of ordinary differential equations by extrapolation methods, Numerische Mathematik, Volume 8, Number 1, 1-13. GBS EXACT Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000380 2011-07-01 AZ true Richardson extrapolation based method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.1911.0009 A method based on ideas of Richardson extrapolation, which is a process for obtaining increased accuracy in a discretized approximation by extrapolating results from coarse discretizations to an arbitrarily fine one. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.1911.0009 Richardson, L. F. (1911). The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems including differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 210 (459-470): 307-357. 2 kisao:KISAO_0000381 2011-07-01 AZ midpoint method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 The midpoint method is an explicit method for approximating the solution of the initial value problem y' = f(x,y); y(x0) = y0 at x for a given step size h. For the midpoint method the derivative of y(x) is approximated by the symmetric difference y'(x) = ( y(x+h) - y(x-h) ) / 2h + O(h2). http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag. kisao:KISAO_0000382 2011-07-01 AZ modified midpoint method http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Gragg's method Gragg's modified midpoint method The modified midpoint method is globally a second order method for approximating the solution of the initial value problem y' = f(x, y), y(x0) = y0, which advances a vector of dependent variables y(x) from a point x to a point x + H by a sequence of n substeps each of size h, h = H/n. http://identifiers.org/isbn/052143064X Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77. Cambridge University Press (2001). Gragg's method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000383 2011-07-01 AZ GSL Bader-Deuflhard method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01418331 The Bader-Deuflhard method is an extrapolation method based on a semi-implicit discretization [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000387]. It is a generalization of the Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000379] for solving ordinary differential equations. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01418331 Bader, G. and Deuflhard, P. "A Semi-Implicit Mid-Point Rule for Stiff Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations." Numer. Math. 41, 373-398, 1983. kisao:KISAO_0000384 2011-07-01 AZ semi-implicit midpoint rule http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01418331 A semi-implicit version of the midpoint method that has an even error series [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000381]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01418331 Bader, G. and Deuflhard, P. "A Semi-Implicit Mid-Point Rule for Stiff Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations." Numer. Math. 41, 373-398, 1983. kisao:KISAO_0000386 2011-07-18 AZ scaled preconditioned generalized minimal residual method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 SPGMR A scaled preconditioned version of 'generalized minimal residual algorithm' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000353]. For linear system Ax = b a preconditioner matrix P that approximates A is sought, for which linear system Px = b can be solved easily. Preconditioning is applied on the left only. Scaling is done using diagonal matrix D whose diagonal elements are weights w^i = rtol|y^i| +atol^i, where rtol is 'relative tolerance' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000209] and atol is 'absolute tolerance' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000211]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915088 Peter N. Brown, Alan C. Hindmarsh, and Linda R. Petzold. 1994. Using Krylov methods in the solution of large-scale differential-algebraic systems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 15, 6 (November 1994), 1467-1488. SPGMR EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000388 2011-07-18 AZ minimal residual method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0712047 MINRES The 'minimal residual method' is an algorithm for the numerical solution of indefinite symmertic systems of linear equations. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0712047 Paige C.C., Saunders M.A. Solution of sparse indefinite systems of linear equations, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis (1975) Volume: 12, Issue: 4, Publisher: SIAM, Pages: 617-629. MINRES EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000389 2011-07-18 AZ quasi-minimal residual method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01385726 QMR The QMR algorithm is a robust iterative solver for general nonsingular non-Hermitian linear systems. The method uses a robust implementation of the look-ahead Lanczos algorithm to generate basis vectors for the Krylov subspaces Kn(r0, A). The QMR iterates are characterized by a quasi-minimal residual property over Kn(r0, A). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/BF01385726 Roland W. Freund and Noël M. Nachtigal. QMR: a quasi-minimal residual method for non-Hermitian linear systems. NUMERISCHE MATHEMATIK Volume 60, Number 1, 315-339. QMR EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000392 CVODE biconjugate gradient stabilized method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0913035 Bi-CGSTAB BiCGSTAB An iterative method for the numerical solution of nonsymmetric linear systems. It is a variant of the biconjugate gradient method (BiCG) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000358] and has faster and smoother convergence than the original BiCG. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0913035 Van der Vorst, H. A. (1992). Bi-CGSTAB: A Fast and Smoothly Converging Variant of Bi-CG for the Solution of Nonsymmetric Linear Systems. SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing 13: 631-644. Bi-CGSTAB EXACT BiCGSTAB EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000393 2011-07-18 AZ ingenious conjugate gradients-squared method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910004 CGS A Lanczos-type method for nonsymmetric sparse linear systems. The method is based on a polynomial variant of the conjugate gradients algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000357]. Although related to the so-called bi-conjugate gradients (Bi-CG) algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000358], it does not involve adjoint matrix-vector multiplications, and the expected convergence rate is about twice that of the Bi-CG algorithm. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910004 Peter Sonneveld. 1989. CGS, a fast Lanczos-type solver for nonsymmetric linear systems. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 10, 1 (January 1989), 36-52. CGS EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000394 2011-07-19 AZ quasi-minimal residual variant of biconjugate gradient stabilized method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915023 QMRCGSTAB QMRCGSTAB is a quasi-minimal residual (QMR) variant of the Bi-CGSTAB algorithm [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000394] of van der Vorst for solving nonsymmetric linear systems. The motivation for the QMR variant is to obtain smoother convergence behavior of the underlying method. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0915023 T. F. Chan, E. Gallopoulos, V. Simoncini, T. Szeto, and C. H. Tong. 1994. A quasi-minimal residual variant of the Bi-CGSTAB algorithm for nonsymmetric systems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 15, 2 (March 1994), 338-347. QMRCGSTAB EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000395 2011-07-19 AZ true improved biconjugate gradient method An 'improved biconjugate gradient method' branch contains algorithms which can be viewed as improvements over some of drawbacks of BCG [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000358], such as (1) the need for matrix-vector multiplications with A^T (which can be inconvenient as well as doubling the number of matrix-vector multiplications compared to CG [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000357] for each increase in the degree of the underlying Krylov subspace), (2) the possibility of breakdowns and (3) erratic convergence behavior. kisao:KISAO_0000396 2011-07-19 AZ CVODE transpose-free quasi-minimal residual algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0914029 TFQMR A version of CGS [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000393] which 'quasi-minimizes' the residual in the space spanned by the vectors generated by the CGS iteration. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0914029 Roland W. Freund. 1993. A transpose-free quasi-minimal residual algorithm for non-Hermitian linear systems. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 14, 2 (March 1993), 470-482. TFQMR EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000397 2011-07-19 AZ preconditioning technique http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Preconditioning is simply a means of transforming the original linear system into one which has the same solution, but which is likely to be easier to solve with an iterative solver. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Saad, Yousef (2003). Iterative methods for sparse linear systems (2nd ed.). SIAM. kisao:KISAO_0000398 2011-07-19 AZ true iterative method for solving a system of linear equations http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 http://identifiers.org/isbn/0898715342 Saad, Yousef (2003). Iterative methods for sparse linear systems (2nd ed.). SIAM. kisao:KISAO_0000403 2011-07-19 AZ homogeneousness of equation Homogeneous equations are of the form Ly = 0, where the differential operator L is a linear operator and y is the unknown function. kisao:KISAO_0000404 2011-07-19 AZ symmetricity of matrix In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. kisao:KISAO_0000405 2011-07-19 AZ true type of differential equation kisao:KISAO_0000407 2012-01-17 AZ false Requested by Frank T. Bergmann on Sunday, November 27, 2011 4:45:30 PM. steady state root-finding method Method for finding the root of a function (f(x) = 0). kisao:KISAO_0000408 2012-01-18 AZ Requested by Frank T. Bergmann on Sunday, November 27, 2011 4:45:30 PM. Newton-type method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 A method which attacks the solution of a nonlinear problem F(x) = 0 by solving a sequence of liner problems of the same kind. The solution of the system F(x)=0 can be interpreted as a steady state of a dynamic system x'(t)=F(x(t)). The Newton approach will only work if the fixed point [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.teddy/TEDDY_0000086] of the dinamic system is attractive [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.teddy/TEDDY_0000094]. http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000409 2012-01-18 AZ ordinary Newton method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 A 'Newton-type method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] which solves the general nonlinear problem F(x)=0 by applying successive linearization F'(x[k])deltax[k]=-F(x[k]), x[k+1]=x[k]+deltax[k], k=0,1,... http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000410 2012-01-18 AZ simplified Newton method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 A 'Newton-type method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] which is characterized by keeping the initial derivative throughout the whole iteration: F'(x[0])deltax[k]=-F(x[k]), x[k+1]=x[k]+deltax[k], k=0,1,... http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000411 2012-01-18 AZ Newton-like method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 A 'Newton-type method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] which is characterized by the fact that, in finite dimension, the Jacodian matrices are either replaced by some fixed 'close by' Jacobian F'(z) with z not equal to the initial guess x[0], or by some approximation so that: M'(x[0])deltax[k]=-F(x[k]), x[k+1]=x[k]+deltax[k], k=0,1,... http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000412 2012-01-18 AZ inexact Newton method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 iterative Newton method truncated Newton method For extremely large scale nonlinear problems the arising linear systems for the Newton corrections can no longer be solved directly ('exactly'), but must be solved iterativly ('inexactly) - which gives the name inexact Newton methods. The whole scheme then consists of an inner iteration (at Newton step k): F'(x[k])deltaxi[k]=-F(x[k])+ri[k], k=0,1,... xi[k+1]=x[k]+deltaxi[k], i=0,1,..,imax[k] in terms of residuals ri[k] and an outer iteration where, given x[0], the iterates are defined as x[k+1]=xi[k+1] for i=imax[k], k=0,1,... http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. iterative Newton method EXACT truncated Newton method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000413 2012-01-18 AZ exact Newton method http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 direct Newton method Any of the finite dimensional Newton-type methods [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] requires the numerical solution of the linear equations F'(x[k])deltax[k]=-F(x[k]). Whenever direct elimination methods are applicable, we speak of exact Newton methods. http://identifiers.org/isbn/9783540210993 Deuflhard, P. Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems: Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 35, 1st ed. 2004. kisao:KISAO_0000415 2012-01-18 AZ maximum number of steps maximum steps The limit on number of internal steps before an output point. 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000416 2012-01-18 AZ Requested by Kristin Tøndel on Thursday, October 13, 2011 10:46:04 AM. partial least squares regression method http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/10.1007/BFb0062108 PLSR PLSR method Multivariate regression method based on estimated latent variables. Related to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Component Regression (PCR). http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/10.1007/BFb0062108 Wold S, Martens H, Wold H (1983) The multivariate calibration method in chemistry solved by the PLS method. In: Lecture notes in Mathematics, Matrix Pencils. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 286-293. PLSR EXACT PLSR method EXACT 1 kisao:KISAO_0000417 2012-01-18 AZ Requested by Kristin Tøndel on Thursday, October 13, 2011 11:13:17 AM. hierarchical cluster-based partial least squares regression method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 HC-PLSR Multivariate regression method based on separating the observations into clusters and generating Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000416] models within each cluster. This local regression analysis is suitable for very non-linear systems. PLSR is a regression method based on estimated latent variables, related to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Component Regression (PCR). Hierarchical cluster-based partial least squares regression method uses fuzzy C-means clustering, PLSR and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) or Naive Bayes for classification of new observations to be predicted. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. 1 kisao:KISAO_0000418 2012-01-18 AZ Requested by Kristin Tøndel on Thursday, October 13, 2011 11:33:06 AM. N-way partial least squares regression method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-128X(199601)10:1<47::AID-CEM400>3.0.CO;2-C http://www.models.life.ku.dk/nwaytoolbox N-PLS N-way PLSR N-way partial least squares method Multivariate regression method that can be used on N-way data. Based on Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000416], which is a regression method based on estimated latent variables. PLSR is related to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Component Regression (PCR). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-128X(199601)10:1<47::AID-CEM400>3.0.CO;2-C Bro R (1996) Multiway calibration. Multilinear PLS. J. Chemometrics 10: 47-6. http://www.models.life.ku.dk/nwaytoolbox N-way toolbox website N-PLS EXACT N-way PLSR EXACT N-way partial least squares method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000419 2012-01-18 AZ true metamodelling method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Deterministic dynamic models of complex biological systems contain a large number of parameters and state variables, related through nonlinear differential equations with various types of feedback. A metamodel of such a dynamic model is a statistical approximation model that maps variation in parameters and initial conditions (inputs) to variation in features of the trajectories of the state variables (outputs) throughout the entire biologically relevant input space. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. kisao:KISAO_0000420 2012-01-18 AZ number of partial least squares components http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/10.1007/BFb0062108 Parameter used by 'partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000416] describing number of PLS components to include in the regression analysis. http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/10.1007/BFb0062108 Wold S, Martens H, Wold H (1983) The multivariate calibration method in chemistry solved by the PLS method. In: Lecture notes in Mathematics, Matrix Pencils. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 286-293. kisao:KISAO_0000421 2012-01-18 AZ type of validation Parameter of 'partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000416] describing how validation is performed. Possible values include cross-validation and test set validation. kisao:KISAO_0000422 2012-01-18 AZ number of N-way partial least squares regression factors number of factors Parameter of 'N-way partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000369] describing the number of factors to compute. number of factors EXACT 1 kisao:KISAO_0000423 2012-01-18 AZ true partial least squares regression-like method Method for building regression models between independent and dependent variables. kisao:KISAO_0000424 2012-01-18 AZ mean-centring of variables http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 A boolean parameter of the 'hierarchical cluster-based partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000417] specifying whether the variables were mean-centred prior to the regression analysis. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. kisao:KISAO_0000425 2012-01-18 AZ standardising of variables http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 A boolean parameter of the 'hierarchical cluster-based partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000417] specifying whether the variables were standardised (divided by their standard deviations) prior to the regression analysis. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. kisao:KISAO_0000427 2012-01-18 AZ number of clusters http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Parameter specifying the number of clusters used by C-means algorithm. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. kisao:KISAO_0000428 2012-01-18 AZ matrix for clusterization http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 A matrix to do the clustering in 'hierarchical cluster-based partial least squares regression method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000417]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-5-90 Tøndel K, Indahl UG, Gjuvsland AB, Vik JO, Hunter P, et al. (2011) Hierarchical Cluster-based Partial Least Squares Regression is an efficient tool for metamodelling of nonlinear dynamic models. BMC Systems Biology 5: 90. kisao:KISAO_0000429 AZ true clusterization parameter Parameter used by algorithms performing clusterization. kisao:KISAO_0000430 AZ true variables preprocessing parameter 1 kisao:KISAO_0000432 2012-05-24 AZ true IDA-like method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Solves real differential-algebraic systems in N-space, in the general form F(t,y,y')=0, y(t0)=y0, y'(t0)=y'0. At each step, a Newton iteration [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000408] leads to linear systems Jx=b, which are solved by one of five methods - two direct (dense or band; serial version only) and three Krylov [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000354] (GMRES [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000353], BiCGStab [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000392], or TFQMR [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000396]). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000433 2012-05-24 AZ true CVODE-like method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Solves ODE initial value problems, in real N-space, written as y'=f(t,y), y(t0)=y0. It is capable for stiff and non-stiff systems and uses two different linear multi-step methods, namely the Adam-Moulton [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000280] method and the backward differentiation formula [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288]. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 Hindmarsh, A. C., et al., SUNDIALS: Suite of Nonlinear and Differential/Algebraic Equation Solvers, ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 31:363-396, 2005. kisao:KISAO_0000434 2012-09-25 AZ Higham-Hall method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0377-0427(90)90192-3 RK5(4)7FEql The equilibrium theory of Hall and Higham (1988) can be used to determine whether a Runge-Kutta algorithm will perform smoothly when stability restricts the stepsize. Higham-Hall method is a fifth order embedded Runge-Kutta method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000302], which behaves smoothly with respect to the standard type of stepsize controllers. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0377-0427(90)90192-3 Higham, D.J. and Hall, G. (1990) Embedded Runge-Kutta formulae with stable equilibrium states. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 29 (1). pp. 25-33. 4 5 kisao:KISAO_0000435 2012-09-26 AZ true embedded Runge-Kutta 5(4) method RK5(4) An embedded Runge-Kutta integrator of order 5(4). 5 8 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000436 2012-09-26 AZ Dormand-Prince 8(5,3) method http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 This method is based on an 8(6) method by Dormand and Prince (i.e. order 8 for the integration and order 6 for error estimation) modified by Hairer and Wanner to use a 5th order error estimator with 3rd order correction. http://identifiers.org/isbn/978-3-540-56670-0 Hairer, Ernst; Nørsett, Syvert Paul; Wanner, Gerhard (1993), Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems (2nd ed.), Berlin: Springer Verlag kisao:KISAO_0000437 2012-11-29 AZ Requested by Frank T. Bergmann on Thursday, November 29, 2012 9:51:58 AM. flux balance analysis http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/nbt.1614 FBA Flux balance analysis is a mathematical approach for analyzing the flow of metabolites through a metabolic network. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/nbt.1614 Jeffrey D Orth, Ines Thiele and Bernhard O Palsson (2010) What is flux balance analysis? Nature Biotechnology 28, 245–248 1 kisao:KISAO_0000447 2013-01-28 AZ Requested by Mark Moeller on Friday, January 25, 2013 11:11:30 AM. COAST http://identifiers.org/pubmed/17100426 controllable approximative stochastic reaction algorithm An approximative algorithm for stochastic simulations of chemical reaction systems based on three different modeling levels: for small numbers of particles an exact [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000236] stochastic [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000104] model; for intermediate numbers an approximative [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000237], but computationally more efficient stochastic [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000104] model based on discrete Gaussian distributions; and for large numbers the deterministic [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000103] reaction kinetics. In every simulation time step, the subdivision of the reaction channels into the three different modeling levels is done automatically, where all approximations applied can be controlled by a single error parameter for which an appropriate value can easily be found. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/17100426 Holger Wagner, Mark Moeller, and Klaus Prank (2006) COAST: Controllable approximative stochastic reaction algorithm. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 174104 kisao:KISAO_0000448 2013-01-28 AZ true logical model simulation method http://www.identifiers.org/pubmed/22141422 Qualitative (logical) models specify the evolution rules of their components. In each state a number of transitions are enabled. A 'logical model simulation method' guides the choice of the transitions processed at each step. http://www.identifiers.org/pubmed/22141422 Daniel Machado et al. Modeling formalisms in Systems Biology. AMB Express 2011, 1:45 kisao:KISAO_0000449 2013-01-28 AZ synchronous logical model simulation method Qualitative (logical) models specify the evolution rules of their components. In the case of a synchronous updating all enabled transitions are processed simultaneously. kisao:KISAO_0000450 2013-01-28 AZ asynchronous logical model simulation method Qualitative (logical) models specify the evolution rules of their components. It the case of an asynchronous updating all enabled transitions are performed independently: a state has as many successors as the number of transitions enabled in this state. An 'asynchronous logical model simulation method' specifies a rule to guide the choice of a unique transition at each step (for example random). kisao:KISAO_0000451 2013-01-28 AZ true type of updating policy A rule to guide the choice of a unique transition at each step used by an 'asynchronous logical model simulation method' [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000450]. kisao:KISAO_0000452 2013-01-28 AZ random updating policy An updating policy that chooses a transition randomly. kisao:KISAO_0000453 2013-01-28 AZ ordered updating policy An updating policy that chooses a transition in a definite way. kisao:KISAO_0000454 2013-01-28 AZ constant updating policy An updating policy that chooses a transition in a constant way. kisao:KISAO_0000455 2013-01-28 AZ prioritized updating policy An updating policy that chooses a transition in a prioritized way. kisao:KISAO_0000467 2013-07-05 AZ Requested by Andrew Miller on Tuesday, June 4, 2013 2:33:51 AM. maximum step size An upper limit, in the units of the bound variable over which a numerical integration is being performed, that an adaptive step size numerical integration algorithm should take. kisao:KISAO_0000468 2014-04-25 AZ Requested by Andrzej Kierzek on Thursday, April 24, 2014 12:40:35 PM Used to simulate systems involving reactions with propensities varying by many orders of magnitude. maximal timestep method http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 Hybrid simulation algorithm [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000352] combining Gibson and Bruck algorithm [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000027] with the Gillespie tau-leap method [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000039]. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 Puchalka J, Kierzek AM. Bridging the gap between stochastic and deterministic regimes in the kinetic simulations of the biochemical reaction networks. Biophys J. 2004 Mar;86(3):1357-72. kisao:KISAO_0000469 2014-04-25 AZ maximal timestep http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 Key parameter of the 'maximal timestep method' [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000468]. If Gillespie [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000027] waiting time is longer than maximal timestep, slow reaction is not fired and tau-leap [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000039] step is executed for fast reactions. Otherwise, slow reaction is fired and tau-leap [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000039] is executed with shorter time step. http://identifiers.org/pubmed/14990466 Puchalka J, Kierzek AM. Bridging the gap between stochastic and deterministic regimes in the kinetic simulations of the biochemical reaction networks. Biophys J. 2004 Mar;86(3):1357-72. kisao:KISAO_0000470 2015-04-23 AZ true optimization algorithm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization#Optimization_algorithms http://identifiers.org/isbn/0691102872 optimization method An optimization algorithm tries to find the minumum or maximum of an arbitrary function. It takes a function of one or several variables and determines the values for the variables so that the function value is optimal. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0691102872 Brinkhuis J, Tikhomirov V. Optimization: Insights and Applications Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics (illustrated), Princeton University Press, 2005. kisao:KISAO_0000471 2015-04-23 AZ local optimization algorithm local optimiation method A local optimization algorithm is an optimisation algorithm [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000470] that only finds a local optimum of a function. If several optima exist for the function, it usually depends on the starting values for the variables which optimum is found. kisao:KISAO_0000472 2015-04-23 AZ global optimization algorithm global optimization method A global optimization algorithm is an optimization algorithm [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000470] that tries to find the global optimum of a function. If a function has several minima/maxima with in the allowed range of variable values, the global minimum/maximum is the one with the smallest/largest function value. kisao:KISAO_0000473 2015-04-23 AZ Bayesian inference algorithm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference http://identifiers.org/isbn/111803144X A bayesian inference algorithm calculates a posterior probability distribution from a prior probability distribution and some additional evidence in the form of a likelyhood function. http://identifiers.org/isbn/111803144X George E. P. Box, George C. Tiao. Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis, Volume 40 of Wiley Classics Library. John Wiley & Sons (reprint, revised), 2011. kisao:KISAO_0000475 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor integration method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the integration method used by the solver http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000476 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ iteration type http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the type of iteration used by the solver http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000477 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ linear solver http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the linear solver used by the solver during a Newton iteration http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000478 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ preconditioner http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the preconditioner, if any, used by the solver when using a GMRES, BiCGStab or TFQMR linear solver during a Newton iteration. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000479 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ upper half-bandwidth http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the upper half-bandwidth value used by the Banded linear solver or preconditioner (a value between 0 and n-1 with n the number of ODEs/DAEs in the model). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000480 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ lower half-bandwidth http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 the lower half-bandwidth value used by the Banded linear solver or preconditioner (a value between 0 and n-1 with n the number of ODEs/DAEs in the model). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000481 2015-09-10 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/12/ interpolate solution http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 whether the solver returns an interpolated solution. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/opencor OpenCOR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fphys.2015.00026 Garny A and Hunter PJ (2015) OpenCOR: a modular and interoperable approach to computational biology. Front. Physiol. 6:26 kisao:KISAO_0000482 half-bandwith parameter the parameter related to the half-bandwidth value used by the Banded linear solver or preconditioner. kisao:KISAO_0000483 2015-09-10 AZ Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/13/ step size the size of every step of the algorithm kisao:KISAO_0000484 AZ Roadrunner maximum order Maximum order of method. For example, in Roadrunner it can be used for two parameters that one can set for deterministic runs: 'maximum_bdf_order' and 'maximum_adams_order'. kisao:KISAO_0000485 AZ minimum step size A lower limit, in the units of the bound variable over which a numerical integration is being performed, that a numerical integration algorithm with variable step size should take. kisao:KISAO_0000486 AZ maximum iterations iteration limit For algorithms that iterate to a solution (steady state finders in particular), a limit on the number of iterations that should be performed. kisao:KISAO_0000487 Roadrunner The damping factor is a variable for at least some steady state algorithms: roadrunner allows you to set the minimum value for this. minimum damping kisao:KISAO_0000488 seed random seed Random seed of a stochastic algorithm. Setting it allows one to reproduce their results while running the same algorithm on the same computer. kisao:KISAO_0000491 discrete event simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/isbn/0387333320 DES Discrete Event Simulation algorithm refers to the simulation of systems whose (countable) discrete states change over time and are event-driven. http://identifiers.org/isbn/0387333320 C.G. Cassandras & S. Lafortune "Introduction to Discrete Event Systems", Chapt 1 2nd Ed 2008. Springer kisao:KISAO_0000492 asynchronous updating policy An updating policy where all enabled transitions (events) occur independently. Thus a state has as many successors as the number of transitions enabled in this state. kisao:KISAO_0000493 synchronous updating policy An updating policy where all enabled transitions occur simultaneously. Thus a state will have at most one successor. kisao:KISAO_0000494 fully asynchronous updating policy An updating policy where all enabled transitions occur either independently or (partially) simultaneously. (i.e. considering all possible combinations of enabled transitions). Thus a state has as many successors as the number of combinations of transitions enabled in this state. kisao:KISAO_0000495 random asynchronous updating policy An updating policy where a single transition is picked randomly from the set of transitions enabled in this state. Thus a state will have at most one successor. 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000496 SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici CVODES is a superset of CVODE [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000019] and hence all options available to CVODE (with the exception of the FCVODE interface module) are also available for CVODES. Both integration methods (Adams-Moulton [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000280] and BDF [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000288]) and the corresponding nonlinear iteration methods, as well as all linear solver and preconditioner modules, are available for the integration of the original ODEs, the sensitivity systems, or the adjoint system. CVODES http://computation.llnl.gov/projects/sundials/cvodes CVODES is a solver for stiff and nonstiff ODE systems (initial value problem) given in explicit form y’ = f(t,y,p) with sensitivity analysis capabilities (both forward and adjoint modes). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici AMICI kisao:KISAO_0000497 2017-01-09 AZ KLU http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1824801.1824814 "Clark Kent" LU factorization algorithm KLU is a software package and an algorithm for solving sparse unsymmetric linear systems of equations that arise in circuit simulation applications. It relies on a permutation to Block Triangular Form (BTF), several methods for finding a fill-reducing ordering (variants of approximate minimum degree and nested dissection), and Gilbert/Peierls’ sparse left-looking LU factorization algorithm to factorize each block. The package is written in C and includes a MATLAB interface. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1824801.1824814 Davis, Timothy A., and Ekanathan Palamadai Natarajan. "Algorithm 907: KLU, a direct sparse solver for circuit simulation problems." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS) 37.3 (2010): 36. kisao:KISAO_0000498 2017-07-18 AZ Requested in https://sourceforge.net/p/kisao/feature-requests/31/ number of runs The number of runs that a simulation should perform. Typically used to specify the number of runs for a stochastic simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000499 2017-09-12 AZ true Ticket 32 dynamic flux balance analysis http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DFBA Dynamic flux balance analysis (DFBA) enables the simulation of dynamic biological systems by assuming organisms reach steady state rapidly in response to changes in the extracellular environment. DFBA couples flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model approaches with dynamic model approaches. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DFBAlab: a fast and reliable MATLAB code for dynamic flux balance analysis. Gomez JA, Höffner K, Barton PI. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014 Dec 18;15:409. kisao:KISAO_0000500 2017-09-12 AZ DFBAlab Ticket 32 SOA-DFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 SOA static optimization approach dynamic flux balance analysis Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (DFBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000499] couples flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model approaches with dynamic model approaches. The static optimization approach (SOA) uses the Euler forward method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000030], solving the embedded LPs at each time step. The FBA fluxes are assumed to be constant during the time step. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DFBAlab: a fast and reliable MATLAB code for dynamic flux balance analysis. Gomez JA, Höffner K, Barton PI. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014 Dec 18;15:409. kisao:KISAO_0000501 2017-09-12 AZ DFBAlab Ticket 32 DOA-DFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DOA dynamic optimization approach dynamic flux balance analysis Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (DFBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000499] couples flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model approaches with dynamic model approaches. The dynamic optimization approach (DOA) discretizes the time horizon and optimizes simultaneously over the entire time period of interest by solving a nonlinear programming problem (NLP). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DFBAlab: a fast and reliable MATLAB code for dynamic flux balance analysis. Gomez JA, Höffner K, Barton PI. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014 Dec 18;15:409. kisao:KISAO_0000502 2017-09-12 AZ DFBAlab Ticket 32 DA-DFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DA direct approach dynamics flux balance analysis Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (DFBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000499] couples flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model approaches with dynamic model approaches. The direct approach (DA) includes the LP solver in the right-hand side evaluator for the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and takes advantage of reliable implicit ODE integrators with adaptive step size for error control. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/s12859-014-0409-8 DFBAlab: a fast and reliable MATLAB code for dynamic flux balance analysis. Gomez JA, Höffner K, Barton PI. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014 Dec 18;15:409. kisao:KISAO_0000503 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi simulated annealing http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4598.671 Simulated annealing is an optimization algorithm first proposed by Kirkpatrick et al. and was inspired by statistical mechanics and the way in which perfect crystals are formed. Perfect crystals are formed by first melting the substance of interest, and then cooling it very slowly. At large temperatures the particles vibrate with wide amplitude and this allows a search for global optimum. As the temperature decreases so do the vibrations until the system settles to the global optimum (the perfect crystal). The simulated annealing optimization algorithm uses a similar concept: the objective function is considered a measure of the energy of the system and this is maintained constant for a certain number of iterations (a temperature cycle). In each iteration, the parameters are changed to a nearby location in parameter space and the new objective function value calculated; if it decreased, then the new state is accepted, if it increased then the new state is accepted with a probability that follows a Boltzmann distribution (higher temperature means higher probability of accepting the new state). After a fixed number of iterations, the stopping criterion is checked; if it is not time to stop, then the system's temperature is reduced and the algorithm continues. Simulated annealing is a stochastic algorithm that is guaranteed to converge if ran for an infinite number of iterations. It is one of the most robust global optimization algorithms, although it is also one of the slowest. (Be warned that simulated annealing can run for hours or even days!). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1126/science.220.4598.671 S. Kirkpatrick, J., C.D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science. 220. 671 - 680. 1983. kisao:KISAO_0000504 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi random search Random search is an optimization method that attempts to find the optimum by testing the objective function's value on a series of combinations of random values of the adjustable parameters. The random values are generated complying with any boundaries selected by the user, furthermore, any combinations of parameter values that do not fulfill constraints on the variables are excluded. This means that the method is capable of handling bounds on the adjustable parameters and fulfilling constraints. For infinite number of iterations this method is guaranteed to find the global optimum of the objective function. In general one is interested in processing a very large number of iterations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI kisao:KISAO_0000505 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi particle swarm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 The particle swarm optimization method suggested by Kennedy and Eberhart is inspired by a flock of birds or a school of fish searching for food. Each particle has a position Xi and a velocity Vi in the parameter space. Additionally, it remembers its best achieved objective value O and position Mi. Dependent on its own information and the position of its best neighbor (a random subset of particles of the swarm) a new velocity is calculated. With this information the position is updated. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart. Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia. 1942 - 1948. 1995. kisao:KISAO_0000506 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi genetic algorithm http://identifiers.org/isbn/9780750308953 GA The genetic algorithm (GA) is a computational technique that mimics evolution and is based on reproduction and selection. A GA is composed of individuals that reproduce and compete, each one is a potential solution to the (optimization) problem and is represented by a "genome" where each gene corresponds to one adjustable parameter. At each generation of the GA, each individual is paired with one other at random for reproduction. Two offspring are produced by combining their genomes and allowing for "cross-over", i.e., the two new individuals have genomes that are formed from a combination of the genomes of their parents. Also each new gene might have mutated, i.e. the parameter value might have changed slightly. At the end of the generation, the algorithm has double the number of individuals. Then each of the individuals is confronted with a number of others to count how many does it outperform (the number of wins is the number of these competitors that represent worse solutions than itself). All the individuals are ranked by their number of wins, and the population is again reduced to the original number of individuals by eliminating those which have worse fitness (solutions). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/isbn/9780750308953 T. Bäck, D.B. Fogel, and Z. Michalewicz. Handbook of evolutionary computation. Oxford: IOP Publishing/Oxford University Press. 1997. kisao:KISAO_0000507 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi genetic algorithm SR http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/4235.873238 genetic algorithm with stochastic ranking http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/4235.873238 T. Runarsson and X. Yao. Stochastic ranking for constrained evolutionary optimization. EEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 4. 284 - 294. 2000. kisao:KISAO_0000508 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi evolutionary programming http://identifiers.org/isbn/9780750308953 EP Evolutionary programming (EP) is a computational technique that mimics evolution and is based on reproduction and selection. An EP algorithm is composed of individuals that reproduce and compete, each one is a potential solution to the (optimization) problem and is represented by a "genome" where each gene corresponds to one adjustable parameter. At each generation of the EP, each individual reproduces asexually, i.e. divides into two individuals. One of these contains exactly the same "genome" as the parent while the other suffers some mutations (the parameter values of each gene change slightly). At the end of the generation, the algorithm has double the number of individuals. Then each of the individuals is confronted with a number of others to count how many does it outperform (the number of wins is the number of these competitors that represent worse solutions than itself). All the individuals are ranked by their number of wins, and the population is again reduced to the original number of individuals by eliminating those which have worse fitness (solutions). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/isbn/9780750308953 T. Bäck, D.B. Fogel, and Z. Michalewicz. Handbook of evolutionary computation. Oxford: IOP Publishing/Oxford University Press. 1997. kisao:KISAO_0000509 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi evolutionary strategy http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/4235.873238 SRES evolutionary strategies with stochastic ranking Evolutionary Strategies with Stochastic Ranking (SRES) is similar to Evolutionary Programming. However, a parent has multiple offsprings during each generation. Each offspring will contain a recombination of genes with another parent and additional mutations. The algorithm assures that each parameter value will be within its boundaries. But constraints to the solutions may be violated. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/4235.873238 T. Runarsson and X. Yao. Stochastic ranking for constrained evolutionary optimization. EEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 4. 284 - 294. 2000. kisao:KISAO_0000510 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi truncated Newton http://identifiers.org/isbn/0122839528 The Truncated Newton method is a sophisticated variant of the Newton optimization method. The Newton optimization method searches for the minimum of a nonlinear function by following descent directions determined from the function's first and second partial derivatives. The Truncated Newton method does an incomplete (truncated) solution of a system of linear equations to calculate the Newton direction. This means that the actual direction chosen for the descent is between the steepest descent direction and the true Newton direction. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/isbn/0122839528 P.E. Gill, W. Murray, and M.H. Wright. Practical Optimization. London, Academic Press. 1981. kisao:KISAO_0000511 2019-01-18 AZ steepest descent http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ACSSC.1991.186507 Steepest descent is an optimization method that follows the direction of steepest descent on the hyper-surface of the objective function to find a local minimum. The direction of steepest descent is defined by the negative of the gradient of the objective function. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ACSSC.1991.186507 D.B. Fogel, L.J. Fogel, and J.W. Atmar. Meta-evolutionary programming. 25th Asiloma Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. IEEE Computer Society, Asilomar . 540 - 545. 1992. kisao:KISAO_0000512 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi praxis http://identifiers.org/isbn/0486419983 Praxis is a direct search method that searches for the minimum of a nonlinear function without requiring (or attempting to calculate) derivatives of that function. Praxis was developed by Brent after the method proposed by Powell. The inspiration for Praxis was the well-known method of minimising each adjustable parameter (direction) at a time - the principal axes method. In Praxis directions are chosen that do not coincide with the principal axes, in fact if the objective function is quadratic then these will be conjugate directions, assuring a fast convergence rate. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/isbn/0486419983 P.R. Brent. A new algorithm for minimizing a function of several variables without calculating derivatives. In Algorithms for minimization without derivatives, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.). 117 - 167. 1973. kisao:KISAO_0000513 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi NL2SOL http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/355958.355966 adaptive nonlinear least-squares algorithm The NL2SOL method is based on an adaptive nonlinear least-squares algorithm, devised by Dennis and colleagues. For problems with large number of residuals, this algorithm is known to be more reliable than Gauss-Newton or Levenberg-Marquardt method and more efficient than the secant or variable metric algorithms that are intended for general function minimization. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/355958.355966 J. E. Dennis, D. M. Gay, and R. E. Welsch. An adaptive nonlinear least-squares algorithm. ACM Trans. Math. Softw.. 7(3). 348 - 368. 1981. kisao:KISAO_0000514 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Nelder-Mead http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308 simplex method This method also known as the simplex method is due to Nelder and Mead. A simplex is a polytope of N+1 vertices in N dimensions. The objective function is evaluated at each vertex. Dependent on these calculated values a new simplex is constructed. The simplest step is to replace the worst point with a point reflected through the centroid of the remaining N points. If this point is better than the best current point, then we can try stretching exponentially out along this line. On the other hand, if this new point isn't much better than the previous value then we are stepping across a valley, so we shrink the simplex towards the best point. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308 J. A. Nelder and R. Mead. A simplex method for function minimization. Computer Journal. 7. 308 - 313. 1965. kisao:KISAO_0000515 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Levenberg-Marquardt http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1090/qam/10666 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0111030 Levenberg-Marquardt is a gradient descent method. It is a hybrid between the steepest descent and the Newton methods. Levenberg first suggested an improvement to the Newton method in order to make it more robust, i.e. to overcome the problem of non-convergence. His suggestion was to add a factor to the diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix of second derivatives when not close to the minimum (this can be judged by how positive definite the matrix is). The effect when this factor is large compared to the elements of Hessian is that the method then becomes the steepest descent method. Later Marquardt suggested that the factor should be multiplicative rather than additive and also defined a heuristic to make this factor increase or decrease. The method known as Levenberg-Marquardt is thus an adaptive method that effectively changes between the steepest descent to the Newton method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1090/qam/10666 K. Levenberg. A method for the solution of certain nonlinear problems in least squares. Quart. Appl. Math.. 2. 164 - 168. 1944. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0111030 D.W. Marquardt. An algorithm for least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM Journal. 11. 431 - 441. 1963. kisao:KISAO_0000516 2019-01-18 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Hooke&Jeeves http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/321062.321069 Hooke and Jeeves method Hooke-Jeeves method method of Hooke and Jeeves The method of Hooke and Jeeves is a direct search algorithm that searches for the minimum of a nonlinear function without requiring (or attempting to calculate) derivatives of the function. Instead it is based on a heuristic that suggests a descent direction using the values of the function calculated in a number of previous iterations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/321062.321069 R. Hooke and T. A. Jeeves. "Direct search" solution of numerical and statistical problems. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. 8. 212 - 229. 1961. 1 kisao:KISAO_0000517 2019-01-18 AZ number of generations The parameter is a positive integer value to determine the number of generations the evolutionary algorithm shall evolve the population. kisao:KISAO_0000518 2019-01-18 AZ evolutionary algorithm parameter kisao:KISAO_0000519 2019-01-18 AZ population size The parameter is a positive integer value to determine the size of the population, i.e., the number of individuals that survive after each generation. kisao:KISAO_0000520 2019-01-18 AZ true evolutionary algorithm An optimisation algorithm that mimics evolution and is based on reproduction and selection. kisao:KISAO_0000521 2019-01-18 AZ true simulated annealing parameter kisao:KISAO_0000522 2019-01-18 AZ start temperature Initial temperature of the system. The higher the temperature, the larger the probability that a global optimum is found. Note that the temperature should be very high in the beginning of the method (the system should be above the "melting" temperature). This value has the same units as the objective function, so what represents "high" is different from problem to problem. kisao:KISAO_0000523 2019-01-18 AZ cooling factor Rate by which the temperature is reduced from one cycle to the next, given by the formula: Tnew=Told*"Cooling Factor". The simulated annealing algorithm works best if the temperature is reduced at a slow rate, so this value should be close to 1. kisao:KISAO_0000524 2020-05-29 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen partitioned leaping method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2354085 Multiscale simulation approach for modeling stochasticity in chemical reaction networks. The approach seamlessly integrates exact-stochastic and "leaping" methodologies into a single partitioned leaping algorithmic framework. The technique correctly accounts for stochastic noise at significantly reduced computational cost, requires the definition of only three modelindependent parameters and is particularly well-suited for simulating systems containing widely disparate species populations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen BioNetGen http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2354085 Harris LA, Clancy P. A "partitioned leaping" approach for multiscale modeling of chemical reaction dynamics. J Chem Phys. 125 (14), 144107 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000525 2020-05-29 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen stop condition A condition upon which a simulation should terminate. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen BioNetGen kisao:KISAO_0000526 2020-08-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy flux variability analysis http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.002 FVA Method for determining the minimum and maximum flux of each reaction that satisfies the flux constraints of the flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy COBRApy http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.002 Mahadevan R, Schilling CH. The effects of alternate optimal solutions in constraint-based genome-scale metabolic models. Metab Eng. 2003;5(4):264-276. kisao:KISAO_0000527 2020-08-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy geometric flux balance analysis http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.01.027 gFBA geometric FBA Method for determining the central flux distribution among all flux distributions that satisfy the constraints of the flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy COBRApy http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.01.027 Smallbone K, Simeonidis E. Flux balance analysis: a geometric perspective. J Theor Biol. 2009;258(2):311-315. kisao:KISAO_0000528 2020-08-11 AZ http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy parsimonious enzyme usage flux balance analysis (minimum sum of absolute fluxes) http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/msb.2010.47 pFBA parsimonious FBA parsimonious flux balance analysis Method for determining the smallest flux distribution among all flux distributions that satisfy the constraints of the flux balance analysis (FBA) [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000437] model. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy CBMPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy COBRApy http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/msb.2010.47 Lewis NE, Hixson KK, Conrad TM, et al. Omic data from evolved E. coli are consistent with computed optimal growth from genome-scale models. Mol Syst Biol. 2010;6:390. kisao:KISAO_0000529 parallelism Number of parallel processes to use. kisao:KISAO_0000531 fraction of optimum Fraction of the optimum solution which must be maintained. kisao:KISAO_0000532 loopless Whether to return only loopless flux solutions. kisao:KISAO_0000533 pFBA factor Maximum permissible sum of absolute fluxes. kisao:KISAO_0000534 reactions FVA algorithm [http://www.biomodels.net/kisao/KISAO#KISAO_0000526] parameter: reactions to compute the variablity of. 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000535 2020-10-29 JRK Odespy SciPy deSolve http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 VODE http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910062 DVODE Real-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation real-valued variable-coefficient ordinary differential equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation VODE provides implicit Adams method (for non-stiff problems) and a method based on backward differentiation formulas (BDF) (for stiff problems). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910062 Peter N. Brown, George D. Byrne & Alan C. Hindmarsh. VODE: A Variable-Coefficient ODE Solver. SIAM J. Sci. and Stat. Comput., 10(5), 1038–1051 (1988). DVODE RELATED Real-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation EXACT 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000536 2020-10-29 JRK Odespy SciPy deSolve http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 ZVODE http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910062 Complex-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation complex-valued variable-coefficient ordinary differential equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation ZVODE provides implicit Adams method (for non-stiff problems) and a method based on backward differentiation formulas (BDF) (for stiff problems). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0910062 Peter N. Brown, George D. Byrne & Alan C. Hindmarsh. VODE: A Variable-Coefficient ODE Solver. SIAM J. Sci. and Stat. Comput., 10(5), 1038–1051 (1988). Complex-valued Variable-coefficient Ordinary Differential Equation solver, with fixed-leading-coefficient implementation EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000537 2020-10-29 JRK MATLAB Octave Odespy SciPy deSolve http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 explicit Runge-Kutta method of order 3(2) http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0893-9659(89)90079-7 RK23 RK23 uses the Bogacki-Shampine pair of formulas [1]. The error is controlled assuming accuracy of the second-order method, but steps are taken using the third-order accurate formula (local extrapolation is done). A cubic Hermite polynomial is used for the dense output. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/0893-9659(89)90079-7 P. Bogacki & L. F. Shampine. A 3(2) pair of Runge - Kutta formulas. Applied Mathematics Letters 2(4), 321-325 (1989). RK23 EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000538 2020-10-29 JRK JModelica Odespy SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 safety factor on new step selection safe safety http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 safe EXACT safety EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000539 2020-10-29 JRK JModelica Odespy SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 minimum factor to change step size by dfactor fac1 Minimum factor to increase/decrease step size by in one step. The new step-size is chosen subject to the restriction fac1 <= current step-size / old step-size <= fac2. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 dfactor EXACT fac1 EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000540 2020-10-29 JRK JModelica Odespy SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 maximum factor to change step size by fac2 ifactor Maximum factor to increase/decrease step size by in one step. The new step-size is chosen subject to the restriction fac1 <= current step-size / old step-size <= fac2. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 fac2 EXACT ifactor EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000541 2020-10-29 JRK JModelica Odespy SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 beta parameter for stabilized step size control beta http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 beta EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000542 2020-10-29 JRK SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 correction step should use internally generated full Jacobian MF=22 with Jacobian Specifies whether the iteration method of the ODE solver’s correction step is chord iteration with an internally generated full Jacobian or functional iteration with no Jacobian. Option is only considered when the user has not supplied a Jacobian function and has not indicated (by setting either upper or lower band) that the Jacobian is banded. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 MF=22 EXACT with Jacobian EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000543 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS stability limit detection flag Flag to activate stability limit detection. 1 kisao:KISAO_0000544 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS IDAS http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 implicit differential-algebraic solver with sensitivity analysis IDAS solves real differential-algebraic systems in N-space, in the general form F(t,y,y')=0, y(t0)=y0, y'(t0)=y'0 with sensitivity analysis. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/1089014.1089020 SUNDIALS: Suite of nonlinear and differential/algebraic equation solvers. Alan C. Hindmarsh, Peter N. Brown, Keith E. Grant, Steven L. Lee, Radu Serban, Dana E. Shumaker & Carol S. Woodward. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 31(3), 363-396 (2005). implicit differential-algebraic solver with sensitivity analysis EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000545 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS include sensitivity variables in error control mechanism errconS Specifies whether sensitivity variables are included or not in the error control mechanism. errconS EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000546 2020-10-29 JRK convex optimization algorithm Optimization of a convex function over a convex set. Convex optimization is subclass of global optimization because conveness gaurantees that each local optimum is a global optimum. kisao:KISAO_0000547 2020-10-29 JRK CPLEX CVXOPT ConvOpt GLPK Gurobi MATLAB Mosek OptLang SciPy SoPlex XPRESS linear programming LP Method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. LP EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000548 2020-10-29 JRK CPLEX CVXOPT ConvOpt Gurobi MATLAB Mosek OptLang XPRESS quadratic programming QP Process of solving a quadratic optimization problem. QP EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000549 2020-10-29 JRK non-linear programming Process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints or the objective function are nonlinear. kisao:KISAO_0000550 2020-10-29 JRK CPLEX GLPK Gurobi simplex method https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1103044531 Dantzig's simplex algorithm Approach to solving linear programming models by hand using slack variables, tableaus, and pivot variables as a means to finding the optimal solution of an optimization problem. Dantzig's simplex algorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000551 2020-10-29 JRK CPLEX GLPK Gurobi primal-dual interior point method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0802028 The Interior Point method approximates the constraints of a linear programming model as a set of boundaries surrounding a region. http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/0802028 Sanjay Mehrotra. On the Implementation of a Primal-Dual Interior Point Method. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 2(4), 575–601(1991). kisao:KISAO_0000552 2020-10-29 JRK CPLEX GLPK Gurobi optimization method Optimization method such as the revised simplex method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000550] or primal-dual interior point method [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000551]. kisao:KISAO_0000553 2020-10-29 JRK ConvOpt OptLang http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/raven optimization solver Optimization solver such as CPLEX, GLPK, or Gurobi. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy CBMPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy COBRApy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/raven RAVEN kisao:KISAO_0000554 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy parsimonius flux balance analysis (minimum number of active fluxes) pFBA parsimonious FBA parsimonious flux balance analysis A technique for selecting a parsimonious flux distribution which has a minimal number of active fluxes. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cbmpy CBMPy kisao:KISAO_0000555 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici absolute quadrature tolerance Absolute error tolerance of the adjoint solution. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici AMICI kisao:KISAO_0000556 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici relative quadrature tolerance Relative error tolerance of the adjoint solution. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici AMICI kisao:KISAO_0000557 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici absolute steady-state tolerance Absolute error tolerance of the steady-state. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici AMICI kisao:KISAO_0000558 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici relative steady-state tolerance Relative error tolerance of the steady-state. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/amici AMICI kisao:KISAO_0000559 2020-10-29 JRK SUNDIALS SciPy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium libRoadRunner initial step size Initial time step size. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000560 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi LSODA/LSODAR hybrid method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Automatically use LSODA or LSODAR as apropriate for the given problem. Use LSODA if the problem has no roots. Use LSODAR if the problem has roots. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 Pedro Mendes, Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Joseph Dada & Ursula Kummer. Computational modeling of biochemical networks using COPASI. Methods in Molecular Biology 500, 17–59 (2009). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 Frank T. Bergmann, Stefan Hoops, Brian Klahn, Ursula Kummer, Pedro Mendes Jürgen Pahle & Sven Sahle. COPASI and its applications in biotechnology. Journal of Biotechnology 261, 215–220 (2017). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Christine Lee, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu, Pedro Mendes & Ursula Kummer. COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Bioinformatics 22 (24), 3067–3074 (2006). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Ursula Kummer, Stefan Hoops, Christine Lee, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu & Pedro Mendes. Simulation of biochemical networks using COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 1698–1706 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000561 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Pahle hybrid Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction method/Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Combines a deterministic numerical integration of ODEs with a stochastic simulation algorithm. The whole biochemical network is partitioned into a deterministic and a stochastic subnet internally. The deterministic subnet contains all reactions in which only species with high particle numbers take part. All reactions with at least one low-numbered species are in the stochastic subnet. The partitioning of the biochemical network can change dynamically during the simulation. The reaction probabilities of the stochastic subnet are approximated as constant during one stochastic step. A 4th-order Runge-Kutta method is used to numerically integrate the deterministic part of the system. The stochastic subnet is simulated by the Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction Method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 Pedro Mendes, Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Joseph Dada & Ursula Kummer. Computational modeling of biochemical networks using COPASI. Methods in Molecular Biology 500, 17–59 (2009). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 Frank T. Bergmann, Stefan Hoops, Brian Klahn, Ursula Kummer, Pedro Mendes Jürgen Pahle & Sven Sahle. COPASI and its applications in biotechnology. Journal of Biotechnology 261, 215–220 (2017). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Christine Lee, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu, Pedro Mendes & Ursula Kummer. COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Bioinformatics 22 (24), 3067–3074 (2006). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Ursula Kummer, Stefan Hoops, Christine Lee, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu & Pedro Mendes. Simulation of biochemical networks using COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 1698–1706 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000562 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Pahle hybrid Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction method/LSODA method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Combines a deterministic numerical integration of ODEs with a stochastic simulation algorithm. The whole biochemical network is partitioned into a deterministic and a stochastic subnet internally. The deterministic subnet contains all reactions in which only species with high particle numbers take part. All reactions with at least one low-numbered species are in the stochastic subnet. The partitioning of the biochemical network can change dynamically during the simulation. The reaction probabilities of the stochastic subnet are approximated as constant during one stochastic step. The deterministic subnet is integrated with LSODA. The stochastic subnet is simulated by the Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction Method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 Pedro Mendes, Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Joseph Dada & Ursula Kummer. Computational modeling of biochemical networks using COPASI. Methods in Molecular Biology 500, 17–59 (2009). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 Frank T. Bergmann, Stefan Hoops, Brian Klahn, Ursula Kummer, Pedro Mendes Jürgen Pahle & Sven Sahle. COPASI and its applications in biotechnology. Journal of Biotechnology 261, 215–220 (2017). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Christine Lee, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu, Pedro Mendes & Ursula Kummer. COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Bioinformatics 22 (24), 3067–3074 (2006). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Ursula Kummer, Stefan Hoops, Christine Lee, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu & Pedro Mendes. Simulation of biochemical networks using COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 1698–1706 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000563 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi Pahle hybrid Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction method/RK-45 method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Combines a deterministic numerical integration of ODEs with a stochastic simulation algorithm. The whole biochemical network is partitioned into a deterministic and a stochastic subnet internally. The deterministic subnet contains all reactions in which only species with high particle numbers take part. All reactions with at least one low-numbered species are in the stochastic subnet. The partitioning of the biochemical network can change dynamically during the simulation. The reaction probabilities of the stochastic subnet are approximated as constant during one stochastic step. The deterministic subnet is integrated with RK-45. The stochastic subnet is simulated by the Gibson-Bruck Next Reaction Method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-525-1_2 Pedro Mendes, Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Joseph Dada & Ursula Kummer. Computational modeling of biochemical networks using COPASI. Methods in Molecular Biology 500, 17–59 (2009). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1200 Frank T. Bergmann, Stefan Hoops, Brian Klahn, Ursula Kummer, Pedro Mendes Jürgen Pahle & Sven Sahle. COPASI and its applications in biotechnology. Journal of Biotechnology 261, 215–220 (2017). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl485 Stefan Hoops, Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Christine Lee, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu, Pedro Mendes & Ursula Kummer. COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Bioinformatics 22 (24), 3067–3074 (2006). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.5555/1218112.1218421 Sven Sahle, Ralph Gauges, Jürgen Pahle, Natalia Simus, Ursula Kummer, Stefan Hoops, Christine Lee, Mudita Singhal, Liang Xu & Pedro Mendes. Simulation of biochemical networks using COPASI—a complex pathway simulator. Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Monterey, CA, USA, 1698–1706 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000564 2020-10-29 JRK stochastic Runge-Kutta method https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_method_(SDE) Technique for the approximate numerical solution of a systems of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The method is a generalisation of the Runge-Kutta method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations. kisao:KISAO_0000565 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi absolute tolerance for root finding Absolute error tolerance for root finding. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000566 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi stochastic second order Runge-Kutta method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/060673308 RI5 Technique for the second order approximate numerical solution of a systems of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The method is a generalisation of the Runge-Kutta method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1137/060673308 Andreas Rößler. Second order Runge-Kutta methods for Itô stochastic differential equations. SIAM Journal Numerical Analysis 47 (3), 1713–1738 (2009). RI5 EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000567 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi force physical correctness Indicates whether to force physical correctness. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/copasi COPASI kisao:KISAO_0000568 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium NLEQ1 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.3751 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-642-23899-4 Newton-type method for solveing non-linear (NL) equations (EQ) numerical solution of nonlinear (NL) equations (EQ) especially designed for numerically sensitive problems Damped Newton-algorithm with rank strategy for systems of highly nonlinear equations. Global Newton method with error oriented convergence criterion; arbitrary selection of direct linear equation solver. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.3751 Ulrich Nowak & Lutz Weimann. A family of Newton codes for systems of highly nonlinear equations - algorithm, implementation, application. Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin 91-10 (1991). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-642-23899-4 Peter Deuflhard. Newton methods for nonlinear problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms (2004). kisao:KISAO_0000569 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium NLEQ2 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.3751 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-642-23899-4 Newton-type method for solveing non-linear (NL) equations (EQ) numerical solution of nonlinear (NL) equations (EQ) especially designed for numerically sensitive problems Damped Newton-algorithm with rank strategy for systems of highly nonlinear equations. Global Newton method with error oriented convergence criterion; QR-decomposition with subcondition number estimate. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.3751 Ulrich Nowak & Lutz Weimann. A family of Newton codes for systems of highly nonlinear equations - algorithm, implementation, application. Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin 91-10 (1991). http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1007/978-3-642-23899-4 Peter Deuflhard. Newton methods for nonlinear problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms (2004). kisao:KISAO_0000570 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces auto reduce tolerances Whether to automatically reduce tolerances. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces PySCeS kisao:KISAO_0000571 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces absolute tolerance adjustment factor How much to adjust the absolute tolerance. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/pysces PySCeS kisao:KISAO_0000572 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet level of superimposed noise noise level Standard deviation of the Gaussian noise which is added to each prediction. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet BoolNet noise level EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000573 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet probabilistic logical model simulation method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq124 Qualitative (logical) models specify the evolution rules of their components. Probabilistic networks allow for specifying more than one transition function per variable/gene. Each of these functions has a probability to be chosen, where the probabilities of all functions for one variable sum up to 1. Transitions are performed synchronously by choosing one transition function for each gene according to their probabilities and applying them to the current state. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet BoolNet kisao:KISAO_0000574 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet species transition probabilities Probability of each species to be chosen for the next state transition. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/boolnet BoolNet kisao:KISAO_0000575 2020-11-06 BD JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 hybrid tau-leaping method https://github.com/StochSS/GillesPy2 A continuously coupled hybrid deterministic/stochastic simulation algorithm for biochemical networks. Biochemical species are classified as continuous, discrete, or switch. Tau-leaping is used to simulate stochastic species, and LSODA or another ODE integration method is used to simulate continuous species. Switch species are dynamically classified as either continuous or discrete at each timestep depending on a user defined error tolerance. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/gillespy2 GillesPy2 https://github.com/StochSS/GillesPy2 Drawert B et al. GillesPy2 kisao:KISAO_0000576 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/raven quadratic MOMA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.232349399 MOMA Quadratic Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment minimization of metabolic adjustment quadratic minimization of metabolic adjustment Minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) is an extension of FBA for the prediction of flux distributions in gene knockouts. MOMA employs quadratic programming to identify the closest point (in terms of its Euclidean distance) in the permissible flux space of the knockout to the wild-type flux vector by solving the optimization problem Min sum((fluxAi - fluxBi)^2) + sum(fluxAi)^(fluxMinimizationWeight) + sum(fluxBi)^(fluxMinimizationWeight) http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux Optflux http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/raven RAVEN http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.232349399 Segre, D., Vitkup, D., & Church, G. M. (2002). Analysis of optimality in natural and perturbed metabolic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(23), 15112-15117. Quadratic Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000577 2020-10-29 JRK flux minimization weight The degree to which minimization of the sum of fluxes should be taken into account in Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment (MOMA) which solvers the optimization problem Min sum((fluxAi - fluxBi)^2) + sum(fluxAi)^(fluxMinimizationWeight) + sum(fluxBi)^(fluxMinimizationWeight) kisao:KISAO_0000578 2020-10-29 JRK nested algorithm nested method subalgorithm A nested algorithm of an algorithm nested method EXACT subalgorithm EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000579 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux linear MOMA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/ng.846 Linear Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment linear minimization of metabolic adjustment Linear minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) is an extension of FBA for the prediction of flux distributions in gene knockouts. Linear MOMA employs linear programming to identify the closest point (in terms of its L1 norm) in the permissible flux space of the knockout to the wild-type flux vector by solving the optimization problem Min sum(|fluxAi - fluxBi|) http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux Optflux http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/ng.846 Szappanos, B., Kovács, K., Szamecz, B., Honti, F., Costanzo, M., Baryshnikova, A., ... & Andrews, B. J. (2011). An integrated approach to characterize genetic interaction networks in yeast metabolism. Nature genetics, 43(7), 656-662. Linear Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000580 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux ROOM http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0406346102 Regulatory on/off minimization of metabolic flux changes regulatory on/off minimization of metabolic flux changes Constraint-based algorithm for predicting the metabolic steady state after gene knockouts which aims to minimize the number of significant flux changes (hence on/off) with respect to the wild type. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/optflux Optflux http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0406346102 Shlomi, T., Berkman, O., & Ruppin, E. (2005). Regulatory on/off minimization of metabolic flux changes after genetic perturbations. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 102(21), 7695-7700. Regulatory on/off minimization of metabolic flux changes EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000581 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/maboss BKMC http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-6-116 Boolean Kinetic Monte-Carlo Boolean kinetic Monte-Carlo The Boolean kinetic Monte Carlo method (BKMC) is a natural generalization of the asynchronous Boolean simulation method, with a direct probabilistic interpretation. In the BKMC framework, the dynamics is parameterized by a biological time and the order of update is noisy, which is less strict than priority classes introduced in GINsin. A BKMC model is specified by logical rules as in regular Boolean models but with a more precise information: a numerical rate is added for each transition of each node. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/maboss MaBoSS http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1752-0509-6-116 Stoll, G., Viara, E., Barillot, E., & Calzone, L. (2012). Continuous time Boolean modeling for biological signaling: application of Gillespie algorithm. BMC systems biology, 6(1), 1-18. Boolean Kinetic Monte-Carlo EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000582 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 Spatiocyte method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/npre.2009.3845.1 Lattice-based stochastic particle simulation method for biochemical reaction and diffusion processes. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ecell4 E-Cell 4 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/npre.2009.3845.1 Arjunan, S., & Tomita, M. (2009). A new multicompartmental reaction-diffusion modeling method links transient membrane attachment of E. coli MinE to E-ring formation. Nature Precedings, 1-1. kisao:KISAO_0000583 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim minimum order Minimum order of method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim kisao:KISAO_0000584 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim initial order Initial order of method. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim kisao:KISAO_0000585 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim TOMS731 http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/178365.178391 Moving-grid interface for systems of one-dimensional time-dependent partial differential equations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/jsim JSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1145/178365.178391 Blom, J. G., & Zegeling, P. A. (1994). Algorithm 731: a moving-grid interface for systems of one-dimensional time-dependent partial differential equations. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), 20(2), 194-214. kisao:KISAO_0000586 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/sbscl Gibson-Bruck next reaction algorithm with indexed priority queue http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/sbscl SBSCL kisao:KISAO_0000587 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/biouml IMEX Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta method implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta method Method for solving stiff and imaginary ODE problems http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/biouml BioUML Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000588 2020-10-29 JRK true flux sampling Method for sampling fluxes from the null space of a flux balance analysis model kisao:KISAO_0000589 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox ACB flux sampling method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/s41596-018-0098-2 Artificial centering boundary flux sampling method artificial centering boundary flux sampling method http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/s41596-018-0098-2 Heirendt, L., Arreckx, S., Pfau, T., Mendoza, S. N., Richelle, A., Heinken, A., ... & Magnusdóttir, S. (2019). Creation and analysis of biochemical constraint-based models using the COBRA Toolbox v. 3.0. Nature protocols, 14(3), 639-702. Artificial centering boundary flux sampling method EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000590 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox ACHR flux sampling method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1287/opre.46.1.84 artificial centering hit-and-run flux sampling method http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobrapy COBRApy http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1287/opre.46.1.84 Kaufman, D. E., & Smith, R. L. (1998). Direction choice for accelerated convergence in hit-and-run sampling. Operations Research, 46(1), 84-95. kisao:KISAO_0000591 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox mdFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/gb-2010-11-4-r43 metabolic dilution flux balance analysis http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/gb-2010-11-4-r43 Benyamini, T., Folger, O., Ruppin, E., & Shlomi, T. (2010). Flux balance analysis accounting for metabolite dilution. Genome biology, 11(4), R43. kisao:KISAO_0000592 2020-10-29 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox dynamic rFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2405 dynamic regulatory flux balance analysis rFBA regulatory flux balance analysis Method for predicting the dynamics of metabolic fluxes under patterns of the regulation of gene expression http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/cobratoolbox COBRA Toolbox http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2405 Covert, M. W., Schilling, C. H., & Palsson, B. (2001). Regulation of gene expression in flux balance models of metabolism. Journal of theoretical biology, 213(1), 73-88. dynamic regulatory flux balance analysis EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000593 2020-10-29 JRK true MOMA Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment minimization of metabolic adjustment minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) is an extension of FBA for the prediction of flux distributions in gene knockouts. MOMA identifies the closest point in the permissible flux space of the knockout to the wild-type flux vector by solving an optimization problem. Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000594 2020-10-29 JRK order Order of method kisao:KISAO_0000595 2020-10-29 JRK true rFBA regulatory flux balance analysis Method for predicting metabolic fluxes under patterns of the regulation of gene expression regulatory flux balance analysis EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000596 2020-10-29 JRK srFBA http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/msb4100141 SR-FBA steady-state regulatory flux balance analysis Method for predicting steady-state metabolic fluxes under patterns of the regulation of gene expression http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1038/msb4100141 Shlomi, T., Eisenberg, Y., Sharan, R., & Ruppin, E. (2007). A genome‐scale computational study of the interplay between transcriptional regulation and metabolism. Molecular systems biology, 3(1), 101. SR-FBA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000597 2020-10-29 JRK tolerance Numeric value specifying the desired tolerance the user wants to achieve. A smaller value means that the prediction is calculated more accurately. kisao:KISAO_0000598 2021-01-13 JRK MLB http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell hybrid Gibson - Milstein method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 A hybrid stochastic method partitions the system into subsets of fast and slow reactions and approximates the fast reactions as a continuous Markov process, using a chemical Langevin equation, and accurately describes the slow dynamics using the Gibson algorithm. Fixed time step Milstein is used for approximate numerical solution of CLE. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 H.Salis, V. Sotiropoulos and Y. Kaznessis,'Multiscale Hy3S: Hybrid stochastic simulation for supercomputers', BMC Bioinformatics 7:93 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000599 2021-01-13 JRK MLB http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell hybrid Gibson - Euler-Maruyama method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 A hybrid stochastic method partitions the system into subsets of fast and slow reactions and approximates the fast reactions as a continuous Markov process, using a chemical Langevin equation, and accurately describes the slow dynamics using the Gibson algorithm. Fixed time step Milstein is used for approximate numerical solution of CLE. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 H.Salis, V. Sotiropoulos and Y. Kaznessis,'Multiscale Hy3S: Hybrid stochastic simulation for supercomputers', BMC Bioinformatics 7:93 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000600 2021-01-13 JRK MLB http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell hybrid adaptive Gibson - Milstein method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 A hybrid stochastic method partitions the system into subsets of fast and slow reactions and approximates the fast reactions as a continuous Markov process, using a chemical Langevin equation, and accurately describes the slow dynamics using the Gibson algorithm. Fixed time step Milstein is used for approximate numerical solution of CLE. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1186/1471-2105-7-93 H.Salis, V. Sotiropoulos and Y. Kaznessis,'Multiscale Hy3S: Hybrid stochastic simulation for supercomputers', BMC Bioinformatics 7:93 (2006). kisao:KISAO_0000601 2021-01-13 JRK MLB number of trials trials Number of multiple trials (e.g., of a scatter search method). kisao:KISAO_0000602 2021-01-13 JRK MLB minimum species threshold for continuous approximation Epsilon epsilon Minimum number of molecules of both reactant and product species required for approximation as a continuous Markov process. Epsilon EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000603 2021-01-13 JRK MLB minimum reaction rate for continuous approximation Lambda lambda Minimum reaction rate required for approximation as a continuous Markov process. Lambda EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000604 2021-01-13 JRK MLB MSR tolerance Multiple slow reactions tolerance multiple slow reactions tolerance Maximum allowed effect of executing multiple slow reactions per numerical integration of the SDEs. Multiple slow reactions tolerance EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000605 2021-01-13 JRK MLB SDE tolerance Maximum allowed value of the drift and diffusion errors. maximum allowed value of the drift and diffusion errors. Stochastic differential equation tolerance Maximum allowed value of the drift and diffusion errors. EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000606 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim hierarchical stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 hSSA Fast, memory-efficient method for stochastic simulation of hierarchically organized models, such as a model of a cellular population where each cell in the population is represented by the same species and reactions. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 Watanabe, L. H., & Myers, C. J. (2014). Hierarchical stochastic simulation algorithm for SBML models of genetic circuits. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2, 55. hSSA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000607 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim hierarchical Fehlberg method http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 hODE hierarchical ODE integration method hierarchical ordinary differential equation integration method Method for continuous simulation of hierarchically organized models, such as a model of a cellular population where each cell in the population is represented by the same species and reactions. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 Watanabe, L. H., & Myers, C. J. (2014). Hierarchical stochastic simulation algorithm for SBML models of genetic circuits. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2, 55. hODE EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000608 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim hierarchical flux balance analysis http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 Hierarchical FBA hFBA hierarchical FBA Method for constraint-based simulation of hierarchically organized models, such as a model of a cellular population where each cell in the population is represented by the same species and reactions. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00055 Watanabe, L. H., & Myers, C. J. (2014). Hierarchical stochastic simulation algorithm for SBML models of genetic circuits. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2, 55. Hierarchical FBA EXACT hFBA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000609 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim embedded Runge-Kutta Prince-Dormand (8,9) method RK8PD An embedded Runge-Kutta integrator of order 8(9). http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim RK8PD EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000610 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim composite-rejection stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2919546 SSA-CR http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1063/1.2919546 Slepoy, A., Thompson, A. P., & Plimpton, S. J. (2008). A constant-time kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm for simulation of large biochemical reaction networks. The journal of chemical physics, 128(20), 05B618. kisao:KISAO_0000611 JRK https://identifers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim incremental stochastic simulation algorithm http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ISCAS.2010.5537539 iSSA Performs local averaging over small time-intervals to compute statistics on typical behavior. https://identifers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim http://identifiers.org/doi/10.1109/ISCAS.2010.5537539 Winstead, C., Madsen, C., & Myers, C. (2010, May). iSSA: An incremental stochastic simulation algorithm for genetic circuits. In Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (pp. 553-556). IEEE. iSSA EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000612 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim implicit 4th order Runge-Kutta method at Gaussian points RK4IMP http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim RK4IMP EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000613 2021-01-25 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim stochastic simulation algorithm with normally-distributed next reaction times NMC http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim kisao:KISAO_0000614 2021-01-25 JRK implementation An implementation of an algorithm. For example, simulation tools can this parameter to differentiate among C, Python, and Java implementations of the same algorithms and allow investigators to select one of these specific implementations through SED-ML. kisao:KISAO_0000615 2021-01-30 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell fully-implicit regular grid finite volume method with a variable time step http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell kisao:KISAO_0000616 2021-01-30 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell semi-implicit regular grid finite volume method with a fixed time step http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell kisao:KISAO_0000617 2021-01-30 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell IDA-CVODE hybrid method Meta algorithm which chooses between IDA and CVODE depending on the problem to be solved. CVODE is used for ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems. IDA is used for differential-algebraic equation (DAE) systems. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/vcell VCell kisao:KISAO_0000618 2021-01-30 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim bunker A variant of the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) in which the time to the next reaction is equated to the mean inter-event time (inverse of the sum of the propensitites of the reactions) rather than sampled from a distribution parameterized by this mean inter-event time. In this method, the next reaction time is deterministic rather than stochastic as in SSA. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim kisao:KISAO_0000619 2021-01-30 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim emc-sim A variant of the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) in which the time to the next reaction is a constant equal to 1 time unit. In this method, the next reaction time is deterministic rather than stochastic as in SSA. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/ibiosim iBioSim kisao:KISAO_0000620 2021-04-27 JRK true parsimonius flux balance analysis pFBA A technique for selecting a flux distribution which is parsimonious by some metric, such as a solution which has the minimal number of active fluxes or a solution which has the smallest sum of active fluxes. kisao:KISAO_0000621 2021-04-27 JRK true stochastic simulation leaping method kisao:KISAO_0000622 2021-04-27 JRK true flux balance method kisao:KISAO_0000623 2021-04-28 JRK flux balance problem kisao:KISAO_0000624 2021-06-01 JRK true method for solving a system of linear equations method for solving a system of linear equations Example system of equations: 3x + 2y - z = 0 2x - 2y + 4z = 0 -x + 1/2y - z = 0 kisao:KISAO_0000625 2021-06-01 JRK CVODE dense direct solver denese kisao:KISAO_0000626 2021-06-01 JRK CVODE band direct solver banded kisao:KISAO_0000627 2021-06-01 JRK CVODE diagonal approximate Jacobian solver diagonal kisao:KISAO_0000628 2012-06-01 JRK true modelling and simulation algorithm parameter value A value of a parameter of an algorithm kisao:KISAO_0000629 2021-06-01 JRK null none kisao:KISAO_0000630 2021-06-01 JRK true general steady state method root-finding method A method looking for a steady state of a dynamic system. kisao:KISAO_0000631 2021-06-01 JRK true iterative root-finding method Iterative method for finding the root of a function (f(x) = 0). kisao:KISAO_0000632 2021-06-01 JRK CVODE functional iteration root-finding method https://bookdown.org/rdpeng/advstatcomp/functional-iteration.html Iterative method for finding the root of a function f(x) given by y^{n(m+1)} = h_{n} β_{n,0} f(t_{n}, y^{n(m)}) + a_n This method only involves evaluations of f. This method is suitable for non-stiff functions. https://bookdown.org/rdpeng/advstatcomp/functional-iteration.html Roger Peng. Advanced Statistical Computing. kisao:KISAO_0000633 2021-06-04 JRK true computational function A mathematical function such as the calculation of a minimum, maximum, or mean of a set of values. kisao:KISAO_0000634 2021-06-04 JRK scaled property kisao:KISAO_0000635 2021-06-04 JRK unscaled property kisao:KISAO_0000636 2021-06-04 JRK primary property A primary output of a simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000637 2021-06-04 JRK derived property An output of a simulation which can be derived from its primary outputs. kisao:KISAO_0000638 2021-06-04 JRK level A level such as of a qualitative variable. kisao:KISAO_0000639 2021-06-04 JRK flux A rate through an volume such as of a reaction of a constraint-based models. kisao:KISAO_0000640 2021-06-04 JRK lower bound A lower bound on an estimate of a quantity. kisao:KISAO_0000641 2021-06-04 JRK true bound An upper or lower bound on an estimate of a quantity. kisao:KISAO_0000642 2021-06-04 JRK minimum flux Minimum possible flux such as computed by flux variability analysis (FVA, KISAO_0000526). kisao:KISAO_0000643 2021-06-04 JRK upper bound An upper bound on an estimate of a quantity. kisao:KISAO_0000644 2021-06-04 JRK maximum flux Maximum possible flux such as computed by flux variability analysis (FVA, KISAO_0000526). kisao:KISAO_0000645 2021-06-04 JRK objective value Value of an objective function such as of a constraint-based model. kisao:KISAO_0000646 2021-06-04 JRK propensity Tendency of an event such as of the firing of a reaction in the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA, KISAO_0000029). kisao:KISAO_0000647 2021-06-04 JRK derivative Rate of change of a variable with respect to another variable. kisao:KISAO_0000648 2021-06-04 JRK step Iteration such as along a pseudo timecourse of a logical simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000649 2021-06-04 JRK shadow price https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_price Change, per infinitesimal unit of the constraint, in the optimal value of the objective function of an optimization problem obtained by relaxing the constraint. kisao:KISAO_0000650 2021-06-04 JRK true sensitivity The sensitivity of a variable to another variable, such as the derivative a variable with respect to another. kisao:KISAO_0000651 2021-06-04 JRK reduced costs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_cost The amount by which an objective function coefficient would have to improve before it would be possible for a corresponding variable to assume a positive value in the optimal solution. kisao:KISAO_0000652 2021-06-04 JRK concentration rate Rate of a process relative to a volume, such as the rate of a reaction in molar^-1 s^-1. kisao:KISAO_0000653 2021-06-04 JRK particle number rate Rate of a process in extensive/absolute units such as mole reactions per second. kisao:KISAO_0000654 2021-06-04 JRK amount rate rate of a process in extensive/absolute units such as reactions per second. kisao:KISAO_0000655 2021-06-04 JRK rate Speed at which a process is occuring such as the temporal rate of a chemical reaction, kisao:KISAO_0000656 2021-06-05 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium use adaptive time steps Whether an algorithm should use adaptive or fixed time steps. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000657 2021-07-08 JRK sequential logical simulation method Qualitative (logical) models specify the evolution rules of their components. In the case of a sequential updating, nodes are updated sequentially in a pre-determined deterministic order. kisao:KISAO_0000658 2021-07-08 JRK true logical model analysis method A method for analyzing a logical model, such as finding its fixed points. kisao:KISAO_0000659 2021-07-08 JRK Naldi MDD logical model stable state search method http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75140-3_16 Naldi Multi-valued Decision Diagram stable state search method Efficient method for determining the stable states of a regulatory graph using a Multi-valued Decision Diagram (MDD) representation of the logical functions. http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75140-3_16 Aurélien Naldi, Denis Thieffry and Claudine Chaouiya. Decision Diagrams for the Representation and Analysis of Logical Models of Genetic Networks. Computational Methods in Systems Biology 2007, 4695. kisao:KISAO_0000660 2021-07-08 JRK true logical model stable state search method Method for determining the stable states of a regulatory graph. kisao:KISAO_0000661 2021-07-08 JRK true logical model trap space identification method Method for determining the trap spaces, or stable motifs or symbolic stable states, of a regulatory graph, kisao:KISAO_0000662 2021-07-08 JRK Klarner ASP logical model trap space identification method http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1007/s11047-015-9520-7 Klarner Answer Set Programming logical model trap space identification method Optimization-based method rooted in answer set programming (ASP) for computing the trap spaces of a regulatory graph. http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1007/s11047-015-9520-7 Hannes Klarner, Alexander Bockmayr, and Heike Siebert. Computing maximal and minimal trap spaces of Boolean networks. Natural Computing 14.4 (2015): 535-544. kisao:KISAO_0000663 2021-07-08 JRK BDD logical model trap space identification method Binary Decision Diagram logical model trap space identification method Method for determining the trap spaces of a regulatory graph using a Binary Decision Diagram (BDD). kisao:KISAO_0000664 Method for solving Volterra equations. Uses the trapezoidal rule. 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp Second order backward implicit product Euler scheme http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1093/comjnl/12.4.393 https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970852 http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1093/comjnl/12.4.393 Peter Linz. Numerical methods for Volterra integral equations of the first kind. Computer Journal 12 (4): 393–397 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970852 Peter Linz. Analytical and Numerical Methods for Volterra Equations. 1985. kisao:KISAO_0000665 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp maximum number of iterations for root finding http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP kisao:KISAO_0000666 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp Jacobian epsilon http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP kisao:KISAO_0000667 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp memory size Maximum number of points to store in memory, such as in the second order backward implicit product Euler scheme. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP kisao:KISAO_0000668 2021-08-08 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp Numerical Recipes in C "stiff" Rosenbrock method Implementation of the Kaps and Rentrop using the parameters recommended by Shampine and Watts. Shampine, L.F., and Watts, H.A. 1977, in Mathematical Software III, J.R. Rice, ed. (New York: Academic Press), pp. 257–275; 1979, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 5, pp. 93–121. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/148286 stiff http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/148286 William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling & Brian P. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 1992. Chapter 16. Pages 739-741. kisao:KISAO_0000669 2021-08-12 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/rbapy Resource Balance Analysis https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2011.02.038 RBA http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/rbapy RBApy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2011.02.038 A. Goelzer, V. Fromion, G. Scorletti. Cell design in bacteria as a convex optimization problem. Automatica, 47(6):1210-1218 (2011). kisao:KISAO_0000670 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium use multiple steps Whether to perform a multiple time step simulation. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000671 2021-08-07 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium use stiff method Specifies whether the integrator attempts to solve stiff equations. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000672 2021-08-18 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp Numerical Recipes in C "quality-controlled Runge-Kutta" method https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/148286 rkqs Cash-Karp method with step size adjustment. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/xpp XPP https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/148286 William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling & Brian P. Flannery. Numerical Recipes in C. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition, 1992. Chapter 16. Pages 719. kisao:KISAO_0000673 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium skip reactions that produce negative species amounts Parameter which instructs a simulation tool to skip reactions that would result in negative amounts of species. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000674 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium presimulate Whether a model should be presimulated prior to analysis. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000675 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium Broyden method Family of Quasi-Newton methods for finding roots in k variables originally described by C. G. Broyden in 1965. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000676 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium degree of linearity The degree of linearity of a system. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000677 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium maximum number of steps for presimulation Maximum number of steps to take in presimulating a model prior to analysis. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000678 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium maximum number of steps for approximation Maximum number of steps to take in approximating an analysis. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000679 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium maximum time for approximation Maximum amount of time to spend approximating an analysis. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000680 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium duration Length of time to simulate. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000681 2021-08-23 JRK maximum time Maximum amount of wall time for an operation. kisao:KISAO_0000682 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium allow approximation Whether to find an approximate solution if an exact solution could not be found. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000683 2021-08-23 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium relative tolerance for approximation Relatative tolerance for an alternative approximate solution to an exact solution which could not be found. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/tellurium tellurium kisao:KISAO_0000684 2021-09-22 JRK http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen number of steps per output Number of simulation steps between each simulation output. http://identifiers.org/biosimulators/bionetgen BioNetgen kisao:KISAO_0000685 2022-03-27 EN JRK WL true biological state optimization method A method for computing the optimal state of a biological system accordion to a particular objective. kisao:KISAO_0000686 2022-03-27 EN JRK WL https://gitlab.com/equilibrator/metabolic-pathway-analysis Enzyme Cost Minimization http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005167 ECM For a given metabolic network model, the Enzyme Cost Minimization method determines plausible metabolite and enzyme concentrations (which determine thermodynamic forces and enzyme catalytic rates). Fluxes, enzyme kinetic constants, admissible metabolite concentration ranges, and enzyme cost weights (e.g. enzyme molecular masses) are given as input data. The method applies the principle that high enzyme (or enzyme plus metabolite) concentrations must be avoided, and maximizes a weighted sum of enzyme and metabolite concentrations. https://gitlab.com/equilibrator/metabolic-pathway-analysis Metabolic Pathway Analysis http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005167 Elad Noor, Avi Flamholz, Arren Bar-Even, Dan Davidi, Ron Milo & Wolfram Liebermeister. The Protein Cost of Metabolic Fluxes: Prediction from Enzymatic Rate Laws and Cost Minimization. PLoS Comput Biol 12 (11): e1005167 (2016). kisao:KISAO_0000687 2022-03-27 EN JRK WL https://gitlab.com/equilibrator/metabolic-pathway-analysis Max-min Driving Force method http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003483 MDF For a given metabolic network model, the MDF method determines plausible metabolite concentrations and thermodynamic forces. Flux directions, equilibrium constants (or equivalently, standard Gibbs free energies of reactions) and admissible metabolite concentration ranges are given as input data. The method applies the principle that low thermodynamic forces must be avoided, and maximizes the minimum thermodynamic force across the entire network. https://gitlab.com/equilibrator/metabolic-pathway-analysis Metabolic Pathway Analysis http://identifiers.org/doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003483 Elad Noor, Arren Bar-Even, Avi Flamholz, Ed Reznik, Wolfram Liebermeister & Ron Milo. Pathway thermodynamics highlights kinetic obstacles in central metabolism. PLOS Computational Biology 10(2): e1003483 (2014). kisao:KISAO_0000688 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL type of system described kisao:KISAO_0000689 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL mathematical system kisao:KISAO_0000690 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL biological system kisao:KISAO_0000691 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL metabolic system kisao:KISAO_0000692 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL cellular system kisao:KISAO_0000693 2022-03-29 EN JRK WL biochemical system 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000694 2023-05-19 lps false ODE solver ordinary differential equation solver An ODE solver is the general category of packages such as CVODE-like methods [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000433] or Livermore solvers [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000094] that solve systems of ordinary differential equations. ordinary differential equation solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000695 2023/05/19 lps parameters for The children parameters of this term are applied when the parent general term is implented as the more-specific value of this term. For example: a 'parameters for' term might be used as a child of an 'ODE Solver' ([http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000694]), have a value of 'KISAO_0000019' (CVODE)', and have a child term 'use stiff method' of 'true' ([http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000671]) kisao:KISAO_0000696 LPS steady state root-finding problem steady state problem steady state problem EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000697 2023-06-06 lps false SDE solver stochastic differential equation solver An SDE solver is the general category of packages that provide stochastic solutions to a system of differential equations with propensities. stochastic differential equation solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000698 12-08-2023 LPS particle coordinates The set of coordinates for all particles of these entities. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 kisao:KISAO_0000699 2024-03-13 lps false DAE Solver differential algebraic equation solver A DAE solver is the general category of packages such as IDA-like methods [http://identifiers.org/biomodels.kisao/KISAO_0000432] that solve systems of differential algebraic equations (DAEs). DAEs are a superset of ODEs that may additionally contain algebraic equations or 'fast' reactions. differential algebraic equation solver EXACT kisao:KISAO_0000800 2021-06-03 LPS true systems property A systems-level property of an entire model or simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000801 2021-06-03 LPS concentration control coefficient matrix (unscaled) The unscaled concentration control coefficient matrix. The dimensions are species by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000802 2021-06-03 LPS control coefficient (scaled) A scaled control coefficient of any dependent element (such as a reaction or a floating species) with respect to an independent element (such as a global parameter or boundary species). kisao:KISAO_0000803 2021-06-03 LPS control coefficient (unscaled) An unscaled control coefficient of any dependent element (such as a reaction or a floating species) with respect to an independent element (such as a global parameter or boundary species). kisao:KISAO_0000804 2021-06-03 LPS elasticity matrix (unscaled) The unscaled elasticity matrix. The dimensions are reactions by species. kisao:KISAO_0000805 2021-06-03 LPS elasticity coefficient (unscaled) An unscaled elasticity coefficient of any reaction with respect to an independent element (such as a global parameter or boundary species). kisao:KISAO_0000806 2021-06-03 LPS elasticity matrix (scaled) The scaled elasticity matrix. The dimensions are reactions by species. kisao:KISAO_0000807 2021-06-03 LPS elasticity coefficient (scaled) A scaled elasticity coefficient of any reaction with respect to an independent element (such as a global parameter or boundary species). kisao:KISAO_0000808 2021-06-03 LPS reduced stoichiometry matrix The reduced stoichiometry matrix. The dimensions are species by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000809 2021-06-03 LPS reduced Jacobian matrix The reduced Jacobian matrix. The dimensions are species by species. kisao:KISAO_0000810 2021-06-03 LPS reduced eigenvalue matrix The reduced eigenvalue matrix of a model. The dimensions are species by two, where the first column is the real part of the eigenvalues, and the second column is the imaginary part of the eigenvalues. kisao:KISAO_0000811 2021-06-03 LPS stoichiometry matrix full stochiometry matrix The (full) stoichiometry matrix. The dimensions are species by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000812 2021-06-03 LPS Jacobian matrix full Jacobian matrix The (full) Jacobian matrix. The dimensions are species by species. kisao:KISAO_0000813 2021-06-03 LPS Eigenvalue matrix full eigenvalue matrix The (full) eigenvalue matrix of a model. The dimensions are species by two, where the first column is the real part of the eigenvalues, and the second column is the imaginary part of the eigenvalues. kisao:KISAO_0000814 2021-06-03 LPS flux control coefficient matrix (unscaled) The unscaled flux control coefficient matrix. The dimensions are reactions by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000815 2021-06-03 LPS flux control coefficient matrix (scaled) The scaled flux control coefficient matrix. The dimensions are reactions by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000816 2021-06-03 LPS link matrix The link matrix of a model. kisao:KISAO_0000817 2021-06-03 LPS kernel matrix The Kernel matrix of a model. kisao:KISAO_0000818 2021-06-03 LPS L0 matrix The L0 matrix of a model. kisao:KISAO_0000819 2021-06-03 LPS Nr matrix The Nr matrix of a model. kisao:KISAO_0000820 2021-06-03 LPS true model and simulation property characteristic A property of a variable of a model or simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000821 2021-06-03 LPS true intensive property https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties An intensive variable such as a concentration or temperature. kisao:KISAO_0000822 2021-06-03 LPS extensive property https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties An extensive variable such as an amount, particle number, or mass. kisao:KISAO_0000824 2021-06-03 LPS true aggregation function A function that aggregates a set of results, reducing its dimension(s). Examples include functions that compute minima or maxima of sets of values. kisao:KISAO_0000825 2021-06-03 LPS, MK mean ignoring NaN The mean (average) of a set of values, ignoring NaN entries. kisao:KISAO_0000826 2021-06-03 LPS, MK standard deviation ignoring NaN The standard deviation of a set of values, ignoring NaN entries. kisao:KISAO_0000827 2021-06-03 LPS, MK standard error ignoring NaN The standard error of a set of values, ignoring NaN entries. kisao:KISAO_0000828 2021-06-03 LPS, MK maximum ignoring NaN The maximum value of a set of values, ignoring NaN entries. kisao:KISAO_0000829 2021-06-03 LPS, MK minimum ignoring NaN The minimum value of a set of values, ignoring NaN entries. kisao:KISAO_0000830 2021-10-09 MK maximum The maximum of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the maximum is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000831 2021-06-03 LPS true model and simulation property A variable of a model or simulation. kisao:KISAO_0000832 2021-06-03 LPS time The implied time variable of the model state. kisao:KISAO_0000834 2021-06-03 LPS rate of change rate The rate of change of one variable with respect to a second variable. kisao:KISAO_0000835 2021-06-03 LPS concentration control coefficient matrix (scaled) The scaled concentration control coefficient matrix. The dimensions are species by reactions. kisao:KISAO_0000836 2021-06-03 LPS amount The extensive quantity amount. kisao:KISAO_0000837 2021-06-03 LPS particle number The extensive quantity particle number, or, the molar amount of the entity multiplied by Avogadro's number. kisao:KISAO_0000838 2021-06-03 LPS concentration The intensive quantity concentration, or, the amount of the entity with respect to the entity in which it resides. kisao:KISAO_0000839 2021-06-03 LPS temperature The intensive quantity temperature. kisao:KISAO_0000840 2021-10-09 MK minimum The minimum of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the minimum is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000841 2021-10-09 MK mean The mean of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the mean is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000842 2021-10-09 MK standard deviation The standard deviation of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the standard deviation is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000843 2021-10-09 MK standard error The standard error of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the standard deviation is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000844 2021-10-09 MK sum ignoring NaN The sum of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000845 2021-10-09 MK sum The sum of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the sum is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000846 2021-10-09 MK product ignoring NaN The product of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000847 2021-10-09 MK product The product of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the product is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000848 2021-10-09 MK cumulative sum ignoring NaN The cumulative sum of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000849 2021-10-09 MK cumulative sum The cumulative sum of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the cumulative sum is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000850 2021-10-09 MK cumulative product ignoring NaN The cumulative product of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000851 2021-10-09 MK cumulative product The cumulative product of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the cumulative product is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000852 2021-10-09 MK count ignoring NaN The number of non-zero elements of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000853 2021-10-09 MK count The number of non-zero elements of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the count is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000854 2021-10-09 MK length ignoring NaN The number of elements of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000855 2021-10-09 MK length The number of elements of a set of values. kisao:KISAO_0000856 2021-10-09 MK median ignoring NaN The median of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000857 2021-10-09 MK median The median of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the median is NaN. kisao:KISAO_0000858 2021-10-09 MK variance ignoring NaN The variance of a set of values, ignoring Nan entries. kisao:KISAO_0000859 2021-10-09 MK variance The variance of a set of values. If the values contain NaN the variance is NaN. true 2.34 en Artistic License 2.0 This is a core version which contains all but deprecated classes. Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO) http://co.mbine.org/standards/kisao http://identifiers.org/pubmed/22027554 2.34 The Kinetic Simulation Algorithm Ontology (KiSAO) classifies algorithms available for the simulation and analysis of models in biology, and their characteristics and the parameters required for their use.