Allen Flynn Carl Lagoze Charles P. Friedman George Meng Peter Boisvert Rocky Fischer Wei Shi Zach Landis-Lewis Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) version 1.3 Program Home Page www.kgrid.org The Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) is an ontology to describe what a knowledge object is. KORO extends Basic Formal Ontology (BFO 2) upper level classes and Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) classes to the level of the 'information content entity' to both define and model the abstract and concrete class hierarchy, and the abstract parthood relations comprising the entity called Knowledge Object. KORO has been created to support work on knowledge retention and sharing mechanisms for a Learning Health System Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred term example of usage definition editor note term editor alternative term definition source curator note imported from elucidation has associated axiom(fol) has axiom label def = a core relation that holds between a part and its whole BFO part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of mentions = def. an information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E IAO 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. P4 RC1 munges our GCI so remove it for now: mentions some entity equivalentTo has_part some ('generically denotes' some entity) 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Add this relation following conversation with Jonathan Rees that N&S GCI for is_about was too strong. Really it was simply sufficient. To effect this change we introduce this relation, which is subproperty of is_about, and have previous GCI use this relation "mentions" in it's (logical) definition PERSON: Jonathan Rees Person: Alan Ruttenberg mentions A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. denotes = def. a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically IAO 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r person:Alan Ruttenberg Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes inheres in = def. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO inheres in a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO bearer of Is Concretized As = def. a relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. BFO is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). Concretizes = def. a relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. BFO concretizes this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality accounts for = def. a question-answer relationship between an information content entity and a knowledge content entity whereby some knowledge content entity accounts for, meaning explains, the answer to a question about the information content entity KORO example: for some Drug A, a study of 200 adult users of Drug A that revealed as its result, in the form of an knowledge content entity, that 20 of the 200 adult users experienced headaches when taking Drug A ACCOUNTS FOR the information content entity that 10% of adult users of Drug A experience headaches accounts for EXAMPLIFIES = def. a particular information artifact (called some "item" in FRBR) EXEMPLIFIES a particular information artifact manifestation (called some "manifestation" in FRBR) when the particular information artifact is one of potentially many concrete (material) bearers of the same information content entity, and the particular information artifact manifestation is the collection of all concrete (material) bearers of that particular information content entity KORO INSPIRED BY Functional Requirements of Biblographic Records (FRBR), 2004, Barbara Tillett exemplifies IS EXEMPLIFIED BY = def. a particular information artifact aggregate (called some "manifestation" in FRBR) IS EXEMPLIFIED BY a particular information artifact (called some "item" in FRBR) when the particular information artifact is one of potentially many concrete (material) bearers of the same information content entity, and the particular information artifact aggregate is the collection of all concrete (material) bearers of that particular information content entity KORO INSPIRED BY: Functional Requirements of Biblographic Records (FRBR), 2004, Barbara Tillett is exemplified by is accounted for by = def. an answer-question relationship between a knowledge content entity and an information content entity whereby an answer to a question about some information content entity is accounted for by, meaning is explained by, some knowledge content entity KORO example: for some Drug A, the information content entity that 10% of adult users of Drug A experience headaches IS ACCOUNTED FOR BY a study of 200 adult users of Drug A that revealed as its result, in the form of an knowledge content entity, that 20 of the 200 adult users experienced headaches when taking Drug A is_accounted_for_by BFO:0000001 entity entity = def. a thing (more precisely an owl:Thing) that exists or has existed or will exist (sources: BFO2; IAO) entity BFO:0000002 continuant continuant = def. an entity that continues or persists through time, including (1) independent continuants that can be material entities and objects, (2) dependent continuants, including qualities and functions; together with (3) the spatial entities these entities occupy at any given time (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, p. 87, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) continuant BFO:0000003 occurrent occurrent = def. an entity that occurs or happens, variously referred to as "events" or "processes", or "happenings", which are taken to comprise not only (1) the processes that unfold in successive phases but also (2) the boundaries or thesholds at the beginnings and ends of such processes, as well as (3) the temporal and spatiotemporal regions in which these processes occur. (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, p. 87, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) occurrent BFO:0000004 independent continuant = def. a continuant that is the bearer of qualities, such that qualities inhere in it (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) independent continuant BFO:0000015 process Process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process = def. an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, process = p s-depends_on some material entity at t. BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) process p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO:0000017 realizable entity = def. a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in one of more independent continuants and which is exhibited only through certain characteristic processes of realization in which the bearer participates. Realizable entities whose instances are such that in the course of their existence they may contain periods of actualization, when they are manifested through processes in which their bearers participate, and periods of dormancy, when they are not so manifested. (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) realizable entity BFO:0000019 quality quality = def. a specifically dependent continuant that is fully exhibited or manifest in the independent continuant in which it inheres; a quality is a fully realized entity such as the color of something and so cannot inhere without being realized (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) quality BFO:0000020 specifically dependent continuant = def. a continuant that depends on one or more specific independent continuants for its existence meaning an a continuant entity that inheres in some one or more other specific and more concrete independent continuants. Examples include the color, smell, or mass of a specific independent continuant. (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) specifically dependent continuant BFO:0000023 role role = def. a realizable entity that is externally grounded and possessed by its bearer due to circumstances external to the bearer, e.g., the role of salesperson role BFO:0000027 object-aggregate object aggregate = def. a material entity that is made up of a collection (or set) of objects and whose parts are exactly exhausted by the objects that form this collection (or set). (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) object aggregate BFO:0000030 object object = def. a material entity that is (1) spatially extended in three dimensions; (2) causally unified; and (3) maximally self-connected (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) In KORO: 'Object' is reserved for entities that do not bear concretizations of INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES object BFO:0000031 generically dependent continuant = def. a continuant that is dependent for its existence on one or other independent continuants that can serve as its bearer, as follows: 'a' generically depends on 'b' = def. 'a' exists and 'b' exists and: for some type 'B', 'b' is instance of 'B' and necessarily if 'a' exists then some 'B' exists ~~~ Information artifacts, which can be thought of as complex continuant patterns, are one family of examples of generically independent continuants (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) generically dependent continuant BFO:0000040 material entity = def. an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as part. (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) In KORO, a 'material entity' is thought of as a 'resource', where the term 'resource' signifies a material asset or material assets that can be drawn on by other entities as they function material entity BFO:0000145 r-quality relational quality = def. a quality that has a plurality of independent continuants as its bearers, e.g., the relational quality of 'being a parent of' (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) FOR FUTURE USE IN KORO: Relational Qualities of Knowledge Objects are anticipated: 'being a previous version of' relational quality IAO:0000001 conditional specification conditional specification = def. a directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived OBI_0000349 conditional specification IAO:0000005 objective specification In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. goal specification = def. a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Barry Smith PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel objective specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 goal specification IAO:0000007 Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 action specifiation = def. a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification IAO:0000013 journal article Examples are articles published in the journals, Nature and Science. The content can often be cited by reference to a paper based encoding, e.g. Authors, Title of article, Journal name, date or year of publication, volume and page number. a report that is published in a journal person:Alan Ruttenberg person:Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000159 group:OBI journal article IAO:0000015 In the case of a printed paperback novel the physicality of the ink and of the paper form part of the information bearer. The qualities of appearing black and having a certain pattern for the ink and appearing white for the paper form part of the information carrier in this case. Information Carrier = def. A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content An alternative term for information carrier = INFORMATION QUALITY ENTITY (IQE) =def. a QUALITY that is the concretization of some INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY (ICE) (Aboutness, Smith et al., 2013), They note that IQEs are called ‘information carriers’ in the current version of IAO. Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy information carrier IAO:0000027 data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. data item = def. an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. data https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl data item IAO:0000030 information content entity = def. a generically dependent continuant that is about some entity (i.e. that is about some thing) IAO INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY =def. an ENTITY which is (1) GENERICALLY DEPENDENT on (2) some MATERIAL ENTITY and which (3) stands in a relation of ABOUTNESS to some ENTITY. FROM: Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology Barry Smith1,* and Werner Ceusters2 1 Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, 126 Park Hall, Buffalo, USA 2 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, 921 Main Street, Buffalo, USA The definition of an information conent entity means that, in relation to a thing, an information content entity represents, and thus when born by an independent continuant bearer it becomes capable of imparting, a pattern in the form of a mark (sign, letter, text, image) or sound or other sensible, perceptible impact, such as a smell. based on: What is a Speech Act? John Searle, 1965 Semantic Information and the Network Theory of Account, Floridi, 2012 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl information content entity IAO:0000033 directive information entity = def. an information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize SOME ENTITY in a process. Note: KORO uses a modified definition that is BASED ON IAO's defintion below directive information entity = def. an information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. Per Floridi: Instructional information is content about a referent that cannot be truth-bearing, e.g., procedures or instructions which convey potential actions. Floridi L. Information: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford; 2010 Feb 25. Floridi, Luciano, "Semantic Conceptions of Information", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/information-semantic/>. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl directive information entity IAO:0000088 report Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article. a document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record) 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted. 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON:Chris Stoeckert GROUP: OBI OBI_0000099 report IAO:0000098 data format specification data format specification = def. the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file" PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived OBI_0000187 data format specification IAO:0000104 plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. plan specification = def. a directive information entity with action specifications, data format specifications, and goal specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the goals by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification IAO:0000310 A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book Document = def. an information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl document IAO:0000311 publication A journal article or book A document that has been accepted by a publisher PERSON: Lawrence Hunter publication IAO:0000312 publication about an investigation Most scientific journal articles A publication that is about an investigation PERSON: Lawrence Hunter scientific publication publication about an investigation IAO:0000313 patent US Patent 6,449,603 A document that has been accepted by a patent authority PERSON: Lawrence Hunter patent IAO:0000578 The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. centrally registered identifier = def. an identifier entity that consists of a symbol and additional information about the registry to which it belongs. CRID Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl centrally registered identifier OBI:0000011 planned process planned process = def. a process, i.e., processual entity, that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. planned process Agent = def. an object that is an actor, per Actor Network Theory, with agency that is not predicated exclusively on human or animal notions of intention or intentionality agent Person = def. an agent who is a human being and so is capable of reasoning, to some degree, and of experiencing emotions person computing machine = def. an agent that is a machine capable of reasoning and computing automatically when supplied with instructions, which are DIRECTIVE INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES inhering in an independent continuant, and with DATA ITEM(S), which are information content entities inhering in independent continuants computing machine knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet = def. a fact sheet comprised of facts about the origin, owner, content, methods used to develop, reliability, validity, and limitations of a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT CONTENT PACKAGE and the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT PAYLOAD it contains Every Knowledge Object Content Package must contain 1 and only 1 knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet. knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet knowledge object service metadata fact sheet = def. a fact sheet comprised of facts about the origin, providers, access points, peformance, policies, and limitations of a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT CONTENT PACKAGE, the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE SPECIFICATION it contains and the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE it enables. knowledge object service metadata fact sheet service specification = def. a plan specification with action specifications, data format specifications, and goal specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in an occurrent process, provided by one entity as a service interaction to other entities, in which the bearer is assisted to provide or enable to another means and mechanisms to achieve the goals by taking advantage of the service associated with the service specified service specification knowledge object enabled service specification = def. a SERVICE SPECIFICATION with at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT METHOD NAME and at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT REQUEST MESSAGE SPECIFICATION and at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT RESPONSE MESSAGE SPECIFICATION that, when concretized and born by an INDEPDENDENT CONTINUANT, is realized in a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT ENABLED SERVICE process that is enabled by a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT Every Knowledge Object Content Package must include 1 and only 1 knowledge object service specification. knowledge object enabled service specification identifier = def. an information content entity whose purpose is to identify some thing by reference in a manner that distinguishes that thing from some or all other things, and thereby potentially facilitates finding and/or accessing the thing referred to by the identifier whose purpose is to refer to it alternate term: label identifier resolvable location reference specification = def. an action specification that describes an action the bearer will take to resolve the location of some thing resolvable location reference specification resolvable location reference = def. an identifier that conforms to a resolvable location reference specification and which refers to a unique location and that makes it possible to find and access some thing to which it refers that is manifest at the location specified by the resolvable location reference examples: Example 1: http;//www.google.com is a resolvable location reference for the "Google search engine website". As a reference it that conforms to the HTTP protocol location reference specification and can be found and accessed using suitable software (no assumption is made that a resolvable location reference needs to refer to only one location; resolvable means only that it refers to a location where the identified thing is located) Example 2: 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 is a resolvable location reference to a building, i.e., a conformant postal address for a unique building that can be found and accessed in the world. If this address were to be changed and eliminated from use then it would no longer be resolvable, e.g., if the street name were changed. resolvable location reference name = def. an arbitrary identifier bestowed upon some thing as a referent to that thing that is not exclusively registered in one and only one central registry name model = def. a knowledge content entity comprised of a collection of two or more data items and their relationship(s) to each other alternative term: relational model model theoretical model = def. a model that hypothesizes, based on previous observation, potential relationships, or possible correspondences, among data items that have yet to be observed or demonstrated theoretical model empirical model = def. a model that describes relationships, or correspondences, found to exist among data items that describe observations Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3 empirical model test specifiation = def. an action specification that describes an action the bearer will take to execute a test of some thing test specification knowledge object initial method name = def. a method name that is incorporated into a knowledge object enabled service specification and thereby into a knowledge object content package knowledge object method name systematic literature review result = def. a knoweldge content entity that summarizes what has been learned from a collection of documents gathered through a describable and repeatable process of document inclusion and exclusion systematic literature review result machine-executable empirical model = def. an empirical model that is represented in a manner that a machine can combine the empirical model with data items to produce or compute a result automatically alternative label: computable empirical model machine-executable empirical model machine-executable theoretical model = def. a theoretical model represented in a manner that a machine can combine the theoretical model with data items to produce or compute a result automatically alternative label: computable theoretical model machine-executable theoretical model ARTIFACT =def. a MATERIAL ENTITY created or modified or selected by some agent to realize a certain FUNCTION or ROLE (Examples: a key, a lock, a digital file stored on a particular computing machine, a screwdriver) Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology artifact INFORMATION ARTIFACT =def. an ARTIFACT whose function is to bear an INFORMATION QUALITY ENTITY. (Examples: a hard drive, a traffic sign, a printed form, a passport, a currency note, an RFID chip, a SIM card) Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology information artifact information artifact aggregate = def. an artifact aggregate that is made up of a collection (or set) of information artifacts bearing concretizations of information content entities Originally Based on definition of Object Aggregate taken from Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015) Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3 information artifact aggregate artifact aggregate = def. a material entity consisting exactly of a collection of artifacts as its member parts at all times at which it exists Based on BFO 2 Originally adapted from: Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology Also based on definition of Object Aggregate taken from Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015 Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3 artifact aggregate community = def. an object aggregate comprised of two or more persons community content analysis result = def., a knowledge content entity that is the result of systematically coding and analyzing qualitative (non-numerical) INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES Social Research Methods, Edition 2, 2013, H. Russel Bernard. content analysis result finding = def. a knowledge content entity comprised of a DATA ITEM about some THING finding knowledge object lifecycle log knowledge object service test specifiation = def. an TEST SPECIFICATION that describes an action the bearer will take to execute a test of some KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE knowledge object service test specification knowledge object enabled service interaction = def. a service interaction that happens when the reasoning and computational processes enabled by a knowledge object unfold, including their beginnings (process initiation) and their ends (process completion), at some time and place, thereby providing, through the concretization of a service, one agent with an information artifact from another agent KORO knowledge object enabled service interaction knowledge object goal specification knowledge object goal specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is a bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object goal specification knowledge object goal specification item knowledge object enabled service specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object enabled service specification knowledge object enabled service specification item knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet item knowledge object service metadata fact sheet item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object service metadata fact sheet knowledge object service metadata fact sheet item knowledge object lifecycle log item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object lifecycle log knowledge object lifecycle log item knowledge object primary identifier item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object primary identifier knowledge object primary identifier item knowledge object method name item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object method name knowledge object method name item knowledge object service test specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object service test specification knowledge object service test specification item knowledge object manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of some particular and uniquely identifiable knowledge object BASED ON When we say ‘book’ we also may mean a ‘publication’ as when we go to a bookstore to purchase a book. We may know its ISBN (unique identifier of it as a particular expression of a work) but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and no missing pages. FRBR calls this a ‘manifestation.’ Tillett, B. (2005). What is FRBR? A conceptual model for the bibliographic universe. The Australian Library Journal, 54(1), 24-30. knowledge object manifestation knowledge object part item manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular part item of some knowledge object knowledge object part item manifestation knowledge object service test specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service test specification knowledge object service test specification manifestation knowledge object methond name manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object method name knowledge object method name manifestation knowledge object primary identifier manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object primary identifier knowledge object primary identifier manifestation knowledge object lifecycle log manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object lifecycle log knowledge object lifecycle log manifestation knowledge object service metadata fact sheet manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service metadata fact sheet knowledge object service metadata fact sheet manifestation knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet manifestation knowledge object service enabled specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service enabled specification knowledge object enabled service specification manifestation knowledge object goal specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object goal specification knowledge object goal specification manifestation knowledge object payload manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object payload knowledge object payload manifestation knowledge object request message specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object request message specification knowledge object request message specification manifestation knowledge object response message specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object response message specification knoweldge object response message specification manifestation resource role = def. a role inhering in a person or other entity, e.g., often an information artifiact, that is realized when the bearer participates or is used in a process of imparting information to an agent, particularly a person or computing machine KORO resource role service enabler role = def. a role inhering in a person or other agent that is realized when the bearer makes it possible to provide service interactions by participating in a service interaction associated with the concretization of a service specification as a service KORO service enabler role service interaction = def. a planned process that happens when a process unfolds in such a manner that one material entity provides some thing to another material entity by realizing a service which is the concretization of a service specification KORO service interaction service = def. a realizable entity that is the concretization of a service specification and which is externally grounded and provided by its bearer agent to other agents due to circumstances external to the bearer, e.g., the service of selling things KORO service statistical analysis result = def., a knowledge content entity that is the result of systematically coding and analyzing quantitative (numerical) INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES statistical analysis result information artifact manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of some particular information artifact information artifact manifestation koro:KORO_0001 persistent unique identifier = def. a centrally registered identifer that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts a text string that uniquely identifies 1 and only 1 thing within the registry to which it pertains persistent unique identifier koro:KORO_0003 knowledge object primary identifier = def. a persistent unique identifier that is the first one to be incorporated into a knowledge object package and that persists, unchanged, throughout the life span of the knowledge object package also called: KO primary ID knowledge object primary identifier koro:KORO_0006 fact sheet = def. a document comprised of FACTUAL ITEM(S) recorded by a person, or recorded a person and a computing machine From KORO publication: “Fact Sheet” is a document comprised of statements that describe key facts fact sheet koro:KORO_0008 log = def. a document comprised of FACTUAL ITEM(S) recorded exclusively and totally by a computing machine log koro:KORO_0009 lifecycle log = def. a log about the lifecycle of a thing that serves as a record of events in the life of that thing lifecycle log koro:KORO_0010 knowledge object payload = def. a document comprised of one or more knowledge content entities; often the knowledge content entities NOTE: Parts included in the knowledge object payload are often machine-executable but this is not always the case Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3 knowledge object payload koro:KORO_0012 method name = def. a name that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts an arbitrary identifier for a method that can be called by a computing machine to do some computation method name koro:KORO_0014 knowledge object request message specification = def. a request message specification that can be incorporated into a knowledge object package knowledge object request message specification koro:KORO_0015 knowledge object response message specification = def. a response message specification that can be incorporated into a knowledge object package knowledge object response message specification koro:KORO_0016 request message specification = def. a directive information entity that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts the form, format, and general structure and abstract content of a message that can be sent as a request from one computing machine to another computing machine request message specification koro:KORO_0018 response message specification = def. a directive information entity that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts the form, format, and general structure and abstract content of a message that can be received as a response from one computing machine by another computing machine response message specification koro:KORO_0020 knowledge object content package = def. a document including or containing, at a minimum: some knowledge object primary identifier; some knowledge object payload; some knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet; some knowledge object enabled service specification; some knowledge object lifecycle log. and, along with the 5 required information content entities above, possibly also including or containing other additional information content entities of the same type as those above or of different types. knowledge object content package koro:KORO_0021 knowledge object = def. an information artifact with knowledge object part items that bears a concretization of a knowledge object content package, often in the form of a digital file ... which is equivalent to saying an information artifact with the five requisite knowledge object part items knowldge object primary identifier part item knoweldge object resource metadata fact sheet item knowledge object service specification item knowledge object payload item knowledge object lifecycle log item knowledge object koro:KORO_0026 knowledge object payload item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object payload knowledge object payload item koro:KORO_0032 knowledge object request message specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object request message specification knowledge object request message specification item koro:KORO_0033 response message specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a response message specification knowledge object response message specification item koro:KORO_0068 knowledge content entity = def. an INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY that is an empirical result found to be meaningful to one or more PERSON(S) or a COMMUNITY, such that it can be interpreted by them in ways that they value, and which arises from a systematic analytic and/or deliberative process of investigation and study of other INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES, that are often, but not exclusively other DATA ITEM(S), thereby accounting for those other INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES Definition of C.P. Friedman, 2017 The idea that information is upgraded to knowledge is controversial. This idea is supported by Floridi's Network Theory of Account. Floridi, L. (2012). Semantic information and the network theory of account. Synthese, 184(3), 431-454. This idea is refuted by Weinberg who sees the concept of knowledge changing as a result of networks and information flow: Weinberger, D. (2011). Too Big to Know: Rethinking Knowledge Now That the Facts Aren T the Facts, Experts Are Everywhere, and the Smartest Person in the Room Is the Room. Basic Books. knowledge content entity koro:KORO_0074 factual item = def. a data item that is a veridical proposition about the configuration of reality and obtaining state of affairs, which, when born by an independent continuant bearer, can impart an accurate indication of something that is either unambiguously true or false e.g., The proposition that apples are a dairy product is false The proposition that apples are a fruit is true This is propositional information that can be true or false, sometimes called "facts", sometimes called "declarative information" also called: propositional information factual item koro:KORO_0140 knowledge object part item = def. an information artifact that bears a concretization of an ICE that exists within a knowledge object content package, often in the form of a digital file Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3 The term "item" for a material manifestation of an individual, single information artifact reflects the thinking in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR): Tillett, B. B. (2005). FRBR and Cataloging for the Future. Cataloging & classification quarterly, 39(3-4), 197-205. knowledge object part item koro:KORO_0162 information artifact with knowledge object part item = def. an information artifact that bears the concretizations of one or more knowledge object part items but that may or may not satisfy the definition of a knowledge object information artifact with knowledge object part item koro:file_size file size = def. a quality that inheres in a bearer object of type 'digital file' by virtue of the proportion of the bearer object's amount of information, measured in bits or bytes KORO file size owl:Thing owl:Thing = thing = def. an individual in the OWL world's universe http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/ kocp1 kopayload1 kopid1 kormfs1 koss1 koll1 kocp1IC knowledgeobject1 knowledgeobject2 kolifecyclelogitem1 kopayloaditem1 koenabledservicespecificationitem1 koresourcemetadatafactsheetitem1 koprimaryidentifieritem1 nonKOinformationartifact1 kopayloaditem2 s-region spatial region 2d-s-region two-dimensional spatial region st-region spatiotemporal region 0d-s-region zero-dimensional spatial region fiat-object-part fiat object part 1d-s-region one-dimensional spatial region 3d-s-region three-dimensional spatial region site site function function p-boundary process boundary 1d-t-region one-dimensional temporal region def = a core relation that holds between a whole and its part BFO has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) REALIZED IN = def. a Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process BFO realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) REALIZES = def. a Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process BFO realizes cf-boundary continuant fiat boundary immaterial immaterial entity 1d-cf-boundary one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary process-profile process profile 2d-cf-boundary two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-cf-boundary zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-t-region zero-dimensional temporal region history history is_about = def. a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. IAO Source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about has associated axiom(nl) this red color is a quality of this apple QUALITY OF = def. a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of quality of this investigator role is a role of this person ROLE OF = def. a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence BFO A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role Allen Flynn Carl Lagoze Charles P. Friedman George Meng Peter Boisvert Rocky Fischer Wei Shi Zach Landis-Lewis Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) version 1.3 Program Home Page www.kgrid.org The Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) is an ontology to describe what a knowledge object is. KORO extends Basic Formal Ontology (BFO 2) upper level classes and Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) classes to the level of the 'information content entity' to both define and model the abstract and concrete class hierarchy, and the abstract parthood relations comprising the entity called Knowledge Object. KORO has been created to support work on knowledge retention and sharing mechanisms for a Learning Health System