Abdul mateen Rajput Luca Toldo Ashutosh Malhotra 20120927 en MS Ontology OBO_REL:preceded_by An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. P preceded_by P' if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some process p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t', and t' is earlier than t. OBO_REL:adjacent_to Note that adjacent_to as thus defined is not a symmetric relation, in contrast to its instance-level counterpart. For it can be the case that Cs are in general such as to be adjacent to instances of C1 while no analogous statement holds for C1s in general in relation to instances of C. Examples are: nuclear membrane adjacent_to cytoplasm; seminal vesicle adjacent_to urinary bladder; ovary adjacent_to parietal pelvic peritoneum C adjacent to C' if and only if: given any instance c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c and c' are in spatial proximity OBO_REL:bearer_of This relation links a bearer to its qualities, functions, dispositions and other dependent continuants. comment: Examples: red eye bearer_of redness ! range: snap:DependentContinuant A relation between an entity and a dependent continuant; the reciprocal relation of inheres_in OBO_REL:derives_from Derivation as a relation between instances. The temporal relation of derivation is more complex. Transformation, on the instance level, is just the relation of identity: each adult is identical to some child existing at some earlier time. Derivation on the instance-level is a relation holding between non-identicals. More precisely, it holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. Thus we will have axioms to the effect that from c derives_from c1 we can infer that c and c1 are not identical and that there is some instant of time t such that c1 exists only prior to and c only subsequent to t. We will also be able to infer that the spatial region occupied by c as it begins to exist at t overlaps with the spatial region occupied by c1 as it ceases to exist in the same instant. Derivation on the instance level (*derives_from*) holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. We say that one class C derives_from class C' if instances of C are connected to instances of C' via some chain of instance-level derivation relations. Example: osteocyte derives_from osteoblast. Formally: C derives_immediately_from C' if and only if: given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then there is some c' and some t', such that c' instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier-than t and c *derives_from* c'. C derives_from C' if and only if: there is an chain of immediate derivation relations connecting C to C'. OBO_REL:has_agent As for has_participant, but with the additional condition that the component instance is causally active in the relevant process OBO_REL:has_participant Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. P has_participant C if and only if: given any process p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that: c instantiates C at t and c participates in p at t OBO_REL:has_role A relation between a continuant C and a role R. The reciprocal relation of role_of. has role This relation links qualities, functions, dispositions and other dependent continuants to their bearers. Examples: A particular shape that inheres in a lung; The redness that ineres in a Drosophila eye; Catalytic activity function inheres_in catalytic molecule. Note that inherence is a functional relation: if x inheres_in y at t and x inheres_in z at t, then y=z. We leave open the possibility of a relation multiply_inheres_in, such as between a gene sequence and the multiple chromosomes it multiply inheres in. The super-relation of both inheres_in and multiply_inheres_in would be depends_on A relation between a dependent continuant D and an entity E. D inheres_in E iff: given any d that instantiates D at t, there exists some e that instantiates E at t and d *inheres_in* e at t. Here *inheres_in* is the primitive instance level relation." [GOC:cjm] Used to generate the various views on the ontology. An entity can be used in a specific context. OBO_REL:located_in Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus C located_in C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that: c' instantiates C' at time t and c *located_in* c'. (Here *located_in* is the instance-level location relation.) OBO_REL:part_of Parthood as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation p part_of p1 is illustrated in assertions such as: this instance of rhodopsin mediated phototransduction part_of this instance of visual perception. This relation satisfies at least the following standard axioms of mereology: reflexivity (for all p, p part_of p); anti-symmetry (for all p, p1, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p then p and p1 are identical); and transitivity (for all p, p1, p2, if p part_of p1 and p1 part_of p2, then p part_of p2). Analogous axioms hold also for parthood as a relation between spatial regions. For parthood as a relation between continuants, these axioms need to be modified to take account of the incorporation of a temporal argument. Thus for example the axiom of transitivity for continuants will assert that if c part_of c1 at t and c1 part_of c2 at t, then also c part_of c2 at t. Parthood as a relation between classes: To define part_of as a relation between classes we again need to distinguish the two cases of continuants and processes, even though the explicit reference to instants of time now falls away. For continuants, we have C part_of C1 if and only if any instance of C at any time is an instance-level part of some instance of C1 at that time, as for example in: cell nucleus part_ of cell. For continuants: C part_of C' if and only if: given any c that instantiates C at a time t, there is some c' such that c' instantiates C' at time t, and c *part_of* c' at t. For processes: P part_of P' if and only if: given any p that instantiates P at a time t, there is some p' such that p' instantiates P' at time t, and p *part_of* p' at t. (Here *part_of* is the instance-level part-relation.) MSOntology:ADAM17 Gene :HS052861 Uniprot ID:P78536 TACE gene A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE DOMAIN 17 ADAM17 C1569773 CSVP gene EC 3.4.24.86 Snake venom-like protease TNF-alpha convertase TNF-alpha-converting enzyme TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONVERTING ENZYME tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase This gene encodes a protein that cleaves the membrane-bound precursor of TNF-alpha to its mature soluble form. Responsible for the proteolytical release of soluble JAM3 from endothelial cells surface. Responsible for the proteolytic release of several other cell-surface proteins, including p75 TNF-receptor, interleukin 1 receptor type II, p55 TNF-receptor, transforming growth factor-alpha, L-selectin, growth hormone receptor, MUC1 and the amyloid precursor protein. Also involved in the activation of Notch pathway ADAM17 MSOntology:ADAMTS14 HS014666 MESH: C447060 a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 14 protein A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain. ADAMTS14 MSOntology:ADAR HS039678 MESH :C086579 Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase The enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAR ) ADAR MSOntology:AFGF HS043484 MESH : C116274 FGF1 Heparin-binding growth factor 1 A member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFGF ) AFGF MSOntology:AGER HS042716 MESH : C068348 The receptor that could play an important role in the regulation of extracellular protein turnover, and primarily the vessel wall proteins. (MESH definition ) AGER MSOntology:ALK https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ALK ALK gene Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (Ki-1) Gene C1332080 This gene is involved in brain development and neuronal specificity. ALK MSOntology:ALOX5 HS044233 MESH : D001094 ALOX5 Gene Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-HPETE) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-HETE). The 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes. (MESH definition ) ALOX5 MSOntology:ALS2 HS051318 MESH : C438187 alsin amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (juvenile) protein ALS2 MSOntology:APAF1 Gene :HS046239 Uniprot ID:O14727 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html APAF-1 APAF1 Protein Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1 Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 Apoptotic-Protease-Activating-Factor-1 KIAA0413 gene Protease-Activating Factor, Apaf-1 The gene that encodes Oligomeric which Apaf-1 mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. This activation requires ATP. Isoform 6 is less effective in inducing apoptosis.. APAF1 MSOntology:API1 Gene :HS046357 Uniprot ID:Q13490 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BIRC2 API1 APOPTOSIS INHIBITOR 1 BACULOVIRAL IAP REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 C-IAP1 HIAP2 IAP homolog B IAP-2 IAP2 Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 MAMMALIAN IAP HOMOLOG B MIHB MIHB RING finger protein 48 RNF48 hIAP-2 hIAP2 The gene that encodes Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling, and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. API1 MSOntology:APRIL Gene :HS039302 MESH :D053300 A Proliferation Inducing Ligand Protein TALL 2 Protein TALL-2 Protein TNF and APOL Related Leukocyte Expressed Ligand 2 Protein TNF- and APOL-Related Leukocyte Expressed Ligand 2 Protein Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 acidic protein rich in leucines A member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily found on macrophages,dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes. It occurs as transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a secreted form that specifically binds to tranmembrane activator and CAML interactor protein and B cell maturation antigen. APRIL MSOntology:AXL HS050503 MESH : C071031 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Gene AXL TRANSFORMING GENE AXL gene C0812237 ONCOGENE AXL This gene plays a role in the tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway. The gene is also involved in cellular proliferation and aggregation. AXL MSOntology:Abducens_Nerve_Palsy MESH : D020434 6th Nerve Palsy ABDUCENS NERVE DIS Abducens Nerve Disease Abducens Nerve Diseases Abducens Nerve Palsies Abducens nerve disorder Abducens nerve paralysis Abducens nerve paresis Abducens nerve weakness Abducent Nerve Paralysis Sixth cranial nerve paralysis Sixth cranial nerve weakness VI Nerve Palsy VITH CRANIAL NERVE DIS VIth Cranial Nerve Diseases VIth Nerve Disorder VIth Nerve Paralysis Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. (MeSH definition) Abducens_Nerve_Palsy MSOntology:Abnormal_Sensation Abnormal_Sensation MSOntology:Acetaminophen Drug :DBA000310 MESH :D000082 APAP APAP Acamol Acephen Acetaco Acetamidofenol Acetamidophenol Acetamidophenol Acetaminofen Acetaminofene Acetaminophen Acetominophen Acetominophen Algotropyl Anacin 3 Anacin-3 Anacin3 Azetaminophen C0000970 Datril Hydroxyacetanilide N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetanilide N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol PARATSETAMOL Panadol Paracetamol Paracetamol Tylenol p-Acetamidophenol p-Acetamidophenol p-Hydroxyacetanilide Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Acetylcholine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Acetylcholine Ach C0001041 acetylcholin A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000109 ) Acetylcholine MSOntology:Actin MESH :D000199 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Actin Actins C0001271 Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits, each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle. Actin MSOntology:Action_Potential https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0001272 Potential, Action An explosive release of charge between a nerve cell (neuron) and its surroundings. It moves along a neuron from a dendrite, through the soma and then the axon. It is part of the mechanism that moves nervous messages (nerve transmissions or impulses) along neurons. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/actionpotential.html ) Action_Potential MSOntology:Action_Tremor Rhythmic, oscillatory, involuntary movements of the outstretched upper limb. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/action+tremor ) Action_Tremor MSOntology:Activation_Markers Activation_Marker molecule MSOntology:Active_Immunization https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Active Immunization Active Immunizations Active immunisation Administration of vaccine to produce active immunity C0205991 Immunization, Active Immunizations, Active Deliberate stimulation of a host's immune response via administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Active_Immunization MSOntology:Active_Lesion MSOntology:Acupuncture ACP - Acupuncture ACUPUNCTURE THER Acupuncture Acupuncture Therapy Insertion of acupuncture needle THER ACUPUNCTURE Therapy, Acupuncture An alternative medicine methodology originating in ancient China that treats patients by manipulating thin, solid needles that have been inserted into acupuncture points in the skin. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture ) _Acupuncture MSOntology:Acute_Axonal_Injury https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Axon dysfunction Axonal damage Transection The loss of myelin sheaths surrounding axons results in abnormal patterns or interruption of neural conduction and leads to the clinical signs and symptoms of the MS. (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/search-results/index.aspx?q=acute+axonal+injury&x=0&y=0&start=0&num=20 ) Acute_Axonal_Injury MSOntology:Acute_CEL http://ms.about.com/od/glossary/g/Gd_lesion.htm The active, rapidly onset lesions that enhances with gadolinium and allows one to know recent disease activity and determine if a relapse is occurring. Acute_CEL MSOntology:Acute_CNS_inflammation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_inflammation The initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes ) from the blood into the CNS. Acute CNS inflammation MSOntology:Acute_Demyelination http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelination The rapid onset of the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. Acute_Demyelination MSOntology:Acute_Disseminated_Encephalomyelitis MeSH:MDC000790 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ACUTE DISSEM ENCEPH C0014059 DISSEM ENCEPH ACUTE Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Acute ENCEPH ACUTE DISSEM An inflammatory process affecting the central nervous system. It is characterized by perivascular demyelination. Symptoms usually follow an acute viral infection or immunization and include fever, confusion, somnolence and involuntary movements. It may lead to coma and death. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis MSOntology:Acute_EAE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis An animal model of brain inflammation which is characterised by an rapid onset of inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system . Acute EAE MSOntology:Acute_Focal_Lesion Scientific Reference: Stroke. 1997 Jan;28(1):101-9. The sudden focal damage of the myelin sheath. Acute_Focal_Lesion MSOntology:Acute_Transverse_Myelitis MeSH:MDC001767 Acute Transverse Myelitis Myelitis, Acute Transverse Myelitis, Transverse Transverse Myelitis Transverse Myelitis, Acute Transverse Myelopathy Syndrome Transverse Myelopathy Syndromes Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (MeSH definition) Acute_Transverse_Myelitis MSOntology:Acute_axonal_damage AAD http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron#Axonal_degeneration Acute Axonal Degeneration The rapid separation of the proximal and distal ends of neuronal axons within 30 minutes of injury. Acute axonal damage MSOntology:Acute_demyelination http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin#Demyelination The rapid loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves. Acute demyelination MSOntology:Adaptive_immune_response https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Abberant autoimmune response Abnormal autoimmune response An immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Adaptive immune response MSOntology:Adhesion_Molecules CAM CAMs Cell adhesion molecule Cell adhesion molecules The proteins located on the cell surface[1] involved with the binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_molecules ) Adhesion_Molecules MSOntology:Adhesion_molecules MESH: D019006 Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. (MeSH definition) _Adhesion molecules MSOntology:Adoptive_transfer https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0376518 Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE). Adoptive transfer MSOntology:Adrenocorticotropic_Hormone Corticotrophin 1-39 ACTH ACTH ACTH ACTH (1-39) ACTH - Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Adrenocorticotropes Hormon Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Adrenocorticotropin Adrenocorticotropin C0001655 Corticostimuline Corticotrophic hormone Corticotrophin Corticotrophin (1-39) Corticotrophine Corticotrophins Corticotropic hormone Corticotropin Corticotropin Corticotropin (1-39) Corticotropine Corticotropins Hormone corticotrope Hormone, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex and its production of corticosteroids. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000324 ) MSOntology:Afferent_Nerve Any nerve that transmits impulses from the periphery toward the central nervous system. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/afferent+nerve ) Afferent_Nerve MSOntology:Afferent_Pupillar_Defect APD http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/afferent+pupillary+defect A complete magnitude in defect of the pupillary reflex characterized by a smaller constriction of both pupils when the affected eye is stimulated by light as compared to that occurring when the normal eye is stimulated. Afferent_Pupillar_Defect MSOntology:Africans http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africans The natives or inhabitants of Africa and people of African descent. Africans MSOntology:Agent_based_model ABM multi-agent system multi-agent simulation The class of computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model ) Agent based model MSOntology:Aggressive_MS http://www.themcfox.com/multiple-sclerosis/types-of-ms/types-of-multiple-sclerosis.htm Malignant Multiple Sclerosis Marburg Variant Multiple Sclerosis. The swift and relentless decline to significant disability or even death, often within a few weeks or months after the onset of the initial attack. Aggressive MS MSOntology:Akinesia The inability to initiate movement due to difficulty selecting and/or activating motor programs in the central nervous system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinesia ) Akinesia MSOntology:Aldh https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ALDH Aldehyde dehydrogenase C1151646 EC 1.2.1.3 A group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation (dehydrogenation) of aldehydes. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALDH ) Aldh MSOntology:Alemtuzumab Berlex brand of alemtuzumab CAMPATH-1 Campath Campath 1G Campath 1H Campath 1M Campath-1-G Campath-1G Campath-1H Campath-1M MabCambath MedacSchering brand of alemtuzumab Schering brand of alemtuzumab monoclonal antibody Campath-1H A therapeutic antibody directed against the CD52 antigen expressed by the lymphocytes and has proven lytic abilities both in vitro and in vivo. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Alpha_1_beta_glycoprotein A1BG MESH :C048566 Uniprot ID :P04217 Alpha-1-B glycoprotein Alpha-1B-glycoprotein The protein that contains 5 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and interacts with CRISP3 Alpha_1_beta_glycoprotein MSOntology:Alpha_2_hs_glycoprotein MESH :D060749 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0051477 A fetuin subtype that is synthesized by HEPATOCYTES and secreted into the circulation. It plays a major role in preventing CALCIUM precipitation in the BLOOD. Alpha_2_hs_glycoprotein MSOntology:Alpha_beta_crystallin Uniprot ID:B1MV71 Alpha B crystallin This protein belongs to the small heat shock protein (HSP20) family and are the structural constituent of eye lens Alpha_beta_crystallin MSOntology:Alpha_synuclein MESH :D051844 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0285890 Alpha-synuclein (140 aa, ~14 kDa) is encoded by the human SNCA gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of presynaptic vesicle transport and release. Alpha_synuclein MSOntology:Alprazolam Drug :DBA000397 MESH :D000525 Alphapharm Brand of Alprazolam Alprazolam Alprazolam Alphapharm Brand Alprazolam Apotex Brand Alprazolam Kenral Brand Alprazolam Novopharm Brand Alprazolam Nu-Pharm Brand Alprazolam Orion Brand Alprazolam Pfizer Brand Alprazolam Temmler Brand Alprazolan Alprazolan Alprox Apo Alpraz Apo-Alpraz ApoAlpraz Apotex Brand of Alprazolam Arzneimittelwerk Dresden Brand of Alprazolam C0002333 Cassadan D-65MT D65MT Esparon Kalma Kenral Brand of Alprazolam Novo Alprazol Novo-Alprazol NovoAlprazol Novopharm Brand of Alprazolam Nu Alpraz Nu Pharm Brand of Alprazolam Nu-Alpraz Nu-Pharm Brand of Alprazolam NuAlpraz Orion Brand of Alprazolam Pfizer Brand of Alprazolam Ralozam Tafil Tafil Temmler Brand of Alprazolam Trankimazin U-31,889 U31,889 Xanax Xanax A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, and in generalized anxiety disorders. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Alprazolam ) MSOntology:Altered_Peptide_Ligand APL partial agonist A peptide, usually closely related to an agonist peptide in amino acid sequence, that induces only a partial response from T cells specific for the agonist peptide. (Source: http://www.termwiki.com/EN:altered_peptide_ligand ) MSOntology:Amantadine Drug :DBA000907 MESH :D000547 1 Aminoadamantane 1-Aminoadamantane AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE Adamantanamine hydrochloride Adamantylamine Amantadin Amantadine Amantadine HCl C0002403 Hydrochloride, Amantadine An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Ambulation_Index http://www.nationalmssociety.org/for-professionals/researchers/clinical-study-measures/ai/index.aspx Scale used to assess mobility by evaluating the time and degree of assistance required to walk 25 feet Ambulation_Index MSOntology:Amitriptyline Drug :DBA000315 MESH :D000639 AMITRIPTILIN APS Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Alphapharm Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Amineurin Amitrip Amitriptylin Amitriptylin Desitin Apo Amitriptyline ApoAmitriptyline Apotex Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Amitriptylin RPh Amitriptylin beta Amitriptylin neuraxpharm Amitriptylin-neuraxpharm Amitriptyline Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Amitriptylinneuraxpharm Amitrol Amrad Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Anapsique Apo-Amitriptyline Bayer Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Betapharm Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride C0002600 Cahill May Roberts Brand of Amitriptyline Embonate Cahill May Roberts Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride DDSA Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Damilen Desitin Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Desitin, Amitriptylin Domical Douglas Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Elavil Endep Goldshield Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Hexal Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Krewel Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Laroxyl Lentizol Lundbeck Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Merck Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Merck Sharp & Dohme Brand of Amitriptyline Embonate Merck Sharp & Dohme Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Neuro Hexal Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Novoprotect Parke Davis Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Protea Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Psicofarma Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride RPh, Amitriptylin Rhône Poulenc Rorer Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Roche Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Rodleben Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Saroten Sarotex Syneudon TEPERIN TRIPTIZOL Triptafen Tryptanol Tryptine Tryptizol Zeneca Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride beta, Amitriptylin neuraxpharm Brand of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Anterior_Horn A column of grey matter containing a type of nerve cell called alpha motor neurons. Motor neurons are responsible for muscle control and movement and contrast with sensory neurons which are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/anteriorhorn.html ) Anterior_Horn MSOntology:Anti-ALU_repeats doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004456 The complementary strand to the ALU-repeats, the most abundant repetitive elements in the human genome and microRNAs. Anti-ALU_repeats MSOntology:Anti-AQP45 doi: 10.1093/brain/awm062 The antibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4),the water channel protein mainly expressed in the brain and spinal cord. Anti-AQP45 MSOntology:Anti-ATP2C1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP2C1 The antibody to the ATPase type 2C member 1 enzyme, magnesium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium. Anti-ATP2C1 MSOntology:Anti-CNPase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide_3'-phosphodiesterase The antibody to the myelin-associated enzyme that catalyzes the phosphodiester hydrolysis of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides to 2'-nucleotide. Anti-CNPase MSOntology:Anti-CRYAB http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRYAB The antibody to the protein Alpha-crystallin B chain, whose elevated expression occurs in many neurological diseases. Anti-CRYAB MSOntology:Anti-GAPDH doi: 10.4049/​jimmunol.0904083 The antibody to the GADPH, whose interaction with other proteins may reduce GAPDH enzyme activity and damage brain neurons. Anti-GAPDH MSOntology:Anti-GalC OMIM:606890 The antibody to the GALC, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the catabolism of galactosylceramide, a major lipid in myelin. Anti-GalC MSOntology:Anti-Gangliosides doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171702 The antibody to the Ganglioside, which are present richly in the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes, involved in maintenance rather than development of the nervous system and are the antigenic targets of autoantibodies. Anti-Gangliosides MSOntology:Anti-HSP60 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP60 The antibody to the HSP60, the a chaperonin which assists in protein folding in mitochondria and plays a role in autoimmune disease. Anti-HSP60 MSOntology:Anti-HSP70 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP70 The antibody to HSP70, which directly inhibits apoptosis. Anti-HSP70 MSOntology:Anti-HSP90 doi: 10.4155/fmc.09.17 The antibody to the HSP90, whose stimulation has potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that result from misfolded and aggregated proteins. Anti-HSP90 MSOntology:Anti-KIAA1279 Am J Hum Genet. 2005 July; 77(1): 120–126. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIAA1279 The antibody to the KIF-1 binding protein, which is important in the central nervous system development. Anti-KIAA1279 MSOntology:Anti-KIR4.1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir4.1 Anti potasium channel KIR4.1 The antibody to KIR4.1, a heterodimer with another potassium channel protein and may be responsible for the potassium buffering action of glial cells in the brain. Anti-KIR4.1 MSOntology:Anti-MBP doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02999.x Anti-myelin basic protein autoantibodies The antibody to the myelin basic protein, which plays a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis. Anti-MBP MSOntology:Anti-MOG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein Anti- Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein The antibody to MOG, a glycoprotein believed to be important in the process of myelinization of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). Anti-MOG MSOntology:Anti-NF Anti-NF MSOntology:Anti-NG2 doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.006 The antibody to NG2,which appeared to be higher in the brains of MS patients and whose deposits were rather extensive in some of the NAWM and NAGM areas. Anti-NG2 MSOntology:Anti-NogoA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulon_4 The antibody to the NogoA, the isoform of Reticulon4 that has been identified as an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth specific to the central nervous system. Anti-NogoA MSOntology:Anti-OSP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN11 Anti-oligodendrocyte-specific protein The antibody to OSP, the protein that is a candidate autoantigen in the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease. Anti-OSP MSOntology:Anti-PACSIN2 Scientific Reference: Eur J Biochem. 1998 Aug 15;256(1):201-11. The antibody to PSCIN2, a brain protein that is upregulated upon differentiation into neuronal cells. Anti-PACSIN2 MSOntology:Anti-PLP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate Anti-, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate Anti-P5P The antibody to PLP, which plays a role in the conversion of dopa into dopamine, allows the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and allows SAM to be decarboxylated to form propylamine, which is a precursor to polyamines. Anti-PLP MSOntology:Anti-SPAG16 Scientific Reference: J Immunol. 2008 Mar 15;180(6):3957-63. The antibody to SPAG-16, a PF20 protein homolog which is a potential antigenic target in MS patients. Anti-SPAG16 MSOntology:Anti-beta-arrestin OMIM :107940 The antibody to beta-arrestin, the protein that mediate the activity-dependent interaction of Smoothened and the kinesin motor protein KIF3A. Anti-beta-arrestin MSOntology:Anti-enolase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase The antibody to enolase, whose increased levels have been identified in patients who have suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Anti-enolase MSOntology:Anti-glycan Scientific Reference: Anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis N Dotan*, R T Altstock, M Schwarz and A Dukler Glycominds Ltd, Lod, Israel The antibody to glycan, e predominant surface components of cells such as erythrocytes, immune cells and microorganisms. Anti-glycan MSOntology:Anti-hnRNPB1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5002(03)00226-5 Definiton: the antibody to an RNA-binding protein that is required for the maturation of mRNA precursor called hnRNPB1. Anti-hnRNPB1 MSOntology:Anti-lingo_antibodies PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29771. Epub 2012 Jan 3. The antibody to LINGO-1, which is a potent regulator of neural stem cell maturation to neurons . MSOntology:Anti-phosphatidylcholine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine The antibody to phosphatidylcholine,which is more commonly found in the exoplasmic or outer leaflet of a cell membrane. Anti-phosphatidylcholine MSOntology:Anti-proteasome http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteosome#Role_in_the_immune_system The antibody to proteosome, which plays a straightforward but critical role in the function of the adaptive immune system. Anti-proteasome MSOntology:Anti-transaldolase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaldolase The antibody to transaldolase, a target of autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Anti-transaldolase MSOntology:Anti-triosephosphate_isomerase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase The antibody to triosephosphate isomerase, whose deficiencies are associated with a progressive, severe neurological disorder called triose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Anti-triosephosphate_isomerase MSOntology:Anti-tubulin MESH : D014404 The antibody to tubulin,a subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. Anti-tubulin MSOntology:Anti_DNA_antibodies https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIBODIES ANTIDNA ANTIDNA ANTIBODIES Anti DNA Antibodies Anti DNA antibody anti dsDNA MSOntology:Anti_La_antibody SS-B antigen SSB antibody SSB/La anti SS-B antibody anti Sjogren antigen B anti nuclear reactivities anti-La antibody anti-Ro(SS-A)/La(SS-B) antibody anti-SS-B/La antibody anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody anti-SSB/La antibody lupus anticoagulant MSOntology:Anti_Ro_antibody Anti-Ro Anti-Ro(SSA) Anti-SS-A/Ro Anti-SSA autoantibodies Anti-SSA/Ro SS-A antigen SSA/Ro anti Ro/SSA autoantibodies anti SS-B anti Sjogren antigen A anti-60 kDa Ro anti-Ro anti-Ro(SS-A)/La(SS-B) antibody anti-SSA/Ro anti-SSA/Ro-SSB/La antibody MSOntology:Anti_cardiolipin_antibody aCL https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ACA - Cardiolipin antibody ACLA - Anti-cardiolipin antibody Anti-cardiolipin antibody Antibodies, Anticardiolipin Antibody, Anticardiolipin Anticardiolipin Antibodies Anticardiolipin Antibody C0162596 Cardiolipin antibody MSOntology:Anti_nuclear_antibodies ANA ANF anti nuclear anti nuclear Ab anti nuclear antibody anti nuclear levels anti-nuclear factor MSOntology:Antibodies https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Ab Antibodies C0003241 antibody immunoglobulin complex location, circulating immunoglobulin complex, circulating A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen. Antibody molecule MSOntology:Antibodies_ Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances in the body. Antibody analysis MSOntology:Antibody_mediated_demyelination Scientific Reference: Clin. exp. Immunol. (1991) 83, 245-250 The loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves initiated by anti-myelin antibody. Antibody mediated demyelination MSOntology:Antibody_production https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0003261 The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS. Antibody production MSOntology:Anticholinergics MESH :D018680 Acetylcholine Antagonists Agents, Anticholinergic Agents, Cholinergic-Blocking Agents, Parasympathetic-Blocking Agents, Parasympatholytic Antagonist, Cholinergic Antagonists, Acetylcholine Antagonists, Cholinergic Anti Cholinergics Anti Cholinergics Anti-Cholinergics Anti-Cholinergics Anticholinergic Anticholinergic Agent Anticholinergic Agents Anticholinergic Agents Anticholinergic premedications Anticholinergics Anticholinergics C0242896 Cholinergic Antagonist Cholinergic Antagonists Cholinergic Blocking Agents Cholinergic-Blocking Agents Cholinolytics Drugs, Parasympatholytic PARASYMPATHETIC BLOCK AGENTS Parasympathetic-Blocking Agents Parasympatholytic Parasympatholytic Agents Parasympatholytic Drugs Parasympatholytic agent Parasympatholytic drug Parasympatholytics Parkinsonism-anticholinergics Drugs that bind to but do not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Antidepressant_drugs Agents, Antidepressive Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressants Antidepressive Agents Drugs, Antidepressant Thymoanaleptics Thymoleptics Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000928 ) MSOntology:Antigen https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antigen Antigens C0003320 Immunogen Any substance that causes the body to make a specific immune response. Antigen model MSOntology:Antigen_Presenting_Cell ACCESSORY CELL IMMUNOL ACCESSORY CELLS IMMUNOL APC Accessory Cell Accessory Cell, Immunologic Accessory Cells, Immunologic Antigen Presenting Cell Antigen Presenting Cells Antigen Processing Cell Antigen-Presenting Cell Antigen-Presenting Cells C0003315 CELL IMMUNOL ACCESSORY CELLS IMMUNOL ACCESSORY Cell, Antigen-Presenting Cell, Immunologic Accessory Cells, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Immunologic Accessory IMMUNOL ACCESSORY CELL IMMUNOL ACCESSORY CELLS Immunologic Accessory Cell Immunologic Accessory Cells A cell that displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their surfaces. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presenting_cell ) Antigen_Presenting_Cell MSOntology:Antigens https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antigen Antigens C0003320 Immunogen Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000941 ) Antigen molecule MSOntology:Antiphospholipid_antibody APA APLA APLAs aPLs anti phospholipids auto antibodies MSOntology:Anx1-5 LPC1 ANX1 Uniprot ID :P04083 Annexin A1 Annexin I Annexin-1 Calpactin II Calpactin-2 Chromobindin-9 Lipocortin I Phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein p35 Calcium/phospholipid-binding protein which promotes membrane fusion and is involved in exocytosis. This protein regulates phospholipase A2 activity. It seems to bind from two to four calcium ions with high affinity. Anx1 MSOntology:Aphasia MDC000181 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Aphasia Aphasic disturbance C0003537 Loss of power of expression or comprehension A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. Aphasia MSOntology:Api1 Uniprot ID :Q13490 BIRC2 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 C-IAP1 IAP homolog B IAP-2 IAP2 Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 MIHB RING finger protein 48 RNF48 TNFR2-TRAF-signaling complex protein 2 hIAP-2 hIAP2 Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling, and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Api1 MSOntology:Apoa_b Apoa_b MSOntology:Apoa_d Apoa_d MSOntology:Apoa_i Uniprot ID :P02647 APOA1 Apo-AI ApoA-I Apolipoprotein A-I Apolipoprotein A-I(1-242) Apolipoprotein A1 The protein that participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Apoa_i MSOntology:Apoa_iv MESH :C022205 Uniprot ID:P06727 Apo-AIV ApoA-IV Apolipoprotein A-IV Apolipoprotein A4 The protein that may have a role in chylomicrons and VLDL secretion and catabolism. Required for efficient activation of lipoprotein lipase by ApoC-II; potent activator of LCAT. Apoa-IV is a major component of HDL and chylomicrons. Apoa_iv MSOntology:Apoptosis_autoimmunal_cells (Scientific Reference: Internal Medicine Vol. 40 (2001) No. 4 P 275-284 ) The autoantibodies developed due to the modifications of autoantigens during apoptosis by bypassing the normal mechanisms of tolerance. Apoptosis autoimmunal cells MSOntology:Arrestin MESH :D019393 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Arrestin S Antigen, Retinal S-ANTIGEN RETINAL'NYI S-Antigen, Retinal A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. Arrestin MSOntology:Asian https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Asian Asian race Asians Asiatic Race Asiatic Races C0078988 Mongol Mongoloid Mongoloid Race Mongoloid Races Mongoloid population Race, Asiatic Race, Mongoloid Races, Asiatic Races, Mongoloid A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asian MSOntology:Assesment_of_anxiety_or_depression HADS Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis Depressive Disorder/diagnosis HAD scale HAD scoring Hospital assessment of anxiety or depression Was developed by AS Zigmond and RP Snaith in 1983 for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of a hospital medical outpatient clinic. It has been established as a much applied and convenient self-rating instrument for anxiety and depression in patients with both somatic and mental problems, and with equally good sensitivity and specificity as other commonly used self-rating screening instruments. It is an instrument with good psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, sub-scale intercorrelation, homogeneity and internal consistency (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880820) Assesment of anxiety or depression MSOntology:Asthenia MESH : D001247 MeSH: MDC000225 Astenia Asthenias C0004093 Feeling weak General weakness Generalized weakness Weakness Weakness - general Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. (MeSH definition ) Asthenia MSOntology:Astrocyte MESH : D001253 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Astrocytes Astroglia Astroglias C0004112 Large, star-shaped, maintenance cells within the central nervous system. Astrocytes provide nerve cells with nutrients and structural support and are also involved in laying down the scar tissue typical of multiple sclerosis lesions. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/astrocyte.html ) _Astrocyte MSOntology:Astrocyte_microglia_homeostasis doi:10.1186/2047-9158-1-9 The homeostasis between astrocyte and microglia in which astrocytes play neuroprotective roles by modulating microglial cell activity and decreasing their cytotoxicity. Astrocyte microglia homeostasis MSOntology:Ataxia MeSH:MDC000231 Appendicular Ataxia Appendicular Ataxias Ataxia, Appendicular Ataxia, Limb Ataxia, Sensory Ataxias Ataxias, Appendicular Ataxias, Limb Ataxias, Sensory Ataxy C0004134 Coordination Impairment Coordination Impairment Coordination Impairments Coordination Impairments Coordination Lack Dyssynergia Impairment, Coordination Impairment, Coordination Impairments, Coordination Impairments, Coordination Incoordination Incoordinations Limb Ataxia Limb Ataxias Sensory Ataxia Sensory Ataxias Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. (MeSH definition) Ataxia MSOntology:Attack Acute or subacute occurrence, recurrence or worsening of symptoms of neurologic dysfunction attributable to Multiple Sclerosis, lasting more than 24 hours after a period of at least 30 days of improvement or stability (Scientific citation: PMID 14313512) --- McDonald 2001 definition of Attack --- Subjective report or objective observation of an episode of neurological disturbance of the kind seen in MS, when clinicopathological studies have established that the causative lesions are inflammatory and demyelinating in nature. For general diagnostic purposes, an attack should last for at least 24 hours. An expert clinical assessment is required in order to make sure that the event is not a pseudoattack. (Scientific: McDonald et al, Ann Neurol 2001;50:121–127) Attack MSOntology:Autoaggressive_immune_response Behavioral Neurology of Movement Disorders, 2e By Karen E. Anderson (M. D.), Karen E. Anderson, William J Weiner, M.D., Anthony E. Lang, M.D. If a self-antigen or a foreign body that mimics the self-antigen, it triggers autoreactive mechanisms. This kind of immune response is called autoaggressive immune response. Autoaggressive immune response MSOntology:Autoimmune_encephalomyelitis MESH: D004681 EAE Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Model Primate model of MS Primate model of multiple Sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. (MeSH definition) Autoimmune encephalomyelitis model MSOntology:Autoimmune_response MESH: D015551 Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune response MSOntology:Autonomic_Nervous_System https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANS C0004388 Nervous System, Autonomic System, Autonomic Nervous involuntary nervous system The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart beats, breathing and digestion. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/autonomicnervoussystem.html ) Autonomic_Nervous_System MSOntology:Autoreactive_T_cell_attack_on_myelin Scientific Reference: doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-85 Perivascular macrophages, infiltrated macrophages and microglia are ideally positioned to influence infiltrating and infiltrated myelin-reactive lymphocytes.CNS reactivation of autoreactive lymphocytes by local antigen presenting cells displaying myelin antigens is thought to initiate and maintain the inflammatory cascade observed in the brain of MS patients. (Scientific Reference: doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-85 ) Autoreactive T cell attack on myelin MSOntology:Axial_T2_weighted_fast_spin_echo_imaging Axial T2 weighted fast spin echo imaging biomarker MSOntology:Axial_multiple-echo_recombined_gradient_echo Axial multiple-echo recombined gradient echo biomarker MSOntology:Axon https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Axon structure Axons C0004461 a long filament that extends from the cell body (the soma) in nerve cells (neurons). (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/axon.html ) Axon MSOntology:Axon_degeneration http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/pathol/axloss.htm#reduced Axonal loss The loss of myelinated axons. Axon degeneration MSOntology:Axonal_and_Neuronal_damage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration The loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. Axonal and Neuronal damage MSOntology:Axonal_damage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration The loss of structure or function of the axon of neurons. Axonal damage MSOntology:Axonal_energy_failure Scientific Reference: doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2930 The disruption of energy dependent processes in the axonal region of the neuron. (Scientific Reference: doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2930 ) Axonal energy failure MSOntology:Azathioprine Drug : DBA000985 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html AZA AZT - Azathioprine AZTP Azathioprine Azathioprine - chemical Azothioprine C0004482 An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed) MSOntology:Azgp1 MESH :C488891 Uniprot ID:A0JLQ0 AZGP1 protein This protein belongs to the MHC class I family and plas a role in antigen processing and presentation. Azgp1 MSOntology:BANK HS049951 MESH : C447641 BANK1 protein regulates B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced calcium mobilization by promoting tyrosine phosphorylation of IP3 receptor. (MeSH definition) BANK MSOntology:BAX Gene :HS081915 Uniprot ID:Q07812 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Apoptosis Regulator BAX BAX Isoform Alpha BCL2L4 Bcl-2-like protein 4 Bcl2-L-4 X Protein, bcl-2-Associated bcl 2 Associated X Protein bcl-2-Associated X Protein bcl2 Associated X Protein protein Bax The gene encodes the protein that accelerates programmed cell death by binding to, and antagonizing the apoptosis repressor BCL2 or its adenovirus homolog E1B 19k protein. BAX MSOntology:BCL2 Gene :HS051615 Uniprot ID: P10415 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 B-CELL CLL/LYMPHOMA 2 ONCOGENE B-CELL LEUKEMIA 2 A protein that helps control whether a cell lives or dies by blocking a type of cell death called apoptosis. The gene for BCL2 is found on chromosome 18, and transfer of the BCL2 gene to a different chromosome is seen in many B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. This causes the BCL2 protein to be made in larger amounts, which may keep cancer cells from dying. The gene that encodes proteins that suppresses apoptosis in a variety of cell systems including factor-dependent lymphohematopoietic and neural cells. Regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability. BCL2 MSOntology:B_Cell B lymphocyte C0004561 MSOntology:B_Reg MESH : D060151 B-cells that have a role in regulating the immune response including the production of cytokines. This function is in addition to their traditional role in making antibodies. (MeSH definition) B_Reg MSOntology:B_cell B lymphocyte B-Cell Bursa Dependent Lymphocytes Lymphocyte B B-cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, making them a vital part of the immune system -- specifically the humoral immunity branch of the adaptive immune system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell ) B cell MSOntology:Babinski_Sign MeSH:MDC000248 Babinski like response Babinski reflex Joseph Babinski (1857-1932), a French neurologist of Polish descent, was the first person to describe extension of the big toe following stimulation of the sole of the foot on 22 February 1896 (Babinski, 1896). He referred to the sign as 'phénomène des orteils' (toes phenomenon) but it is now usually referred to eponymously as the 'Babinski sign' or descriptively as the extensor plantar response. (Source: Br J Hosp Med (2011):M157-159) MSOntology:Baclofen Drug :DBA000175 MESH :D001418 ASTA Medica Brand of Baclofen AWD, Baclofen Alphapharm Brand of Baclofen Apo Baclofen Apo-Baclofen ApoBaclofen Apotex Brand of Baclofen Ashbourne Brand of Baclofen Athena Brand of Baclofen Atrofen Ba-34,647 Ba-34647 Ba34,647 Ba34647 Baclofen Baclofen AWD Baclofen Alphapharm Brand Baclofen Apotex Brand Baclofen Ashbourne Brand Baclofen Athena Brand Baclofen Ciba-Geigy Brand Baclofen Irex Brand Baclofen Isis Brand Baclofen Medtronic Brand Baclofen Novartis Brand Baclofen Nu-Pharm Brand Baclofen Pharmascience Brand Baclofène Irex Baclofène-Irex BaclofèneIrex Baclophen Baclophen Baclospas C0004609 CIBA-34,647-BA CIBA34,647BA Chlorophenyl GABA Chlorophenyl GABA Chlorphenyl-GABA Ciba Geigy Brand of Baclofen Ciba-Geigy Brand of Baclofen Clofen Clorofenil GABA GABA, Chlorophenyl GABA, Chlorophenyl Gablofen Gen Baclofen Gen-Baclofen GenBaclofen Genpharm Irex Brand of Baclofen Isis Brand of Baclofen Lebic Lioresal Lioresal Liorésal Medtronic Brand of Baclofen Novartis Brand of Baclofen Nu Baclo Nu Pharm Brand of Baclofen Nu-Baclo Nu-Pharm Brand of Baclofen NuBaclo PCP-GABA PCP-GABA PMS Baclofen PMS-Baclofen PMSBaclofen Pharmascience Brand of Baclofen beta-(Aminomethyl)-4-chlorobenzenepropanoic Acid beta-(p-Chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric Acid A gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B receptors.. It is used in the treatment of muscle spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord injuries. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Bain_tremor_rating_scores A clinical rating scale which measured the severity of tremor. (Scientific Reference : doi:10.1136/jnnp.56.8.868 ) Bain tremor rating scores MSOntology:Balo_disease http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/Balosconcentricsclerosis.html BCS Balo's concentric sclerosis Encephalitis Periaxialis Concentrica A dymyelinating condition in which lesion's in BCS form concentric rings of alternating dymyelinated and undemyelinated tissue. Balo disease MSOntology:Basis_Pedunculi MESH : D013681 Cerebral Peduncle Cerebral Peduncles Mesencephali, Tegmentum Mesencephalus, Tegmentum Peduncle, Cerebral Peduncles, Cerebral Tegmentum Mesencephali Tegmentum Mesencephalus The portion of midbrain situated under the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI. (MeSH definition ) Basis_Pedunculi MSOntology:Bdnf Gene: HS051865 MESH :D019208 Uniprot ID:P23560 Abrineurin Brain-derived neurotrophic factor These proteins participate in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. Bdnf MSOntology:Beck_depression_scale http://www.minddisorders.com/A-Br/Beck-Depression-Inventory.html#b Beck's depression inventory The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a series of questions developed to measure the intensity, severity, and depth of depression in patients with psychiatric diagnoses. Beck depression scale MSOntology:Benign_MS http://thjuland.tripod.com/multiple-sclerosis.html#Benign Benign Multiple Sclerosis tends to follow, non-visible Sensory Symptoms (ie. Dysesthesia, Optic Neuritis, Paresthesias, Paroxysmal) at onset; not Motor Symptoms (ie. Diplopia, InCoordination, Tremor), with a totally complete recovery and no disability Benign MS MSOntology:Benzodiazepine MESH :D001569 BENZODIAZEPINE CPDS Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Compounds Benzodiazepine Compounds Benzodiazepine antiepileptic Benzodiazepines C0005064 A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Benzodiazepines MESH :D001569 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BENZODIAZEPINE CPDS Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Compounds Benzodiazepine antiepileptic Benzodiazepines C0005064 A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. MSOntology:Beta-end Beta-end MSOntology:Beta_1 Beta_1 MSOntology:Beta_Arrestin MESH : HS047826 MESH : HS047836 An inhibitory protein which blocks the receptor's ability to activate the stimulatory G protein Gs. (Source: http://www.ndif.org/public/terms/3424-betaarrestin ) Beta_Arrestin MSOntology:Beta_adrbk1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_adrenergic_receptor_kinase βARK A serine/threonine intracellular kinase. It is activated by PKA and its target is thebeta adrenergic receptor. It is one method by which the cell will desensitize itself from epinephrine overstimulation. Beta_adrbk1 MSOntology:Betamethasone MESH :D001623 Betadexamethason Betadexamethasone Betadexamethasone Betametason Betametasone Betamethasone C0005308 Celeston Celestona Celestone Celestone Cellestoderm Flubenisolon Flubenisolone Flubenisolone betamethason A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. MSOntology:Biochemical_tests http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Biochemical+testing Measuring the amount or activity of a particular enzyme or protein in a sample of blood or urine or other tissue from the body. Biochemical tests MSOntology:Biomarkers_in_MS_disease Biological marker Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis biomarkers An indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker ) MSOntology:Blood_Brain_Barrier https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BBB Barrier, Brain-Blood Barrier, Hemato-Encephalic Brain-Blood Barriers C0005854 HEMATOENCEPHALIC BARRIER Hemato Encephalic Barrier The protective layer that isolates the central nervous system from the bloodstream but allows the exchange of substances necessary for it to function. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/bloodbrainbarrier.html ) Blood_Brain_Barrier MSOntology:Blood_analysis blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick. (Wikipedia) Blood analysis MSOntology:Blood_brain_barrier MESH: D001812 Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells with tight junctions that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. (MeSH definition) Blood brain barrier MSOntology:Bone_marrow_trnasplantation MESH : D016026 Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation Bone Marrow Grafting Grafting, Bone Marrow Hematopoetic stem cell transplantation Transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Bone Marrow Cell The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. (Source: MeSH definition ) Bone marrow trnasplantation MSOntology:Boolean_model http://www.phys.psu.edu/~ralbert/pdf/springer_final.pdf The models in which the interactions between gene and gene products are described as logical (Boolean) functions. Boolean model MSOntology:Botulinum_Toxin Drug :DBA000042 Drug :DBA000081 MESH :D001905 BTX - Botulinum toxin Botulin Botulin toxin Botuline Botulinum Toxin Botulinum Toxins Botulinus-Toxine Botulism toxin C0006055 Clostridium botulinum Toxins Clostridium botulinum toxin Clostridium botulinum toxin agent Toxin, Botulinum Toxins, Botulinum Toxins, Clostridium botulinum Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Bowel https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0021853 Intestinal structure Intestinal tract Intestine Intestines intestinal The portion of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the anus. It includes the small intestine and large intestine. (NCI) Bowel symptom MSOntology:Bowel_and_Bladder http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bladder The intestine and urinary bladder. Bowel_and_Bladder MSOntology:Brachium_Pontis middle cerebellar peduncles Middle cerebellar peduncle The paired structures (left and right) that connect the cerebellum to the pons and are composed entirely of centripetal fibers. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachium_pontis ) Brachium_Pontis MSOntology:Brain https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Brain structure C0006104 Encephalon Encephalons The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68001921 ) Brain MSOntology:Brain_endothelial_cell_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The process by which brain endothelial cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Brain endothelial cell culture MSOntology:Brain_region MSOntology:Brainstem Brain Stem Brainstem structure Brainstems The posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem ) Brainstem MSOntology:Brainstem_Auditory_Evoked_Response BAEP Auditory evoked potential BAER Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential A test to measure the brain wave activity that occurs in response to clicks or certain tones.(Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003926.htm ) Brainstem_Auditory_Evoked_Response MSOntology:Brainstem_syndrome www.mstrust.org.uk reg charity no. 1088353 The clinically recognisable symptoms like nausea, vomiting and double vision that occur when there is demyelination of nerves found in the brainstem. Brainstem syndrome MSOntology:Brca1 Gene :HS052746 MESH :D019313 BRCA1 protein Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein A human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brca1 ) Brca1 MSOntology:Brief_repetitive_battery-neuropschology BRB-N A sensitive measure of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. (Source: http://msj.sagepub.com/content/7/4/263.refs ) Brief repetitive battery-neuropschology MSOntology:Burning http://www.healthline.com/hlc/burning-sensation Burning Feeling Burning sensation An abnormal feeling of burning in the absence of heat. Burning MSOntology:Bystandard_activation (Scientific Reference: PMC2196250) The activation of T cells specific for an antigen X during an immune response against antigen Y . Bystander activation MSOntology:C11 Gene :HS046102 Uniprot ID: P10144 CGL1 gene GZMB gene CSPB gene CTLA-1 CTLA1 gene CTSGL1 Cathepsin G-like 1 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase 2 EC 3.4.21.79 Fragmentin-2 GRB gene Granzyme B Granzyme-2 HLP Human lymphocyte protein Lymphocyte protease SECT T-cell serine protease 1-3E The gene encodes an enzyme that is necessary for target cell lysis in cell-mediated immune responses. C11 MSOntology:C3 MESH : D003176 C0009506 C3 - Complement component 3 C3 Complement C3, Complement COMPLEMENT C 03 Complement -third component-C3 Complement 3 Complement C3 Complement component C3 Complement component C3 Complement, C3 A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. (MeSH definition ) C3 MSOntology:C3d MESH :D015933 A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by complement factor I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence complement factor H. C3d MSOntology:C4 MESH :D003181 C0009516 C4 - Complement component 4 C4 Complement C4 Complement Component C4, Complement COMPLEMENT C 04 Complement 4 Complement C4 Complement Component, C4 Complement Component-4 Complement component 4 Complement component 4 Complement component 4 (procedure) Complement component C4 Complement component C4 Complement component C4 [Ambiguous] Complement, C4 Complement-fourth component-C4 A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL complement pathway. C4 is cleaved by the activated complement C1S into complement C4A and complement C4B. C4 MSOntology:C7 MESH :D003184 C0009524 C7 - Complement component 7 C7 Complement C7, Complement COMPLEMENT C 07 Complement 7 Complement C7 Complement component 7 Complement component C7 Complement component C7 Complement, C7 A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9. C7 MSOntology:C9 MESH :D003186 C0009526 COMPLEMENT C 09 Complement 9 Complement C9 Complement component 9 Complement, C9 A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections. (MeSH definition ) C9 MSOntology:CARD15 HS038894 MESH : C429018 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1826449 NOD2 gene Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain Containing 2 Gene This gene is involved in immune responses and cell death. CARD15 MSOntology:CASP1 Gene :HS039199 Uniprot ID:P29466 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html IL1BC gene Caspase, CASP1 Caspase-1 Caspase-1 EC 3.4.22.36 ICE ICE-Protease IL 001 BETA CONVERTING ENZYME IL-1BC IL1BCE gene Interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme Interleukin-1beta converting enzyme Protease ICE beta Convertase, IL-1 beta-Converting Enzyme, IL-1 p45 proteasa ICE The gene that encodes thiol protease that cleaves IL-1 beta between an Asp and an Ala, releasing the mature cytokine which is involved in a variety of inflammatory processes. Important for defense against pathogens. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Can also promote apoptosis. CASP1 MSOntology:CASP10 Gene :HS054961 HS054961 MESH : C506438 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0758959 Caspase 10 Caspase 10 a Caspase 10 c Caspase 10 d Caspase 10-a Caspase 10-c Caspase 10-d Caspase 10a Caspase 10c Caspase 10d Caspase-10 Mch4 Protease Protease, Mch4 A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68053455 ) CASP10 MSOntology:CASP2 Gene :HS054630 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0259419 Caspase-2 ICH 1 Protease ICH-1 Protease ICH-1-Protease proteasa ICH-1 A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its caspase recruitment domain with CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 2 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating effector pro-caspases. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA. CASP2 MSOntology:CASP3 HS054652 MESH : D053148 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1413132 CASP3 gene Caspase 3, Apoptosis-Related Cysteine Peptidase Gene This gene plays a role in the execution phase of apoptosis and is involved in DNA repair. CASP3 MSOntology:CASP6 Gene :HS054760 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1332665 Caspase-6, encoded by the CASP6 Gene, is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce 2 subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. Caspase-6 can be processed by caspases 7, 8 and 10, and functions as a downstream enzyme in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. It cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro, as well as lamins. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode different isoforms. Its overexpression promotes programmed cell death. (From LocusLink, Swiss-Prot and NCI) CASP6 MSOntology:CASP7 HS054795 MESH : C505520 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1332666 CASP7 gene Caspase 7 Caspase 7, Apoptosis-Related Cysteine Protease Gene A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68053179 ) CASP7 MSOntology:CASP8 Gene :HS054835 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0667830 CAP4 Protease CAP4-Protease CASP 8 proteasa Mch5 A member of the ICE cysteine-protease family. A downstream factor in apoptosis induced by TNFR and FAS CASP8 MSOntology:CAST HS054578 CAST gene The protein encoded by this gene is an endogenous calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease) inhibitor. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpastatin ) CAST MSOntology:CCDC97 Uniprot ID:Q96F63 The gene that encodes Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 97. CCDC97 MSOntology:CD127 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0083032 CD127 IL 007 RECEPTORS IL 7 Receptors IL-7 Receptors IL7 RECEPT IL7 Receptor IL7 Receptors IL7R IL7R-ALPHA IL7RA INTERLEUKIN 007 RECEPTORS INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPT INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPTOR INTERLEUKIN 7 RECEPTOR-ALPHA Interleukin 7 Receptor Alpha Interleukin 7 Receptors Interleukin-7 Receptors Interleukin-7 receptor Interleukin-7 receptor Interleukin-7-receptorer Lymphopoietin 1 Lymphopoietin-1 RECEPT IL 7 RECEPT IL7 RECEPTORS IL 007 RECEPTORS INTERLEUKIN 007 Receptor, IL-7 Receptor, Interleukin 7 Receptors, IL 7 Receptors, IL-7 Receptors, IL7 Receptors, Interleukin 7 Receptors, Interleukin-7 A cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of B-lymphocyte precursors and is co-mitogenic with interleukin-2 for mature T-lymphocyte activation. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68015851 ) CD127 MSOntology:CD16 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 016 Antigens, CD 16 Antigens, CD16 C0108747 CD 016 ANTIGENS CD 16 Antigens CD16 CD16 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 16 CD16 Antigens Cluster of differentiation antigen 16 FCGR3 FCGR3A Fc FRAGMENT OF IgG, LOW AFFINITY IIIa, RECEPTOR FOR Fc gamma RIII Fc receptor III Fc-Gamma Receptor III FcR III - Fc receptor III IGFR3 IMMUNOGLOBULIN G Fc RECEPTOR III Leucocyte 11 Leukocyte 11 Low affinity IgG Fc receptor Lymphocyte antigen CD16 Lymphocyte antigen CD16 NEUTROPHIL-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN NA1 Receptors, IgG gamma RIII, Fc Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with immunoglobin Gs. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68017452 ) CD16 MSOntology:CD163 Cluster of Differentiation 163 A human protein encoded by the CD163 gene.It has also been shown to mark cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD163 ) CD163 MSOntology:CD1d Cluster of Differentiation 1d A member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1d ) CD1d MSOntology:CD226 HS039965 The gene encodes the receptor involved in intercellular adhesion, lymphocyte signaling, cytotoxicity and lymphokine secretion mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and NK cell. (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15762 ) CD226 MSOntology:CD25 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 025 Antigen, CD25 Antigens, CD25 C1101536 CD 025 ANTIGENS CD25 CD25 Antigen CD25 Antigens CD25-Antigen IL 2Ralpha IL-2 Receptor IL-2-R alpha IL-2R IL-2Ralfa IL-2Ralpha IL2 RECEPTOR IL2R IL2R, ALPHA CHAIN IL2RA INTERLEUKIN 002 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT INTERLEUKIN 002 RECEPTORS ALPHA INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR, ALPHA Interleukin 2 Receptor Interleukin 2 Receptor alpha Interleukin 2 Receptor alpha Chain Interleukin 2 Receptor alpha Subunit Interleukin 2 Receptors alpha Interleukin 2Ralpha Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Chain Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit Interleukin-2 Receptors alpha Interleukin-2Ralpha Low Affinity Interleukin 2 Receptor Peptide Tac Peptide p55 Peptido Tac P55 Receptor alpha, Interleukin-2 Receptors alpha, Interleukin-2 T-CELL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR TAC ANTIGEN TAC P55 PEPTID TAC PEPTIDE P 055 TCGFR Tac P55 Peptide Tac-P55, Peptide alpha-subunit, Receptor, Interleukin-2 antigen CD25 interleukin-2 - receptor alfa peptid Tac P55 The alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein present on activated T cells, activated B cells, some thymocytes, myeloid precursors, and oligodendrocytes that associates with CD122 to form a heterodimer that can act as a high-affinity receptor for IL-2. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD25 ) CD25 MSOntology:CD26 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ADABP ADCP-2 ADCP2 ADENOSINE DEAMINASE COMPLEXING PROTEIN 2 ANTIGENS CD 026 Adenosine deaminase binding protein Antigen, CD26 Antigens, CD26 C0081937 CD 026 ANTIGENS CD26 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 26 CD26 Antigen CD26 Antigens Cluster of differentiation antigen 26 Cluster of differentiation antigen 26 DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE, INTESTINAL DPP IV DPP-IV - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV DPP4 Dipeptidil Peptidase 4 Dipeptidyl amino-peptidase IV Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Lymphocyte antigen CD26 Lymphocyte antigen CD26 T-CELL ACTIVATION ANTIGEN CD26 TP103 Xaa-Pro-dipeptidylaminopeptidase dipeptidylpeptidasa 4 xaa - pro - dipeptidilaminopeptidasa An antigenic enzyme expressed on the surface of most cell types and is associated with immune regulation, signal transduction and apoptosis. It is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4 ) CD26 MSOntology:CD266 Cluster of Differentiation 266 TNFRSF12A Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A A protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF12A gene. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNFRSF12A ) CD266 MSOntology:CD279 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antigen CD279 Antigen, CD279 Antigens, CD279 C2986635 CD279 CD279 Antigen CD279 Antigens PD 1 Receptor PD-1 Receptor PD1 Receptor Programmed Cell Death 1 Protein Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Protein PD-1 Receptor, PD-1 Receptor, PD1 hPD-1 Programmed cell death protein 1 (288 aa, ~32 kDa) is encoded by the human PDCD1 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. CD279 MSOntology:CD30 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html TNFRSF8 ANTIGEN CD 030 ANTIGENS CD 030 Antigen CD30 Antigen, CD30 Antigens, CD30 C0054950 CD 030 ANTIGENS CD30 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 30 CD30 Antigen CD30 Antigens CD30L Receptor Cluster of differentiation antigen 30 LYMPHOID ACTIVATION ANTIGEN CD30 Lymphocyte Activation Antigen CD30 Lymphocyte antigen CD30 Lymphocyte antigen CD30 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 A cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and tumor marker. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD30 ) CD30 MSOntology:CD4 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 004 Antigen, CD4 Antigens, T-Cell T4 C0003323 CD 004 ANTIGENE CD 004 MOLECULE CD 004 RECEPTORS CD4 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 4 CD4 ANTIGEN CD4 Molecule CD4 Protein CD4 RECEPT CD4 Receptor, Surface CD4 Receptors CD4 Receptors, Surface Cluster of differentiation antigen 4 Lymphocyte antigen CD4 Lymphocyte antigen CD4 RECEPT CD4 RECEPT SURFACE CD4 RECEPTORS CD 004 A glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 ) CD4 MSOntology:CD40 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 040 Antigen, CD40 Antigen, CDw40 Antigens, CD40 B CELL-ASSOCIATED MOLECULE CD40 C1539081 CD 040 ANTIGENS CD40 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 40 CD40 ANTIGEN CD40 Antigen (TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 5) Gene CD40 Antigens CD40 Type II Isoform CD40L Receptor CDw40 Antigen Cluster of differentiation antigen 40 Glycoprotein 50 Lymphocyte antigen CD40 Nerve Growth Factor Receptor-Related B-Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Receptor, TNFRSF5 TNFRSF5 TNFRSF5 RECEPT TNFRSF5 Receptor gp50 - Glycoprotein 50 A costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells and is required for their activation. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40 ) CD40 MSOntology:CD45 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PTPRC ANTIGENS CD 045 Antigen, CD45 Antigen, Leukocyte Common Antigens, CD45 Antigens, L-CA Antigens, Leukocyte Common Antigens, T200 C0054961 CD 045 ANTIGENS CD45 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 45 CD45 Antigen CD45R Cluster of differentiation antigen 45 L CA Antigens LCA LCA - Leucocyte common antigen LCA - Leukocyte common antigen LEUKOCYTE-COMMON ANTIGEN Leucocyte common antigen Ly5, HOMOLOG OF Lymphocyte antigen CD45 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, RECEPTOR-TYPE, C PTPRC Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type, C RT7 ANTIGENY Receptor-Type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase C T-cell lineage 200 T200 - T-cell lineage 200 T200 Antigens T200 GLYCOPROTEIN The signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD45 ) CD45 MSOntology:CD6 HS056225 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1413232 CD6 CD6 Gene CD6 Molecule Gene This gene plays a role in cell-cell adhesion. CD6 MSOntology:CD68 HS056706 MESH : C067980 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1413234 CD68 Gene CD68 Molecule Gene This gene may be involved in macrophage homing, selectin recognition and pathogen uptake. CD68 MSOntology:CD8 MESH : D016827 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 008 Antigen, CD8 C0085358 CD 008 ANTIGENS CD8 Antigens HLA - Class 1 human leukocyte antigen receptor Lymphocyte antigen CD8 T-Cell T8 Antigens T-cell lineage 8 T-suppressor / cytotoxic cell marker T8 - T-cell lineage 8 MSOntology:CD80 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGEN B7 ANTIGEN CD 080 ANTIGENS CD 080 Antigen, B7 1 Antigen, B7-1 Antigens, CD80 B A 007 001 COSTIMULATORY MOLECULE B Cell Activation Antigen B-Cell Activation Antigen B-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN B7-1 B7 1 Antigen B7 1 Costimulatory Molecule B7 1 Ligand B7 ANTIGEN C0104998 CD 080 ANTIGENS CD28 ANTIGEN LIGAND 1 CD28LG CD28LG1 CD80 ANTIGEN CD80 Antigens Cluster of Differentiation 80 Costimulatory Molecule, B7-1 LAB7 Ligand, B7-1 Lymphocyte antigen CD80 Lymphocyte antigen CD80 The protein found on activated B cells and monocytes that provides a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD80 ) CD80 MSOntology:CD86 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html B-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN B7-2 B7-2 B72 ANTIGEN C1413243 CD28 ANTIGEN LIGAND 2 CD28LG2 CD86 ANTIGEN LAB7-2 The protein expressed on antigen-presenting cells that provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD86 ) CD86 MSOntology:CD8_Reg Scientific Reference: doi:10.1038/icb.2009.8 The regulatory cells that can limit the delayed type hypersensitivity T-cell responses against antigen. CD8_Reg MSOntology:CIT MESH : C016308 A human gene that encodes the enzyme Citron Rho-interacting kinase. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT#Biology_and_medicine ) CIT MSOntology:CLEC16A HS038110 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEC16A http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q2KHT3 KIAA0350 C-type lectin domain family 16 Almost exclusively expressed in immune cells, including dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Polymorphisms in the CLEC16A gene are associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis CLEC16A MSOntology:CLEC5B Gene :HS047193 Uniprot ID:Q12918 CLEC5B gene KLRB1 gene NKRP1A gene C-type lectin domain family 5 member B HNKR-P1a Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 NKR-P1A Natural killer cell surface protein P1A The gene that encodes the protein that plays an inhibitory role on natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity. Activation results in specific acid sphingomyelinase/SMPD1 stimulation with subsequent marked elevation of intracellular ceramide. CLEC5B MSOntology:CMT1A HS047027 MESH : C109561 http://omim.org/entry/118220 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 1A The disease caused by duplication of, or mutation in, the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein-22 . CMT1A MSOntology:CMT1F HS048382 MESH : C044882 http://omim.org/entry/607734?search=CMT1F&highlight=cmt1f Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 1F The disease aused by mutation in the NEFL gene. CMT1F MSOntology:CMT2A http://omim.org/entry/609260?search=CMT2A&highlight=cmt2a Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Axonal, Type 2A The disease that results from heterozygous mutation in the MFN2 gene. CMT2A MSOntology:CNS-antigen_presentation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia#Antigen_presentation The process where the resident activated microglia rapidly uptake MHC class I/II proteins and quickly become efficient antigen presenters. CNS-antigen presentation MSOntology:CNS_damage_by_inflammation (Scientific Reference: doi: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1358) Inflammation which is a key component of host defence responses to peripheral inflammation and injury,is also recognised as a major contributor to diverse, acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CNS damage by inflammation MSOntology:CNS_perenchyma_infiltration The penetration of inflammatory cells across the glia limitans and upon entrance into the CNS parenchyma. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia_limitans#Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis_.28EAE.29 ) CNS perenchyma infiltration MSOntology:CNS_perivascular_infiltrate Scientific Reference: ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY – VOLUME X, NO. 2, 2011 The lymphocytic infiltrates disposed in the perivascular tissue of the CNS. CNS perivascular infiltrate MSOntology:CNS_plasticity Neuralplasticity Neuroplasiticity The changes in neural pathways and synapses which are due to changes in behavior, environment and neural processes, as well as changes resulting from bodily injury. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_plasticity ) CNS plasticity MSOntology:CNS_repair Neuroregeneration The regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_repair ) CNS repair MSOntology:COL25 HS055087 MESH : C456021 homologous to collagen type XVIII. COL25 MSOntology:COL3A1 Gene :HS041202 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL3A1 Collagen alpha-1(III) chain EDS4A protein Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, autosomal dominant protein alpha1(III) procollagen protein collagen type III, alpha 1 chain protein The gene that encodes a fibrillar collagen that is found in extensible connective tissues such as skin, lung, and the vascular system, frequently in association with type I collagen. COL3A1 MSOntology:CTLA4 HS042022 MESH : C556706 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1332802 CTLA4 gene Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 Gene This gene is involved in T-cell mediation and receptor signal transduction. CTLA4 MSOntology:CTSS HS042150 MESH : C028217 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25774 The gene that encodes Cathepsin S,the key protease responsible for the removal of the invariant chain from MHC class II molecules. CTSS MSOntology:CYP2S1 HS045980 MESH : C422564 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q96SQ9 The gene that encodes Cytochrome P450 2S1 protein, that has a potential importance for extrahepatic xenobiotic metabolism. CYP2S1 MSOntology:Cambridge_Multiple_Sclerosis_Basic_Score CAMBS Scientific Reference: Handbook of Neurologic Rating Scales By Dr. Robert Herndon, MD A composite neurological rating scale involving four factors namely disability and impairment, relapse, progression and handicap. Cambridge_Multiple_Sclerosis_Basic_Score MSOntology:Cannabinoids MESH :D002186 C0006864 Canabinoides Cannabinoid Cannabinoids canabinoide Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Cannabis MESH :D002188 Plant, Hemp Bhang Bhangs C0024808 C0936079 Cannabi Cannabis indica Cannabis indicas Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativas Ganja Ganjas Hashish Hashishs Hemp Hemp Plant Hemp Plant Hemp Plants Hemps Marihuana Marihuanas Marijuana Marijuana Marijuanas Marijuanas Plant, Hemp Plants, Hemp Plants, Hemp indica, Cannabis indicas, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sativas, Cannabis The plant genus in the Cannabaceae plant family, Urticales order, Hamamelidae subclass. The flowering tops are called many slang terms including pot, marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. The stem is an important source of hemp fiber. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Carbamazepine Drug :DBA000557 MESH :D002220 Acetate, Carbamazepine Amizepin Amizepine C0006949 Carbamazepin Carbamazepine Carbamazepine Acetate Carbamazepine Dihydrate Carbamazepine Hydrochloride Carbamazepine L-Tartrate (4:1) Carbamazepine Phosphate Carbamazepine Sulfate (2:1) Carbazepin Dihydrate, Carbamazepine Epitol Epitol FINLEPSIN Finlepsin Hydrochloride, Carbamazepine Karbamazepin Neurotol Phosphate, Carbamazepine TEGRETOL Tegretol An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Catecholamine MESH: D002395 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0007412 Sympathins A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. (MeSH disease ) Catecholamine MSOntology:Caucasian https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0043157 Caucasian Caucasian Race Caucasian Races Caucasians Caucasoid Caucasoid Race Caucasoid Races Occidental Race, Caucasian Race, Caucasoid Race: Caucasian Race: White Races, Caucasian Races, Caucasoid White White - ethnic group Whites An ethnic group of putative Caucasoid origin. Caucasian MSOntology:Caudate_Nucleus C0007461 Nucleus caudatus Nucleus, Caudate A nucleus located within the basal ganglia of the brains of many animal species. The caudate nucleus is an important part of the brain's learning and memory system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_nucleus ) Caudate_Nucleus MSOntology:Cb2 Gene :HS041143 CNR2 CB-2 CX5 Cannabinoid receptor 2 hCB2 A heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptor for endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol mediating inhibition of adenylate cyclase. May function in inflammatory response, nociceptive transmission and bone homeostasis. (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P34972 ) Cb2 MSOntology:Cd26 Uniprot ID:P27487 ADCP2 DPP4 ADABP ADCP-2 Adenosine deaminase complexing protein 2 DPP IV Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Dipeptidyl peptidase IV T-cell activation antigen CD26 TP103 Cell surface glycoprotein receptor involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Cd26 MSOntology:Cd276 Gene :HS054287 MESH :C423237 B7H3 4Ig-B7-H3 B7 homolog 3 B7-H3 CD276 antigen Costimulatory molecule May participate in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune response. May play a protective role in tumor cells by inhibiting natural-killer mediated cell lysis as well as a role of marker for detection of neuroblastoma cells. (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5ZPR3 ) Cd276 MSOntology:Cd44 Gene :HS056634 MESH :D018960 MIC4 CD44 antigen CDw44 ECMR-III Epican Extracellular matrix receptor III GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor HUTCH-I Heparan sulfate proteoglycan Hermes antigen Hyaluronate receptor LHR MDU2 MDU3 PGP-1 PGP-I Phagocytic glycoprotein 1 Phagocytic glycoprotein I Receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA). Mediates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions through its affinity for HA, and possibly also through its affinity for other ligands such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16070 ) Cd44 MSOntology:Cell_Phenotypes http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phenotype The entire physical, biochemical, and physiological makeup of an individual as determined both genetically and environmentally. Cell_Phenotype molecule MSOntology:Cell_line_cultures http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The complex process by which cell lines are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Cell line cultures MSOntology:Cell_migration A central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration ) Cell migration MSOntology:Cell_therapy The process of introducing new cells into a tissue in order to treat a disease. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_therapy ) Cell therapy MSOntology:Central_Nervous_System https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0927232 CNS Nervous System, Central Neuraxis Structure of central nervous system System, Central Nervous The collective name for the brain and the spinal cord. It contrasts with the Peripheral Nervous System which passes nerve signals between the CNS and rest of the body. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/centralnervoussystem.html ) Central Nervous System MSOntology:Central_White_Matter One of the two components of the central nervous system and consists mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter ) Central_White_Matter MSOntology:Cerebellar https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Cerebellar The portion of the brain located at the base of the skull that is responsible for balance, equilibrium and movement. MSOntology:Cerebellar_Functional_System_Score http://www.nationalmssociety.org/ The functional system score which is a measure of the coordinated movements. Cerebellar Functional System Score MSOntology:Cerebellum MESH : D002531 The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). (MeSH definition ) Cerebellum MSOntology:Cerebral_Cortex C0007776 Cerebral gray matter Cortex Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortices, Cerebral Structure of cerebral cortex The convoluted layer of gray substance covering each cerebral hemisphere. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cerebral+cortex ) The outer layer of the cerebrum composed of neurons and unmyelinated nerve fibers. It is responsible for memory, attention, consciousness and other higher levels of mental function. Cerebral_Cortex MSOntology:Cerebrospinal_fluid_analysis CSF CSF analysis Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other chemicals in the fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. (Source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003369.htm) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis MSOntology:Chemical_demyelination http://www.eoearth.org/article/Neurotoxicity#gen2 Agents that selectively damage the myelin sheath by disrupting or interrupting the conduction of high-speed neuronal impulses. Chemical demyelination MSOntology:Chemical_induced_demyelination_inviivo http://www.eoearth.org/article/Neurotoxicity#gen2 Agents that selectively damage the myelin sheath by disrupting or interrupting the conduction of high-speed neuronal impulses in an invivo model. Chemical induced demyelination inviivo MSOntology:Chemodenervation MESH :D009407 Block, Nerve Blockade, Nerve Blockades, Nerve Blocks, Nerve C0027741 Chemical Neurolyses Chemical Neurolysis Chemical Neurolysis Chemodenervations Nerve Block Nerve Blockade Nerve Blockades Nerve Blockades Nerve Blocks Neural Block Neural Blockade Neurolyses, Chemical Neurolysis, Chemical Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent. Chemodenervation MSOntology:Chemokines MESH: D018925 C0282554 Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. (MeSH definition) _Chemokines MSOntology:Chitotriosidase-1 Gene :HS040366 Uniprot ID:Q13231 Chitinase-1 Degrades chitin, chitotriose and chitobiose. May participate in the defense against nematodes and other pathogens. Isoform 3 has no enzymatic activity. Chitotriosidase-1 MSOntology:Chlamydia https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bedsonia C0008148 Chlamydia Genus Chlamydia Miyagawanella Rakeia Rickettsiaformis A genus of bacteria within the Chlamydiae phylum that contains only the three species Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia suis, and Chlamydia muridarum. Chlamydia MSOntology:Chlorpromazine Drug :DBA000470 MESH :D002746 10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, 2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl- Aminazine C0008286 CPZ - Chlorpromazine Chlor-PZ Chlorazine Chlordelazine Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Chlorpromazine hydrochloride Contomin Fenactil Fenactil Hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine Largactil Largactil Propaphenin Thorazine Thorazine The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Cholesterol MESH :D002784 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html (3beta)-Cholest-5-en-3-ol C0008377 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3beta)- colesterol Lipid composed of 27 carbon atoms which form three fused cycloheane (6-carbon) rings, a cyclopentane (5-carbon ring) and a side chain of 8 carbon atoms. (Ensminger et al). _Cholesterol MSOntology:Cholinergic Choline The various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Found in most animal tissues, choline is a primary component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and functions with inositol as a basic constituent of lecithin. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic ) Cholinergic MSOntology:Chromogranin_a CHGA CgA Gene :HS040318 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogranin_A Pituitary secretory protein I SP-I A neuroendocrine secretory protein which is the precursor to several functional peptides including vasostatin, pancreastatin, catestatin and parastatin. These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine). Chromogranin_a MSOntology:Chronic_CNS_damage http://ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm The hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by early onset,long-lasting progressive nervous system dysfunction. Chronic CNS damage MSOntology:Chronic_active_lesion Chronic active lesion MSOntology:Chronic_axonal_loss Scientific Reference: Adv Stud Med. 2004;4(4B):S312-S315 The axonal degeneration which might be due to the chronic demyelination. (Scientific Reference: Adv Stud Med. 2004;4(4B):S312-S315) Chronic axonal loss MSOntology:Chronic_demyelination MESH : D003711 Scientific Reference: doi: 10.2174/157015910792246218 The continuous loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system over a long period of time. (Scientific Reference: doi: 10.2174/157015910792246218 ) Chronic demyelination MSOntology:Chronic_established_lesion Scientific Reference: Neurobehavioral Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis By Stephen M. Rao, Ph.D The established plaques within or around which inflammatory activity, myelin phagocytosis and lesion extension are in evidence. Chronic established lesion MSOntology:Chronic_inactive_lesion MSOntology:Chronic_relapsing_EAE Scientific Reference: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 6400-6404, July 1993 Medical Sciences A T-cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease that resembles human multiple sclerosis. (Scientific Reference: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 90, pp. 6400-6404, July 1993 Medical Sciences ) Chronic relapsing EAE MSOntology:Cladribine Drug : DBA000236 MESH :D017338 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 2'-Deoxy-2-chloroadenosine 2-CdA 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine 2-Chloro-2-Deoxyadenosine 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine 2CDA Adenosine, 2-chloro-2'-deoxy- C0092801 CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE 02 CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE 02 02 CdA Cladribina Cladribine Cladribine product Leustat Leustatin Leustatine An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia. MSOntology:Claustrum A thin, irregular, sheet of neurons which is attached to the underside of the neocortex in the center of the brain. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrum ) Claustrum MSOntology:Clinical_course http://www.thefreedictionary.com/clinical The course of the disease that is directly observed on a patient. Clinical course MSOntology:Clinical_diagnosis_of_MS_disease http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/clinical+diagnosis diagnosis based on signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings during life. _Clinical diagnosis MSOntology:Clinical_features_of_MS_disease http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/clinical%20feature Features relating to the bedside of a patient, the course of his disease, or the observation and treatment of patients directly Clinical features MSOntology:Clinical_isolated_symdrome Probable MS A first neurologic episode that lasts at least 24 hours, and is caused by inflammation/demyelination in one or more sites in the central nervous system (CNS). The episode can be monofocal or multifocal. (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/diagnosing-ms/cis/index.aspx ) Clinical isolated symdrome MSOntology:Clinical_marker doi:10.1038/nrd1130 Biomarkers that enable the characterisation of patient populations and quantitation to the extent to which new drugs reach intended targets, alter proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and achieve clinical outcomes. Clinical marker MSOntology:Clinical_phenotype The clinical expression of a single gene or gene pair. (Source: http://www.ndif.org/public/terms/4793-clinical_phenotype ) Clinical phenotype MSOntology:Clinically_Definite_MS CDMS clinically definite MS clinically definite multiple sclerosis Two attacks and clinical evidence of two sepa rate lesions OR Two attacks; clinical evidence of one lesion and paraclinical evidence of another, separate lesion The two attacks must involve different parts of the CNS, must be separated by a period of at least one month, and must each last a minimum of 24 hours. (Scientific Reference: Poser et al (1983) Ann Neurol 13(3):227-231) Clinically Definite MS MSOntology:Clinically_Probable_MS CPMS clinically probable multiple sclerosis Either of 1. Two attacks and clinical evidence of one lesion COMMENT. The two attacks must involve separate parts of the CNS. Historical information cannot be considered as a substitute for the clinical evidence. or 2. One attack and clinical evidence of two separate lesions or 3. One attack; clinical evidence of one lesion and paraclinical evidence of another, separate lesion (Scientific Reference: Poser et al (1983) Ann Neurol 13(3):227-231) Clinically Probable MS MSOntology:Clonazepam Drug :DBA001058 MESH :D002998 Antelepsin C0009011 Clonazepam Rivotril Ro 5-4023 Ro 54023 clonacepam An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Clonus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonus a series of involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations which is a sign of certain neurological conditions, particularly associated with upper motor neuron lesions involving descending motor pathways, and in many cases is, accompanied by spasticity. Clonus MSOntology:Closing_blood_brain_barrier http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110913172631.htm The process of closing the brain's blood vessels which could be due to the activation or deactivation of the adenosine receptors. Closing blood brain barrier MSOntology:Clusterin Gene :HS040844 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 40,40 Protein, SP Aging-Associated Gene 4 Protein protein SP 40,40 protein TRPM-2 protein XIP8 Clusterin (449 aa, ~52 kDa) is encoded by the human CLU gene. This protein may be involved in lipid metabolism, complement regulation and the initiation of apoptosis. Clusterin MSOntology:Cntf Gene :HS041147 Uniprot ID:P26441 Ciliary neurotrophic factor CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy. Cntf MSOntology:Co-stimulation Costimulation The delivery of a 2nd signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell, which rescues an activated T cell from anergy, allowing it to produce the lymphokines necessary for production of additional T cells. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Costimulation ) Co-stimulation MSOntology:Cognitive_Dysfunction http://www.fightingfatigue.org/?p=1264 Problems with concentration/attention, memory impairment, poor word-finding ability, decreased information-processing speed, motor slowing and mental exhaustion. Cognitive_Dysfunction MSOntology:Cognitive_Fatigue http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058923/ A failure to sustain attention to optimize task performance during acute but sustained mental effort. Cognitive fatigue was operationally defined as a decline in attention network performance over the course of the Attention Network Tests. Cognitive_Fatigue MSOntology:Cognitive_therapy CT Behavior Therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Cognition Therapies Cognition Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapies Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Psychotherapies Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapies Psychotherapies, Cognitive Psychotherapy, Cognitive Therapies, Cognition Therapies, Cognitive Therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognition Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive Behavior A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=cognitive%20therapy ) Cognitive therapy MSOntology:Combined_gadolinium_and_superparamagnetic_iron_oxide_enhanced_MR_imaging Combined gadolinium and superparamagnetic iron oxide enhanced MR imaging biomarker MSOntology:Complement https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0009498 Complement Complement Component Protein Complement Protein Complement, thermolabile serum protein complex with cytotoxic effect Protein, Complement Proteins, Complement Proteins, Complement System One of a group of about 20 proteins that is found in the blood and is important in fighting infections and other diseases. Complement molecule MSOntology:Computational_classifier doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-67 The mathematical algorithms that maximize the matching between the input data and the output (prediction) .They can accommodate prior information and achieve higher accuracy for predicting outcomes. Computational classifier MSOntology:Computational_model A mathematical model in computational science that requires extensive computational resources to study the behavior of a complex system by computer simulation. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_model ) Computational model MSOntology:Constipation MDC000559 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0009806 Colonic Inertia Constipated Difficult passing motion Difficulty defaecating Difficulty opening bowels Difficulty passing stool Dyschezia Obstipation costiveness Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=constipation ) Constipation MSOntology:Constipation_Drugs http://www.drugs.com/condition/constipation-drug-induced.html The drugs used in the treatment of Constipation. MSOntology:Contactin HS041160 HS052893 MESH : D058966 A family of immunoglobulin-related cell adhesion molecules that are involved in nervous system patterning. (MeSH definition ) Contactin MSOntology:Contactin1 Gene :HS041160 Uniprot ID:Q12860 CNTN1 gene Glycoprotein gp135 Neural cell surface protein F3 Contactins mediate cell surface interactions during nervous system development. Involved in the formation of paranodal axo-glial junctions in myelinated peripheral nerves and in the signaling between axons and myelinating glial cells via its association with CNTNAP1. Contactin1 MSOntology:Contrast_Agents MESH : D003287 Agent, Radiocontrast Agents, Contrast Agents, Radiocontrast C0009924 Contrast Drugs Contrast Materials Contrast Media Contrast Medium Materials, Contrast Media, Contrast Media, Radiocontrast Radiocontrast Agent Radiocontrast Agents Radiocontrast Media Radiographic contrast material Radiographic contrast media contrast material Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues. (MeSH definition ) Contrast_Agents MSOntology:Contrast_Enhancing_Lesion http://ms.about.com/od/glossary/g/Gd_lesion.htm Gadolinium-Enhanced Lesion The active lesions that enhances with gadolinium and allows one to know recent disease activity and determine if a relapse is occurring. Contrast_Enhancing_Lesion MSOntology:Conventional_MRI cMRI DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2007.00129.x An established tool for the assessment of patients with neurodegenerative diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS) and to monitor treatment trials. Conventional MRI biomarker MSOntology:Coordination_problem http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/vestibularataxia.html Incoordination vestibular ataxia is caused lesions to brainstem and the vestibular nuclei. In other conditions, it can also result from damage to the eighth cranial nerve leading from the balance organs in the inner ear. Coordination_problem MSOntology:Corpus_Callosum colossal commissure C0010090 Callosum, Corpus Callosums, Corpus Corpus Callosums Structure of corpus callosum A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex in the eutherian brain at the longitudinal fissure. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum ) Corpus_Callosum MSOntology:Cortex cerebellar cortex The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum covering the white substance in the medullary core. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cerebellar+cortex ) Cortex MSOntology:Cortical_plaque http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/plaque.html The patches of demyelination that occur in the cortical region of the brain, where the myelin is replaced by scar tissue. Cortical plaque MSOntology:Corticosteroids https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Adrenal Cortex Hormones Adrenal cortical hormone Adrenocorticosteroids Anacal pessary Anacal suppository C0001617 Clinical corticosteroid therapy Clinical corticosteroid therapy drug Corticoid preparation Corticoids Corticosteroid replacement therapy Corticosteroids Corticosteroids for oropharynx Hormones, Adrenal Cortex Local corticosteroid injections Rectal corticosteroids Therapeutic Corticosteroid corticosteroid Any steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex (the outer part of the adrenal gland). They are also made in the laboratory. Corticosteroids have many different effects in the body, and are used to treat many different conditions. They may be used as hormone replacement, to suppress the immune system, and to treat some side effects of cancer and its treatment. Corticosteroids are also used to treat certain lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias. MSOntology:Cortisone MESH : D003348 C0010137 Cortison Therapeutic Cortisone cortisone acetate A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Costimulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costimulation During the activation of lymphocytes, co-stimulation is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response. Co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors. Costimulation MSOntology:Cox-2 Gene :HS051132 Uniprot ID:P35354 PTGS2 Cyclooxygenase-2 PGH synthase 2 PGHS-2 PHS II Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 Prostaglandin H2 synthase 2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity. Cox-2 MSOntology:Crosspresentation The ability of certain antigen-presenting cells to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-presentation ) Crosspresentation MSOntology:Crp Gene :HS041617 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIP2 CRIP2 CRP-2 Cysteine-rich protein 2 Protein ESP1 The proteins tha are highly expressed during cardiovascular development and act to bridge serum response factor and GATA proteins and stimulate smooth muscle target genes. Crp MSOntology:Culture_of_3-dimensional_brain_spheroid Scientific Reference: Biotechnol J. 2008 Oct;3(9-10):1172-84. http://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases/modelling-multiple-sclerosis-in-vitro-and-the-influence-of-activated-macrophages Spheroid culture The brain cells when cultured in suspension or a nonadhesive environment can aggregate and differentiate into 3-D multicellular spheroids. Culture of 3-dimensional brain spheroid MSOntology:Cuprizone https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Biscyclohexanone Oxaldihydrazone C0010460 Cuprizone Oxaldihydrazone, Biscyclohexanone Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage. Cuprizone MSOntology:Cyclizine Drug :DBA001165 MESH :D003501 C0010547 Cyclizin A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=cyclizine ) MSOntology:Cyclophosphamide Drug :DBA000524 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html CPM CTX CYCLO-cell CYT Carloxan Ciclofosfamida Ciclofosfamide Cicloxal Clafen Claphene Cycloblastin Cycloblastine Cyclophospham Cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamidum Cyclophosphan Cyclophosphane Cyclophosphanum Cyclostin Cyclostine Cytophosphan Cytophosphane Fosfaseron Genoxal Genuxal Ledoxina Mitoxan Neosar Syklofosfamid A synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. In the liver, cyclophosphamide is converted to the active metabolites aldophosphamide and phosphoramide mustard, which bind to DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and initiating cell death. MSOntology:Cystatin_c Gene :HS041902 CST2 gene Cystatin-S5 Cystatin-SA A secreted thiol protease inhibitor found at high levels in saliva, tears and seminal plasma. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CST2 ) Cystatin_c MSOntology:Cytokines MESH : D016207 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0079189 Cytokine Cytokines Cytokineses Cytokinetic state Cytoplasmic Division Cytoplasmic Divisions Division, Cytoplasmic Divisions, Cytoplasmic cytokine cytokinesis A substance that is made by cells of the immune system. Some cytokines can boost the immune response and others can suppress it. Cytokines can also be made in the laboratory by recombinant DNA technology and used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68016207 ) _Cytokine molecule MSOntology:Cytotoxicity MESH :D003602 The quality of being toxic to cells. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity ) Cytotoxicity MSOntology:DBC1 HS042428 MESH : C112308 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1413915 DBC1 gene DBCCR1 Deleted in Bladder Cancer 1 Gene This gene plays a role in receptor-mediated signal transduction. DBC1 MSOntology:DC MESH : D003713 Dendritic Cells The immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell ) DC MSOntology:DNA_vacination A technique for protecting an organism against disease by injecting it with genetically engineered DNA to produce an immunological response. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccination ) DNA vacination MSOntology:DOCK10 Gene :HS050350 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10 DOCK10.2 Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 10 Zizimin3 The gene encodes a protein that contains a DHR2 domain which is involved in G protein binding and a DHR1 domain which, in some DOCK family proteins, interacts with membrane phospholipids. DOCK10 MSOntology:Daclizumab Drug : DBA000107 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0663182 Hoffmann-La Roche brand of daclizumab Roche brand of daclizumab Zenapax A recombinant monoclonal antibody interleukin-2 receptor antagonist. Daclizumab binds specifically to the alpha subunit of the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expressed on the surface of activated lymphocytes in vivo, thereby inhibiting IL-2 binding and IL-2-mediated lymphocyte activation, a critical cellular immune response pathway. MSOntology:Dalfampridine The molecule is one of the three isomeric amines of pyridine. It is used primarily as a research tool, in characterizing subtypes of potassium channel, and has also been used to manage some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine ) MSOntology:Damage_To_Cranial_Nerve_Transmission http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/grossanatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/mainframe.htm Any disruption in transmission of electrical impulses to and/or from any one of the cranial nerves. Damage_To_Cranial_Nerve_Transmission MSOntology:Decision_support_system CDSS An interactive decision support system (DSS) Computer Software, which is designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision making tasks, such as determining diagnosis of patient data. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system ) Clinical Decision support system MSOntology:Decreased_attention_span http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_span The decrease in amount of time that a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted. Decreased_attention_span MSOntology:Decussation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decussation The nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part of pons to the other. Decussation MSOntology:Dementia MDC000628 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Amentia Amentias C0497327 Dementias Unspecified dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. Dementia MSOntology:Demyelination MESH : D003711 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Destructive inflammatory demyelination Demyelination MSOntology:Demyelination_model_in_slice_culture http://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases/modelling-multiple-sclerosis-in-vitro-and-the-influence-of-activated-macrophages The in-vitro models of the slice culture containing intact myelin layer of specific brain area to identify the demyelination. Demyelination model in slice culture MSOntology:Dendrite https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0011305 Dendrites Dendritic Branched filaments in nerve cells (neurons). (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dendrite.html ) Dendrite MSOntology:Dendritic_Cell MESH : D003713 C0011306 Cell, Dendritic Cells, Dendritic Dendritic Cells The immune cells forming part of the mammalian immune system whose main function is to process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell ) Dendritic_Cell MSOntology:Dendritic_cell_priming PMID: 11017102 The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) to acquire T cell stimulatory capacity. Dendritic cell priming MSOntology:Dentate_Nucleus The most lateral and largest of the deep cerebellar nuclei, receiving axons of the Purkinje cells of the neocerebellum, and serving as a source of fibers composing the superior cerebellar peduncle. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dentate+nucleus+of+cerebellum ) Dentate_Nucleus MSOntology:Depression C0011570 Depressed Depressed mood Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorders Depressive Neurosis Depressive episode Feeling low Feeling of Sadness Low mood Melancholia Mental Depression Miserable Morose mood Morosity Neurosis, Depressive Sad Sad mood Sadness A state of low mood and aversion to activity that can have a negative effect on a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical well-being. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood) ) Depression MSOntology:Dexamethasone MESH :D003907 1-Dehydro-16alpha-methyl-9alpha-fluorohydrocortisone 16Alpha-methyl-9alpha-fluoro-1,4-pregnadiene-11beta,17alpha,21-triol-3,20-dione 16Alpha-methyl-9alpha-fluoro-delta1-hydrocortisone 16Alpha-methyl-9alpha-fluoroprednisolone 9Alpha-fluoro-11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxy-16alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 9Alpha-fluoro-16alpha-methylprednisolone 9alpha-Fluoro-16alpha- methylprednisolone Alcon Brand of Dexamethasone C0011777 Decaject Decaject L.A. Decaject-L.A. Decameth Decameth Decaspray Desametasone Desamethasone Desameton Dexametason Dexamethasone Dexasone Dexone Dexpak ECR Brand of Dexamethasone Foy Brand of Dexamethasone Hexadecadrol Hexadrol ICN Brand of Dexamethasone Maxidex Merck Brand of Dexamethasone Merz Brand 1 of Dexamethasone Merz Brand 2 of Dexamethasone Methylfluorprednisolone Millicorten Oradexon dexamethason An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid. (MeSH definition ) therapy using Dexamethasone MSOntology:Diagnosis MeSH:D003933 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html DIAG Diagnosed Diagnoses Diagnostic Dx The determination of the nature of a disease or condition, or the distinguishing of one disease or condition from another. Assessment may be made through physical examination, laboratory tests, or the likes. Computerized programs may be used to enhance the decision-making process.(MeSH Definition) Diagnosis MSOntology:Diagnosis_criteria determination of the nature of a case of a disease or the distinguishing of one disease from another Diagnosis criteria MSOntology:Diagnostic_test lab test Diagnostic test is a procedure performed to confirm, or determine the presence of disease in an individual suspected of having the disease, usually following the report of symptoms, or based on the results of other medical tests. (Wikipedia) Diagnostic test MSOntology:Diazepam Drug :DBA000822 MESH :D003975 2H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-one, 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl- 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one C0012010 VALIUM Walium diacepam A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of Gamma-AminoButyric Acid activity. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68003975 ) MSOntology:Dietary_factor Informatics tactics to combat MS:Nature review 2012 Dietary factor MSOntology:Differential_equation_model http://science.kennesaw.edu/~mburke/modules/epidiffeq1.html The models in which mathematical functions are used to assess the spread of diseases. Differential equation model MSOntology:Difficulty_beginning_to_urinate http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/multiple_sclerosis/hic_bladder_and_bowel_dysfunction_in_multiple_sclerosis.aspx Hesitancy in starting urination The difficulty in starting to urinate that indicate problems in the functioning of the muscles that control urination , which is a symptom of MS in a person. Difficulty_beginning_to_urinate MSOntology:Difficulty_reasoning_and_solving_problem Reasoning and Problem Solving: Models A K Barbey and L W Barsalou, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Reasoning is a hallmark of human thought, supporting the process of discovery that leads from what is known or hypothesized, to what is unknown or implicit in one’s thinking. Reasoning can take the form of deductive inference.Problem solving refers broadly to the inferential steps that lead from a given state of affairs to a desired goal state. Difficulty_reasoning_and_solving_problem MSOntology:Diffusion_weight_imaging DSI DTI DWI HARDI Tractography An MRI method that produces in vivo magnetic resonance images of biological tissues sensitized with the local characteristics of molecular diffusion, generally water (but other moieties can also be investigated using MR spectroscopic approaches). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_MRI#Diffusion_imaging ) Diffusion weight imaging biomarker MSOntology:Digital_White_Matter Scientific Reference: Neuroimage. 2008 Apr 1;40(2):570-82. Epub 2008 Jan 3. White matter cells that is registrated to a stereotaxic atlas. Digital_White_Matter MSOntology:Dimenhydrinate Drug :DBA000977 Alra Brand of Dimenhydrinate Aviomarin Biodramina Brothier Brand of Dimenhydrinate C0012381 Calm X Calm-X Carter Horner Brand of Dimenhydrinate Cinfa Brand of Dimenhydrinate Cinfamar Contramareo DMH Dimen Heumann Dimen Lichtenstein Dimenhydrinate McNeil Brand Dimenhydrynat Dimetabs Dinate Diphenhydramine Theoclate Dramamine Dramanate Gravol Heumann Brand of Dimenhydrinate Heumann, Dimen Hyrex Brand of Dimenhydrinate Jones Brand of Dimenhydrinate Lichtenstein Brand of Dimenhydrinate Lichtenstein, Dimen Lunopharm Brand of Dimenhydrinate Lünopharm, Reisetabletten Marmine McNeil Brand of Dimenhydrinate Motion Aid Motion-Aid Nausicalm Pasadena Brand of Dimenhydrinate Reisegold Reisetabletten Lünopharm Republic Drug Brand of Dimenhydrinate Seatrace Brand of Dimenhydrinate Theoclate, Diphenhydramine Theoclate, Diphenhydramine Torrens Brand of Dimenhydrinate Uriach Brand of Dimenhydrinate Vangard Brand of Dimenhydrinate Vortech Brand of Dimenhydrinate Wallace Brand of Dimenhydrinate Whitehall Much Brand of Dimenhydrinate Whitehall-Much Brand of Dimenhydrinate A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline . It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. (MeSH definition ) therapy using Dimenhydrinate MSOntology:Dimethy_fumarate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate BG 00012 BG 12 compound BG-00012 BG-12 compound BG00012 BG12 BG12 compound FAG 201 FAG-201 FAG201 Fumaderm dimethylfumarate A lipophilic, highly mobile molecule in human tissue, which when administered orally, it does not survive long enough to be absorbed into blood. MSOntology:Diplopia MeSH: MDC000690 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0012569 Diplopias Double Vision Double_Vision Seeing double Vision double Vision, Double Visione doppia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS, STRABISMUS, OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES, TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES, ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES, and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE. Diplopia MSOntology:Disease_modifying_drugs DMD MSOntology:Disease_subtype MSOntology:Dissemination_In_Space DIS (Scientific reference, doi:10.1002/ana.23575) dissemination in space and time dissemination in time and space dissemination of disease in space (Scientific reference, doi:10.1002/ana.23575) dissemination-in-space (Scientific reference:19546108) in space dissemination systemic dissemination It is a criteria for diagnosis of MS, and is based on the Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) observation. Consists in the involvement of at least 2 discrete areas of the central nervous system (CNS) at baseline and/or involvement of a new CNS location at the time of a second attack. The criteria to be used for the determination of the number of areas involved are those of Barkhof and tintore which require evidence of at least 3 of 4 of the following: a) one gadolinium-enhancing lesion or 9 T2 hyperintense lesions if gadolinium-enhancing lesions are not present b) at least one infratentorial lesion c) at least one juxtacortical lesion (ie, involving the subcortical u-fibers) d) at least 3 periventricular lesions. Lesions will ordinarily be larger than 3 mm in cross section. (Scientific: McDonald et al, 2001) Dissemination In Space MSOntology:Dissemination_In_Time DIT (Scientific reference, doi:10.1002/ana.23575) dissemination in space and time dissemination in time and space dissemination of disease in time (Scientific reference, doi:10.1002/ana.23575) in time dissemination it is a criteria for the diagnosis of MS. Consists in the observation of 2 attacks separated by >30 days Dissemination In Time MSOntology:Dizziness MeSH:MDC000701 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0012833 Dizziness symptom Dizzy Dizzyness Sensation vertigineuse A medically indistinct term used to describe a variety of conditions such as lightheadedness, unsteadiness, giddiness, a sense of turning, spinning or rocking. Dizziness MSOntology:Dj-1 Gene :HS040489 Uniprot ID:Q99497 PARK7 gene Oncogene DJ1 Parkinson disease protein 7 The protein that protects cells against oxidative stress and cell death. Dj-1 MSOntology:Docusate Docusate is a stool softener. It makes bowel movements softer and easier to pass. Docusate is used to treat or prevent constipation, and to reduce pain or rectal damage caused by hard stools or by straining during bowel movements. (Source: http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/docusate ) MSOntology:Doll_Eye_Sign VOR "http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Doll’s+Eye+Sign" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex http://www.amazon.com/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex Vision research 1975 15(6):713-717 The Doll Reflex: ocular counterrolling with head-body tilt in the median plane Ebenholtz SM, Shebilske W PMID: 1138488 Halmagyi Curthoys test Rapid head impulse test Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular/physiology doll's eye sign vestibulo-ocular reflex test A clinical sign for evaluating brainstem function in a comatose patient; in a normal person, as the head is turned rapidly to one side—contraindicated if there is a possibility of brainstem injury—the eyes conjugately deviate in the direction opposite to the head’s movement; loss of this reflex implies dysfunction of brainstem or oculomotor nerves; inferolateral deviation of the eyes in combination with pupillary dilation implies dysfunction of the third cranial nerve, possibly due to tentorial herniation. Reflex movement of the eyes in the opposite direction to that which the head is moved, the eyes being lowered as the head is raised, and the reverse (Cantelli sign); an indication of functional integrity of the brainstem tegmental pathways and cranial nerves involved in eye movement (Source:http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81883) MSOntology:Dopamine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 3,4 Dihydroxyphenethylamine C0013030 Dopamin Dopamine agent One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004298 ) Dopamine MSOntology:Dorsal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata The dorsal surface of the medulla that is formed by the fourth ventricle. Dorsal MSOntology:Double_inversion_recovery DIR doi: 10.1259/0007-1285-67-804-1258 Inversion recovery (IR) sequences can be used to null the signal of a single tissue by appropriate choice of the inversion interval and The use of an additional inversion pulse allows two tissues (e.g. fat and fluid) to be nulled simultaneously, and is termed a double inversion recovery. Double inversion recovery biomarker MSOntology:Dramamine MESH :D004111 A drug combination that contains DIPHENHYDRAMINE and THEOPHYLLINE. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Dynorphin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013355 Dinorfine Dynorphins A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004399 ) Dynorphin MSOntology:Dysarthria MESH : D004401 C0013362 Dysarthoses Dysarthrias disartria Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004401 ) Dysarthria MSOntology:Dyschromatopsia Defective colour vision General term given to deficiencies of colour vision. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dyschromatopsia ) Dyschromatopsia MSOntology:Dysesthesia MDC002006 MESH : D010292 Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. (MeSH definition) Dysesthesia MSOntology:Dyskinetic http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dysarthria.html The dysarthria which can either be hyperkinetic leading to problems with speech rate and rhythm or hypokinetic which results in poor articulation and slurred speech. Dyskinetic MSOntology:Dysmetria MeSH:MDC000438 Adiadochokineses Adiadochokinesis Ataxia, Cerebellar Ataxias, Cerebellar Cerebellar Ataxias Cerebellar Dysmetria Cerebellar Dysmetrias Cerebellar Hemiataxia Cerebellar Hemiataxias Cerebellar Incoordination Cerebellar Incoordinations Dysmetria, Cerebellar Dysmetrias Dysmetrias, Cerebellar Hemiataxia, Cerebellar Hemiataxias, Cerebellar Hypermetria Hypermetrias Incoordination, Cerebellar Incoordinations, Cerebellar Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of cerebellar diseases. (MeSH definition ) Dysmetria MSOntology:Dysphagia MeSH:MDC000624 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0011168 Can't get food down Cannot get food down DEGLUTITION DIS Deglutition Disorder Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in swallowing Disorders, Deglutition Dysphagia Dysphagia, unspecified SWALLOWING DIS Swallowing Disorder Swallowing Disorders Swallowing difficulties A symptom referring to difficulty in swallowing. It may be observed in patients with stroke, motor neuron disorders, cancer of the throat or mouth, head and neck injuries, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. Dysphagia MSOntology:Dysphasia https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0973461 Impairment of verbal communication skills, often resulting from brain damage. Dysphasia MSOntology:E-Selectin MESH : D019040 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 062 E Antigen, CD62E Antigens, CD62E C0115305 CD 062 E ANTIGENS Cell Adhesion Molecule E-Selectin ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 001 ESEL Endothelial Adhesion Molecule 1 SELECTIN E Selectin, E Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognizes sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the Lewis X or Lewis A family. E-Selectin MSOntology:E1BAP5 HS040296 MESH : C475078 http://omim.org/entry/605800?search=E1BAP5&highlight=e1bap5 The gene that interact directly with p53 and inhibited induction of p53-regulated genes following ultraviolet irradiation. E1BAP5 MSOntology:EAAT1 Gene:HS052462 Uniprot ID:P43003 SLC1A3 gene Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 GLAST gene GLAST-1 GLAST1 gene Sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 Solute carrier family 1 member 3 The gene that encodes a protien that transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium. EAAT1 MSOntology:EB9 EB9 MSOntology:EBP-1 Gene :HS048618 Uniprot ID:Q9UQ80 EBP1 gene PA2G4 gene Cell cycle protein p38-2G4 homolog ErbB3-binding protein 1 Proliferation-associated protein 2G4 hG4-1 The gene that encodes a protein which seems be involved in growth regulation. Acts a corepressor of the androgen receptor (AR) and may be involved in ribosome assembly. EBP-1 MSOntology:EBV https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Burkitt Herpesvirus Burkitt Lymphoma Virus Burkitt's Lymphoma Virus Burkitts Lymphoma Virus C0014644 E B Virus E-B Virus E-B Viruses EBV EBV - Epstein-Barr virus Epstein Barr Virus Epstein-Barr Virus Epstein-Barr virus EBV HERPESVIRUS 4 GAMMA HUMAN HERPESVIRUS HUMAN 04 HHV 4 HHV-4 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 04 Herpesvirus 4, Human Herpesvirus, Burkitt Human Herpesvirus 4 Human herpesvirus type 4 INFECT MONONUCLEOSIS VIRUS Infectious Mononucleosis Virus Infectious Mononucleosis Viruses Lymphoma Virus, Burkitt Mononucleosis Virus, Infectious Mononucleosis Viruses, Infectious Virus-Epstein-Barr A species of Herpetoviridae that is responsible for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). Discovered in 1964, this virus has been associated with Burkitt's lymphoma in South African children and with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Asian populations. (On-line Medical Dictionary) EBV MSOntology:EGR2 Gene :HS042861 Uniprot ID:P11161 EGR2 gene KROX20 gene AT591 E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2 EGR-2 Early growth response protein 2 Zinc finger protein Krox-20 The gene that encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor. It binds to two specific DNA sites located in the promoter region of HOXA4. EGR2 MSOntology:EPHX2 Gene :HS043124 Uniprot ID:P34913 Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2 The gene encode a bifunctional enzyme that plays a role in xenobiotic metabolism by degrading potentially toxic epoxides. It also determines steady-state levels of physiological mediators. EPHX2 MSOntology:Efferent_Nerve Any that carries impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/efferent+nerve ) Efferent_Nerve MSOntology:Electrical_Type_Buzzing http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/LHermittessign.html L'Hermitte's sign barber shop symptom The electrical buzzing sensations in the limbs and body brought on by movement of the neck,which is an indicator of lesions in the cervical spine. Electrical_Type_Buzzing MSOntology:Electrical_stimulation Electric Stimulations Electrical Stimulation Electrical Stimulations Stimulation, Electric Stimulation, Electrical Stimulations, Electric Stimulations, Electrical Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004558 ) Electrical stimulation MSOntology:Electrocoagulation https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013804 DIATHERMY SURG Destruction of lesion or structure by biterminal bipolar fulguration Destruction of lesion or structure by electrocautery Diathermies Diathermy Diathermy - action Diathermy - surgical Diathermy cautery - action Diathermy technique Diathermy, Surgical ELECTROCOAG Electrocautery Electrocautery operation Electrocoagulation Electrocoagulation - action Electrosection cutting Electrosurgery Endocavitary Fulguration Fulguration, Endocavitary Galvanocauterisation Galvanocauterisation - action Galvanocauterization Galvanocauterization - action Galvanocautery Physical medicine diathermy treatment to one area SURG DIATHERMY Surgical Diathermy Surgical diathermy NOS THERMOCOAG Thermal coagulation Thermocoagulation electrofulguration fulguration Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit. Electrocoagulation MSOntology:Endorphine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0014242 Endorphin Endorphines Endorphins One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004723 ) Endorphine MSOntology:Endothelium https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0014257 Endothelial Endothelial tissue Endotheliums The thin layer of cells that lines blood and lymph vessels. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/endothelium.html ) Endothelium MSOntology:Energetic_faliure Scientific Reference: Current Cardiology Reports 2000, 2:212–217 Current Science Inc. ISSN 1523–3782 The gradual accumulation of defects at various steps in energetic signaling,thereby disrupting the maintenance of optimal cellular bioenergetics. (Scientific Reference: Current Cardiology Reports 2000, 2:212–217 Current Science Inc. ISSN 1523–3782 ) Energetic failure MSOntology:Energy_depletion The gradual depletion of energy or resources. (Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/depletion ) Energy depletion MSOntology:Enkephalin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0014298 Enkephaline Enkephalins One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004745 ) Enkephalin MSOntology:Enviornmental_suceptibility http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivability The inability to withstand environmental changes. Enviornmental suceptibility MSOntology:Epidemics https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Epidemic Epidemics Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations. Epidemics MSOntology:Epidemiology_of_MS_disease The study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology ) Epidemiology de en ----See Newly Generated Definition Below----- - Epidemiology is the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. ----See Newly Generated Definition Below----- - finger-nose test definition: noun A test of coordination of the arms and hands in which an individual is asked to touch the tip of his or her nose with the index finger.... MSOntology:Epinephrine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Adrenal Adrenaline C0014563 Epinephrin The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004837 ) Epinephrine MSOntology:Episodic_Paroxysmal_Dysarthria http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dysarthria.html The dysarthria that lasts for up to a minute or so and recurs several times a day and is particulary common in MS. Episodic_Paroxysmal_Dysarthria MSOntology:Epitope_spreading Scientific Reference: PMID: 8994863 The development of immune responses to endogenous epitopes secondary to the release of self antigens during a chronic autoimmune or inflammatory response. (PMID: 8994863 ) Epitope spreading MSOntology:Epstein_barr_virus MeSH:MDC003594 EBV Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus, frequently referred to as EBV, is a member of the herpesvirus family and one of the most common human viruses. The virus occurs worldwide, and most people become infected with EBV sometime during their lives. In the United States, as many as 95% of adults between 35 and 40 years of age have been infected. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection (present at birth) disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and in other developed countries, many persons are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time. (Source: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/ebv.htm) Epstein barr virus MSOntology:Epworth_Sleepiness_Scale_Questionnaires The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is used to determine the level of daytime sleepiness. http://www.umm.edu/sleep/epworth_sleep.htm#ixzz2CZLYzhxe Epworth Sleepiness Scale Questionnaires MSOntology:Erectile_dysfunction MESH : D007172 Dysfunction, Erectile Impotence Impotence, Male Impotence, Male Sexual Male Impotence Male Sexual Impotence Sexual Impotence, Male The inability in the male to have a penile erection due to psychological or organ dysfunction. (MeSH definition ) Erectile_dysfunction MSOntology:Etiology_of_MS_disease 0 The study of causation, or origination. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology ) _Etiology MSOntology:Euphoria https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0235146 Euphorias Euphoric mood Feeling high An exaggerated feeling of well-being which is disproportionate to events and stimuli. It may result from psychological causes, organic brain syndromes, or toxic states. Euphoria MSOntology:EuroQol_five-dimensional_questionnaire http://www.euroqol.org/ Applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments, the EQ-5D health questionnaire provides a simple descriptive profile and a single index value for health status. EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire MSOntology:Evoked_Potential_Test http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/diagnosing-ms/evoked-potentials/index.aspx Tests that measure the electrical activity of the brain in response to stimulation of specific sensory nerve pathways. Evoked_Potential_Test MSOntology:Excitory A neurotransmitter that acts to elicit an action potential or make it more likely that one will be elicited. (Source: http://www.termwiki.com/EN:excitatory_neurotransmitter ) Excitatory Neurotransmitter MSOntology:Excitotoxicity The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity ) Excitotoxicity MSOntology:Expanded_Disability_Status_Scale EDSS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Disability_Status_Scale Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale A method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis in eight Functional Systems (FS) and allows neurologists to assign a Functional System Score (FSS) in each of these. Expanded_Disability_Status_Scale MSOntology:FADS1 HS038485 MESH : C031682 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1414521 FADS1 Gene Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 Gene This gene plays a role in fatty acid metabolism. FADS1 MSOntology:FAM5A HS042428 BRINP1 DBC1 FAM5A MSOntology:FAM69A HS047351 MESH :C558130 family with sequence similarity 69 This gene encodes a member of the FAM69 family of cysteine-rich type II transmembrane proteins. These proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum but their specific functions are unknown. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=388650 ) FAM69A MSOntology:FASL Gene :HS046864 Uniprot ID: P48023 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html FASLG gene CD95L gene : APT1LG1 gene ANTIGENS CD 178 APTL Apoptosis antigen ligand CD178 CD95 ligand CD95-L FASL gene Fas antigen ligand Fas ligand FasL Ligand TNFSF-6 Ligand TNFSF6 TNF Superfamily, Member 6 TNFSF6 TNFSF6 gene Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 protein FasL The gene encodes a receptor that transduces the apoptotic signal into cells. FASL MSOntology:FDC HS044736 MESH : C465580 Dendritic Cell, Follicular Dendritic Reticulum Cells, Follicular Follicular Dendritic Cell Follicular Dendritic Cells Non-hematopoietic cells, with extensive dendritic processes, found in the primary and secondary follicles of lymphoid tissue (the B cell zones). (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68020566 ) FDC MSOntology:FLIP HS055665 MESH : C506386 CLARP FLAME1 MRIT CASH CASPER CFLAR I-FLICE The gene that encode the proteases that play a central role in apoptosis. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/603599?search=FLIP&highlight=flip ) FLIP MSOntology:FLJ00340 Gene :HS052710 FLJ00340 protein FLJ00340 MSOntology:FLJ22950 HS070307 MESH : D051927 CD24 CD24A This gene encodes a sialoglycoprotein that is expressed on mature granulocytes and in many B cells. The encoded protein is anchored via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) link to the cell surface. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=FLJ22950 ) FLJ22950 MSOntology:Facial_Myokymia MeSH:MDC000902 Cranial Nerve VII Diseases Cranial Nerve VII Disorders Disease, Facial Nerve Diseases, Facial Nerve Disorder, Facial Nerve Disorders, Facial Nerve Facial Nerve Disease Facial Nerve Disorder Facial Nerve Disorders Facial Neuropathies Neuropathies, Facial Seventh Cranial Nerve Diseases Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=facial%20myokymia ) Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. (MeSH definition) Facial_Myokymia MSOntology:Facial_palsy MeSH:MDC000905 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bell's Palsy C0015469 FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS Facial Palsies Facial Paralysis Facial nerve palsy Facial palsy NERVE PARALYSIS, FACIAL PARALYSIS OF FACIAL NERVE Palsies, Facial Palsy, Facial Paralyses, Facial Paralysis, Facial Seventh nerve palsy Seventh nerve paralysis VII nerve palsy Partial or complete paralysis of the facial muscles of one side of a person's face. It is caused by damage to the seventh cranial nerve. It is usually temporary but it may recur. Facial palsy MSOntology:Family_History Family History risk factors Genetic family history The risk factors inferred from the family health history that reflects inherited genetic susceptibility, shared environment, and common behaviors. (Source: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5344a5.htm ) Family History risk factor MSOntology:Fampridine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 4-AP 4-Aminopyridine 4-Pyridinamine C0000477 Pymadine One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes. MSOntology:Fas Gene :HS081899 Uniprot ID:P25445 APT1 Apo-1 antigen Apoptosis-mediating surface antigen FAS FAS1 FASLG receptor TNFRSF6 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 FAS-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both. Fas MSOntology:Fatigue MeSH:MDC000923 C0015672 Loss of energy Tiredness The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. (MeSH definition ) Fatigue MSOntology:Fatigue_Descriptive_Scale Scientific Reference: Mult Scler. 1999 Feb;5(1):10-6. FDS A tool to evaluate the severity and quality of fatigue in a group of patients suffering from MS. (Source: Mult Scler. 1999 Feb;5(1):10-6. ) Fatigue_Descriptive_Scale MSOntology:Fatigue_Drugs MSOntology:Fatigue_Severity_Scale FSS http://www.healthywomen.org/content/article/fatigue-severity-scale-fss A method of evaluating the impact of fatigue on the patients, using a short questionnaire that rates the level of fatigue. Fatigue_Severity_Scale MSOntology:Feeling_of_sadness http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadness Sadness The emotional pain associated with, or characterized by feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, helplessness and sorrow. Feeling_of_sadness MSOntology:Female https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0015780 F Female Female Gender Female Gender, Self Report Female Gender, Self Reported Female individual Female structure Females A person who belongs to the sex that normally produces ova. The term is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, or cultural gender role distinctions, or both. Female MSOntology:Finger_To_Nose_Test FNT FTN FTNT http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/finger-to-nose+test finger nose test The FNT is a a well-accepted clinical measure of upper-limb (UL) coordination. The FNT consists of a subjective or qualitative component (ie, quality of the movement performed) and an objective time-stressed component (ie, time to execute the required movement). This easy, rapid test has also been used in research with people with stroke,3 and the time-stressed component is part of the sideline evaluation used in the management of concussion in sports.4 The use of timed large-amplitude, rapid, alternating movement patterns has also been validated among patients with stroke.5 Subjects are typically asked to keep their eyes open, to extend their arm forward at shoulder level, to flex the elbow to touch their nose, and to return the arm to the fully extended position, in as rapid succession as possible. Different forms of the FNT have also been described (Source: Swaine et al.(2005) Arch Phis Med rehab 86:1665-1669; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.021) Finger To Nose Test MSOntology:Fingolimod 2-amino-2-(2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl)-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride FTY 720 FTY-720 FTY720 fingolimod hydrochloride gilenya The compound that is Used to treat multiple sclerosis since it has antineoplastic activity. Amyriocin analog; It alters migration and homing of lymphocytes. MSOntology:Firategrast (1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-propanoic acid, alpha-((2,6-difluorobenzoyl)amino)-4'-(ethoxymethyl)- 2',6'-dimethoxy-, (alphaS)- (1,1'-Biphenyl)-4-propanoic acid, alpha-((2,6-difluorobenzoyl)amino)-4'-(ethoxymethyl)-2',6'-dimethoxy-, (alphaS)- 402567-16-2 D06590 DCL000528 Firategrast (USAN) SB 683699 SB-683699 UNII-OJY3SK9H5F A small oral anti-α4β-integrin molecule. (Scientific Reference:Lancet Neurol. 2012 Feb;11(2):131-9. Epub 2012 Jan 5. ) MSOntology:Fluid_Attenuated_Inversion_Recovery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_attenuated_inversion_recovery The pulse sequence which is an inversion recovery technique that nulls fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery biomarker MSOntology:Folate_test http://www.fairview.org/HealthLibrary/Article/LTO_VITAMIN_B12 folic acid test A folic acid test measures the amount of folic acid in the blood. (Source: http://www.everydayhealth.com/health-center/folic-acid-results.aspx). Folate test MSOntology:Folic_Acid MESH: D005492 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html B9, Vitamin C0016410 FA FA - Folic acid Folic Acid Folic acid preparation Folic acid product Synthetic folate in fortified foods and supplements containing a single glutamate molecule. Folic_Acid MSOntology:Fornix Brain Fornix Fornix Cerebral A C-shaped bundle of fibers (axons) in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornix_of_the_brain ) Fornix MSOntology:Forth_Nerve_Palsy MeSH:MDC003751 A condition caused by weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_nerve_palsy ) Fourth_Nerve_Palsy MSOntology:Foxp3 HS048729 a protein involved in immune system responses. A member of the FOX protein family, FOXP3 appears to function as a master regulator (transcription factor) in the development and function of regulatory T cells. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP3 ) Foxp3 MSOntology:Frequency_to_urinate http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/bladder-dysfunction/index.aspx Frequent Urination Urinary frequency The needing to urinate more often than usual, which is a symptom that can be caused by a “spastic” bladder that is unable to hold the normal amount of urine, or by a bladder that does not empty properly and retains some urine in it. Frequency_to_urinate MSOntology:Frontal_Lobe Lobe frontal The largest portion of each cerebral hemisphere, anterior to the central sulcus. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/frontal+lobe ) Frontal_Lobe MSOntology:Functional_MRI https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0376335 FMRI Functional MRI Functional MRIs fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging The principle of functional MRI imaging is to take a series of images of an organ in quick succession and to statistically analyze the images for differences among them. Most commonly used in studies of brain function. Functional MRI biomarker MSOntology:G10P1 Gene :HS046648 Uniprot ID:P09914 IFIT1 gene IFNAI1 gene ISG56 gene G10P1 gene IFI-56K IFIT-1 Interferon-induced 56 kDa protein Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 P56 The gene that encodes IFN-induced antiviral protein which exhibits antiviral activity against several viruses including human papilloma and hepatitis C viruses. G10P1 MSOntology:G10P2 Gene :HS046647 Uniprot ID:P09913 IFIT2 gene G10P2 gene IFI54 gene CIG-42 gene IFI-54K IFIT-2 ISG-54 K ISG54 gene Interferon-induced 54 kDa protein Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 P54 The gene encodes a IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits expression of viral messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation of the 5' cap. The ribose 2'-O-methylation would provide a molecular signature to distinguish between self and non-self mRNAs by the host during viral infection. Viruses evolved several ways to evade this restriction system such as encoding their own 2'-O-methylase for their mRNAs or by stealing host cap containing the 2'-O-methylation (cap snatching mechanism). Can promote apoptosis. G10P2 MSOntology:G3PD Gene :HS044679 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12 G3PDH GAPD GAPDH Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase The gene encodes an enzyme that is implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including transcription activation, initiation of apoptosis, and ER to Golgi vesicle shuttling. G3PD MSOntology:GCCR HS045883 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1334899 NR3C1 gene Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3, Group C, Member 1 (Glucocorticoid Receptor) Gene This gene is involved in ligand-activated transcriptional regulation and mutations in the gene are associated with glucocorticoid resistance. GCCR MSOntology:GGF2 HS038311 MESH : C094131 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3084 HGL MST131 ARIA GGF HRG HRG1 HRGA NDF NRG1 SMDF The protein encoded by this gene is a signaling protein that mediates cell-cell interactions and plays critical roles in the growth and development of multiple organ systems. GGF2 MSOntology:GITR HS055818 AITR CD357 GITR-D TNFRSF18 This gene encodes a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. The encoded receptor has been shown to have increased expression upon T-cell activation, and it is thought to play a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8784 ) GITR MSOntology:GLOD1 Gene: HS013755 GLYI The enzyme encoded by this gene is responsible for the catalysis and formation of S-lactoyl-glutathione from methylglyoxal condensation and reduced glutatione. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2739 ) GLOD1 MSOntology:GPC5 Gene: HS043503 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1415197 GLYPICAN 5 GPC5 GPC5 Gene Glypican 5 Gene This gene plays a role in cellular interactions with proteoglycans. GPC5 MSOntology:GRIA3 Gene:HS045813 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1333710 GRIA3 GRIA3 gene Glutamate Receptor, Ionotrophic, AMPA 3 Gene This gene is involved in the regulation of neuronal signal transduction and neurotransmitter activity. GRIA3 MSOntology:GSK3B Gene: HS045935 The protein encoded by this gene is a serine-threonine kinase, belonging to the glycogen synthase kinase subfamily. It is involved in energy metabolism, neuronal cell development, and body pattern formation. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2932 ) GSK3B MSOntology:Gabapentin Drug :DBA000988 MESH :C040029 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Aventis brand of gabapentin C0060926 Neurontin Parke Davis brand of gabapentin Pfizer brand of gabapentin Warner-Lambert brand of gabapentin A synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, gabapentin appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity. This agent also exhibits analgesic properties. (NCI04) MSOntology:Gadolinium Gd Gadolinium is a chemical compound given during MRI scans that highlights areas of inflammation. (Source: http://ms.about.com/od/glossary/g/Gd_lesion.htm ) Gadolinium MSOntology:Gadolinium_Enhanced Gadolinium is a chemical compound given during MRI scans that highlights areas of inflammation. It is also called “contrast material.” A gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan shows active lesions, meaning that there is a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and inflammation is present. (Source: http://ms.about.com/od/glossary/g/Gd_lesion.htm ) Gadolinium_Enhanced MSOntology:Galactocerebroside https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0016960 Ceramides, Galactosyl Galactosyl Ceramides Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy. Galactocerebroside MSOntology:Gamma_Aminobutyric_Acid MESH : D005680 The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. (MeSH definition ) Gamma_Aminobutyric_Acid MSOntology:Gamma_Knive Radiosurgeries, LINAC Body Radiotherapies, Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy, Stereotactic CyberKnife Radiosurgeries CyberKnife Radiosurgery Gamma Knife Radiosurgeries Gamma Knife Radiosurgery LINAC Radiosurgery Linear Accelerator Radiosurgeries Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery Radiosurgeries Radiosurgeries, CyberKnife Radiosurgeries, Gamma Knife Radiosurgeries, Linac Radiosurgeries, Linear Accelerator Radiosurgeries, Stereotactic Radiosurgery Radiosurgery, CyberKnife Radiosurgery, Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Linac Radiosurgery, Linear Accelerator Radiosurgery, Stereotactic Radiotherapies, Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy, Stereotactic Body Stereotactic Body Radiotherapies Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Stereotactic Radiosurgeries Stereotactic Radiosurgery A radiological stereotactic technique developed for cutting or destroying tissue by high doses of radiation in place of surgical incisions. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=gamma%20knife ) Gamma_Knife MSOntology:Gamma_delta_T_cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B4_T_cells γδ T cells A small subset of T cells that possess a distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. Gamma delta T cell MSOntology:Gangliosides https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0017082 Ganglioside Sialoglycosphingolipids A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997) Gangliosides MSOntology:Gastroesophageal_Reflux MESH :D005764 Acid Reflux, Gastric Acid Reflux, Gastric Acid reflux C0017168 Esophageal Reflux GERD Gastric Acid Reflux Gastric Acid Reflux Disease Gastro Esophageal Reflux Gastro oesophageal Reflux Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Reflux, Gastric Acid Reflux, Gastro-Esophageal Reflux, Gastro-oesophageal Reflux, Gastroesophageal Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER. (MeSH definition ) Gastroesophageal_Reflux MSOntology:Gelsolin Gene :HS045936 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0061187 FILAMIN Gelsolin Gelsolin Protein Serum Actin Inhibitory Protein A 90-kDa protein produced by macrophages that severs ACTIN filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by CALCIUM ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some CELLS. Gelsolin MSOntology:Gender_risk_factor http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/epidemiology.html gender gender risk factors sex sex risk factor sex risk factors The Factors that are associated with diseases and gender. Gender risk factor MSOntology:Genetic Genetic protective factor An allele associated with a reduction in risk relative to a more common reference allele. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377801) MSOntology:Genetic_Biomarkers Genetic Biomarkers A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_marker ) Genetic Biomarker MSOntology:Genetic_suceptibility Genetic predisposition An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. (Source: http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=256553 ) Genetic suceptibility MSOntology:Geographical_region Enviornmental Geographical region MSOntology:Gfap Gene :HS045002 Uniprot ID:P14136 Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker that, during the development of the central nervous system, distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells. Gfap MSOntology:Glatiramer_Acetate Drug :DBA004757 Aventis brand of copolymer 1 COP1 Copaxone TV 5010 TV-5010 TV5010 Teva brand of copolymer 1 copolymer 1 copolymer-1 A synthetic polypeptide consisting of L-Ala, L-Glu, L-Lys, and L-Tyr. It produces antigen-suppressor cells specific for myelin-based protein.It is a potential drug for treating multiple sclerosis. MSOntology:Glial_Cells MESH : D009457 C0027836 Cell, Glial Cell, Neuroglial Cells, Glial Cells, Neuroglial Maintenance and support cells in the central nervous system (CNS). (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/glialcells.html ) Glial_Cells MSOntology:Glial_scar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar The body's mechanism to protect and begin the healing process in the nervous system after an injury. Glial scar MSOntology:Glial_stem_cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomic nervous system. MSOntology:Globus_Pallidus https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0017651 GP - Globus pallidus Globus Pallidus Globus pallidus structure Paleostriatum Pallidum Structure of globus pallidus The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. Globus_Pallidus MSOntology:Glucocorticoids MESH :D005938 C0017710 Effect, Glucocorticoid Effects, Glucorticoid Glucocorticoid Effect Glucocorticoid hormone Glucorticoid Effects A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. MSOntology:Glutamate_excitotoxicity Scientific Reference: AJNR 2001 22: 1813-1824 Glutamate Excitotoxicity refers to an excessive activation of neuronal glutamate receptors,where glutamate is one of a group of amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. Glutamate excitotoxicity MSOntology:Grey_Matter Gray Matter The areas where the actual "processing" is done .It has a grey colour due to all the grey nuclei in the cells that make it up. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/greymatter.html ) Grey_Matter MSOntology:Grey_matter_atrophy http://www.my-ms.org/symptoms_atrophy.htm The progressive degeneration of grey matter cells. Grey matter atrophy MSOntology:Gut https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Alimentary Canal Alimentary tract C0017189 Digestive Tracts Digestive tract structure GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT GI Tract GI Tracts Gastrointestinal Tracts Gastrointestinal tract structure Gut digestive tract MSOntology:HAPLN1 Gene :HS041620 CRTL1 The encodes proteins that is important for the formation of proteoglycan aggregates and normal organization of hypertrophic chondrocytes, and suggested that cartilage matrix has a role in chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/115435?search=HAPLN1&highlight=hapln1 ) HAPLN1 MSOntology:HAVCR Gene:HS055224 Uniprot ID:Q8TDQ0 HAVCR2 gene HAVcr-2 Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 T-cell membrane protein 3 TIM-3 TIM3 gene TIMD-3 TIMD3 gene The gene encodes a protein that regulates macrophage activation. Inhibits T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1)-mediated auto- and alloimmune responses and promotes immunological tolerance. May be also involved in T-cell homing. HAVCR MSOntology:HBB Gene :HS038305 Uniprot ID:P68871 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Beta-globin C1415481 HBB HBB gene HEMOGLOBIN--BETA LOCUS Hemoglobin beta chain Hemoglobin subunit beta The gene encodes a protein that is involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. HBB MSOntology:HHV_6 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html B-Lymphotropic Virus, Human B-Lymphotropic Viruses, Human C0019381 Exanthem subitum virus HBLV HERPESVIRUS HUMAN 06 HHV 6 HHV-6 HHV6 HHV6 - Human herpes virus 6 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 06 HUMAN LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS AB Herpesvirus 6, Human Herpesvirus type 6 Human B Lymphotropic Virus Human B-Lymphotropic Virus Human B-Lymphotropic Viruses Human herpes virus 6 Human herpesvirus 6 Human herpesvirus type 6 Roseola infantum virus Roseola virus Virus-HHV6 herpes simplex virus type 6 herpesvirus 6 HHV-6 human herpesvirus 6 HHV-6 human herpesvirus type 6 HHV-6 The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6, (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis. HHV_6 MSOntology:HIP Gene:HS052198 Uniprot ID:Q96QV1 HHIP gene HIP gene HHIP Hedgehog-interacting protein The gene encodes a protein that modulates hedgehog signaling in several cell types including brain and lung through direct interaction with members of the hedgehog family. HIP MSOntology:HLA https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antigens, Human Leukocyte Antigens, Immune-Response-Associated Antigens, Leukocyte C0019721 HLA - Human leukocyte antigen Human Leukocyte Antigens Human leucocyte antigen Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antigen Human leukocyte antigen Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen human lymphocyte antigen Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases. HLA MSOntology:HLA-C Gene :HS081292 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3107 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PSORS1 C0019751 D6S204 HLA-C Gene HLA-JY3 HLC-C HLA-C belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from endoplasmic reticulum lumen. HLA-C MSOntology:HLA-DQA Gene :HS085541 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1415570 HLA-DQA1 Gene Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Alpha 1 Gene This gene plays a role in antigen presentation and immunoregulation. HLA-DQA MSOntology:HLA-DQB_0603 Gene :HS089126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=HLA-DQB%200603 CELIAC1 HLA-DQB HLA-DQB1 IDDM1 HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogs.It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. HLA-DQB_0603 MSOntology:HLA-DRB15 HLA-DRB15 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_1401 HLA-DRB1_1401 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_1501 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029819 The gene that encode a myelin-related antigen which play role in autoimmune reaction. HLA-DRB1_1501 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_1503 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/181/8/5473.long One of the gene variants of HLA-DRB1, that provide evidence for HLA-DRB1 as the primary susceptibility gene. HLA-DRB1_1503 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_301 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3125 HLA-DRB3 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. HLA-DRB1_301 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_401 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3126 HLA-DRB4 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. . It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. HLA-DRB1_401 MSOntology:HLA-DRB1_801 HLA-DRB1_801 MSOntology:HTLV-1 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ATLV Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus I Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus I C0020094 HTLV 001 HTLV WI HTLV-1 HTLV-1 - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 HTLV-I HUMAN LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 001 Human T Cell Leukemia Virus I Human T lymphotropic virus 1 Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus I Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 Human T-lymphotropic virus, type I LEUKEMIA VIRUS I A HUMAN T CELL Leukemia Lymphoma Virus I, Adult T Cell Leukemia Virus I, Human T Cell Leukemia Virus I, Human T-Cell T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I HUMAN T Cell Leukemia Virus I, Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus I, Human Virus-HTLV-I human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 A type of virus that infects T cells (a type of white blood cell) and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. HTLV-1 is spread by sharing syringes or needles, through blood transfusions or sexual contact, and from mother to child during birth or breast-feeding. HTLV-1 MSOntology:Haematology https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html HEMATOL Hematologic Hematology A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. Haematology MSOntology:Hammilton_depression_scale HAM-D HRSD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression A multiple choice questionnaire that clinicians may use to rate the severity of a patient's major depression. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Rating_Scale_for_Depression ) Hammilton depression scale MSOntology:Haptoglobin Gene :HS046323 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Aptoglobina Aptoglobine C0018595 Hp - Haptoglobin Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16. Haptoglobin MSOntology:Hearing_loss MESH : D034381 MeSH:MDC003751 C1384666 Decreased hearing Difficulty hearing Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment Hearing impaired Hypoacuses Hypoacusis Loss, Hearing A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears. (MeSH definition ) Hearing_loss MSOntology:Heat_intolerance http://www.msrc.co.uk/index.cfm/fuseaction/show/pageid/1708 The classic symptom of MS where a rise in temperature whether it’s internally or externally, may temporarily increase symptoms. Heat_intolerance MSOntology:Heel_Shin_Test http://www.drugs.com/dict/heel-to-shin-test.html heel to shin coordination test heel-shin test heel-to-knee-to-shin test heel-to-shin maneuvers heel-to-shin test heel-to-shin touch a test of lower limb coordination and position sense; the subject places the heel of one foot on the opposite knee and then slides it distally along the shin to the opposite ankle. (Source: http://www.drugs.com/dict/heel-to-shin-test.html) Heel to Shin Test MSOntology:Helmintihic_infection http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Helminth+infection The infection of the worm called helminth that is parasitic on the intestines of vertebrates especially roundworms and tapeworms and flukes. Helmintihic infection MSOntology:Hematopoictic_stem_cell HSCs haematopoietic stem cells The multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types from the myeloid. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell ) MSOntology:Hemiparesis The weakness on one side of the body. (Source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/hemiparesis ) Hemiparesis MSOntology:Hemiplegia MeSH:MDC001169 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0018991 Hemiplegias Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions, cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES, PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES, and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. Hemiplegia MSOntology:Herpes_virus MESH :D006564 herpes simplex virus Herpesviruses Mouse Thymic Virus Mouse Thymic Viruses Murid herpesvirus 3 Thymic Virus, Mouse Thymic Viruses, Mouse herpesvirus 3, Murid hymic Group Viruses A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics. (MeSH definition ) Herpes virus MSOntology:Hippocampus http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hippocampus Ammon Horn Ammons Horn C0019564 Subiculum A curved elevation in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; a functional component of the limbic system, its efferent projections form the fornix. Hippocampus MSOntology:Hispanics https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html American, Hispanic Americans, Hispanic Americans, Spanish C0086409 Hispanic Hispanic American Hispanic Americans Hispanic Populations Hispanic or Latino Hispanics Hispanics or Latinos Latino Population Spanish American Spanish Americans Spanish Origin A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. An arbitrary ethnic classification. Hispanics MSOntology:Histamine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine 5-Imidazoleethylamine C0019588 Histamin An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68006632 ) Histamine MSOntology:Histological_pattern Histology The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology ) Histological pattern classification MSOntology:Hoffman_Sign http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann's_sign Hoffmann-Tinel sign Tinel Sign Tinel's sign A Hoffmann (or Tinel's sign) is a tingling sensation triggered by a mechanical stimulus in the distal part of an injured nerve. This sensation radiates peripherally, from the point where it is triggered to the cutaneous distribution of the nerve. The tingling response can be compared with that produced by a weak electric current, as in transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). This unpleasant sensation is not a severe pain and does not persist. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann's_sign) MSOntology:Homocysteine MESH :D006710 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 2 amino 4 mercaptobutyric acid 2-amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid AMINOMERCAPTOBUTYRIC ACID 0204 C0019878 Homocystein Homocysteina Homocysteine Homocysteine Homocysteine, L Isomer Homocysteine, L-Isomer L-Homocysteine L-Isomer Homocysteine A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE. Homocysteine MSOntology:Human_herpes_virus_6 HBLV HHV-6 HHV-6A HHV-6B C0019381 HHV 6 HPV6 Herpesvirus 6, Human Herpesvirus type 6 herpes simplex virus type 6 human B lymphotropic virus Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a set of two closely related herpes viruses known as HHV-6A and HHV-6B that infect nearly all human beings, typically before the age of two. The acquisition of HHV-6 in infancy is often symptomatic, resulting in childhood fever, diarrhea, and exanthem subitum rash (commonly known as roseola). Although rare, this initial infection can also cause febrile seizures, encephalitis or intractable seizures. Like the other herpesviruses—Epstein Barr virus, varicella zoster virus, etc—HHV-6 establishes life-long latency and can become reactivated later in life. This reactivation has been associated with many clinical manifestations that can be seen in the “Associated Conditions” section of this site. Reactivation can occur in locations throughout the body, including the brain, lungs, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract. In some cases, HHV-6 reactivation in the brain tissue can cause cognitive dysfunction, permanent disability and death. A growing number of studies also suggest that HHV-6 may play a role in a subset of patients with chronic neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, status epilepticus and chronic fatigue syndrome. There is an urgent need for more studies that can prove or disprove the important disease associations that have been suggested. (Source: http://www.hhv-6foundation.org/what-is-hhv-6) Human herpes virus 6 MSOntology:Human_immunodeficiency_virus MeSH:MDC002942 HIV HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. CDC estimates that about 56,000 people in the United States contracted HIV in 2006. HIV damages a person’s body by destroying specific blood cells, called CD4+ T cells, which are crucial to helping the body fight diseases. (Source: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/definitions.htm) Human immunodeficiency virus MSOntology:Hydroxyindoleacetic_Acid MESH :D006897 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid, 5-hydroxy- 5 Hydroxy 3 Indoleacetic Acid 5 Hydroxyindolamine Acetic Acid Acid, 5-Hydroxy-3-Indoleacetic Acid, 5-Hydroxyindolamine Acetic Acid, Hydroxyindoleacetic C0020361 HIAA - Hydroxyindole acetic acid A breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors. Hydroxyindoleacetic_Acid MSOntology:Hypothalamus https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Hypothalamic structure The area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Hypothalamus MSOntology:ICAM-1 MESH : D018799 Antigen, CD54 Antigens, CD54 CD54 Antigen CD54 Antigens Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. (MeSH definition ) ICAM-1 MSOntology:ICAM1 Gene :HS046447 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ICAM1 gene Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (CD54), Human Rhinovirus Receptor Gene This gene is involved in mediating integrin-binding interactions that result in cellular adhesion. ICAM1 MSOntology:IFI44 Gene :HS039879 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8TCB0 MTAP44 MTAP44 protein hepatitis C-associated microtubular aggregate protein p44 interferon-induced protein 44 protein p44 The gene that encodes a protein that aggregates to form microtubular structures. IFI44 MSOntology:IFI6 Gene :HS038144 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFI6 G1P3 gene IFI6 gene Ifi-6-16 Interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 Interferon-induced protein 6-16 The gene encodes protein that may play a critical role in the regulation of apoptosis. IFI6 MSOntology:IFIT1 Gene :HS046648 Gene ID: 3434 G10P1 IFI-56 C56 IFI-56K IFI56 IFIT-1 IFNAI1 ISG56 P56 RNM561 This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats that was originally identified as induced upon treatment with interferon. The encoded protein may inhibit viral replication and translational initiation. IFIT1 MSOntology:IFIT2 Gene :HS046647 Uniprot :P09913 IFI-54 IFI-54K IFIT-2 ISG-54 K ISG54 cig42 G10P2 GARG-39 IFI54 ISG-54K P54 This gene encodes IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits expression of viral messenger RNAs lacking 2'-O-methylation of the 5' cap. The ribose 2'-O-methylation would provide a molecular signature to distinguish between self and non-self mRNAs by the host during viral infection. Viruses evolved several ways to evade this restriction system such as encoding their own 2'-O-methylase for their mRNAs or by stealing host cap containing the 2'-O-methylation (cap snatching mechanism). Can promote apoptosis. IFIT2 MSOntology:IFIT3 Gene :HS046659 Uniprot :O14879 IRG2 ISG60 CIG-49 GARG-49 IFI60 IFIT4 P60 RIG-G This gene encodes IFN-induced antiviral protein which acts as an inhibitor of cellular as well as viral processes, cell migration, proliferation, signaling, and viral replication. IFIT3 MSOntology:IFITM1 Gene :HS055350 Uniprot ID:P13164 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html IFITM1 gene IFI17 gene CD225 CD225 gene DSPA2a Dispanin subfamily A member 2a IFITM1 INTERFERON-INDUCED PROTEIN 17 INTERFERON-INDUCED TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN 1 Interferon-induced protein 17 Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 Interferon-inducible protein 9-27 LEU13 Leu-13 antigen The gene encodes a IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits the entry of viruses to the host cell cytoplasm, permitting endocytosis, but preventing subsequent viral fusion and release of viral contents into the cytosol. IFITM1 MSOntology:IFITM3 Gene :HS039756 Uniprot ID:Q01628 IFITM3 gene DSPA2b Dispanin subfamily A member 2b Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 Interferon-inducible protein 1-8U The gene encodes a IFN-induced antiviral protein which inhibits the entry of viruses to the host cell cytoplasm, permitting endocytosis, but preventing subsequent viral fusion and release of viral contents into the cytosol. IFITM3 MSOntology:IFNAR1 Gene :HS046687 The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein that forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons alpha and beta. Binding and activation of the receptor stimulates Janus protein kinases, which in turn phosphorylate several proteins, including STAT1 and STAT2. The encoded protein also functions as an antiviral factor. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNAR1 ) IFNAR1 MSOntology:IFNAR2 Gene :HS046688 The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein that forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons alpha and beta. Binding and activation of the receptor stimulates Janus protein kinases, which in turn phosphorylate several proteins, including STAT1 and STAT2. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNAR2 ) IFNAR2 MSOntology:IFNG Gene :HS046694 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1334085 IFNG gene Interferon, Gamma Gene This gene plays a role in signal transduction and immunoregulation. It is also involved in cell communication, migration, growth and proliferation. IFNG MSOntology:IFNGR1 Gene :HS046696 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1334083 IFNGR1 gene Interferon Gamma Receptor 1 Gene This gene is involved in receptor-mediated signal transduction in the interferon gamma signaling pathway. IFNGR1 MSOntology:IFNGR2 Gene :HS046698 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1334084 IFNGR2 gene Interferon Gamma Receptor 2 (Interferon Gamma Transducer 1) Gene This gene is involved in receptor-mediated signal transduction in the interferon gamma signaling pathway and mediates innate immune responses. IFNGR2 MSOntology:IIIrd IIIrd MSOntology:IL-1 MESH : D007375 C0021755 IL 001 IL 01 IL-1 IL1 IL1 (Interleukine 1) IL1B INTERLEUKIN 001 INTERLEUKIN A 01 Interleukin 1 Interleukin I Interleukin-1 Interleukin-1 LAF LAF (Lymphocyte-Activating Factor) Lymphocyte Activating Factor Lymphocyte-Activating Factor Lymphocyte-Stimulating Hormone Macrophage Cell Factor T Helper Factor A soluble factor produced by monocytes,macrophages and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007375 ) _IL-1 MSOntology:IL-10 MESH : D016753 Interleukin-10 A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-lymphocytes,monocytes,dendritic cells and epithelial cells that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and inflammation. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68016753 ) MSOntology:IL-12 MESH : D018664 Interleukin-12 A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by dendritic cells,macrophages and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of interferon-gamma production by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68018664 ) _IL-12 MSOntology:IL-13 MESH : D018793 IL 13 IL13 Interleukin-13 A cytokine synthesized by T-lymphocytes that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature B-lymphocytes. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68018793 ) IL-13 MSOntology:IL-15 MESH : D019409 C0254610 IL 15 IL-15 IL15 IL15 Protein INTERLEUKIN 015 INTERLEUKIN A 15 Interleukin 15 Interleukin-15 Interleukin-15 Precursor Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes. (MeSH definition) IL-15 MSOntology:IL-17A MESH : D020381 C0384648 CTLA-8 CTLA8 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 8 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Serine Esterase 8 IL 017 IL 17 IL-17 IL-17A IL17 IL17 Protein IL17A INTERLEUKIN 017 INTERLEUKIN A 17 Interleukin 17 Interleukin 17 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Serine Esterase 8) Interleukin 17 Precursor Interleukin-17 A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-lymphocytes or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene. (MeSH definition ) IL-17A MSOntology:IL-18 MESH : D020382 C0383327 Factor IFN-gamma-Inductor IFN gamma Inducing Factor IFN-gamma Inducing Factor IFN-gamma-Inducing Factor IGIF IL 018 IL 18 IL-1 Gamma IL-18 IL18 IL18 Protein INTERLEUKIN 018 INTERLEUKIN A 18 Inducing Factor, IFN-gamma Inducing Factor, Interferon-gamma Interferon gamma Inducing Factor Interferon-gamma Inducing Factor Interferon-gamma-Inducing Factor Interleukin 18 Interleukin 18 (Interferon-Gamma-Inducing Factor) Interleukin 18 Proprotein Interleukin-1 Gamma Interleukin-18 Precursor A cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:IL-1ra Gene :HS046860 Uniprot ID:P18510 IL1F3 gene IL1RN gene ICIL-1RA IL-1RN IL1 inhibitor IL1RA gene INN=Anakinra IRAP Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein The protein that inhibits the activity of interleukin-1 by binding to receptor IL1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL1RAP for signaling. IL-1ra MSOntology:IL-2 MESH : D007376 C0021756 IL 002 INTERLEUKIN 002 INTERLEUKIN A 02 Interleukin 2 Interleukin 2 Precursor Interleukin II Interleukin-2 Interleukin-2 Lymphocyte Mitogenic Factor Lymphocyte blastogenic factor Lymphocyte mitogenic factor T Cell Stimulating Factor T-Cell Growth Factor T-Cell Stimulating Factor T-stimulating factor TCGF A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocytes which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes. (MeSH definition ) IL-2 MSOntology:IL-23 MESH : D053759 C0963088 IL 023 IL-23 IL23 INTERLEUKIN 023 Interleukin 23 Interleukin-23 A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kDa subunit and 40 kDa subunit that is shared with interleukin-12. It is produced by dendritic cells macrophages and a variety of other immune cells. (MeSH Definition ) IL-23 MSOntology:IL-3 MESH : D007377 A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by lymphocytes.epithelial cells and astrocytes which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells. (MeSH definition ) IL-3 MSOntology:IL-4 MESH : D015847 A soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that induces the expression of MHC class II genes and FC receptors on B-lymphocytes and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cells, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:IL-5 MESH : D015848 A cytokine that promotes differentiation and activation of eosinophils. It also triggers activated B-lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobin-secreting cells. (MeSH definition ) IL-5 MSOntology:IL-6 MESH : D015850 C0021760 A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-lymphocytes and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-lymphocytes,monocytes and fibroblasts. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:IL10 Gene :HS046884 MESH : D016753 CSIF-10 Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor IL-10 Interleukin 10 Interleukin-10 A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-lymphocytes, monocytes,dendritic cells and epithelial cells that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and inflammation. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein. (MeSH definition ) IL10 MSOntology:IL12 MESH : D018664 Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Maturation Factor Edodekin Alfa IL-12 IL-12 p70 IL12 Interleukin 12 Interleukin 12 p70 Interleukin-12 Interleukin-12 p70 Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory Factor p70, Interleukin-12 A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by dendritic cells,macrophages and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of interferon-gamma production by T-lymphocytes and natual killer cells. (MeSH definition) IL12 MSOntology:IL12A Gene :HS046889 MESH : C508858 IL12A gene Interleukin 12A (Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory Factor 1, Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Maturation Factor 1, P35) Gene This gene encodes a subunit of a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL12A ) IL12A MSOntology:IL13 Gene :HS046893 MESH :D018793 IL13 gene Interleukin 13 Gene Interleukin-13 A cytokine synthesized by T-LYMPHOCYTES that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature B-LYMPHOCYTES. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. (MeSH definition ) IL13 MSOntology:IL1A Gene :HS046857 MESH :C508584 C0600251 Hematopoietin 1 Hematopoietin 1 IL-1 alpha Interleukin 1 alpha Interleukin 1alpha Interleukin-1 alpha Interleukin-1 alpha Interleukin-1alpha Preinterleukin 1 Alpha hematopoetin-1 interleukin-1-alpha An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68053582 ) IL1A MSOntology:IL1B Gene:HS046858 MESH :C508585 Catabolin IL-1 beta Interleukin 1 beta Interleukin 1beta Interleukin-1 beta An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68053583 ) IL1B MSOntology:IL23R Gene :HS042019 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL23R IL-23 receptor interleukin 23 receptor interleukin-23 receptor A type I cytokine receptor. This is a subunit of the receptor for IL23A/IL23. This protein pairs with the receptor molecule IL12RB1/IL12Rbeta1, and both are required for IL23A signaling. IL23R MSOntology:IL2RA Gene :HS046863 Antigen, CD25 Antigens, CD25 CD25 Antigen CD25 Antigens IL 2Ralpha IL-2Ralpha Interleukin 2 Receptor alpha Interleukin 2 Receptor alpha Chain Interleukin 2 Receptors alpha Interleukin 2Ralpha Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Chain Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit Interleukin-2 Receptors alpha Interleukin-2Ralpha Receptor alpha, Interleukin-2 Receptors alpha, Interleukin-2 Tac P55 Peptide alpha-subunit, Receptor, Interleukin-2 A low affinity interleukin-2 receptor subunit that combines with the interleukin-2 receptor beta subunit and the interleukin receptor common gamma-chain to form a high affinity receptor for interleukin-2. (MeSH definition ) IL2RA MSOntology:IL3 Gene :HS046867 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_3 IL-3 gene encodes a cytokine that stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells or, with the addition of IL-7, into myeloid progenitor cells. IL3 MSOntology:IL4 Gene :HS046869 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_4 Interleukin-4 The gene encodes a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells) to Th2 cells. IL4 MSOntology:IL4R Gene :HS046870 B Cell Activating Factor Receptor B Cell-Activating Factor Receptor IL 4 Receptor IL 4 Receptors IL-4 Receptor IL-4 Receptors IL4 Receptor IL4 Receptors IL4R gene Interleukin 4 Receptor Interleukin 4 Receptor Gene Interleukin 4 Receptors Interleukin-4 Receptors Receptor, B Cell Activating Factor Receptor, B Cell-Activating Factor Receptor, IL-4 Receptor, IL4 Receptor, Interleukin 4 Receptors, IL 4 Receptors, IL-4 Receptors, IL4 Receptors, Interleukin 4 Receptors, Interleukin-4 Receptors present on a wide variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types that are specific for interleukin-4. They are involved in signaling a variety of immunological responses related to allergic inflammation including the differentiation of TH2 cells and the regulation of immunoglobulin E production. (MeSH definition) IL4R MSOntology:IL5 Gene :HS046871 MESH :D015848 B Cell Growth Factor II B-Cell Growth Factor-II BCGF-II Differentiation Factor, Eosinophil Eosinophil Differentiation Factor IL-5 Interleukin 5 Interleukin-5 Replacing Factor, T-Cell T Cell Replacing Factor T-Cell Replacing Factor T-Cell-Replacing Factor A cytokine that promotes differentiation and activation of eosinophils. It also triggers activated B-lymphocytes to differentiate into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. (MeSH definition) IL5 MSOntology:IL6 Gene :HS046873 B Cell Differentiation Factor B Cell Differentiation Factor 2 B Cell Stimulatory Factor 2 B Cell Stimulatory Factor-2 B-Cell Differentiation Factor B-Cell Differentiation Factor-2 B-Cell Stimulatory Factor 2 B-Cell Stimulatory Factor-2 BSF-2 Differentiation Factor 2, B Cell Differentiation Factor, B Cell Differentiation Factor, B-Cell Differentiation Factor-2, B-Cell Differentiation-Inducing Protein, Myeloid Growth Factor, Hybridoma Growth Factor, Plasmacytoma Hepatocyte Stimulating Factor Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor Hybridoma Growth Factor IFN-beta 2 IL-6 Interleukin 6 Interleukin-6 MGI-2 Myeloid Differentiation Inducing Protein Myeloid Differentiation-Inducing Protein Plasmacytoma Growth Factor A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-lymphocytes and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. (MeSH definition ) IL6 MSOntology:IL7 Gene :HS046876 C1334124 IL7 gene Interleukin 7 Gene Lymphopoietin 1 Lymphopoietin-1 A cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of B-lymphocyte precursors and is co-mitogenic with interleukin-2 for mature T-lymphocyte activation. (MeSH definition ) IL7 MSOntology:IL7R Gene :HS081900 IL 7 Receptor IL 7 Receptors IL-7 Receptor IL-7 Receptors IL7 Receptor IL7 Receptors Interleukin 7 Receptor Interleukin 7 Receptors Interleukin-7 Receptors Receptor, IL-7 Receptor, Interleukin 7 Receptors, IL 7 Receptors, IL-7 Receptors, IL7 Receptors, Interleukin 7 Cell surface receptors that are specific for interleukin-7. They are present on T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocyte precursors. (MeSH definition ) IL7R MSOntology:IL8 Gene :HS081901 AMCF-I Alveolar Macrophage Chemotactic Factor I Alveolar Macrophage Chemotactic Factor-I Anionic Neutrophil Activating Peptide Anionic Neutrophil-Activating Peptide CXCL8 Chemokine CXCL8 Chemokines CXCL8, Chemokine Chemokine CXCL8 Chemokine, CXCL8 Chemokines, CXCL8 Chemotactic Factor, Macrophage Derived Chemotactic Factor, Macrophage-Derived Chemotactic Factor, Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor, Neutrophil, Monocyte-Derived Chemotactic Peptide-Interleukin-8, Granulocyte Granulocyte Chemotactic Peptide Interleukin 8 Granulocyte Chemotactic Peptide-Interleukin-8 IL-8 IL8 gene Interleukin 8 Gene Interleukin-8 Lymphocyte-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Peptide Macrophage-Derived Chemotactic Factor Monocyte-Derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor Monocyte-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Peptide Neutrophil Activating Peptide, Lymphocyte Derived Neutrophil Activating Peptide, Monocyte Derived Neutrophil Activation Factor Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor Neutrophil-Activating Peptide, Anionic Neutrophil-Activating Peptide, Lymphocyte-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Peptide, Monocyte-Derived Peptide, Anionic Neutrophil-Activating A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. (MeSH definition ) IL8 MSOntology:IL9 Gene :HS046880 C1334127 IL-9 IL9 gene Interleukin 9 Interleukin 9 Gene Interleukin-9 P40 T Cell Growth Factor P40 T-Cell Growth Factor T Cell Growth Factor P40 T-Cell Growth Factor P40 A multifunctional cytokine secreted by primarily by activated TH2 cells that may play a role as a regulator of allergic inflammation. It has been shown to enhance the growth and cell differentiation of mast cells, and can act on a variety of other immune cells. (MeSH definition ) IL9 MSOntology:IRF1 Gene :HS046952 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1366516 IRF1 gene Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Gene This gene plays a role in the transcriptional activation of target genes. It is also involved in promoting apoptosis. IRF1 MSOntology:IRF2 Gene :HS046954 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1334138 IRF2 IRF2 gene Interferon Regulatory Factor 2 Gene This gene is involved in the repression of IRF1-activated transcription. It also plays a role in the transcriptional activation of target genes. IRF2 MSOntology:IRF4 Gene :HS046956 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0812314 IRF4 gene Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Gene MULTIPLE MYELOMA ONCOGENE 1 This gene is involved in the regulation of B-cell differentiation and proliferation. It also plays a role in mediating the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated T cells. IRF4 MSOntology:IRF8 Gene :HS046499 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=IRF8 ICS binding protein IFN consensus sequence binding protein IRF-8 IRF-8 protein IRF8 protein Icsbp1 protein interferon consensus sequence binding protein interferon consensus sequence binding protein 1 interferon regulatory factor 8 The gene encodes interferon gamma-regulated protein that binds the interferon-inducible enhancer element of major histocompatibility complex class I genes. IRF8 MSOntology:ISG15 Gene :HS056665 Uniprot ID:P05161 G1P2 protein IFN-stimulated gene 15 protein IP17 Interferon-induced 17 kDa protein Interferon-stimulated 15-KDa protein UCRP protein Ubiquitin cross-reactive protein hUCRP interferon, alpha-inducible protein (clone IFI-15K) interferon-induced 17-kDa/15-kDa protein ubiquitin cross-reactive protein Ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to intracellular target proteins after IFN-alpha or IFN-beta stimulation. Its enzymatic pathway is partially distinct from that of ubiquitin, differing in substrate specificity and interaction with ligating enzymes. ISG15 MSOntology:ITGA4 Gene :HS046968 GeneID :3676 CD49D IA4 ITGA4 integrin, alpha 4 antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor integrin, alpha 4 The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an alpha 4 chain. Unlike other integrin alpha chains, alpha 4 neither contains an I-domain, nor undergoes disulfide-linked cleavage. ITGA4 MSOntology:IVth IVth MSOntology:Igfbp-3 Gene :HS046760 Uniprot ID: P17936 IBP3 gene IBP-3 IGF-binding protein 3 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs. Igfbp-3 MSOntology:Igfbp3r Gene :HS047755 Uniprot ID:Q86XT9 IGFBP-3R Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 receptor TMEM219 Transmembrane protein 219 Cell death receptor specific for IGFBP3, may mediate caspase-8-dependent apoptosis upon ligand binding. Igfbp3r MSOntology:Image_based_biomarkers MRI based bio markers Image based biomarkers Imaging biomarker imaging biomarker imaging biomarkers molecular imaging biomarker molecular imaging biomarkers neuroimaging biomarker neuroimaging biomarkers The biologic feature detectable by imaging modalities. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_biomarker ) Image based biomarker MSOntology:Immunoglobulin_G_Oligoclonal_Banding OCB OCGB D043025@MESH Immunoglobulin G oligoclonal banding MSOntology:Immunoglobulin_M_oligoclonal_binding OCB OCMB Cerebrospinal fluid immunofixation CSF oligoclonal banding is a test to look for inflammation-related proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the clear fluid that flows in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. Oligoclonal bands are proteins called immunoglobulins, which suggest inflammation of the central nervous system. The presence of oligoclonal bands may be a sign of multiple sclerosis (Source:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003631.htm) Immunoglobulin M oligoclonal banding MSOntology:Immunoglobulin_index CSF Immunoglobulin (IgG) Index CSF Immunoglobulin G index IgG Index Increased levels of CSF IgG can be due to excess production of IgG within the central nervous system, which is seen with multiple sclerosis and several other diseases, or they can be due to leakage of plasma proteins into the CSF, such as might occur with inflammation or trauma. To discriminate between these two possibilities, the IgG index is calculated from IgG and albumin measurements performed in CSF and serum. The calculation usually takes the following form: IgG index = [IgG (CSF) / IgG (serum)] / [Albumin (CSF) /Albumin (serum)] An elevated IgG index indicates increased production of IgG within the central nervous system. It is found in about 90% of MS cases. (Source:http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/multiplesclerosis/start/2) The authors of this index are Link and Tibbling, 1977, in Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1977 Sep;37(5):397-401 Immunoglobulin index MSOntology:Impaired_Planning_Skills Impaired_Planning_Skills MSOntology:Impotency A sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual performance. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impotency ) Impotency MSOntology:In_vitro_model_of_blood_brain_barrier Acta Neurobiol Exp 2011, 71: 113–128 The model which mimic the best way the in vivo anatomical conditions of the blood brain barrier. In vitro model of blood brain barrier MSOntology:Incapacity_Status_Scale http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309072859&page=201 A MS-Specific Measure of Physical and Social Functioning which is a 16-item scale that measure disability.This is a component of Minimum Record of Disability. Incapacity_Status_Scale MSOntology:Incontinence MDC000927 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Absence of bladder continence Bladder incontinence C0042024 Incontinence of urine Involuntary urination Lack of bladder control Leaking of urine Loss of bladder control Unable to control bladder Unable to hold fluids Unable to hold urine Unable to prevent bladder emptying Unspecified urinary incontinence Urinary Incontinence Weak bladder Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder. Incontinence MSOntology:Infection https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0021311 COMMUNICABLE DIS Communicable Disease Communicable Diseases Contagious disease Disease due to infection Disease, Communicable Disease, Infectious Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Infectious Disorder due to infection INFECT INFECT DIS INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS Infection Infections Infectious Infectious Disease Infectious Disease Pathway Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases and Manifestations Infectious Disorder Infectious disease Infective disorder Transmissible disease Transmissible disease Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. _Infection MSOntology:Inferior_Cerebellar_Peduncle A thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle ) Inferior_Cerebellar_Peduncle MSOntology:Inflammatory_demyelination Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System Authors: Roberto Bomprezzi, Denise Campagnolo Some disorders are caused by immune cells that penetrate the blood-brain barrier and induce an inflammatory reaction. Localization of this reaction inside CNS is responsible for the demyelination. Inflammatory demyelination MSOntology:Infratentorial http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=785368 Infratentorial lesions are related to long-term prognosis for patients with initial findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis and thus may help to identify patients at high risk for earlier occurrence of clinically relevant disability. MSOntology:Inhibitors_of_remyelination Scientific Reference: Adv Stud Med. 2005;5(4D):S397-S403 The factors that inhibit the remyelination of axons (via the regeneration of new oligodendrocytes ) that makes axon remain permanently remain demyelinated. (Scientific Reference: Adv Stud Med. 2005;5(4D):S397-S403) Inhibitors of remyelination MSOntology:Inhibitory Inhibitory Neurotransmitter A neurotransmitter that acts to prevent a neuron from firing an action potential. (Source: http://www.termwiki.com/EN:inhibitory_neurotransmitter ) Inhibitory MSOntology:Inos INOS protein inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase The inducible isoform of NOS, iNOS is involved in immune response, binds calmodulin at all physiologically relevant concentrations, and produces large amounts of NO as a defense mechanism. It is the proximate cause of septic shock and may play a role in many diseases with an autoimmune etiology. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase ) Inos MSOntology:Insula http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex C0021640 Central Lobe Insular Region of the Brain Insular cortex A portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus, that is believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. Insula MSOntology:Interferon_Alpha 2, Interferon-alpha D, Leif IFN alpha D IFN alpha5 IFN-alpha 2 IFN-alpha D IFN-alpha-2 IFN-alpha5 Interferon Alfa Interferon alpha Interferon alpha 1 Interferon alpha 17 Interferon alpha 2 Interferon alpha 4 Interferon alpha 5 Interferon alpha 7 Interferon alpha 88 Interferon alpha A Interferon alpha J Interferon alpha T Interferon alpha-1 Interferon alpha-17 Interferon alpha-2 Interferon alpha-4 Interferon alpha-5 Interferon alpha-7 Interferon alpha-88 Interferon alpha-A Interferon alpha-J Interferon alpha-T Interferon alpha4 Interferon alpha5 Interferon, Leukocyte Interferon, Lymphoblast Interferon, Lymphoblastoid Interferon, alpha Interferon-alpha 2 LeIF A LeIF I LeIF J Leif D Leukocyte Interferon Lymphoblast Interferon Lymphoblastoid Interferon alpha Interferon alpha-Interferon One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates natural killer cells and B-lymphocytes, and down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression through PI-3 kinase and MAPK kinases signaling pathways. (MeSH definition ) One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates natural killer cells and B-lymphocytes, and down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression through PI-3 kinase and MAPK kinases signaling pathways. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68016898 ) MSOntology:Interferon_Beta MESH : D016899 One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. (MeSH definition ) Interferon_Beta MSOntology:Interferon_Beta_1a Avonex Biogen brand of Interferon beta 1a Rebif Serono brand of interferon beta 1a interferon beta-1a An interferon beta-1 subtype that has methionine at position 1 and cysteine at 17 and is glycosylated at position 80. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Interferon_Beta_1b Bayer brand of recombinant interferon beta-1b Beta-Seron Betaferon Betaseron Extavia IFN-beta ser Novartis pharmaceuticals brand of recombinant interferon beta-1b Ser(17) IFN-beta beta-IFN-1b interferon beta, Ser(17)- interferon beta, serine(17)- serine(17) interferon beta A form of interfereon beta-1 that has a serine at position 17 and is not glycosylated. (Source: MeSH definition) MSOntology:Interferon_alpha IFN-α C0002199 IFN-alpha Interferon, Lymphoblast Interferon, Lymphoblastoid alpha Interferon The IFN-α proteins are produced by leukocytes. They are mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_alpha#IFN-.CE.B1 ) Interferon_alpha MSOntology:Interferon_gamma Gene :HS046694 MESH : D007371 The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. It is structurally different from type I interferon and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of class II histocompatibility antigensin cells that do not normally produce them, leading to autoimmune diseases. (MeSH definition ) Interferon gamma Interferon_gamma MSOntology:Interleukin MESH: D007378 C0021764 IL Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. (MeSH definition) Interleukin MSOntology:Interleukin_1 MESH : D007375 C0021753 C0021755 Catabolin IL - 1 A soluble factor produced by monocytes,macrophages and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007375 ) _Interleukin_1 MSOntology:Interleukin_11 MESH :D017370 Adipogenesis Inhibitory Factor C0083031 IL - 11 A lymphohematopoietic cytokine that plays a role in regulating the proliferation of erythroid precursor cells. It induces maturation of megakaryocytes which results in increased production of blood platelets. Interleukin-11 was also initially described as an inhibitor of adipogenesis of cultured preadipocytes. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_11 MSOntology:Interleukin_12 MESH : D018664 C0123759 CLMF Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Maturation Factor IL - 12 A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by dendritic cells,macrophages and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of interferon-gamma production by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68018664 ) _Interleukin_12 MSOntology:Interleukin_15 MESH :D019409 C0254610 IL 15 MGC9721 Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_15 MSOntology:Interleukin_16 MESH :D019410 C0065337 Chemoattractant Factor, Lymphocyte Fator LCF IL-16 A cytokine produced by activated T-lymphocytes that stimulates the migration of CD4-positive lymphocytes and monocytes. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_16 MSOntology:Interleukin_18 MESH :D020382 C0383327 Factor IFN-gamma-Inductor IFN gamma Inducing Factor IL-18 A cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_18 MSOntology:Interleukin_7 MESH :D015851 C0021761 IL - 7 A cytokine produced by bone marrow stromal cells that promotes the growth of B-lymphocyte precursors and is co-mitogenic with interleukin-2 for mature T-lymphocyte activation. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_7 MSOntology:Interleukin_8 MESH : D016209 AMCF-I Alveolar Macrophage Chemotactic Factor I C0079633 CXCL8 Chemokine Chemokin CXCL8 IL-8 A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces chemotaxis of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68016209 ) _Interleukin_8 MSOntology:Interleukin_9 MESH : D016906 C0085424 IL-9 P40 T Cell Growth Factor A multifunctional cytokine secreted by primarily by activated TH2 cells that may play a role as a regulator of allergic inflammation. It has been shown to enhance the growth and cell differentiation of mast cells, and can act on a variety of other immune cells. (MeSH definition) Interleukin_9 MSOntology:Intermittent_urinary_catherization Catheterization, Intermittent Urethral Catheterizations, Intermittent Urethral Clean Intermittent Catheterization Intermittent Urethral Catheterizations Self-Catheterization, Urethral Self-Catheterizations, Urethral Urethral Catheterization, Intermittent Urethral Catheterizations, Intermittent Urethral Self Catheterization Urethral Self-Catheterization Urethral Self-Catheterizations Insertion of a catheter into the urethra to drain the urine from the bladder at intervals as needed. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Intermittent%20urinary%20catherization ) Intermittent urinary catherization MSOntology:Internal_Capsule An area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_capsule ) Internal_Capsule MSOntology:Internuclear_Ophthalmoplegia MESH : D015835 MeSH:MDC002975 Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome Brown's Tendon Sheath Syndrome Conjugate Gaze Spasm Conjugate Gaze Spasms Convergence Excess Convergence Excesses Convergence Insufficiencies Convergence Insufficiency Cyclophoria Cyclophorias Deficiencies, Smooth Pursuit Deficiency, Smooth Pursuit Deviation, Skew Deviations, Skew Dyskinesia, Paroxysmal Ocular Dyskinesias, Paroxysmal Ocular Excess, Convergence Eye Motility Disorder Eye Motility Disorders Eye Movement Disorder Eye Movement Disorders Gaze Spasms, Conjugate INO Insufficiencies, Convergence Insufficiency, Convergence Internuclear Ophthalmoplegias Ocular Dyskinesia, Paroxysmal Ocular Dyskinesias, Paroxysmal Ocular Motility Disorder Ocular Torticollis Ophthalmoplegia, Internuclear Ophthalmoplegias, Internuclear Opsoclonus Parinaud Syndrome Parinaud syndrome Parinaud's Syndrome Parinauds Syndrome Paroxysmal Ocular Dyskinesia Paroxysmal Ocular Dyskinesias Pseudoophthalmoplegia Pseudoophthalmoplegias Pursuit Deficiencies, Smooth Pursuit Deficiency, Smooth Skew Deviation Skew Deviations Smooth Pursuit Deficiencies Smooth Pursuit Deficiency Spasm of Conjugate Gaze Syndrome, Brown's Tendon Sheath Syndrome, Parinaud's Tendon Sheath Syndrome of Brown Webino syndrome Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. (MeSH definition ) Internuclear_Ophthalmoplegia MSOntology:Intrathecam_baclofen http://professional.medtronic.com/pt/neuro/itb/index.htm#.UJp9zsV1wsg This therapy is indicated for use in the management of severe spasticity. MSOntology:Intravenous_gammaglobulin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_globulin IVIG Gamma globulin injections that are usually given in an attempt to temporarily boost a patient's immunity against disease. Intravenous gammaglobulin MSOntology:Invitro_Model http://www.bat-science.com/groupms/sites/BAT_7AWFH3.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO88UEEW?opendocument&SKN=1 http://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases/modelling-multiple-sclerosis-in-vitro-and-the-influence-of-activated-macrophages The model that is developed to create physiologically relevant screening tools that will help us to understand and investigate the mechanisms of the disease. Invitro Model MSOntology:Invivo_microscopy In vivo microscopy technologies enable physicians to detect pathology by visualizing tissue through innovative tomographic methods. In vivo microscopy techniques provide additional data beyond that obtainable by histological methods, including volumetric data and time/flow data. (Source: http://www.cap.org/apps/cap.portal?_nfpb=true&cntvwrPtlt_actionOverride=%2Fportlets%2FcontentViewer%2Fshow&_windowLabel=cntvwrPtlt&cntvwrPtlt%7BactionForm.contentReference%7D=committees%2Ftechnology%2Fin_vivo.html&_state=maximized&_pageLabel=cntvwr ) Invivo microscopy MSOntology:Invivo_model Animal model A living, non-human animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease without the added risk of harming an actual human being during the process. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_model ) Invivo model MSOntology:Ion_channel_redistribution Scientific Reference: PMID: 9777734 The process of re-directing and stabilizing the ion channels at the required sites since myelination effectively isolates electrically most of the axolemma and dramatically alters the pathways for current flow that are required for rapid, reliable, and efficient conduction. (Scientific Reference: PMID: 9777734) Ion channel redistribution MSOntology:Iron MESH :D007501 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0302583 Fe Fe - Iron ferric ion A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS, CYTOCHROMES, and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN. Iron MSOntology:Isoniazid Drug :DBA000943 Phthivazide 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, hydrazide C0022209 Ftivazide Hydrazide, Isonicotinic Acid Isonex Isoniazide Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide Tubazide Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. (MeSH disease ) MSOntology:Itching https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Irritating sensation Pruritis Skin irritation dermatitis pruriginosa Itching MSOntology:JAG1 Gene :HS042760 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1416525 JAG1 Gene Jagged 1 (Alagille Syndrome) Gene This gene may be involved in hematopoiesis. JAG1 MSOntology:JC_virus JCV John Cunningham virus A polyomavirus that causes widespread infection in childhood and remains latent in the host; it is the cause of progressive multifocal leukoencepahalopathy. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/JC+virus ) JC virus MSOntology:Juxtacortical AJNR 1999 20: 1956-1962 The juxtacortical lesions displayed only on fast FLAIR images had a distinctive appearance, suggestive of small areas of perivascular inflammation. MSOntology:KIF21B Gene :HS043705 GeneID :23046 KIF21B kinesin family member 21B kinesin family member 21B This gene encodes a member of the kinesin superfamily. Kinesins are ATP-dependent microtubule-based motor proteins that are involved in the intracellular transport of membranous organelles. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene are associated with inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. KIF21B MSOntology:KIR4.1 MESH :C489455 The inwardly rectifying K+ channels. (Scientific Reference: The Journal of Neuroscience, 1 August 2001, 21(15): 5429-5438;) KIR4.1 MSOntology:KIR_4.1 KIR 4.1 MSOntology:Kallikrein-1 Gene :HS047189 Uniprot ID:P06870 KLK1 gene Kidney/pancreas/salivary gland kallikrein Tissue kallikrein Glandular kallikreins cleave Met-Lys and Arg-Ser bonds in kininogen to release Lys-bradykinin. Kallikrein-1 MSOntology:Kallikrein-6 Gene :HS050768 Uniprot ID:Q92876 KLK6 gene PRSS9 gene Neurosin PRSS18 gene Protease M SP59 Serine protease 18 Serine protease 9 Zyme The protein that degrades alpha-synuclein and prevents its polymerization, indicating that it may be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. May be involved in regulation of axon outgrowth following spinal cord injury. Kallikrein-6 MSOntology:Kinurenin MESH :D007737 (+-)-Kynurenine (+/-)-Kynurenine (1)-alpha,2-Diamino-gamma-oxobenzenebutyric acid, sulphate (1:1) 13441-51-5 2-Amino-3-(2-aminobenzoyl)propionic acid 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid 2126-91-2 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine 3-Anthraniloylalanine 3-anthraniloyl-alanine 343-65-7 61250_ALDRICH 61250_FLUKA AC1L1A5N AC1Q1HCC AD0899CA-9379-461E-BD7D-45908947C589 AG-L-66674 AKOS015894416 AR-1F1984 Alanine, 3-anthraniloyl- Alanine, 3-anthraniloyl- (8CI) Alanine, 3-anthraniloyl-, DL- BSPBio_002482 Benzenebutanoic acid, .alpha.,2-diamino-.gamma.-oxo- Benzenebutanoic acid, .alpha.,2-diamino-.gamma.-oxo-, (S)- Benzenebutanoic acid, alpha,2-diamino-gamma-oxo- Benzenebutanoic acid, alpha,2-diamino-gamma-oxo- (9CI) C01718 CCG-38856 CHEBI:28683 D-2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid DL-KYNURENINE SULFATE DivK1c_006426 EINECS 206-445-9 EINECS 218-341-0 FT-0080756 I04-8934 K-9000 K-9002 KBio1_001370 KBio2_001642 KBio2_004210 KBio2_006778 KBio3_001702 KBioGR_002539 KBioSS_001642 Kynurenin NCGC00017339-02 NCGC00017339-03 NCGC00095648-01 NCGC00095648-02 SBB005347 SDCCGMLS-0066734.P001 SPBio_001340 SPECTRUM1500879 ST057185 SpecPlus_000330 Spectrum2_001380 Spectrum3_000781 Spectrum4_001916 Spectrum5_000632 Spectrum_001162 alpha-2-Diamino-gamma-oxobenzenebutyric acid alpha.-2-diamino-.gamma.-oxobenzenebutyric acid dl-Kynurenine A metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan used in the production of niacin. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynurenine ) kynurenine MSOntology:Krupp_Fatigue_Severity_Scale FSS http://www.swvamssupport.org/popup/fss.htm Fatigue Severity Scale A short questionnaire that requires the subject to rate his or her own level of fatigue,thereby evaluating fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Krupp_Fatigue_Severity_Scale MSOntology:L-Selectin MESH : D019041 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 062 L Antigen, CD62L Antigen, Leu-8 Antigen, Mel-14 Antigen, TQ1 Antigens, CD62L C0125090 CD 062 L ANTIGENS CD62L Antigen CD62L Antigens LAM-1 LAM-1 (Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1) LECAM 001 LECAM-1 Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule, LAM-1 Lymph Node Homing Receptor Lymphocyte Adhesion Molecule 1 Lymphocyte antigen CD62L Mel 14 Antigen SELECTIN L Selectin, L TQ1 Antigen L-selectin (372 aa, 42 kD) is a cell adhesion process protein that is encoded by the human SELL gene and has a role in cell adhesion. L-Selectin MSOntology:LAP18 Gene :HS085577 GeneID :3925 PP19 PR22 SMN C1orf215 Lag OP18 PP17 STMN1 STMN1 stathmin 1 stathmin 1 This gene belongs to the stathmin family of genes. It encodes a ubiquitous cytosolic phosphoprotein proposed to function as an intracellular relay integrating regulatory signals of the cellular environment. The encoded protein is involved in the regulation of the microtubule filament system by destabilizing microtubules. It prevents assembly and promotes disassembly of microtubules. LAP18 MSOntology:LAPTM5 Gene :HS053587 Uniprot ID:Q13571 LAPTM5 gene KIAA0085 gene Lysosomal-associated multitransmembrane protein 5 Lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 Retinoic acid-inducible E3 protein The gene that encodes a protein that may have a special functional role during embryogenesis and in adult hematopoietic cells. LAPTM5 MSOntology:LECAM2 Gene :HS052027 CD62E ELAM ELAM1 ESEL SELE SELE selectin E selectin E The protein encoded by this gene is found in cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells and is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of blood leukocytes at sites of inflammation by mediating the adhesion of cells to the vascular lining. It exhibits structural features such as the presence of lectin- and EGF-like domains followed by short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that contain 6 conserved cysteine residues. These proteins are part of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules. Adhesion molecules participate in the interaction between leukocytes and the endothelium and appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6401 ) LECAM2 MSOntology:LFA-1 MESH : D016169 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antigen-1, Lymphocyte Function-Associated C0079717 Integrin alphaLbeta2 LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 01 LFA-1 - Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 LFA-1 leucocyte adhesive protein LFA-1 leukocyte adhesive protein LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED 01 ANTIGEN Leucocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesive protein Leukocyte Function Associated Antigen-1 Leukocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesive protein Leukocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesive protein Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 alphaLbeta2, Integrin An integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11A ANTIGEN comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of T-CELLS, B-CELLS, and GRANULOCYTES. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by NATURAL KILLER CELLS and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 has been defined as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. LFA-1 MSOntology:LFA3 Gene :HS056678 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1332715 CD58 Antigen, (Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen 3) Gene CD58 gene LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN, TYPE 3 This gene plays a role in facilitating contacts between helper T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. LFA3 MSOntology:LT Gene :HS047781 tumor necrosis factor-beta Lymphotoxin A protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphotoxin ) LT MSOntology:LY6E Gene :HS047795 http://omim.org/entry/601384 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html LY6E gene TSA1 gene 9804 gene C1334353 LY6E LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 6 COMPLEX, LOCUS E Ly-6E Lymphocyte antigen 6E RIG-E RIGE RIGE gene Retinoic acid-induced gene E protein SCA-2 SCA2 gene Stem cell antigen 2 THYMIC SHARED ANTIGEN 1 TSA-1 TSA1 Thymic shared antigen 1 small cysteine-rich proteins differentially expressed in several hematopoietic cell lines and with apparent function in signal transduction. LY6E MSOntology:Laboratory_Supported_Definite_MS LSDMS The laboratory support consists of demonstration in CSF of IgG oligoclonal bands (OB) or of increased CNS synthesis of IgG. Oligoclonal bands must not be present in the patient’s serum, and the serum IgG level must be normal. This assumes that other conditions causing CSF changes, such as syphilis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, sarcoidosis, collagen vascular disease, and similar disorders, have been ruled out. 1. Two attacks; either clinical or paraclinical evidence of one lesion; and CSF OBiIgG COMMENT. The two attacks must involve different parts of the CNS and be separated by a minimum of one month, each having lasted at least 24 hours. One of the episodes must involve a part of the CNS distinct from that demonstrated by the clinical or paraclinical evidence. 2. One attack; clinical evidence of two separate le sions; and CSF OB/IgG 3. One attack; clinical evidence of one lesion and paraclinical evidence of another, separate lesion and CSF OBlIgG (Scientific Reference: Poser et al (1983) Ann Neurol 13(3):227-231) Laboratory Supported Definite MS MSOntology:Laboratory_Supported_Probable_MS LSPMS Two attacks and demonstration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of IgG oligoclonal bands (OB) or of increased CNS synthesis of IgG. Oligoclonal bands must not be present in the patient's serum, and the serum IgG level must be normal. This assumes that other conditions causing CSF changes, such as syphilis, subacute sclerosing panancephalitis, sarcoidosis, collagen vascular disease, and similar disorders, have been ruled out.The two attacks must involve different parts of the CNS, must be separated by a minimum of one month, and must each have lasted at least 24 hours. (Scientific Reference: Poser et al (1983) Ann Neurol 13(3):227-231) Laboratory Supported Probable MS MSOntology:Lamotrigine Drug :DBA000548 MESH :C047781 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0064636 Desitin Brand of Lamotrigine Glaxo Wellcome Brand of Lamotrigine GlaxoSmithKline Brand of Lamotrigine Lamictal Lamiktal A drug that is used to help control some types of seizures. It is being studied in the prevention of peripheral neuropathy caused by some chemotherapy drugs. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticonvulsants. MSOntology:Lateral http://www.medfriendly.com/lateralventricles.html The two curved openings (shaped like a horseshoe) located deep within the top section of the brain, that provide a pathway for cerebrospinal fluid. Lateral MSOntology:Lateral_Column The lateral portion of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn; present only in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lateral+column+of+spinal+cord ) Lateral_Column MSOntology:Lesion_In_Pons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons#Related_diseases The lesions appearing in the pons region,a structure located on the brain stem. Lesion_In_Pons MSOntology:Lesions https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html INJ Injuries Injury Injury - disorder Injury, unspecified MS Lesion Multiple sclerosis Lesion Trauma Traumatic injury Unspecified injury Disorder resulting from physical damage to the body Lesions MSOntology:Leukocyte MESH : D007962 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Blood Cell, White C0023516 Leucocyte WBC White Blood Cell Cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocyte ) _Leucocyte MSOntology:Lhermitte_sign Barber Chair phenomenon Electric shock-like sensation down the spine when the neck is flexed. (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/seizures/index.aspx ) Lhermitte sign MSOntology:Light_chain_neurofilaments NFL NF-L Gene :HS048382 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEFL NEFL gene 68 kDa neurofilament protein CMT1F protein CMT2E protein NF68 gene Neurofilament light polypeptide Neurofilament triplet L protein This protein is associated with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1F and 2E. Light_chain_neurofilaments MSOntology:Lingo Gene :HS038353 Gene :HS042299 Gene :HS055243 Gene:HS067523 Lingo MSOntology:Lipids https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0023779 Lipid A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms. These roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups, fatty acids and glycerides. Lipids MSOntology:Loss_Of_Balance http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/vertigo.html Vertigo A dizzy sensation where the world spins uncontrollably and is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, caused by damage to the pons region of the brainstem. Loss_Of_Balance MSOntology:Lucchinetti_classification Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–717 The classification of the patterns of demyelination in multiple sclerosis based on the myelin protein loss, the geography and extension of plaques, the patterns of oligodendrocyte destruction, and the immunopathological evidence of complement activation. Lucchinetti classification MSOntology:Lung https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0024109 Lung Lung structure Lungs Respiratory System, Lung MSOntology:Lyme_disease MeSH:MDC001585 Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease MSOntology:Lympho_Toxin_Alpha MESH : D008233 A tumor necrosis factor family member that is released by activated lymphocytes. (MeSH definition) Lympho_Toxin_Alpha MSOntology:Lympho_Toxin_Beta MESH :D053308 A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on lymphocytes. It can form a heterotrimer ( lymphotoxin alpha1, Beta2 heterotrimer) with the soluble ligand lymphotoxin-alpha and anchor it to the cell surface. The membrane-bound complex is specific for the lymphotoxin beta receptor. (MeSH definition) Lympho_Toxin_Beta MSOntology:Lymphocyte_Differentiation https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1159914 lymphocyte cell differentiation lymphocyte differentiation lymphocytic blood cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin. Lymphocyte differentiation MSOntology:Lymphocyte_activation MESH: D008213 Morphologic alteration of small B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins,mitogens such as phytohemaglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo as in graft rejection. (MeSH Definition) Lymphocyte activation MSOntology:Lysolecithin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0024360 Lysolecithin Lysolecithins Lysophosphatidylcholine Lysophosphatidylcholines Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties. Lysolecithin MSOntology:MAG Gene :HS047843 GeneID :4099 S-MAG SIGLEC-4A GMA MAG myelin associated glycoprotein SIGLEC4A myelin associated glycoprotein The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is thought to be involved in the process of myelination. It is a lectin that binds to sialylated glycoconjugates and mediates certain myelin-neuron cell-cell interactions. Three alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. MAG MSOntology:MAPT Gene :HS047872 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1446659 MAPT Gene Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau Gene This gene may be involved in the mediation of neuronal polarity. MAPT MSOntology:MARCKS Gene :HS047828 GeneID :4082 80K-L MACS MARCKS myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate PKCSL PRKCSL myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate The protein encoded by this gene is a substrate for protein kinase C. It is localized to the plasma membrane and is an actin filament crosslinking protein. MARCKS MSOntology:MARKS Gene :HS051226 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein MARK microtubule-affinity-regulating-kinase The gene that encodes the enzyme that is involved in the phosphorylation of the MAP which causes the MAP to detach from any bound microtubules. MARKS MSOntology:MBP HS047910 Basic Protein, Encephalitogenic Basic Proteins, Encephalitogenic Basic Proteins, Myelin Encephalitogenic Basic Protein Encephalitogenic Basic Proteins Myelin basic protein Neuritogenic Protein Protein, Encephalitogenic Basic Protein, Neuritogenic Proteins, Encephalitogenic Basic Proteins, Myelin Basic A group of 7 proteins produced from a single gene by alternate splicing found in central and peripheral nervous system myelin. The major basic protein (MBP) has long been of interest because it is the antigen, that, when injected into an animal, elicits a cellular immune response that produces the CNS autoimmune disease called experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. (MeSH definition ) MBP MSOntology:MICB Gene :HS047988 GeneID :4277 MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B MICB MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B PERB11.2 This gene encodes a heavily glycosylated protein which is a ligand for the NKG2D type II receptor. Binding of the ligand activates the cytolytic response of natural killer (NK) cells, CD8 alphabeta T cells, and gammadelta T cells which express the receptor. MICB MSOntology:MIF Gene :HS047990 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html S100A9 S100A9 Protein calgranulin A calgranulin B p14 p8 Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell. MIF MSOntology:MMP3 Gene :HS048018 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html MMP3 This gene plays a role in wound repair and the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling. MMP3 MSOntology:MMP7 Gene :HS048019 MPSL1 MMP-7 MMP7 matrix metallopeptidase 7 PUMP-1 matrix metallopeptidase 7 Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4316 ) MMP7 MSOntology:MMP9 Gene :HS048024 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html MMP9 gene This gene plays a role in inflammation, keratinocyte growth and the regulation of matrix remodeling. MMP9 MSOntology:MOG HS048043 Myelin oligodendrocyte A glycoprotein believed to be important in the process of myelinization of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein ) MOG MSOntology:MPHOSPH9 Gene :HS039581 M-phase phosphoprotein 9 MPHOSPH9 M-phase phosphoprotein 9 MPP-9 MPP9 This gene encodes M-phase phosphoproteins that permit disassembly of interphase structures and generation of M-phase enzymatic activities and structures. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/605501 ) MPHOSPH9 MSOntology:MPO Gene :HS048051 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html MPO Gene Myeloperoxidase Gene This gene is involved in the modulation of neutrophil microbicidal activity. MPO MSOntology:MSRV Scientific Reference: J Neurovirol. 2003 Feb;9(1):79-93. MS-associated RetroVirus A retrovirus that belongs to a family of genetically inherited endogenous retroviruses human endogenous retrovirus type W( HERV-W). MSRV MSOntology:MS_MRI_criteria http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/media/us/samplechapters/9781416060680/Chapter%2002.pdf Swanton criteria The MRI features that support the diagnosis of MS. MS MRI criteria MSOntology:MS_disease MS MESH_disease:MDC001742 _MS disease MSOntology:MX1 Gene :HS048251 GeneID :4599 MxA IFI-78K IFI78 MX MX1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78 The gene encode the interferon-inducible Mx protein which is responsible for a specific antiviral state against influenza virus infection. MX1 MSOntology:MYD88 Gene :HS048266 Uniprot ID:Q99836 Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 The gene that encodes the adapter protein that is involved in the Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling pathway in the innate immune response. MYD88 MSOntology:Mac-2_bp Gene :HS047612 Uniprot ID:Q08380 LGALS3BP gene Basement membrane autoantigen p105 Galectin-3-binding protein Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3-binding protein M2BP gene MAC2BP Mac-2-binding protein Tumor-associated antigen 90K Promotes intergrin-mediated cell adhesion. May stimulate host defense against viruses and tumor cells. Mac-2_bp MSOntology:Macrophage MESH :D008264 C0024432 The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood monocytes. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68008264 ) _Macrophage MSOntology:Macular_volume MV The portion of the retina used for central vision. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/macular+area ) Macular volume biomarker MSOntology:Mag Gene :HS047843 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin-associated_glycoprotein Siglec-4 Myelin-associated glycoprotein A cell membrane glycoprotein that is believed to be involved in myelination during nerve regeneration. Mag MSOntology:Magnetic_resonance_imaging MESH : D008279 C0024485 Chemical Shift Imaging Chemical Shift Imagings Functional MRI Functional MRIs Imaging, Chemical Shift Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, NMR Imagings, Chemical Shift MR Tomography MRI MRI Scan MRI Scans MRI, Functional MRIs, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging NMR Imaging NMR Tomography Proton Spin Tomography Scan, MRI Scans, MRI Shift Imaging, Chemical Shift Imagings, Chemical Tomography, MR Tomography, NMR Tomography, Proton Spin Zeugmatography fMRI Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. (MeSH definition ) Magnetic resonance imaging MSOntology:Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy MR Spectroscopy MRS Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies Magnetic Resonance, Nuclear NMR Spectroscopies NMR Spectroscopy NMR Spectroscopy, In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance, Magnetic Resonance, Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopies, NMR Spectroscopy, MR Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography . (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy ) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarker MSOntology:Magnetization_transfer MTR The transfer of longitudinal magnetization from the hydrogen nuclei of water that has restricted motion to the hydrogen nuclei of water that moves with many degrees of freedom. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetization_transfer ) Magnetization transfer biomarker MSOntology:Major_Histocompatibility_Complex_II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_II MHC II MHC-II The heterodimers that are found only on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes which presents the antigens derived from extracellular proteins. Major_Histocompatibility_Complex_II MSOntology:Male https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0024554 Human Males Human, Male M Male Male gender Male individual Male structure Males A person who belongs to the sex that normally produces sperm. The term is used to indicate biological sex distinctions, cultural gender role distinctions, or both. Male MSOntology:Malonaldehyde MESH :D008315 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 1,3-Propanedial C0024643 Propandial An organic compound with the formula CH2(CHO)2, and a byproduct of lipid metabolism in the body. Malondialdehyde, a highly reactive compound, is one of the many reactive electrophile species that cause toxic stress in cells and form covalent protein adducts, called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE). This compound also forms mutagenic DNA adducts when it reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in DNA. Malondialdehyde is also found in many foods and is present in high levels in rancid foods. Malonaldehyde MSOntology:Manan-binding_lectin_serine_protease-1 MASP1 Gene :HS050762 mannose-associated serine protease 1 A serine protease that functions as a component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. The complement pathway plays an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune response. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP1_(protein) ) Manan-binding_lectin_serine_protease-1 MSOntology:Marburg_Variant Scientific Reference: Mult Scler. 2011 Dec;17(12):1531-8. Epub 2011 Aug 3. A rapidly progressive and malignant form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that usually leads to severe disability or death within weeks to months without remission. (Scientific Reference: Mult Scler. 2011 Dec;17(12):1531-8. Epub 2011 Aug 3. ) Marburg_Variant MSOntology:Maturation_immune_response the repertoire of expressed antibody specificities is strongly influenced by antigen . One way in which this influence is manifested is by a progressive increase in the affinity of antibody for antigen with time after immunization. This phenomenon, termed as the ‘maturation’ of the immune response. (Scientific Reference: doi:10.1038/312271a0) Maturation immune response MSOntology:Mbp Gene :HS047910 Uniprot ID:P02686 Myelin A1 protein Myelin basic protein Myelin membrane encephalitogenic protein The most abundant protein components of the myelin membrane in the CNS. They have a role in both its formation and stabilization. _Mbp MSOntology:McDonald_Criteria (Scientific reference, doi:10.1002/ana.23575) 2001 McDonald criteria 2005 McDonald criteria 2010 McDonald criteria Revised International Panel Criteria The Revised McDonald Criteria is the latest attempt to clearly define diagnostic criteria for MS. McDonald Criteria MSOntology:Meclizine Drug :DBA000730 MESH :D008468 Agyrax Antivert Bonamine Bonine C0025039 Chiclida D Vert D-Vert DVert Dihydrochloride, Meclizine Histametizyn Hydrochloride, Meclizine Hydrochloride, Meclizine Meclizine Dihydrochloride Meclizine HCl Meclizine Hydrochloride Meclizine Hydrochloride Meclizine Monohydrochloride Meclozine Monohydrochloride, Meclizine Parachloramine Pfizer Brand 1 of Meclizine Dihydrochloride Pfizer Brand 2 of Meclizine Dihydrochloride Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Brand of Meclizine Dihydrochloride Roberts Brand of Meclizine Dihydrochloride Ru Vert M Ru-Vert-M RuVertM Torrens Brand of Meclizine Dihydrochloride Vedim Brand of Meclizine Dihydrochloride A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Medial_Longitudinal_Fasciculus MLF A pair of crossed fiber tracts (group of axons), one on each side of the brainstem. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus ) Medial_Longitudinal_Fasciculus MSOntology:Medulla http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata Medulla oblongata The lower half of the brainstem that contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. Medulla MSOntology:Medulla_Oblongata https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0025148 Medulla Oblongatas Medulla oblongata structure Medullary The lower portion of the brainstem located between the pons and brainstem. This structure contains several descending and ascending tracts, lower cranial nerve nuclei, a significant proportion of the reticular system of the brainstem and other structures. (NCI) Medulla_Oblongata MSOntology:Memory_Dysfunction MESH : D008569 Bad memory C0233794 Deficit, Memory Impaired memory Memory Dysfunction Memory problem Memory retention disorder Poor memory Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. (MeSH definition) Memory_Dysfunction MSOntology:Memory_Loss MDC001666 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Amnesia Memory Loss Amnesia-Memory Loss Amnesia-Memory Losses Amnesias C0002622 Dysmnesia LOSS OF MEMORY MEMORY LOSS Memory gone A disorder characterized by systematic and extensive loss of memory. Memory_loss MSOntology:Meningeal_inflammation Meningitis Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis ) Meningeal inflammation MSOntology:Mental MDC004253 MESH : D005222 Fatigue, Mental Mental Fatigue A condition of low alertness or cognitive impairment, usually associated with prolonged mental activities or stress. (MeSH definition) Mental MSOntology:Mesenchymal_stem_cell MSCs The multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including: osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipocytes (fat cells). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell ) MSOntology:Metabolites The intermediates and products of metabolism. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite ) MSOntology:Metalloproteases MESH :D045726 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0025543 METALLOPROTEASE Metallopeptidases Metalloproteases Metalloproteinase Metalloproteinases Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS. Metalloproteases MSOntology:Methotrexate Drug :DBA000556 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 4-Amino-10-methylfolic Acid 4-Amino-4-deoxy-10-methylpteroyl-L-glutamic Acid Abitrexate Alpha-Methopterin Amethopterin Brimexate Emtexate Emthexat Emthexate Farmitrexat Fauldexato Folex Folex PFS Lantarel Ledertrexate Lumexon MTX MTX - Methotrexate Maxtrex Medsatrexate Metex Methoblastin Methotrexate Methotrexate LPF Methotrexate Methylaminopterin Methotrexatum Metotrexato Metrotex Mexate Mexate-AQ Novatrex Rheumatrex Texate Tremetex Trexeron Trixilem An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. MSOntology:Methylphenidate Drug :DBA000415 MESH :D008774 2-Piperidineacetic acid, alpha-phenyl-, methyl ester C0025810 Celltech Brand of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Centedrin Cephalon Brand of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Daytrana Dexmethylphenidate Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride Equasym Focalin Hydrochloride, Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride, Methylphenidate Mallinckrodt Brand of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Metadate Methylin Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Novartis Brand 1 of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Novartis Brand 2 of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Novartis Pharmaceutical Brand of Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride Phenidylate Ritalin Ritalin SR Ritalin-SR Ritaline Tsentedrin alpha-Phenyl-2-piperidineacetic Acid Methyl Ester A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. (MeSH definition ) therapy using Methylphenidate MSOntology:Methylprednisolone MESH :D008775 6 Methylprednisolone 6-Methylprednisolone 6-Methylprednisolone C0025815 Medrol Metipred Urbason A prednisolone derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Methylthioadenosine MTA MESH :C021714 (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(methylsulfanylmethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-5-S-methyl-5-thio-beta-D-Ribofuranose 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-5-S-methyl-5-thio-beta-delta-Ribofuranose 2457-80-9 5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine 5'-(Methylthio)adenosine 5'-CH3S-5'dA 5'-DEOXY-5'-METHYLTHIOADENOSINE 5'-Deoxy(methylthio)adenosine 5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine 5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthio-adenosine 5'-S-Methylthioadenosine 5'-S-methyl-5'-thio-Adenosine 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine 5'-Thiomethyladenosine 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylsulfanyl)adenosine 5'-methylthioadenosine 5-Methylthioadenosine 7DDC4B4A-0E54-449C-A502-BDAEA990DE4C 9-(5-S-methyl-5-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-9H-purin-6-amine AC1L96TQ AC1Q4GUK AIDS003668 Adenosine, 5'-S-methyl-5'-thio- (6CI,7CI,8CI,9CI) Adenosine, 5-methylthio- C00170 CHEBI:17509 CHEMBL277041 D5011_SIGMA DNC000091 DNC003856 HMDB01173 NSC 335422 PDSP1_001005 PDSP2_000989 S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine S-methyl-5-thioadenosine S-methyl-adenosine Thiomethyladenosine Vitamin L(sub 2) Vitamin L2 beta-D-Ribofuranose, 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-5-S-methyl-5-thio- A naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues.It influences numerous critical responses of the cell including regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (Scientific Reference: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;36(11):2125-30. ) Methylthioadenosine MSOntology:Metoclopramide Drug :DBA001222 MESH :D008787 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0025853 Metaclopramide Metaclopromide Metoclopramide A drug that increases the motility (movements and contractions) of the stomach and upper intestine. It is used to treat certain stomach problems and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It is a type of antiemetic and a type of motility agent. therapy using Metoclopramide MSOntology:Micb Gene :HS047988 Uniprot ID:Q29980 PERB11.2 gene MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B MIC-B The protein that acts as a stress-induced self-antigen that is recognized by gamma delta T cells. Ligand for the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor. Binding to KLRK1 leads to cell lysis. Micb MSOntology:Microbiota https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1956108 Good Flora Microbiome Microbiomes Microbiota Microbiotas A collection or collectivity of microorganisms. This entity is frequently examined to determine how changes to the surrounding environment affects biological processes and the resulting health status of the organism. Microbiota MSOntology:Microglia MESH : D017628 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0206116 Microgliocyte A type of glial cell that are the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia ) _Microglia MSOntology:Microglia_activation_marker doi:10.4061/2011/939426 The biochemical markers of the microglial activation,which representis the first line of the innate immune defence of the brain Microglia activation marker biomarker MSOntology:Microglia_cell_line_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The process by which microglial cell lines are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Microglia cell line culture MSOntology:Microglia_mediated_repair http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia#Promotion_of_repair The process in which microglia undergo several steps to promote regrowth of neural tissue. Microglia mediated repair MSOntology:Microglia_primary_culture The microglia cells that are cultured directly from a subject. Microglia primary culture MSOntology:Microglial_activation Brain (2007) 130 (11): 2755-2757. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm246 The activation of microglia which might be possible due to the T cells providing constant stimuli i.e. by pro-inflammatory cytokines.Activated microglial cells are important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Microglial activation MSOntology:Microphage_scavanger Microphage scavanger MSOntology:Midbrain MESH : D008636 Mesencephalon Mid-brain The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. (MeSH definition ) Midbrain MSOntology:Migration https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0600210 Migration Migrations population migration Non-random movement of an object(s) from one location to another. Migration MSOntology:Migration_to_CNS Scientific Reference: doi:10.1038/nri1130 Entry of components (related to immunity etc.) into the Central Nervous System. Migration to CNS MSOntology:Mitochondrial_dysfunction http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mitochondrial+disorder The dysfunction of brain mitochondria which results in the alterations in the protein complexes of the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrial dysfunction MSOntology:Mitoxantrone Drug : DBA001193 AHP Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride ASTA Medica Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Acetate, Mitoxantrone Amgen Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Baxter Oncology Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride C0026259 CL 232325 CL-232325 CL232325 Columbia Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride DHAD DHAQ Dihydroxyanthracenedione Hydrochloride, Mitoxantrone Inibsa Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Lederle Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Mitoxantrone Acetate Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Mitozantrone Mitroxone NSC 279836 NSC 287836 NSC 299195 NSC 301739 NSC 301739D NSC-279836 NSC-287836 NSC-299195 NSC-301739 NSC-301739D NSC279836 NSC287836 NSC299195 NSC301739 NSC301739D Novantron Novantrone Onkotrone Pralifan Ralenova Wyeth Brand of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Mixed http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dysarthria.html The dysarthria which results from dysfunction in more than one speech motor system. Mixed MSOntology:Mixed_culture http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mixed+culture A laboratory culture that contains two or more different strains of organisms. Mixed culture MSOntology:Mmp-3 Gene :HS048018 Uniprot ID:P08254 MMP3 gene STMY1 gene Matrix metalloproteinase-3 SL-1 Stromelysin-1 Transin-1 The protein that can degrade fibronectin, laminin, gelatins of type I, III, IV, and V; collagens III, IV, X, and IX, and cartilage proteoglycans and activates procollagenase. Mmp-3 MSOntology:Mmp-9 Gene :HS048024 Uniprot ID:P14780 CLG4B gene 92 kDa gelatinase 92 kDa type IV collagenase Gelatinase B MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 The protein that may play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Mmp-9 MSOntology:Modafinil Drug :DBA000738 MESH :C048833 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modafinil Alertec C0066677 CEPA brand of modafinil CRL 40476 CRL-40476 Cephalon brand of armodafinil Cephalon brand of modafinil Cephalon brand of modafinil, reformulated Draxis brand of modafinil Lafon brand of modafinil Merckle brand of modafinil Modiodal Nourypharma brand of modafinil Nuvigil Provigil Sparlon Vigil armodafinil benzhydrylsulfinylacetamide An analeptic drug that is used for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder. MSOntology:Model_of_Oligodendrocyte_Destruction Anin VitroModel of Oligodendrocyte Destruction by Nitric Oxide and Its Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis Branislava Mitrovic, John Parkinson, Jean E. Merrill1 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6066&page=10 The modelling systems for studying the destruction of oligodendrocytes in an in-vitro environment. Model of Oligodendrocyte Destruction MSOntology:Models_of_MS_disease In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis pp.570-588 (19) Authors: Baukje J. van der Star, Daphne Y.S. Vogel, Markus Kipp, Fabiola Puentes, David Baker, Sandra Amor The Disease models formed for MS using the viral and autoimmune disease models to investigate the possible pathogenic mechanisms operating in MS. Models of MS disease MSOntology:Modified_Fatigue_Impact_Scale http://www.nationalmssociety.org/ms-clinical-care-network/researchers/clinical-study-measures/mfis/index.aspx The instrument that provides an assessment of the effects of fatigue in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Modified Fatigue Impact Scale MSOntology:Molecular_and_cellular_feature MSOntology:Molecular_database_based_model Scientific Reference: doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl950 Disease modelling based on the interactions extracted from the molecular interaction databases. Molecular database based model MSOntology:Molecular_entity MSOntology:Molecular_mechanism_on_pathway http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(biology) A complex system or, more generally, a process that produces a regular phenomenon. Molecular mechanism on pathway MSOntology:Molecular_mimicry Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mimicry ) Molecular mimicry MSOntology:Monocyte MESH : D009000 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026473 Monocytes A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage. Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune responses. A monocyte is a type of white blood cell and a type of phagocyte. Monocyte MSOntology:Monoparesis Paresis affecting a single extremity or part of one. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/monoparesis ) Monoparesis MSOntology:Mood_symptoms http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/emotional-changes/index.aspx Emotional lability moodiness. The rapid and generally unpredictable changes in emotions. Mood symptoms MSOntology:Motor_Neuron https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026609 Motoneuronit Motor Neurons Neuron, Motor Neurons, Motor Neurons which activate muscle cells. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009046 ) Motor_Neuron MSOntology:Motor_evoked_potential MEP MER http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoked_potential#Motor_evoked_potentials Motor evoked response TMS Transcronial magnetic stimulation The potential that is recorded from muscles following direct stimulation of exposed motor cortex, or transcranial stimulation of motor cortex, either magnetic or electrical. Motor evoked potential MSOntology:Movement https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026649 Movements Quality of movement The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior. Movement MSOntology:Multifocal_visual_evoked_potential MFVEP http://www.octnews.org/articles/1867912/comparison-of-multifocal-visual-evoked-potential-s/ A test that measures local response amplitude and latency in the field of vision. Multifocal visual evoked potential MSOntology:Multiple_sclerosis_functional_composite http://www.neurology.org/content/74/17_Supplement_3/S8 MSFC A 3-part quantitative instrument that measures arm, leg, and cognitive function, thereby providing a focused and sensitive evaluation of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis functional composite MSOntology:Muscarinic mAChRs Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells.. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic ) Muscarinic MSOntology:Muscle_Strength MVC isokinetic test of knee flexion and extension maximal voluntary contraction Patterns of weakness can help localize a lesion to a particular cortical or white matter region, spinal cord level, nerve root, peripheral nerve, or muscle. Test the strength of each muscle group and record it in a systematic fashion. It is wise to pair the testing of each muscle group immediately with testing of its contralateral counterpart to enhance detection of any asymmetries. (Source: http://www.neuroexam.com/neuroexam/content.php?p=29) A method for the measurement of muscle strength in multiple sclerosis patients is described in Joubrel et al Ann Readaption Med Phys 2000: 43: 138-144. The method uses an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II ®) to evaluate the concentric knee flexor and extensor peak torques values at speed of 60°/s and 180°/s.The reproductibility is good within 20%. These tests can show up muscle deficits that were not clinically evident. They can help chosing the adapted treatment, following up the patients and assessing the efficiency of rehabilitation protocols. (Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6054(00)88788-7) MSOntology:Mxa Gene :HS048251 MESH :C043999 IFI78 protein Mx protein Mx1 protein Mx2 protein MxA(R645) protein MxB protein interferon inducible protein p78 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 protein myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2 (mouse) protein p78-related protein protein Mx protein Mx, interferon-induced second interferon-induced protein p78 The protein that is induced by interferon-alpha/beta, accumulates in nucleus of IFN-treated Mx cells,contributes to resistance against influenza. Mxa MSOntology:Myelin MESH : D009186 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026973 Myelin protein A collection of lipid fats and proteins that sheaths the long extensions of nerve cells (neurons) called axons. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/myelin.html ) Myelin MSOntology:Myelin_phagocytosis_by_macrophages DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10108 SCs carry out the first step in the removal of myelin by segmenting myelin and then incorporating the degraded myelin. The recruited macrophages then join in the myelin-phagocytosis event, appearing to make full use of their original phagocyte abilities until the end of myelin clearance. (Scientific Reference: DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10108 ) Myelin phagocytosis by macrophages MSOntology:Myelin_wrapping Scientific Reference: PMID: 17923405 Oligodendroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) synthesise large amounts of specific proteins and lipids to generate myelin, a specialised membrane that spirally ensheathes axons and facilitates fast conduction of the action potential. (Source: PMID: 17923405) Myelin wrapping MSOntology:Myelitis MeSH:MDC001766 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026975 INFLAMM SPINAL CORD Inflammation, Spinal Cord Inflammations, Spinal Cord Inflammatory Myelopathies Inflammatory Myelopathy MYELOPATHY INFLAMM Myelopathy, Inflammatory SPINAL CORD INFLAMM Spinal Cord Inflammation Spinal Cord Inflammations MSOntology:Myeloid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell Myeloid Dendritic Cell mDC The dendritic cells that secrets IL 12. Myeloid MSOntology:Myoclonus MeSH:MDC001776 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0027066 Disorder characterised by myoclonus Myoclonic Jerk Myoclonic Jerking Myoclonic disorder Myoclonic jerks Myoclonus Myoclonus disorder A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles, these movements may develop as a symptom of a number of neurological diseases including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. Myoclonus MSOntology:Myoclonus_Drugs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonus#Treatment The drugs that is used to treat a brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles which is a sign of nervous system disorders. MSOntology:Myokymia MESH : D020385 MeSH:MDC003734 C0684219 Chorea, Fibrillary Kymatism Kymatisms Myokymias Successive and rapid contractions of motor units associated with chronic nerve injury. The discharges arise from the peripheral aspects of regenerating nerves, and clinically impart a nearly continuous undulation of the body surface overlying the muscle. Myokymia MSOntology:NFKB3 Gene :HS051622 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0214222 C1335610 NF KAPPA B P 065 SUBUNIT NF kappa B p65 NF kappa B p65 Subunit NF kappaB 65 kDa NF-Kappa B p65 NF-kB p65 Subunit NF-kappa B p65 Subunit NF-kappaB NF-kappaB 65-kDa NF-kappaB(p65) NFKB, p65 SUBUNIT NFKB3 NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA-B, SUBUNIT 3 NUCLEAR FACTOR OF KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN GENE ENHANCER IN B CELLS 3 Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Subunit 3 Nuclear Factor NF-kappa-B p65 Subunit Nuclear Factor of Kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells 3 RELA RELA gene RelA, Transcription Factor TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFKB3 Transcription Factor RelA Transcription Factor p65 Transcription Factor, p65 V-REL AVIAN RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG A p65 Transcription Factor p65, NF-kappa B p65, Transcription Factor v Rel Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog A v-Rel Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog A This gene plays a role in transcriptional regulation and NFKB signal transduction. NFKB3 MSOntology:NGFR Gene :HS048427 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html NGFR gene Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (TNFR Superfamily, Member 16) Gene This gene is involved in apoptosis, neuronal growth and signaling. NGFR MSOntology:NKNA Gene :HS052857 GeneID :6863 NKNA Hs.2563 NK2 NPK TAC1 TAC1 tachykinin, precursor 1 TAC2 tachykinin, precursor 1 This gene encodes four products of the tachykinin peptide hormone family, substance P and neurokinin A, as well as the related peptides, neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma. These hormones are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues. NKNA MSOntology:NKT_cell MESH : D055611 A specialized subset of T-lymphocytes that exhibit features of innate immunity similar to that of natural killer cells. They are reactive to glycolipids presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1D antigen. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=NKT%20cell ) NKT cell MSOntology:NK_Cell MESH : D007694 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0022688 Cell, NK Cell, Natural Killer Cells, NK Cells, Natural Killer Cytotoxic cell K cell K lymphocyte K-cell Killer Cell, Natural Killer Cells Killer Cells, Natural Killer cell NK NK Cell NK Cells Natural Killer Cells Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS, and B CELLS, NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type. NK_Cell MSOntology:NOGO Gene :HS051019 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Foocen NSP Neurite outgrowth inhibitor Neuroendocrine-specific protein Neuroendocrine-specific protein C homolog Nogo protein RTN-x RTN4 Reticulon-4 Reticulon-5 Developmental neurite growth regulatory factor with a role as a negative regulator of axon-axon adhesion and growth, and as a facilitator of neurite branching. Regulates neurite fasciculation, branching and extension in the developing nervous system. Involved in down-regulation of growth, stabilization of wiring and restriction of plasticity in the adult CNS. (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NQC3 ) NOGO MSOntology:NOTCH2 Gene :HS048464 Uniprot ID:Q04721 Uniprot ID:Q04721 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 Notch 2 hN2 The gene that encodes a protein, which functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Jagged1, Jagged2 and Delta1 to regulate cell-fate determination. NOTCH2 MSOntology:NPAS3 Gene :HS052039 GeneID : 64067 MOP6 NPAS3 neuronal PAS domain protein 3 PASD6 bHLHe12 neuronal PAS domain protein 3 This gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix and PAS domain-containing family of transcription factors. The encoded protein is localized to the nucleus and may regulate genes involved in neurogenesis. NPAS3 MSOntology:NPTXR Gene :HS044045 GeneID :23467 NPR NPTXR neuronal pentraxin receptor The gene encodes the pentraxin receptor which is an integral membrane protein that is thought to mediate neuronal uptake of the snake venom toxin, taipoxin, and its transport into the synapses. NPTXR MSOntology:NT3 Gene :HS017332 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html NTF3 gene Neurotrophin 3 Gene This gene is involved in the development of embryonic neurons and maintenance of the adult nervous system. NT3 MSOntology:N_Acetylaspartate NAA MESH :C000179 2-(acetylamino)butanedioic acid 2-acetamidobutanedioic acid 2545-40-6 997-55-7 A5625_SIGMA AC1L3YNL AC1Q1KFW AC1Q5KYA AG-E-77986 AKOS001588124 AR-1H6469 Aspartic acid, N-acetyl (R,S) Aspartic acid, N-acetyl-, DL- Asparticacid, N-acetyl-, DL- (8CI);NSC 128611; CHEMBL1162493 DL-Aspartic acid, N-acetyl- EINECS 219-827-5 HMS1569C12 HMS2235G08 I04-8916 I14-2012 MLS001333103 MLS001333104 MolPort-001-833-356 N-Acetyl-DL-aspartic acid N-Acetylaspartic acid NCGC00094595-01 NSC-128610 NSC-128611 NSC-206260 NSC128610 NSC128611 NSC206260 Oprea1_041445 Prestwick0_000415 Prestwick1_000415 Prestwick2_000415 Prestwick_712 SMR000857232 SPBio_002309 ST45156778 ST50410864 STK370037 NAA is the second-most-concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. It is detected in the adult brains only in neurons synthesized in the mitochondria of neurons from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyl_aspartate ) N_Acetylaspartate MSOntology:Nabiximol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabiximols Nabiximols Sativex A patented cannabinoid oromucosal mouth spray for multiple sclerosis patients. MSOntology:Natalizumab Drug :DBA000104 Antegren C1172734 Elan brand of natalizumab Tysabri A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 antibody to human alpha4 integrin that binds to the alpha4 subunit of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins. (MeSH definition) therapy using Natalizumab MSOntology:Natural_history Natural history of disease A description of the uninterrupted progression of a disease in an individual from the moment of exposure to causal agents until recovery or death. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history_of_disease ) Natural history MSOntology:Neopterin MESH :D019798 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 2-AMINO-6-(1,2,3-TRIGIDROKSIPROPIL)-4(3H)-PTERIDINON AMINOTRIHYDROXYPROPYL PTERIDINONE 002 006 001 001 003 004 003 H C0068527 A pteridine derivative present in body fluids, elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. Neopterin MSOntology:Network_model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_model A database model conceived as a flexible way of representing gene and gene products and their relationships. Network model MSOntology:Neural_stem_cell NSCs The self-renewing, multipotent cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell ) MSOntology:Neurodegeneration https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. Neurodegeneration MSOntology:Neurological_examination http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_examination A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired Neurological examination MSOntology:Neurological_scale http://www.heartandstroke.on.ca/site/c.pvI3IeNWJwE/b.5385163/k.5CDC/HCP__Canadian_Neurological_Scale_CNS.htm Validated and recommended tool for assessing and monitoring the neurological status. Neurological scale MSOntology:Neuron https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0027882 Cell, Nerve Cells, Nerve Nerve Cell Nerve Cells Neurocyte The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009474 ) Neuron MSOntology:Neuronal_cell_line_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The process by which neuronal cell lines are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Neuronal cell line culture MSOntology:Neuronal_enolase Uniprot ID:P09104 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase ENO2 gene Enolase 2 Gamma-enolase Neural enolase Neuron-specific enolase The protein that has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties on a broad spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) neurons,binds, in a calcium-dependent manner, to cultured neocortical neurons and promotes cell survival. Neuronal_enolase MSOntology:Neuronal_loss http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration The loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. Neuronal loss MSOntology:Neuronal_primary_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The neuronal cells that are cultured directly from a subject. Neuronal primary culture MSOntology:Neuropathic_Pain MDC001851 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Neuralgia Pain, Neuropathic Neuropathic_Pain MSOntology:Neuropathic_pain Atypical Neuralgia Atypical Neuralgias Iliohypogastric Nerve Neuralgia Iliohypogastric Nerve Neuralgias Ilioinguinal Neuralgia Ilioinguinal Neuralgias Nerve Neuralgia, Iliohypogastric Nerve Neuralgias, Iliohypogastric Nerve Pain Nerve Pain, Paroxysmal Nerve Pains Nerve Pains, Paroxysmal Neuralgia Neuralgia, Atypical Neuralgia, Iliohypogastric Nerve Neuralgia, Ilioinguinal Neuralgia, Perineal Neuralgia, Stump Neuralgia, Supraorbital Neuralgia, Vidian Neuralgias Neuralgias, Atypical Neuralgias, Iliohypogastric Nerve Neuralgias, Ilioinguinal Neuralgias, Perineal Neuralgias, Stump Neuralgias, Supraorbital Neuralgias, Vidian Neurodynia Neurodynias Neuropathic Pain Neuropathic Pains Pain, Nerve Pain, Neuropathic Pain, Paroxysmal Nerve Pains, Nerve Pains, Neuropathic Pains, Paroxysmal Nerve Paroxysmal Nerve Pain Paroxysmal Nerve Pains Perineal Neuralgia Perineal Neuralgias Stump Neuralgia Stump Neuralgias Supraorbital Neuralgia Supraorbital Neuralgias Vidian Neuralgia Vidian Neuralgias Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=neuropathic%20pain ) MSOntology:Neuropatic_pain MESH : D009437 MeSH:MDC001851 Neuralgia Neuralgias Neurodynia Neurodynias Pain, Neuropathic Pains, Neuropathic Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=neuropathic%20pain ) Neuropathic pain MSOntology:Neuropeptide https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0027895 Neuropeptide Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. Neuropeptide MSOntology:Neurotransmitters https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0027908 Nerve Transmitter Substances Transmitter Substances, Nerve Small molecules whose function is to transmit nerve signals (impulses) from one nerve cell (neuron) to another. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers which neurons use to tell other neurons that they have received an impulse. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/neurotransmitter.html ) Neurotransmitters MSOntology:Neutralizing_antibodies_of_interferon_beta http://www.aan.com/practice/guideline/uploads/253.pdf People with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be treated with interferon beta to reduce relapse rates and limit disability. As a result of treatment with interferon beta over time, some patients develop high levels of antibodies (NAbs) which might reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Neutralizing_antibodies_of_interferon_beta MSOntology:Neutrophil MESH : D009504 C0027950 Polymorphonuclear Cell granular leukocyte Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009504 ) Neutrophil MSOntology:Ngf Gene :HS048426 Uniprot ID:P01138 Beta-NGF Beta-nerve growth factor NGFB Nerve growth factor is important for the development and maintenance of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. Extracellular ligand for the NTRK1 and NGFR receptors, activates cellular signaling cascades through those receptor tyrosine kinase to regulate neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival. Ngf MSOntology:Nicotinic Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nAChRs Cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor ) Nicotinic MSOntology:Nitrates MESH :D009566 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Azotany Azotates C0028125 A class of ester compounds of nitric acid (HNO3) and alcohols. Nitrates MSOntology:Nitric_Oxide https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0028128 Mononitrogen Monoxide Oxide, Nitric A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from arginine by nitrix oxide synthase. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68009569 ) Nitric_Oxide MSOntology:Nitric_oxide_production Scientific Reference: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2005, 5:232–238 Current Science Inc. ISSN 1528-4042 Induction of Type II nitric oxide synthase Oxidative stress The enzymatic synthesis of NO from arginine mediated by NO synthases, which plays a key role in several pathophysiologic processes, ranging from hypertension and diabetes to neurodegeneration. Nitric oxide production MSOntology:Nocturia MDC004125 Excessive urination at night. A frequent need to urinate at night. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003627 ) Nocturia MSOntology:Nocturnal_Myoclonus MDC003634 Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome PLMD Periodic limb movement disorder A sleep disorder where the patient moves limbs involuntarily during sleep, and has symptoms or problems related to the movement. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_myoclonus ) Nocturnal_Myoclonus MSOntology:Nodes_Of_Ranvier MESH : D011901 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0034667 The regular breaks in the myelin sheath that surrounds the axonal extension of nerve cells (neurons). (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/nodesofRanvier.html ) Nodes_Of_Ranvier MSOntology:Nogo-a Gene :HS051019 Uniprot ID:Q9NQC3 KIAA0886 gene RTN4 gene Foocen NOGO NSP Neurite outgrowth inhibitor Neuroendocrine-specific protein Nogo protein RTN-x Reticulon-4 Reticulon-5 Developmental neurite growth regulatory factor with a role as a negative regulator of axon-axon adhesion and growth, and as a facilitator of neurite branching. Regulates neurite fasciculation, branching and extension in the developing nervous system. Involved in down-regulation of growth, stabilization of wiring and restriction of plasticity in the adult CNS. Nogo-a MSOntology:Non_HLA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that are not naturally present in human. Non HLA MSOntology:Non_conventional_MRI Non conventional MRI biomarker MSOntology:Non_pharmacotherapy Non pharmacotherapy MSOntology:Normal_appearing_grey_matter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis#Normal_appearing_White_Matter NAGM The grey matter with hidden but MRI-visible damage. Normal appearing grey matter MSOntology:Normal_appearing_white_matter NAWM The white matter with hidden but MRI-visible damage and is where lesions appear. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis#Normal_appearing_White_Matter ) Normal appearing white matter MSOntology:Norpinephrine MESH : D009638 Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. (MeSH definition ) Norpinephrine MSOntology:Not_Mapped_ Not_Mapped_ MSOntology:Nt3 Gene :HS017332 PNT-1 (neuronal) pan-neurotrophin 1 a synthetic trophic factor engineered by combining the active domains of neurotrophins nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3 (NT3) into an NT-3 backbone; a potent and multispecific factor, may be useful in treatment of peripheral neuropathies and nerve damage. Nt3 MSOntology:Numbness MDC001328 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0020580 Deadness - numbness Decreased Sensitivity Hypesthesia Hypesthesia, Tactile Hypoesthesias Impaired Sensation Limited sensation Loss of sensation Numbness sensation Reduced Sensation Reduced Sensations Reduced sensation of skin Reduced sensation of skin (finding) Sensations, Reduced An abnormally decreased sensitivity to touch, pressure, or pain. Numbness MSOntology:Nystagmus MeSH:MDC001885 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0028738 CONGEN NYSTAGMUS Congenital Nystagmus NYSTAGMUS CONGEN Nystagmus Nystagmus, Congenital Pathologic Nystagmus Unspecified nystagmus A disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the eyeballs. Nystagmus MSOntology:OASL Gene :HS055513 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like OASL 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like OASLd TRIP-14 TRIP14 p59 OASL p59-OASL p59OASL OASL encodes an interferon-induced protein that is a member of the 2-5A synthetase family. 2-prime,5-prime oligoadenylates (2-5As) bind to and activate RNase L , resulting in general RNA degradation and consequent inhibition of protein synthesis. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/603281 ) OASL MSOntology:OPC_loss Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell loss Oligodendrocyte progenitor loss The loss of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells, whose principal function is to provide support to axons and to produce the Myelin sheath, which insulates and lowers the effective capacitance of axons. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell ) OPC loss MSOntology:OPC_proliferation Scientific Reference: The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1996, 76(8):2659-2670 The proliferation of the oligodendrocyte progenitor(O-2A) cells in CNS germinal zones. (Scientific Reference: The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1996, 76(8):2659-2670) OPC proliferation MSOntology:OPN Gene :HS052725 GeneID :6696 BNSP BSPI ETA-1 SPP1 SPP1 Gene SPP1 secreted phosphoprotein 1 Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Gene The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the attachment of osteoclasts to the mineralized bone matrix. The encoded protein is secreted and binds hydroxyapatite with high affinity. OPN MSOntology:OX40 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ACT35 Antigen ANTIGENS CD 134 Antigen CD134 Antigen, CD134 Antigens, CD134 C0248554 CD 134 ANTIGENS CD134 CD134 Antigen CD134 Antigens CD134-Antigen OX-40 OX40 OX40 Receptor OX40 Receptors OX40L Receptor RECEPTORS OX 40 RECEPTORS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR MEMBER 04 Receptor, OX40 Receptors, OX40 Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 4 TAX Transcriptionally-Activated Glycoprotein 1 Receptor TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 04 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 4 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 4 antigen CD134 receptor OX40 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (277 aa, ~29 kDa) is encoded by the human TNFRSF4 gene. This protein plays a role in signal transduction pathways that mediate apoptosis inhibition and inflammatory responses. OX40 MSOntology:Occipital_Lobe MESH : D009778 C0028785 Lobe occipital Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MeSH definition) Occipital_Lobe MSOntology:Ocrelizumab MESH :C533411 PR 070769 PR-070769 PR070769 R 1594 R-1594 R1594 A humanized anti-CD20 antibody.(MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Ocular_Dysmetria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_dysmetria A form of dysmetria that involves the constant under- or over-shooting of the eyes when attempting to focus gaze on something.It indicates lesions in the cerebellum, which is the brain region responsible for coordinating movement. Ocular_Dysmetria MSOntology:Olig2 Gene :HS039600 MESH :C405708 OLIG2 protein The proteint that is involved in maturation of neurons. Olig2 MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte MESH : D009836 http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/oligodendrocyte.html https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html oligodendroglia C0028944 Oligodendroglia Cell The glial cells that are responsible for producing a fatty protein, called myelin, which insulates axons. Oligodendrocyte MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte_loss http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte#Pathology The loss of oligodendrocytes,because of which myelination and the re-myelination processes are affected. Oligodendrocyte loss MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell OPC Cells that precede oligodendrocytes, and may also be able to generate neurons and astrocytes, whose principal function is to provide support to axons and to produce the Myelin sheath, which insulates and lowers the effective capacitance of axons. Oligodendrocyte precursor cell MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte_primary_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The oligodendrocyte cells that are cultured directly from a subject. Oligodendrocyte primary culture MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte_progenitor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor Oligodendrocyte precursor cells The nervous tissue cells that precede oligodendrocytes, and may also be able to generate neurons and astrocytes. MSOntology:Oligodendrocyte_proliferation_migration Scientific Reference: The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1996, 76(8):2659-2670 The process in which the OPcells proliferate in CNS germinal zones and migrate to formative white matter regions, where they further proliferate, differentiate, and form myelin sheaths around axons. (Scientific Reference: The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 1996, 76(8):2659-2670 ) Oligodendrocyte proliferation migration MSOntology:Oligodendrocytes_damage An in Vitro Model of Oligodendrocyte Destruction by Nitric Oxide and Its Relevance to Multiple Sclerosis Mitrovic B, Parkinson J, Merrill JE. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte#Pathology microglial induced oligodendrocyte toxicity The injury to the oligodendroglial cells that result in demyelination. Oligodendrocytes damage MSOntology:Oligodensrocyte_cell_line_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The process by which oligodendrocyte cell lines are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Oligodendrocyte cell line culture MSOntology:Olives Olivary body A pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivary_body ) Olives MSOntology:Ondansetron Drug :DBA000896 MESH :D017294 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0061851 Ondansetron Zofran ODT The active ingredient in a drug used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatment. Ondansetron is a type of serotonin receptor antagonist and a type of antiemetic. MSOntology:Optic_Chiasm MESH : D009897 C0029126 Chiasm, Optic Chiasma Opticum Chiasma Opticums Chiasma, Optic Chiasmas, Optic Decussation, Optic Decussations, Optic Optic Chiasma Optic Chiasmas Optic Chiasms Optic Decussation Optic Decussations Opticum, Chiasma Opticums, Chiasma The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. (MeSH definition) Optic_Chiasm MSOntology:Optic_Nerve MESH : D009900 C0029130 Cranial Nerve II Cranial Nerve IIs Cranial Nerve, Second Cranial Nerve, Second Cranial Nerves, Second II, Cranial Nerve IIs, Cranial Nerve Nerve II, Cranial Nerve IIs, Cranial Nerve, Optic Nerve, Second Cranial Nerves, Second Cranial Second Cranial Nerve Second Cranial Nerves The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. Optic_Nerve MSOntology:Optic_Neuritis MDC001911 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0029134 Neuritis optica Optic nerve damage Inflammation of the optic nerve. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=optic%20neuritis ) Optic_Neuritis MSOntology:Optical_Coherence_Tomography OCT https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0920367 Coherence Tomography, Optical OCT OCT TOMOGR OCT Tomography OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGR TOMOGR OPTICAL COHERENCE Tomography, OCT Tomography, Optical Coherence A procedure that uses infrared light waves to give three-dimensional (3-D) pictures of structures inside tissues and organs. The pictures are made by a computer linked to the light source. Optical Coherence Tomography biomarker MSOntology:Organotypic_CNS_cultures Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001 May;Chapter 6:Unit 6.11 The in vitro method of choice for applications requiring long-term survival of the preparation and a high degree of cellular differentiation and organization resembling that of the original CNS tissue. Organotypic CNS cultures MSOntology:Orosomucoid AAG AGP ORM MESH :D009961 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosomucoid alpha-1-acid glycoprotein An acute phase (acute phase protein) plasma alpha-globulin glycoprotein that act as a carrier of basic and neutrally charged lipophilic compounds. Orosomucoid MSOntology:Osteopontin MESH : D053495 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bone Sialoprotein 1 Bone Sialoprotein I C0069676 Nephropontin Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Sialoprotein 1 Sialoprotein 1, Bone Sialoprotein I, Bone Urinary Stone Protein Osteopontin (314 aa, ~35 kDa) is encoded by the human SPP1 gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of both tissue mineralization and cell-cell signaling. Osteopontin MSOntology:Other https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Other Other Health Care Professional Other Health Professional Health care professional other than listed in section D5 of FDA MedWatch form 3500A. MSOntology:Oxcarbazepine Drug :DBA000769 MESH :C036006 A dibenzazepine carboxamide derivative with an anticonvulsant property. As a prodrug, oxcarbazepine is converted to its active metabolite, 10-monohydroxy. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, electrophysiological studies indicate this agent blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, thereby stabilizing hyper-excited neural membranes, inhibiting repetitive neuronal firing, and decreasing the propagation of synaptic impulses. MSOntology:Oxidative_stress MESH: D018384 A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. (MeSH definition) Oxidative stress MSOntology:Oxidized_Cholesterol_Derivatives http://ex-epsilon.slu.se:8080/archive/00000527/01/Kumari_thesis.pdf COP Cholesterol oxidation products Cholesterol present in animal origin foods undergoes autoxidation during processing as well as during storage yielding toxic products. Oxidized_Cholesterol_Derivatives MSOntology:P2x7r Gene :HS048609 P2RX7 P2X purinoceptor 7 P2X receptor The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel and is responsible for ATP-dependent lysis of macrophages through the formation of membrane pores permeable to large molecules. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RX7 ) P2x7r MSOntology:P53 Uniprot ID:P04637 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html TP53 gene Antigen NY-CO-13 Cellular Tumor Antigen p53 Cellular tumor antigen p53 Phosphoprotein p53 Tumor suppressor p53 protein TRP53 This gene encodes a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. P53 MSOntology:PAI1 Gene :HS048646 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html SERPINE1 gene Serine (or Cysteine) Proteinase Inhibitor, Clade E (Nexin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1), Member 1 Gene This gene is involved in the control of blood coagulation. PAI1 MSOntology:PARK7 Gene :HS040489 Uniprot ID:Q99497 Oncogene DJ1 PARK7 gene Parkinson disease protein 7 Protein DJ-1 The gene that encodes the protein that protects cells against oxidative stress and cell death. PARK7 MSOntology:PDCD2 Gene :HS049006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCD2 PDCD2 protein Programmed cell death protein 2 This gene encodes a nuclear protein which is thought to be involved in programmed cell death. PDCD2 MSOntology:PDCD4 Gene :HS045191 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCD4 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION INHIBITOR PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 4 Programmed Cell Death 4 (Neoplastic Transformation Inhibitor) Gene This gene encodes a protein localized to the nucleus in proliferating cells and is is thought to play a role in apoptosis. PDCD4 MSOntology:PDGFRA Gene :HS049142 Uniprot ID:P16234 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PDGFR2 gene PDGFRA gene ANTIGENS CD 140A Alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor Alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor CD140 antigen-like family member A CD140a CD140a antigen EC 2.7.10.1 PDGF-R-alpha PDGFR-2 PDGFR-alpha Platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor Platelet-derived growth factor receptor 2 RECEPT PDGF ALPHA RECEPTOR PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH ALPHA RHEPDGFRA gene Receptor, PDGF alpha Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha The gene that encodes tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. PDGFRA MSOntology:PECAM1 Gene :HS049251 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PECAM1 gene Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (CD31 Antigen) Gene This gene is involved in several cellular processes such as thrombosis, hemostasis, immunity, and inflammatory responses. PECAM1 MSOntology:PKB Gene :HS043143 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html AKT1 Protein Kinase Rac-PK alpha Protein Rac-PK-alpha-Protein alpha Protein, Rac-PK c-akt1, Proto-Oncogene Proteins RAC-Alpha Serine/Threonine Kinase (AKT1) encoded by the AKT1 gene is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. The activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. AKT1 also promotes cell survival and regulates nitric oxide from endothelium, target of the PDGF-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (From LocusLink and NCI) PKB MSOntology:PKCA Gene :HS050488 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PRKCA gene Protein Kinase C, Alpha Gene This gene plays a role in numerous cellular processes such as adhesion, growth and volume control. It is also involved in memory function in the brain. PKCA MSOntology:PLA2G7 Gene :HS053778 GeneID :7941 LDL-PLA2 LP-PLA2 PAFAD PAFAH PLA2G7 phospholipase A2, group VII phospholipase A2, group VII platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of platelet-activating factor to biologically inactive products. PLA2G7 MSOntology:PLAT Gene :HS049391 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PLAT gene Plasminogen Activator, Tissue Gene This gene is involved in blood coagulation, cell migration and tissue remodeling. PLAT MSOntology:PLP DBA000110 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0060617 Myelin PLP Myelin-Proteolipid-Protein PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN, MYELIN Proteolipid-Protein, Myelin- A prosthetic group of some enzymes which plays a role in the conversion of dopa into dopamine, allows the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and allows SAM to be decarboxylated to form propylamine, which is a precursor to polyamine. PLP MSOntology:PLSCR1 Gene :HS049438 Uniprot ID:O15162 PLSCR1 gene Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid scramblase 1 Erythrocyte phospholipid scramblase MmTRA1b PL scramblase 1 Phospholipid scramblase 1 The gene that encodes a protein that may play a central role in the initiation of fibrin clot formation, in the activation of mast cells and in the recognition of apoptotic and injured cells by the reticuloendothelial system. PLSCR1 MSOntology:PON1 Gene :HS049587 GeneID :5444 MVCD5 ESA PON PON1 paraoxonase 1 paraoxonase 1 The enzyme encoded by this gene is an arylesterase that mainly hydrolyzes paroxon to produce p-nitrophenol. PON1 MSOntology:POU2AF1 Gene :HS049627 BOB1 OBF-1 OBF1 OCAB POU class 2 associating factor 1 POU2AF1 POU class 2 associating factor 1 POU domain proteins contain a bipartite DNA-binding domain divided by a flexible linker that enables them to adopt various monomer configurations on DNA. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/601206 ) POU2AF1 MSOntology:PRDX5 Gene :HS044555 PMP20 protein Peroxiredoxin-5, mitochondrial This gene encodes a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRDX5 ) PRDX5 MSOntology:PRR2 Gene :HS051435 GeneID :5819 PVRR2 CD112 HVEB PVRL2 PVRL2 poliovirus receptor-related 2 poliovirus receptor-related 2 This gene encodes a single-pass type I membrane glycoprotein with two Ig-like C2-type domains and an Ig-like V-type domain. This protein is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. PRR2 MSOntology:PSEN2 Gene :HS050785 Uniprot ID:P49810 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PS2 gene AD4 gene C1418986 PRESENILIN 2 PS-2 PS2 PSNL2 gene Presenilin-2 STM2 STM2 gene This gene encodes protein that may play a role in intracellular signaling and gene expression or in linking chromatin to the nuclear membrane. May function in the cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins. PSEN2 MSOntology:PTPRC Gene :HS051405 CD45 LY5 T200 B220 CD45R GP180 L-CA LCA PTPRC protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitosis, and oncogenic transformation. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5788 ) PTPRC MSOntology:Pace_auditory_serial_additional_task PASAT http://lmt.projectsinknowledge.com/Activity/index.cfm?showfile=b&jn=2023&sj=2023.12&sc=2023.12.3 A standardised test that measures the cognitive functioning of Auditory processing speed and working memory. Pace auditory serial additional task MSOntology:Paced_auditory_serial_addition_test PASAT A neuropsychological test, used to assess capacity and rate of information processing and sustained and divided attention. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paced_Auditory_Serial_Addition_Test ) Paced auditory serial addition test MSOntology:Pacsin2 Gene :HS046086 Uniprot ID:Q9UNF0 Protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 2 The protein that may play a role in vesicle formation and transport. Pacsin2 MSOntology:Paraesthesia MDC002006 MESH :D010292 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html PARESTHESIAS Paraesthesia Paraesthesias Paresthesia Abnormal cutaneous sensations of tingling, numbness, pressure, cold, and warmth that an individual experiences without the presence of a stimulus. It results from functional disturbances of sensory neurons. Causes include peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, and nerve damage. Paraesthesia MSOntology:Paralysis MeSH:MDC001986 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0522224 Paralyse Paralysed Paralysis Paralysis MSOntology:Paraparesis MDC003721 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0221166 Parapareses A slight paralysis or weakness of both legs. Paraparesis MSOntology:Paresis MeSH:MDC002005 C0030552 Incomplete paralysis A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68010291 ) Paresis MSOntology:Parietal_Lobe MESH : D010296 C0030560 Lobe, Parietal Lobes, Parietal Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MeSH definition ) Parietal_Lobe MSOntology:Partial_Numbness http://www.memidex.com/numbness+symptom The partial lack of sensation in a part of the body; a symptom of nerve damage or dysfunction. Partial_Numbness MSOntology:Pathogenesis The mechanism by which the disease is caused. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis ) Pathogenesis MSOntology:Pathology_of_MS_disease Anatomical pathology The precise study and diagnosis of disease. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology ) Pathological feature MSOntology:Pd-l1 http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/locus.fpl?dbid=S000000548 MFP1 Mfp1p Pdi1p Protein disulfide isomerase TRG1 This multifunctional protein of ER lumen is essential for formation of disulfide bonds in secretory and cell-surface proteins and unscrambles non-native disulfide bonds. Trg1p YCL043C Ycl043cp Pd-l1 MSOntology:Pd-l2 http://www.pombase.org/spombe/result/SPBC3D6.13c protein disulfide isomerase ER associated protein disulfide isomerase Pdi2 protein disulfide isomerase Pdi2 Pd-l2 MSOntology:Pdgfb Gene :HS049136 Uniprot ID: P01127 PDGF subunit B PDGF-2 PDGF2 Platelet-derived growth factor B chain Platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B Proto-oncogene c-Sis SIS Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Pdgfb MSOntology:Pedivascular_inflammatory_infiltrate http://dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/inflammatory.html Inflammatory cuff The infiltrates of the inflammatory cells that are clustered around blood vessels. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate MSOntology:Pemoline Drug : DBA001219 MESH :D010389 2-Imino-4-keto-5-phenyltetrahydrooxazole 5-Phenylisohydantion Abbott Brand of Pemoline C0030800 Compounds, Pemoline Cylert Lilly Brand of Pemoline Magnesium, Pemoline Mallinckrodt Brand of Pemoline PemADD Pemoline Compounds Pemoline Magnesium Phenoxazole Phenylisohydantoin Tradon A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Periaqueductal MESH : D010487 periaqueductal gray Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain. (MeSH definition) Periaqueductal MSOntology:Peripheral http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dysarthria.html The dysarthria which affects the airflow of speech and results in distorted consonants and speaking in short phrases. Peripheral MSOntology:Peripheral_Nerves MESH :D010525 C0031119 Nerves, Peripheral The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. (MeSH definition) Peripheral_Nerves MSOntology:Peripheral_benzodiazepine_receptor PBR Gene :HS085775 Uniprot ID:P30536 BZRP TSPO MBR Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor PKBS Translocator protein Responsible for the manifestation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine recognition sites and is most likely to comprise binding domains for benzodiazepines and isoquinoline carboxamides. May play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme. Plays a role in the transport of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes in steroidogenic cells. Peripheral_benzodiazepine_receptor MSOntology:Peripheral_tolerence_breakdown http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_tolerance The breakdown in the immunological tolerance developed after T and B cells mature and enter the periphery. Peripheral tolerence breakdown MSOntology:Periventicular A thin sheet of small neurons located in the wall of the third ventricle, a composite structure of the hypothalamus. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus ) Periventicular MSOntology:Periventricular A thin sheet of small neurons located in the wall of the third ventricle, a composite structure of the hypothalamus. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus ) Periventricular MSOntology:Phagocyte MESH : D010586 The white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte ) Phagocyte MSOntology:Pharmacoeconomic The scientific discipline that compares the value of one pharmaceutical drug or drug therapy to another. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacoeconomics ) Pharmacoeconomic MSOntology:Pharmacotherapy https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013216 CHEMOTHER CT - Chemotherapy Chemotherapies Chemotherapy DRUG THER DT DT - Drug therapy Drug Therapies Drug Therapy Drug therapy NOS PHARMACOTHER Pharmacological Treatment Pharmacological Treatments Pharmacotherapies Pharmacotherapy THER DRUG Therapies, Drug Therapy, Drug Treatment With Medication Treatment with any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Pharmacotherapy MSOntology:Phenytoin Drug :DBA000246 MESH :D010672 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 2,4-Imidazolidinedione, 5,5-diphenyl- 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin C0031507 DPH Diphenylhydantoin Fenitoin Phenylhydantoin Phenytoin Phenytoin - chemical Phenytoin product An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. MSOntology:Phosphatidyl_Serine PS Ptd-L-Ser A phospholipid component, usually kept on the inner-leaflet (the cytosolic side) of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine ) Phosphatidyl_Serine MSOntology:Phosphene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Accommodation phosphene C0031624 Phosphenes A subjective visual sensation with the eyes closed and in the absence of light. Phosphenes can be spontaneous, or induced by chemical, electrical, or mechanical (pressure) stimuli which cause the visual field to light up without optical inputs. Phosphene MSOntology:Physical http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)#Physical_fatigue C0031809 Physical Examination Physical assessment lack of strength muscle weakness The inability to exert force with one's muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individual's generalphysical fitness. Physical MSOntology:Physical_Therapy PT physiotherapy C0949766 Rehabilitation A health care profession primarily concerned with the remediation of impairments and disabilities and the promotion of mobility, functional ability, quality of life and movement potential through examination, evaluation, diagnosis and physical intervention . (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy ) _Physical_Therapy MSOntology:Pins_and_Needles A skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause. (Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Pins+and+needles+sensation ) Pins_and_Needles MSOntology:Piracetam MESH :D010889 1-Pyrrolidineacetamide, 2-oxo- 2-Pyrrolidone-N-Acetamide 2-Pyrrolidone-N-Acetamide AbZ Brand of Piracetam Almirall Brand of Piracetam Alpharma Brand of Piracetam Avigilen Axonyl Azupharma Brand of Piracetam C0031977 Cerebroforte Cerepar N Ciclofalina Cuxabrain Dinagen Gabacet Geram Hexal Brand of Piracetam Holsten Brand of Piracetam Hormona Brand of Piracetam Memo Puren Memo-Puren Merckle Brand of Piracetam Nootrop Nootropil Nootropyl Normabraïn Pfizer Brand of Piracetam Piracebral Piracetam AbZ Piracetam RPh Piracetam-RPh Piracetrop Pirazetam Pyracetam Pyramem Riemser Brand of Piracetam Rodleben Brand of Piracetam Sanofi Synthelabo Brand of Piracetam Sinapsan TAD Brand of Piracetam UCB 6215 UCB Brand of Piracetam UCB-6215 UCB6215 Vedim Brand of Piracetam A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Pittsburg_Sleep_Quality_Index A self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. (Scientific Reference: Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index MSOntology:Plaque lesion The patches of demyelination that occur with multiple sclerosis, especially those where the myelin is replaced by scar tissue. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/plaque.html ) Plaque MSOntology:Plaque_scar_formation Brain Pathol. 1996 Jul;6(3):259-74. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_scar The demyelinated plaque with reactive glial scar formation, a reactive cellular process involving astrogliosis that occurs after injury to the Central Nervous System. Plaque scar formation MSOntology:Plasmacytoid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell IPC interferon-producing cells The dendritic cells that can produce high amounts of interferon-alpha. Plasmacytoid MSOntology:Plasmapheresis MESH :D010956 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Plasma Exchange Plasmaphereses Plasmapheresis Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Therapeutic Plasmapheresis The process of separating certain cells from the plasma in the blood by a machine, only the cells are returned to the person. Plasmapheresis can be used to remove excess antibodies from the blood. Plasmapheresis MSOntology:Pons https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0032639 Pons Cerebelli Pons Varolii Pons cerebri Pontine structure pontine The middle portion of the brainstem located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. The fourth ventricle lies dorsal to the pons which also contains the motor trigeminal nuclei and the abducens nuclei. The cerebellum contributes a large number of afferent fibers to the pons. Pons MSOntology:Poor_judgement Poor_judgement MSOntology:Poser_Criteria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poser_criteria Diagnostic criteria developed to delineate groups of multiple sclerosis patients whose diagnosis will be accepted by a wide range of investigators worldwide for inclusion in various studies and protocols. (Scientific Reference; doi:10.1002/ana.410130302/pdf) Poser Criteria MSOntology:Positron_emmision_tomography PET A nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography ) Positron emmision tomography biomarker MSOntology:Postaglandin_E2 MESH :D015232 (15S)-Prostaglandin E2 (5Z,11-alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (5Z,11.alpha.,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic (5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid (5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate (5Z,13E,15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (E,Z)-(1R,2R,3R)-7-(3-Hydroxy-2-((3S)-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl))-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid (Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid 05D31BD5-818B-4A92-8CFC-BEC19926A5B3 363-24-6 5-Heptenoic acid, 7-(3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)- 5-Heptenoic acid, 7-(3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)- (8CI) 5-Heptenoic acid, 7-(3-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-, l- 7-(3-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid AC-6098 AC1NQWXW BML1-F07 BMS-279654 & PGE2 BRD-K26521938-001-04-9 BSPBio_001490 C00584 CHEBI:15551 CHEMBL548 CID5280360 Cervidil Cervidil (TN) D00079 D015232 DAP000360 DB00917 Dinoproston Dinoprostona Dinoprostona [INN-Spanish] Dinoprostone Dinoprostone (JAN/USP/INN) Dinoprostone Prostaglandin E2 Dinoprostone [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN] Dinoprostone beta-Cyclodextrin Clathrate Dinoprostonum Dinoprostonum [INN-Latin] E2 alpha, Prostaglandin E2, Prostaglandin E2alpha, Prostaglandin EINECS 206-656-6 Gel, Prepidil HMS1361K12 HMS1791K12 HMS1989K12 HMS2089D17 IDI1_033960 LMFA03010003 LS-125823 Minprositin E2 Minprostin E2 MolPort-003-939-184 NCGC00092361-01 NCGC00092361-02 NCGC00092361-03 NCGC00092361-04 NCGC00092361-05 NSC 165560 NSC 196514 P0409_SIGMA P5640_SIGMA P6532_SIGMA PGE2 PGE2 alpha PGE2alpha Prepidil Prepidil (TN) Prepidil Gel Prestwick_793 Propess Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, (5Z,11-alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxo- Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, 11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxo-, (5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)- Prostaglandin E2 alpha Prostaglandin E2alpha Prostarmon E Prostarmon E2 Prostenon Prostin Prostin E Prostin E2 Prostin E2 (TN) SMP2_000056 ST50826265 U 12062 U-12062 UNII-K7Q1JQR04M [3H]PGE2 alpha, PGE2 alpha, Prostaglandin E2 l-7-(3-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid l-PGE2 l-Prostaglandin E2 nchembio.106-comp6 nchembio.147-comp12 The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68015232 ) Prostaglandin_E2 MSOntology:Postsynaptic_Terminal The receiving part of the connection (synapse) between two nerve cells (neurons). (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/postsynapticterminal.html ) Postsynaptic_Terminal MSOntology:Potassium_Channels MESH : D015221 C0032824 Channel, Potassium Channel, Potassium Ion MSOntology:Prednisolone MESH :D011239 1,2-Dehydrohydrocortisone C0032950 Di Adreson F Di-Adreson-F DiAdresonF Predate Predonine A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Prednisone MESH :D011241 1, 2-Dehydrocortisone Apo-Prednisone Apotex Brand of Prednisone Aventis Brand of Prednisone C0032952 Cortan Cortancyl Cutason Dacortin Decortin Brand of Prednisone Decortisyl Dehydrocortisone Deltasone Diba Brand of Prednisone Encorton Encortone Enkortolon Fawns & McAllan Brand of Prednisone Ferring Brand of Prednisone GALENpharma Brand of Prednisone Halsey Drug Brand of Prednisone Hexal Brand of Prednisone Hoechst Brand of Prednisone ICN Brand of Prednisone Kortancyl Lichtenstein Brand of Prednisone Liquid Pred Merck Brand of Prednisone Merz Brand of Prednisone Meticorten Orasone Panafcort Panasol Pharmacia Brand of Prednisone Predni Tablinen Prednidib Predniment Prednison Galen Prednison Hexal Prednison acsis Pronisone Rectodelt Schering-Plough Brand of Prednisone Seatrace Brand of Prednisone Solvay Brand of Prednisone Sone Sterapred Trommsdorff Brand of Prednisone Ultracorten Winpred acis Brand of Prednisone delta-Cortisone mibe Brand of Prednisone A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Pregabalin Drug :DBA000224 (R-)-3-isobutyl GABA (S+)-3-isobutyl GABA 3-isobutyl GABA Lyrica An anticonvulsant drug used for neuropathic pain and as an adjunct therapy for partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin ) MSOntology:Presynaptic_Terminal https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Axon Terminal C0206181 Nerve Ending, Presynaptic The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=presynaptic%20terminal ) Presynaptic_Terminal MSOntology:Prickling http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Prickling a somatic sensation as from many tiny prickles. Prickling MSOntology:Primary_cell_cultures http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture Cells that are cultured directly from a subject. Primary cell cultures MSOntology:Primary_progressive_MS http://thjuland.tripod.com/multiple-sclerosis.html#P/P PPMS This form of MS is characterized by a slow steady onset, usually beginning with walking difficulties; steadily worsening motor dysfunctions and increased disability, but with a total lack of distinct inflammatory attacks. Primary progressive MS MSOntology:Primidone Drug :DBA000787 MESH :D011324 2-Deoxyphenobarbital Apo-Primidone Apotex Brand of Primidone Astra Brand of Primidone AstraZeneca Brand of Primidone C0033148 Desitin Brand of Primidone Desoxyphenobarbital Draxis Brand of Primidone Holsten Brand of Primidone Liskantin Misodine Mizodin Mylepsinum Mysoline Primaclone Primidon Holsten Resimatil Sanofi-Synthelabo Brand of Primidone Sertan Xcel Brand of Primidone Zeneca Brand of Primidone An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to phenobarbital in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Primodone therapy using Primodone MSOntology:Pro-inflammatory_signals doi: 10.1084/jem.20111760 The proinflammatory cytokines that are the signals to globally promote NK and T cell activation and cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory signals MSOntology:Problem_making_small_movement Problem_making_small_movement MSOntology:Problem_to_move_Leg Problem_to_move_Leg MSOntology:Problem_to_move_arm Problem_to_move_arm MSOntology:Prochlorperazine Drug :DBA000426 MESH :D011346 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0033229 A drug used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiemetics. therapy using Prochlorperazine MSOntology:Prognosis https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0033325 Determination of prognosis Forecast of outcome Prediction of Outcome Prognoses The likely outcome or course of a disease, the chance of recovery or recurrence. Prognosis MSOntology:Progressive_MS Progressive MS MSOntology:Proinflammatory_cytokines A cytokine which promotes systemic inflammation. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine ) Proinflammatory cytokines MSOntology:Promethazine Drug :DBA001059 MESH :D011398 10H-Phenothiazine-10-ethanamine, N,N,alpha-trimethyl- Atosil C0033405 Diphergan Diprazin Hydrochloride, Promethazine Isopromethazine Phenargan Phenergan Phensedyl Pipolfen Pipolphen Proazamine Promet Prometazin Promethazine Hydrochloride Prothazin Pyrethia Remsed Rumergan A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. (MeSH definition ) therapy using Promethazine MSOntology:Propranolol Drug :DBA000564 MESH :D011433 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0033497 Propanolol Propranolol A synthetic, nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker with antianginal, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive properties. Propranolol competitively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby causing negative chronotropic and inotropic effects leading to a reduction in cardiac output. MSOntology:Protein_c_inhibitor Gene :HS048768 MESH :D018046 Activated Protein C Inhibitor PAI-3 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 3 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor, Type 3 Protein C Inhibitor, Activated Serpin A5 Type 3 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and is able to inhibit activated protein C,thrombin, kallikrein and other serine endopeptidase. Protein_c_inhibitor MSOntology:Pruritus MeSH:MDC002191 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0033774 Irritating sensation Irritation - sensation Itch of skin Itching Pruritic dermatitis Pruritic disorder Pruritic disorders Pruritus - disorder Pruritus of skin Skin irritation A disorder characterized by an intense itching sensation. Pruritus MSOntology:Psycosis MeSH:MDC000062 A mental state often described as involving a loss of contact with reality. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis ) Psychosis MSOntology:Putamen https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0034169 Putamen Putamens Structure of putamen A structure located in the middle of the brain. The putamen is part of the basal ganglia and together with the caudate forms the striatum that influences motor activity. Putamen MSOntology:Pyramids http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_medulla_oblongata medullary pyramids The two structures that travel along the length on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata. Pyramids MSOntology:Quadraparesis Tetraplegia Paralysis of all four limbs. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/quadraparesis ) Quadraparesis MSOntology:Quality_of_life MESH: D011788 Life Qualities Life Quality A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life. (MeSH definition ) Quality of life MSOntology:RASGEF1B Gene :HS042188 GPIG4 RASGEF1B RasGEF domain family, member 1B RasGEF domain family, member 1B This gene encodes the RAS proteins that are small GTPases that function as GDP/GTP molecular switches and control diverse signaling networks. (Source: http://omim.org/entry/614532 ) RASGEF1B MSOntology:RGS1 Gene :HS051647 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html RGS1 gene Regulator of G-Protein Signalling 1 Gene This gene plays a role in signal transduction, protein binding and B-cell activation. RGS1 MSOntology:RIP15 Gene :HS053316 MESH :C469720 LXR-A protein LXR-alpha protein LXRA protein LXRalpha protein LXRbeta protein NER protein NR1H2 protein NR1H3 protein Nr1h2 protein Nr1h3 protein Nuclear orphan receptor LXR-alpha OR-1 protein RLD1 protein RXR-interacting protein 15 UR protein liver X receptor alpha liver X receptor beta nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 protein nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 protein oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha oxysterols receptor LXR-beta orphan receptor of nuclear receptor superfamily involved in retinoid response pathway. (MeSH definition) RIP15 MSOntology:RPL5 Gene :HS051755 GeneID :6125 DBA6 MSTP030 L5 RPL5 ribosomal protein L5 ribosomal protein L5 This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L18P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein binds 5S rRNA to form a stable complex called the 5S ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP), which is necessary for the transport of nonribosome-associated cytoplasmic 5S rRNA to the nucleolus for assembly into ribosomes. RPL5 MSOntology:RSAD2 Gene :HS056099 Uniprot ID:Q8WXG1 CIG5 gene Cytomegalovirus-induced gene 5 protein RSAD2 gene Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 Viperin Virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible The gene that encodes Interferon-inducible iron-sulfur (4FE-4S) cluster-binding antiviral protein which plays a major role in the cell antiviral state induced by type I and type II interferon. RSAD2 MSOntology:Race https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0034510 Human race Races Racial Group Stock, Racial Stocks, Racial An arbitrary classification of a taxonomic group that is a division of a species. It usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species and is characterized by shared heredity, physical attributes and behavior, and in the case of humans, by common history, nationality, or geographic distribution. _Race MSOntology:Raine_classification Raine classification MSOntology:Rbp4 Gene :HS051609 Uniprot ID:P02753 Plasma retinol-binding protein Retinol-binding protein 4 The protein that delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. Rbp4 MSOntology:Reaction_time_Test http://www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/index.php This is a simple tool to measure one's reaction time with. Reaction time Test MSOntology:Reactivation_autoimmune_cells Reactivation autoimmune cells MSOntology:Reactive_Species http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radicals Free radical The atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons or an open shell configuration and play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds. Reactive_Species MSOntology:Receptors Receptor A molecule most often found on the surface of a cell, which receives chemical signals originating externally from the cell. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry) ) _Receptors MSOntology:Red_Nucleus MESH : D012012 C0034910 Nucleus, Red A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. (MeSH definition ) Red_Nucleus MSOntology:Reflexes Reflex An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness. Source: GOC:dph, ISBN:087797099 MSOntology:Relapse Recurrence of symptoms after apparent cure or period of improvement. Relapse MSOntology:Relapsing_EAE Scientific Reference: J Autoimmun. 2000 May;14(3):205-11. A Th1-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease model for multiple sclerosis (MS) in which the primary disease relapse is mediated by T cells specific for the endogenous epitope. (Scientific Reference: J Autoimmun. 2000 May;14(3):205-11.) Relapsing EAE MSOntology:Relative_Afferent_Pupillary_Defect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_pupillary_defect Marcus Gunn pupil A medical sign observed during the swinging-flashlight test whereupon the patient's pupilsconstrict less (therefore appearing to dilate) when a bright light is swung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye. Relative_Afferent_Pupillary_Defect MSOntology:Remission An abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease). Remission MSOntology:Remyelination http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remyelination A term for the re-generation of the nerve's myelin sheath, damaged in many diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and the leukodystrophies. Remyelination Remyelination MSOntology:Resolution_acute_inflammation The inflammatory response must be actively terminated when no longer needed to prevent unnecessary "bystander" damage to tissues. Failure to do so results in chronic inflammation, and cellular destruction. Resolution of inflammation occurs by different mechanisms in different tissues. (Scientific Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_inflammation#Resolution_of_inflammation ) Resolution acute inflammation MSOntology:Resting_Potential A nerve cell's (or neuron's) state of electropotential charge when it is in a state of rest ready to receive a nerve impulse (the action potential). The resting potential is a state of disequillibrium where the surrounding extracellular fluid has a positive charge and the neuron itself has a negative charge. (Source: http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/restingpotential.html ) Resting_Potential MSOntology:Restless_Leg_Syndrome MDC002279 C0035258 RLS Restless Legs Willis-Ekbom disease A neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restless_leg_syndrome ) Restless_Leg_Syndrome MSOntology:Reticular http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_formation A region in the brainstem consisting of more than 100 small neural networks and is involved in multiple tasks such as regulating the sleep-wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. Reticular MSOntology:Retinal_nervefibre_layer_thickness http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNFL RNFL stratum opticum thickness The thickness of the nerve fibre layer that is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. Retinal nervefibre layer thickness biomarker MSOntology:Retro_virus An RNA virus that is duplicated in a host cell using the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_virus ) Retro virus MSOntology:Retrobilbar_pain http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/retrobulbar+optic+neuritis Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis orbital optic neuritis The pain associated with the inflammation of the orbital portion of the optic nerve. Retrobulbar pain MSOntology:Retrograde_axonal_degeneration Scientific Reference: PMID: 17892412 Axonal dieback Dying back The process in which axons in spinal tracts retract away from the initial site of injury. (Scientific Reference: PMID: 17892412) Retrograde axonal degeneration MSOntology:Rey_Auditory_Verbal_Learning_Test http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_Rey_Auditory_Verbal_Learning_Test The Auditory Verbal Learning Test evaluates a wide diversity of functions: short-term auditory-verbal memory, rate of learning, learning strategies, retroactive, and proactive interference, presence of confabulation of confusion in memory processes, retention of information, and differences between learning and retrieval. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test MSOntology:Rituximab Drug :DBA000073 MESH :C092560 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0393022 Genentech brand of rituximab Hoffmann-La Roche brand of rituximab IDEC brand of rituximab MabThera Rituxan Roche brand of rituximab A drug used to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also used with other drugs to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis. It is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Rituximab binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B-cells, and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody. MSOntology:Romberg_Sign Rombergism An indication of loss of the sense of position in which the patient loses balance when standing erect, with feet together and eyes closed. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/romberg+sign ) MSOntology:Romberg_Test http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romberg's_test Test used by doctors in a neurological examination, and also as a test for drunken driving. Romberg_Test MSOntology:S100a S100A protein S100A proteins are involved in the inflammatory CorNV model and that S100A8 or S100A9 in particular might be employed as targets in managing diseases involving this pathological process. (Scientific Reference: Mol Vis. 2010 Oct 31;16:2225-35. ) S100a MSOntology:S100b Gene :HS051880 MESH :C068617 NTP-S100beta S-100b protein S-100beta S100 calcium binding protein, beta (neural) S100 protein, beta polypeptide S100b protein S100beta protein nerve tissue protein S 100, beta subunit nerve tissue protein S 100b neural protein S-100B neurotrophic protein S100beta A biomarker of neural tissue damage; stimulates glial cell proliferation. (MeSH definition) S100b MSOntology:SCIN Gene :HS055441 GeneID :85477 SCIN scinderin scinderin This gene encodes SCIN which is a Ca(2+)-dependent actin-severing and -capping protein . SCIN MSOntology:SF-36_quality_of_life_scale Generic health-related quality of life measure that could provide a basis for comparison between the MS patients and other populations. (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/for-professionals/researchers/clinical-study-measures/sf-36/index.aspx ) SF-36 quality of life scale MSOntology:SIR2L1 Gene :HS044007 Uniprot ID:Q96EB6 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1423062 HST2, S. CEREVISIAE, HOMOLOG OF NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 Regulatory protein SIR2 homolog 1 SIR2, S. CEREVISIAE, HOMOLOG-LIKE 1 SIR2-ALPHA SIR2-like protein 1 SIR2L1 SIRT1 gene Sirtuin (Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog) 1 (S. cerevisiae) Gene hSIR2 hSIRT1 The gene that encodes NAD-dependent protein deacetylase that links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, response to DNA damage, metobolism, apoptosis and autophagy. SIR2L1 MSOntology:SLC25A8 Gene :HS053298 GeneID :7351 BMIQ4 UCP2 UCP2 uncoupling protein 2 UCPH uncoupling protein 2 uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier) This gene encodes proteins that facilitate the transfer of anions from the inner to the outer mitochondrial membrane and the return transfer of protons from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. SLC25A8 MSOntology:SOD1 Gene :HS052683 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html SOD1 Gene Superoxide Dismutase 1, Soluble (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1 (Adult)) Gene This gene plays a role in the detoxification of superoxide radicals in the cytosol. SOD1 MSOntology:STARD13 Gene :HS055946 GeneID :90627 GT650 ARHGAP37 DLC2 LINC00464 STARD13 StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 13 StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing 13 This gene encodes a protein which contains an N-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) for protein-protein interactions, followed by an ATP/GTP-binding motif, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain, and a C-terminal STAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain. It may be involved in regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization, cell proliferation, and cell motility, and acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatoma cells. STARD13 MSOntology:STAT1 Gene :HS052789 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html STAT1 gene Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1, 91kDa Gene This gene plays a role in signal transduction and activation of transcription. It is involved in cell organization/biogenesis. STAT1 MSOntology:STK17A Gene :HS056277 Uniprot ID:Q9UEE5 STK17A gene DAP kinase-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinase 1 DRAK1 gene EC 2.7.11.1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 17A This gene encodes protein that acts as a positive regulator of apoptosis. Also acts as a regulator of cellular reactive oxygen species. STK17A MSOntology:SYN3 Gene :HS054547 GeneID :8224 SYN3 synapsin III synapsin III This gene is a member of the synapsin gene family. Synapsins encode neuronal phosphoproteins which associate with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. Family members are characterized by common protein domains, and they are implicated in synaptogenesis and the modulation of neurotransmitter release, suggesting a potential role in several neuropsychiatric diseases. SYN3 MSOntology:Schumacher_Criteria Schumacker criteria Is a criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis, capture the essence of the diagnosis of MS: CNS lesions disseminated in space and time, and elimination of alternative diagnoses. These criteria render MS a diagnosis of exclusion. Require that the patient age be between 10 and 50, and finding of objective abnomalies on examination, both of which are now outdated. (http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/neurology/multiple_sclerosis/#bib9) 1.Clinical signs of a problem in the CNS 2.Evidence of two or more areas of CNS involvement 3.Evidence of white matter involvement 4.One of these: Two or more relapses (each lasting ≥ 24 hr and separated by at least 1 month) or progression (slow or stepwise) 5.Patient should be between 10 and 50 yr old at time of examination 6.No better explanation for patient’s symptoms and signs Schumacher Criteria MSOntology:Scn2a Gene :HS051913 Uniprot ID:Q99250 HBSCII protein Na(v)1.2 channel Na(v)1.2a protein Nav1.2a protein SCN2A channel SCN2A protein SCN2A1 protein SCN2A2 protein Scn2A protein Scn2a1 protein sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha sodium channel, voltage-gated, type 2, alpha 1 polypeptide sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha 1 sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha 1 protein sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha 1 subunit sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha 2 protein, voltage-gated, type 2, alpha 1 polypeptide The protein that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na+ ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Scn2a MSOntology:Scopolamine Drug :DBA000740 MESH :D012601 hyoscine levo-duboisine 6,7-Epoxytropine Tropate C0036442 A tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine ) therapy using Scopolamine MSOntology:Scotoma https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0036454 Unspecified visual field defect Visual field defect Visual field loss Visual field scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA), OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions. Scotoma MSOntology:Scripps_Neurologic_Rating_Scale Scientific Reference: Can J Neurol Sci. 1999 Nov;26(4):283-9. A summary measure of individual components comprising a neurological examination, designed for use in multiple sclerosis (MS). (Scientific Reference: Can J Neurol Sci. 1999 Nov;26(4):283-9. ) Scripps_Neurologic_Rating_Scale MSOntology:Secondary_lymphoid_organ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_lymphoid_organ#Lymphoid_tissue Peripheral lymphoid organ MSOntology:Secondary_progressive_MS Galloping MS SPMS Individuals who initially had Relapsing MS (clear-cut attacks and remissions), over time (10 - 15 yrs) the disease pattern changes, evolving into the Progressive stage. Secondary progressive MS MSOntology:Secretogranin_i SgI Gene :HS040327 MESH :C506134 Uniprot ID: P05060 CHGB gene CgB Chromogranin-B SCG1 gene Secretogranin I A neuroendocrine secretory granule protein, which may be the precursor for other biologically active peptides. Secretogranin_i MSOntology:Selectins https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0282651 Selectin Selectins Family of cell adhesion molecules consisting of a lectin-like domain, an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and a variable number of domains that encode proteins homologous to complement-binding proteins. Selectins mediate the binding of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium. (From Dorland, 28th ed) Selectins MSOntology:Selective_Serotonin_Reuptake_Inhibitors MESH :D017367 5 HT Uptake Inhibitors 5 Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors 5-HT Uptake Inhibitors 5-Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors Inhibitors, 5 HT Uptake Inhibitors, 5 Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors, 5-HT Uptake Inhibitors, 5-Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin Uptake Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors Uptake Inhibitors, 5 HT Uptake Inhibitors, 5 Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors, 5-HT Uptake Inhibitors, 5-Hydroxytryptamine Uptake Inhibitors, Serotonin Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:Selective_reminding_test http://lmt.projectsinknowledge.com/Activity/index.cfm?showfile=b&jn=2023&sj=2023.12&sc=2023.12.3 SRT A standardised test that measures the cognitive functioning of Auditory/verbal episodic memory. Selective reminding test MSOntology:Self_antigen_presentation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system#Antigen_presentation Adaptive immunity relies on the capacity of immune cells to distinguish between the body's own cells and unwanted invaders. The host's cells express "self" antigens.With the exception of non-nucleated cells, all cells are capable of presenting antigen and of activating the adaptive response.This process is termed self antigen presentation. Self antigen presentation MSOntology:Semliki_Forest_Virus https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0036636 SFV - Semliki Forest virus Semliki forest virus A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa. Semliki Forest virus MSOntology:Sensory A form of ataxia (loss of coordination) caused by loss of sensory input into the control of movement. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_ataxia ) MSOntology:Sensory_Neuron https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Afferent Neuron C0034837 Neural Receptor Neuron, Sensory The neurons responsible for converting various external stimuli that comes from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron ) Sensory_Neuron MSOntology:Sensory_Perception Function,Sensory Functions, Sensory Organoleptic Sensation Sensory Function Sensory Functions The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. (Source: http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_details?term=GO:0007600&session_id=8029amigo1350898328 ) MSOntology:Sensory_loss Sensory impairment A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. (Source: http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Sensory+loss ) Sensory_loss MSOntology:Serology https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html SEROL Study of serum Serology is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology) Serology MSOntology:Serotonin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 5 Hydroxytryptamine 5-HT C0036751 A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68012701 ) MSOntology:Serum_paraoxonase Gene :HS049587 Uniprot ID:P27169 PON1 gene A-esterase 1 Aromatic esterase 1 EC 3.1.1.2 EC 3.1.1.81 EC 3.1.8.1 K-45 PON 1 PON gene Serum aryldialkylphosphatase 1 Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 The protein that hydrolyzes the toxic metabolites of a variety of organophosphorus insecticides. Capable of hydrolyzing a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and lactones, and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Mediates an enzymatic protection of low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to atheroma formation. Serum_paraoxonase MSOntology:Sexual https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Activities, Sexual C0036864 Finding related to sexual behavior Finding relating to sexuality and sexual activity Observations relating to sexuality and sexual activity Sex Behavior Sexual behaviour finding Sexual finding Sexual state Sexual activities of humans. Sexual MSOntology:Sickness_Impact_Profile SIP Scientific Reference: Med Care. 1981 Aug;19(8):787-805. Impact Profile, Sickness A behaviorally based measure of health status. (Scientific Reference: Med Care. 1981 Aug;19(8):787-805. ) Sickness_Impact_Profile MSOntology:Skin_Crawling http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=skin-crawling&defid=4384253 A sensation which causes someone's skin to feel funny or get goose pimples through fright. Skin_Crawling MSOntology:Slurred_speech abnormal speech in which words are not enunciated clearly or completely but are run together or partially eliminated. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/slurred+speech ) Slurred_speech MSOntology:Smoking https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0037369 Finding of tobacco smoking behavior Smoking Smoking, Tobacco Smokings, Tobacco Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Smokings Tobacco smoking behavior Tobacco smoking behavior - finding Tobacco smoking behaviour Tobacco smoking behaviour - finding Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco or something similar to tobacco. _Smoking MSOntology:Social_and_economics_of_MS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic The use of economics in the study of social influence of MS Social and economics of MS MSOntology:Social_aspect http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_definition_of_social_aspect Any thing which are related with our family. Social aspect MSOntology:Sod1 Gene :HS052683 Uniprot ID:P00441 EC 1.15.1.1 Superoxide dismutase 1 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] hSod1 The protein that destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. Sod1 MSOntology:Sodium_Channels MESH :D015222 C0037492 Channel, Sodium Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. (MeSH definition) Sodium_Channels MSOntology:Sodium_Valproate MESH :D014635 Divalproex Sodium Valproate, Sodium 2 Propylpentanoic Acid 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Acetate, Dipropyl Acid, Propylisopropylacetic Acid, Valproic Convulsofin Depakene Depakine Depakote Dipropyl Acetate Divalproex Ergenyl Magnesium Valproate Propylisopropylacetic Acid Semisodium Valproate Sodium, Divalproex Sodium, Valproate Valproate Valproate Sodium Valproate, Magnesium Valproate, Semisodium Valproic Acid Valproic Acid, Sodium Salt (2:1) Vupral A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. It may act by increasing gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. MSOntology:Soma https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0007248 Carisoprodate Wallace Brand 3 of Carisoprodol A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202) Soma MSOntology:SomatoSensory_Evoked_Potential SEP A test that measures the brain’s electrical activity in response to repeated (mild) electrical stimulation of different parts of the body (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/search-results/index.aspx?q=somatosensory+evoked+potential&x=0&y=0&start=0&num=20 ) SomatoSensory_Evoked_Potential MSOntology:Sorbitol MESH :D013012 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0037688 A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. Sorbitol MSOntology:Sound http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene C0037709 Sonic Radiation The flashes of light that are often associated with optic neuritis, induced by sound. Sound MSOntology:Sox-10 Gene :HS052702 Uniprot ID:P56693 Transcription factor SOX-10 Transcription factor that seems to function synergistically with the POU domain protein TST-1/OCT6/SCIP. Could confer cell specificity to the function of other transcription factors in developing and mature glia. Transcription factor that seems to function synergistically with the POU domain protein TST-1/OCT6/SCIP. Could confer cell specificity to the function of other transcription factors in developing and mature glia. (Source: http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P56693 ) Sox-10 MSOntology:Sox-9 Gene :HS052701 Uniprot ID: P48436 Transcription factor SOX-9 The protein that plays an important role in the normal skeletal development. May regulate the expression of other genes involved in chondrogenesis by acting as a transcription factor for these genes. Sox-9 MSOntology:Spag16 Gene :HS053808 http://omim.org/entry/612173 PF20 protein SPAG16 protein hPF20 protein sperm associated antigen 16 protein The gene that encodes 2 major proteins that associate with the axoneme of sperm tail and the nucleus of postmeiotic germ cells, respectively. Spag16 MSOntology:Spasm MDC002445 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0037763 Muscle Spasm Myospasm SPASM(S), MUSCLE Spasm of muscle Spasms, Muscular Spasmus An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE. Spasm MSOntology:Spastic http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/dysarthria.html The spasticity of the muscles involved in speech and gives rise to a lot of problems with speech depending on the affected muscles. Spastic MSOntology:Spasticity MDC001749 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0026838 Muscle spasm - tone Spasticity MSOntology:Spasticity_Drugs http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/spasticity/index.aspx The drugs used to treat spasticity,which refers to feelings of stiffness and a wide range of involuntary muscle spasms . MSOntology:Spasticity_scale Bookshelf ID: NBK27285 A scale which is used to quantify the severity of spasticity. Spasticity scale MSOntology:Speech_therapy Speech Therapies Therapies, Speech Therapy, Speech Treatment of speech defects and disorders, especially through use of exercises and audio-visual aids that develop new speech habits. (Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/speech+therapy ) _Speech therapy MSOntology:Sphincter_symptom http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-sphincter.htm The symptoms arising when a sphincter muscle loses its ability to hold itself closed, thereby losing control over bladder and bowel movements Sphincter symptom MSOntology:Sphingolipids https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0037900 A class of dietary lipids containing a long-chained sphingosine group (unsaturated amino alcohol with formula C18H37NO2), fatty acids bound to the NH2 group as an amide, and either sugars or phosphoric acid and alcohols bound to the primary hydroxy group . Sphingolipids MSOntology:Spinal_Cord https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0037925 Cord, Spinal A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord) Spinal_Cord MSOntology:Spinal_Cord_Area Spinal Cord A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord ) Spinal_Cord_Area MSOntology:Spinal_Cord_Autonomic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+cord+myelitis An abnormal condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord with associated dysfunction in sympathetic nerves controlling the intestinal and the urinary sphincters, increasing heart rates, stimulating orgasms etc. MSOntology:Spinal_Cord_Motor http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+cord+myelitis An abnormal condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord with associated motor dysfunction. MSOntology:Spinal_Taps C0037943 CSF tap test LP - Lumbar puncture Puncture, Lumbar Puncture, Spinal spinal puncture tap test Spinal taps are lumbar punctures (LP). This is a common medical test that involves taking a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for examination. CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that delivers nutrients and "cushions" the brain and spinal cord, or central nervous system. In a lumbar puncture, a needle is carefully inserted into the lower spine to collect the CSF sample (Source:http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/lumbar_puncture.html) spnal tap Lumbar puncture MSOntology:Spinal_cord MESH : D013116 A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord ) Spinal cord MSOntology:Spinal_cord_sensory http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+cord+myelitis Transverse Myelitis An abnormal condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord with associated sensory dysfunction. MSOntology:Stat-1 Gene :HS052789 Uniprot ID:P42224 STAT1 gene Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta Transcription factor ISGF-3 components p91/p84 Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interferons (IFNs), cytokine KITLG/SCF and other cytokines and growth factors. Stat-1 MSOntology:Statin MESH :C013165 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor C0360714 HMG COA REDUCTASE INHIB HMG COA reductase inhibitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors HMG-CoA Statins HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASE INHIB Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductase Inhibitors Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoenzymeA Reductase Inhibitors Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Inhibitors Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Inhibitors INHIB HMG COA REDUCTASE INHIB HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA Inhibitors, HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl Coenzyme A Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Statin Statins Statins, HMG CoA Statins, HMG-CoA hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor A class of agents that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. MSOntology:Stem_cell_culture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture The complex process by which stem cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Stem cell culture MSOntology:Stool_leakage http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001747/ The leakage of feces which might be due to demyelitis. Stool_leakage MSOntology:Stromal_Cell MESH : D017154 C0162597 Cell, Stromal Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. (MeSH definition) Stromal_Cell MSOntology:Strong_urge_to_urinate Urgent urination Urinary urgency Strong_urge_to_urinate MSOntology:Stroop_Test The Stroop effect is a demonstration of the reaction time of a task. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect ) Stroop Test MSOntology:Subcortical_White_Matter Subcortical_White_Matter MSOntology:Substance_P https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0038585 P, Substance SP - Substance P Substance P, Euler-Gaddum An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. Substance_P MSOntology:Substantia_Nigra MESH : D013378 C0038590 Nigra, Substantia Nigras, Substantia Substantia Nigras The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. (MeSH definition ) Substantia_Nigra MSOntology:Sun_exposure Scientific: PMID 22742645 The exposure of the skin to the ultraviolet B (UVB) component of sunlight which can be absorbed in the range of 290-315 nm. Sun exposure MSOntology:Symbol_modility_digital_test http://lmt.projectsinknowledge.com/Activity/index.cfm?showfile=b&jn=2023&sj=2023.12&sc=2023.12.3 SMDT A standardised test that measures the cognitive functioning of Visual/spatial processing speed and working memory Symbol modility digital test MSOntology:Symptomatic_therapy Symptomatic treatment Any medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptoms, not its cause, i.e., its etiology. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomatic_therapy ) MSOntology:Synapse https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0039062 synaptic junction Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68013569 ) Synapse MSOntology:Synapses_loss http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration Loss of synapse between neurons. Synapses loss MSOntology:Syndromes https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0039082 Syndrome Syndromes A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease. _Syndromes MSOntology:Syphilis MeSH:MDC002538 VDRL Venereal disease research laboratory test Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test is a nontreponemal test, used for screening of syphilis due to its simplicity, sensitivity and low cost. Prozone phenomenon and biological false positive (BFP) reaction are two shortcomings of this test. Quantitative estimation of VDRL is essential in treatment evaluation. CSF VDRL test is very specific for neurosyphilis though its sensitivity is low. Interpretation of VDRL in HIV infection is incompletely understood. (Source:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22470199) Syphilis MSOntology:T-bet TBX21 A Th1 cell-specific transcription factor that controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFNG). (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bet ) T-bet MSOntology:T1_lession http://www.nationalmssociety.org/search-results/index.aspx?q=lesion&x=0&y=0&start=0&num=20 Black holes The dark areas that represent the new lesions dyed by Gd in T1 scans , reflecting disability. T1 lession MSOntology:T2_lessions http://ms.about.com/od/glossary/g/T2_lesion.htm The hyperintense lesions, that appear as bright spots on the T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image. T2 lesions MSOntology:T2_weighted_imaging T2-weighted scans are another basic type. Like the T1-weighted scan, fat is differentiated from water - but in this case fat shows darker, and water lighter. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2-weighted_imaging#T2-weighted_MRI ) T2 weighted imaging biomarker MSOntology:TCF7 Gene :HS052924 GeneID :6932 TCF-1 TCF7 transcription factor 7 transcription factor 7 The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator that plays an important role in lymphocyte differentiation. TCF7 MSOntology:TCRB Gene :HS052942 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html GENES T CELL RECEPT BETA Gene, TcR beta Genes beta Receptores de Celula T Genes beta TcR Genes, T Cell Receptor beta Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta Genes, TcR beta T CELL RECEPT B CHAIN GENES T CELL RECEPT B GENES T Cell Receptor beta Chain Genes T Cell Receptor beta Genes T-Cell Receptor Beta Gene T-Cell Receptor beta Genes T-Cell Receptor beta-Chain T-Cell Receptor beta-Chain Genes T-Cell Receptors beta-Chain T-cel-receptor-beta-gen T-cel-receptor-beta-genen TcR beta Gene TcR beta Genes DNA sequences encoding the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR beta genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes. TCRB MSOntology:TCR_activation Activation of CD4+ T cells through the engagement of both the T cell receptor and CD28 on the T cell by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptide and B7 family members on the APC, respectively. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell#Activation ) TCR activation MSOntology:TGF-Beta MESH : D016212 TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta A protein that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells. It is a type of cytokine which plays a role in immunity, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Marfan syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, Parkinsons Disease and AIDS. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta ) TGF-Beta MSOntology:TGFB1 Gene :HS052995 GeneID :7040 CED DPD1 LAP TGFB TGFB1 transforming growth factor, beta 1 TGFbeta transforming growth factor, beta 1 This gene encodes a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family of cytokines, which are multifunctional peptides that regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell types. TGFB1 MSOntology:TGFB2 Gene :HS052997 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html TGFB2 gene Transforming Growth Factor, Beta 2 Gene This gene is involved in suppressing the growth of T cells. TGFB2 MSOntology:TH1 A sub-group of lymphocytes that plays a role in cellular immune system,maximizes the killing efficacy of the macrophages and the proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Also promotes the production of opsonizing antibodies. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th1_cell#Th1.2FTh2_Model_for_helper_T_cells ) TH1 MSOntology:TH17 A subset of T helper cells producing interleukin 17. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th17 ) TH17 MSOntology:TH2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th2#Th1.2FTh2_Model_for_helper_T_cells T-helper cells type-2 A sub-group of lymphocytes, plays a role in humoral immune system. Stimulates B-cells into proliferation, to induce B-cell antibody class switching, and to increase neutralizing antibody production. TH2 MSOntology:TIMP3 Gene :HS053029 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1336630 TIMP3 gene Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 (Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy, Pseudoinflammatory) Gene This gene plays a role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. It is also involved in the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. TIMP3 MSOntology:TLR4 Gene :HS053048 Uniprot ID:O00206 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html CD284 TLR4 gene TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 Toll 4 Receptor Toll Like Receptor 4 Toll-4 Receptor hToll receptor TLR4 This gene encodes a protein , which cooperates with LY96 and CD14 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 MSOntology:TLR6 Gene :HS039703 Uniprot ID:Q9Y2C9 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html CD286 TLR6 gene TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 006 TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 6 Toll Like Receptor 6 receptor TLR6 This gene encodes a protein that participates in the innate immune response to Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. TLR6 MSOntology:TMEM39A Gene :HS050140 OMIM:126200 TMEM39A transmembrane protein 39A transmembrane protein 39A This gene is one of the novel suspectibility loci for multiple sclerosis. TMEM39A MSOntology:TNF-Alpha MESH : D014409 cachexin TNF Tumor necrosis factor cachectin tumor necrosis factor-alpha A cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF_alpha ) TNF-Alpha MSOntology:TNFA GeneID :7124 DIF TNF TNF tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha TNFSF2 tumor necrosis factor This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine,that is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. TNFA MSOntology:TNFR2 Gene :HS053080 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html TNFRSF1B gene Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 1B Gene This gene is involved in the regulation of apoptotic receptor-mediated signal transduction and inflammatory responses. TNFR2 MSOntology:TNFRSF12A Gene :HS048999 Uniprot ID:Q9NP84 TNFRSF12A gene CD266 FGF-inducible 14 FN14 gene Fibroblast growth factor-inducible immediate-early response protein 14 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A Tweak-receptor TweakR This gene encodes receptor for TNFSF12/TWEAK. Weak inducer of apoptosis in some cell types. Promotes angiogenesis and the proliferation of endothelial cells. May modulate cellular adhesion to matrix proteins. TNFRSF12A MSOntology:TNFRSF1A Gene :HS053079 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html TNFRSF1A gene Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 1A Gene This gene modulates a variety of cellular functions such as apoptosis and inflammatory responses. TNFRSF1A MSOntology:TNFRSF5 Gene :HS056620 GeneID :958 Bp50 CD40 CDW40 TNF receptor superfamily member 5 TNFRSF5 p50 The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor has been found to be essential in mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. TNFRSF5 MSOntology:TNFSF12 Gene :HS039303 Uniprot ID:Q93038 APO3 gene Apo-3 Apoptosis-inducing receptor AIR Apoptosis-mediating receptor DR3 Apoptosis-mediating receptor TRAMP DDR3 gene DR3 gene Death receptor 3 LARD Lymphocyte-associated receptor of death TNFRSF25 gene Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 WSL WSL gene WSL-1 WSL-1 gene This gene encodes the receptor for TNFSF12/APO3L/TWEAK. It interacts directly with the adapter TRADD. It mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and induces apoptosis. It may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis. TNFSF12 MSOntology:TR1 TR1 MSOntology:TRAIL Gene :HS055590 GeneID :8743 APO2L Apo-2L CD253 TL2 TNFSF10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells. TRAIL MSOntology:TRIB1 Gene :HS039607 Uniprot ID:Q96RU8 C8FW gene TRIB1 gene G-protein-coupled receptor-induced gene 2 protein GIG-2 GIG2 gene SKIP1 TRB-1 TRB1 gene Tribbles homolog 1 This gene encodes protein that interacts with MAPK kinases and regulates activation of MAP kinases. TRIB1 MSOntology:TYK2 Gene :HS053254 GeneID :7297 JTK1 TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2 tyrosine kinase 2 This gene encodes a member of the tyrosine kinase that associates with the cytoplasmic domain of type I and type II cytokine receptors and promulgate cytokine signals by phosphorylating receptor subunits. TYK2 MSOntology:T_Reg MESH : D050378 CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells. (MeSH definition) T_Reg MSOntology:Tau Uniprot ID: P10636 MAPT gene MAPTL gene MTBT1 gene Microtubule-associated protein tau Neurofibrillary tangle protein PHF-tau Paired helical filament-tau TAU gene The protein that promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. Tau MSOntology:Tectum https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1820369 Mesencephalus, Tectum Tectum Mesencephali Tectum Mesencephalus Tectum of midbrain Tectum structure tectum cellular component The layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella, granules or other infratectal elements. Tectum MSOntology:Tegmentum Pontine tegmentum A part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. It includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, among others, and is located near the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontine_tegmentum ) Tegmentum MSOntology:Teriflunomide MESH :C527525 A77 1726 Aubagio HMR1726 An immunomodulatory drug inhibiting pyrimidine de novo synthesis by blocking the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriflunomide ) MSOntology:Tetranectin Gene :HS053071 MESH :C048648 C-type lectin domain family 3, member B protein C-type lectin domain family 3, member b protein CLEC3B gene CLEC3B protein Clec3b protein plasminogen kringle 4-binding protein tetranectin protein The protein that interacts specifically with the kringle 4 part of plasminogen. Tetranectin MSOntology:Text_mining_based_model Scientific Reference: Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 345, 2011, pp 109-144 A disease model built out of a collection of disease-gene associations automatically from large volumes of biological literature. Text mining based model MSOntology:Tgf_beta MESH : D016212 Bone Derived Transforming Growth Factor Bone-Derived Transforming Growth Factor Factor, Milk Growth Growth Factor, Milk Milk Growth Factor Platelet Transforming Growth Factor TGF-beta TGFbeta The protein that has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. Tgf_beta MSOntology:Th1 MESH: D018417 Th1 Cells Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Th17 MESH :D058504 Th 17 Cells Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Th2 MESH: D018418 Th2 Cells Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Thalamus https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0039729 Dorsal Thalamus Thalamic structure An ovoid mass composed predominantly of gray substance and associated laminae of white substance. The thalamus is divided into anterior, medial, and lateral parts. The function of the thalamus is to relay sensory impulses and cerebellar and basal ganglia projections to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is positioned within the posterior part of the diencephalon forming most of each lateral wall of the third ventricle. Thalamus MSOntology:Theiler_murine_encephalomyelitis_virus TMEV A single stranded RNA murine cardiovirus from the family Picornaviridae that has been used as a mouse model for studying virally induced paralysis as well as encephalomyelitis comparable to Multiple sclerosis. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiler's_encephalomyelitis_virus ) Theiler murine encephalomyelitis virus MSOntology:Thiobarbituric_Acid MESH :C029684 118738-55-9 121477-82-5 122508-78-5 124558-04-9 126660-87-5 127726-79-8 136771-68-1 138947-EP2272849A1 138947-EP2292586A2 145783-11-5 148021-12-9 157796-99-1 2-Mercapto-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine 2-Mercapto-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine (VAN) 2-Mercaptobarbituric acid 2-THIOBARBITURIC ACID 2-Thio-4,6-dioxypyrimidine 2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione 2-sulfanylidenedihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione 31645-12-2 (mono-hydrochloride salt) 4,5H)-Pyrimidinedione, 2-mercapto- 4,5H)-Pyrimidinedione, dihydro-2-thioxo- 4,6(1H,5H)-Pyrimidinedione, 2-mercapto- 4,6(1H,5H)-Pyrimidinedione, dihydro-2-thioxo- 4,6-Dihydroxy-2-thiopyrimidine 4,6-dihydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine; 4,6-Dihydroxy-2-thiopyrimidine 504-17-6 5525-79-1 5861-EP2284160A1 5861-EP2295435A1 709611-98-3 773866-14-1 863970-61-0 878388-18-2 886365-65-7 91759-32-9 924832-30-4 A828112 AC1MC39I AG-F-69528 AI3-60340 AKOS000118917 AKOS005208867 Austranal BBL000602 BB_SC-6481 Barbituric acid, 2-thio- Barbituric acid, 2-thio- (VAN) Barbituric acid, 2-thio- (VAN) (8CI) Bathyran CHEBI:33202 CHEBI:669286 CHEMBL584805 Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione EINECS 207-985-8 I03-0182 InChI=1/C4H4N2O2S/c7-2-1-3(8)6-4(9)5-2/h1H2,(H2,5,6,7,8,9) LS-24661 MolPort-001-814-255 NSC 4733 NSC-4733 NSC4733 PubChem23365 RVBUGGBMJDPOST-UHFFFAOYSA- STK364864 Thiobarbiturate Thiobarbituric USAF EK-660 WLN: T6MV DVN CHJ FSH WLN: T6VMYMV FHJ CUS ZINC08727446 An organic compound and a heterocycle. It is used as a reagent in assaying malondialdehyde. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiobarbituric_acid ) Thiobarbituric_Acid MSOntology:Third_Nerve_Palsy https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 3rd nerve palsy C0028866 Nerve Disease, Oculomotor Nerve Disorder, Oculomotor Nerve Paralysis, Oculomotor Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=oculomotor%20nerve%20disease ) Third_Nerve_Palsy MSOntology:Timed_-25_foot_walk TTFW A quantitative mobility and leg function performance test based on a timed 25-walk.(Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/for-professionals/researchers/clinical-study-measures/t25-fw/index.aspx ) Timed -25 foot walk MSOntology:Timp-3 Gene :HS053029 MESH :D019717 Metalloproteinase-3 Tissue Inhibitor TIMP 3 TIMP 3 Protein TIMP-3 TIMP-3 Protein TIMP3 Protein Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 A member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Mutations of the gene for TIMP3 PROTEIN causes Sorsby fundus dystrophy. Timp-3 MSOntology:Tingling https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C2242996 Tingling sensation Tingling MSOntology:Tissue_factor TF Uniprot ID:P13726 F3 gene Coagulation factor III Thromboplastin The protein that initiates blood coagulation by forming a complex with circulating factor VII or VIIa. Tissue_factor MSOntology:Tizanidine Drug :DBA000690 MESH :C023754 Sirdalud Zanaflex A drug that is used as a muscle relaxant. It is a centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine ) MSOntology:Tnfsf12 Gene :HS039303 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNFSF12 HCG1991317, isoform CRA_a TNFSF12 gene TNFSF12 protein Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12, membrane form The cytokine can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. This cytokine is also found to promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and thus acts as a regulator of angiogenesis. Tnfsf12 MSOntology:Tpa Gene :HS049391 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator EC 3.4.21.68 PLAT Tissue plasminogen activator A serine protease that is involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Tpa MSOntology:Trail Trail MSOntology:Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0436548 Magnetic Stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations, Transcranial Stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations, Transcranial Magnetic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations Transcranial magnetic stimulation A technique that involves the use of electrical coils on the head to generate a brief magnetic field which reaches the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is coupled with ELECTROMYOGRAPHY response detection to assess cortical excitability by the threshold required to induce MOTOR EVOKED POTENTIALS. This method is also used for BRAIN MAPPING, to study NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, and as a substitute for ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY for treating DEPRESSION. Induction of SEIZURES limits its clinical usage. Transcranial magnetic stimulation MSOntology:Transferrin Gene :HS052977 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Beta-1 Metal-Binding Globulin C0040679 Globulin, beta-1 Metal-Binding Transferrine beta 1 Metal Binding Globulin siderofilina transferin transferrina Serotransferrin (698 aa, ~77 kDa) is encoded by the human TF gene. This protein is involved in iron sequestration and transport. Transferrin MSOntology:Transferrin_receptor TfR Gene :HS052992 A carrier protein for transferrin. It is needed for the import of iron into the cell and is regulated in response to intracellular iron concentration. It imports iron by internalizing the transferrin-iron complex through receptor-mediated endocytosis. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin_receptor ) Transferrin_receptor MSOntology:Transgenenic_model http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_mice Genetically modified model An animal model that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Transgenenic model MSOntology:Transthyretin Gene :HS053175 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ATTR C0032923 Prealbumiini Transtiretina Transtirretina Transthyretin (147 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human TTR gene. This protein is involved in both the binding and transport of retinol and thyroxine. Transthyretin MSOntology:Transynaptic_degeneration The atrophy of nerve cells following damage to the axons that make synaptic connections with them. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transsynaptic+degeneration ) Transynaptic degeneration MSOntology:Treatment_of_MS_disease The therapy used to remedy a health problem. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment ) Treatment MSOntology:Treg MESH: D050378 CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells. (MeSH definition) MSOntology:Tremor_in_arm http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/intentiontremor.html A condition where goal-directed movements produce shaking in the hands. Tremor_in_arm MSOntology:Tremor_in_leg http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/intentiontremor.html A condition where goal-directed movements produce shaking in the legs. Tremor_in_leg MSOntology:Trigeminal_Neuralgia MDC002671 MESH : D014277 C0040997 Disease, Fothergill Epileptiform Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. Trigeminal_Neuralgia MSOntology:Trouble_chewing Difficulty in chewing Trouble_chewing MSOntology:Trouble_swallowing http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/swallowing-problems/index.aspx If the patient’s MS lesions affect any of the areas of the well-functioning central nervous system, including cortical and subcortical areas, the brainstem, and peripheral nerves , swallowing may be challenged. Trouble_swallowing MSOntology:Tryptophan MESH :D014364 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0041249 L Tryptophan Levotryptophan Tryptophan Tryptophan product Amino acid with side chain -CH2C8H6N. Tryptophan MSOntology:Tubulin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0041348 Tubuline A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM, CILIA, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE, VINCRISTINE, and VINBLASTINE. Tubulin MSOntology:Tumor_Necrosis_Factor_Alpha MESH :D014409 Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta ( lymphotoxin), but they share TNF receptors. (MeSH definition) Tumor_Necrosis_Factor_Alpha MSOntology:Type_1 Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–717 The pattern of demyelination in which active demyelination was associated with a T-lymphocyte– and macrophage- dominated inflammation. Type 1 MSOntology:Type_2 Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–717 The pattern of demyelination in which the active demyelination was associated with a T-lymphocyte– and macrophage- dominated inflammation,with the prominent deposition of Igs (mainly IgG) and complement C9neo antigen at sites of active myelin destruction. Type 2 MSOntology:Type_3 Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–717 The pattern of lesions which contains an inflammatory infiltrate, composed mainly of T lymphocytes, with macrophages and activated microglia. Type 3 MSOntology:Type_4 Ann Neurol 2000;47:707–717 The pattern of demyelination in which the inflammatory infiltrates in these lesions were dominated by T lymphocytes and macrophages and it is associated with the oligodendrocyte death in a small rim of periplaque white matter, adjacent to the zone of active myelin destruction. Type 4 MSOntology:UBE4B Gene :HS039658 Uniprot ID:O95155 UBE4B gene HDNB1 gene Homozygously deleted in neuroblastoma 1 KIAA0684 gene UFD2 gene Ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 B Ubiquitin fusion degradation protein 2 Thie gene encode a protein that binds to the ubiquitin moieties of preformed conjugates and catalyzes ubiquitin chain assembly in conjunction with E1, E2, and E3 UBE4B MSOntology:Uhthoff_Symptom Uhthoff’s sign Uhthoff’s syndrome The worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological, demyelinating conditions when the body gets overheated from hot weather, exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs. It is possibly due to the effect of increased temperature on nerve conduction. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhthoff%27s_symptom ) Uhthoff_Symptom MSOntology:Unbalance Scientific Reference: doi: 10.1080/08990220802131127 loss of balance MS affects many areas of the central nervous system that can impact postural responses to maintain balance, including the cerebellum and the spinal cord. Unbalance MSOntology:Upper_respiratory_infection https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0041912 INFECT UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION, UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Infection of the upper respiratory tract Infections, Upper Respiratory Infections, Upper Respiratory Tract Respiratory Infection, Upper UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECT URI - Upper respiratory infection URTI - Infection of the upper respiratory tract Upper Respiratory Infections Upper respiratory infection Upper respiratory infection NOS Upper respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection NOS Upper respiratory tract infections An infectious process affecting the upper respiratory tract (nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or trachea). Symptoms include congestion, sneezing, coughing, fever, and sore throat. Upper respiratory infection MSOntology:Urinary Bladder Dysfunction http://ms.about.com/od/signssymptoms/a/ms_bladder.htm Bladder dysfunction in MS happens when nerve signals to the bladder and urinary sphincter (the muscles surrounding the opening to the bladder) are blocked or delayed because oflesions on the spinal cord. Urinary system MSOntology:Urine_leakage MDC002732 MESH : D014549 Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. (MeSH definition) Urine_leakage MSOntology:Uthoff_phenomenon The worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological, demyelinating conditions when the body gets overheated from hot weather, exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs. It is possibly due to the effect of increased temperature on nerve conduction. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhthoff%27s_symptom ) Uthoff phenomenon MSOntology:VAMP Gene :HS052842 Eur J Neurosci. 1998 Jan;10(1):301-16. synaptobrevin gene VAMP gene Vesicle-associated membrane protein gene The gene encodesVesicle-associated membrane protein that is involved in the molecular regulation of transmitter release at the presynaptic plasma membrane. VAMP MSOntology:VCAM-I MESH : D019010 Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (MeSH definition ) VCAM-I MSOntology:VEGF GeneID :7422 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html MVCD1 VEGFA gene VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A VPF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Gene The gene encodes a glycosylated mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. VEGF MSOntology:VLA-4 MESH :D039041 Antigen-4, Very Late C0209606 Very Late Antigen-4 alpha 4 beta 1 Integrin Integrin alpha4beta1 is a fibronectin and VCAM-1 receptor present on lymphocytes,monocytes,eosinophils, NK cells and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and plays a role in inflammation, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal myogenesis, neural crest migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the placenta and heart. (MeSH definition) VLA-4 MSOntology:VZV https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0042338 Chickenpox Virus Chickenpox Viruses HERPESVIRUS 3 ALPHA HUMAN HERPESVIRUS HUMAN 03 HHV 3 HHV-3 HHV3 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 03 HUMANES HERPESVIRUS 03 HZ - Herpes zoster HZ - Herpes zoster virus Herpes zoster Herpes zoster Virus Herpes zoster Viruses Herpes-Zostervirus Herpes-zoster-ophtalmicus-virus Herpes-zoster-virus Herpesvirus 3 (alpha), Human Herpesvirus 3, Human Herpesvirus varicellae Humaan herpesvirus 3 Human (alpha) herpes virus 3 Human alphaherpesvirus 3 Human herpesvirus 3 Human herpesvirus 3 (organism) Humanes Herpesvirus 3 Ocular Herpes zoster Virus VARICELLA-ZOSTER ВИРУС VZ Virus VZ Viruses VZ-Virus VZV VZV - Varicella-zoster virus Varicella Zoster Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus 1 Varicella-Zoster Viruses Varicella-zoster-virus Varizellen-Zostervirus Virus Herpes zoster Virus herpes zoster oculare Virus varicelle-zona varicella zoster virus VZV varicella-zoster virus VZV virus varicella zoster An icosahedral, enveloped virus containing a single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA of 125000 nucleotides that infects only humans. It is the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. VZV MSOntology:Vaginal_lubrication_problem Vaginal dryness Decreased vaginal lubrication. (Source: http://www.allaboutms.com/sexuality-in-multiple-sclerosis/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-sexual-dysfunction/decreased-vaginal-lubrication.html ) Vaginal_lubrication_problem MSOntology:Vdac1 Gene :HS053344 http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21796 VDAC1 gene Outer mitochondrial membrane protein porin 1 Plasmalemmal porin Porin 31HL Porin 31HM VDAC gene VDAC-1 Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 hVDAC1 The protein that forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane and also the plasma membrane. Vdac1 MSOntology:Ventral_Column Anterior Column of Spinal Cord The ventral ridge of gray matter in each half of the spinal cord, containing the motor neurons innervating the skeletal musculature of the trunk, neck, and extremities. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+column+of+spinal+cord ) Ventral_Column MSOntology:Vertical_Diplopia MDC000690 http://www.nationalmssociety.org/search-results/index.aspx?q=vertical+diplopia&x=0&y=0&start=0&num=20 A lesion in the nucleus or fascicle of the fourth cranial nerve results in vertical diplopia. Vertical_Diplopia MSOntology:Vertigo MeSH:MDC002773 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0042571 Rotation of self Spinning Sensation Vertigo MSOntology:Vertigo_Drugs http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/what-we-know-about-ms/symptoms/dizziness--vertigo/index.aspx The drug that is used to treat patients suffering from vertigo, a sensation that they or their surroundings are spinning. MSOntology:Vestibular Ataxia due to dysfunction of the vestibular system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia#Vestibular ) MSOntology:Virus https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0042776 Vira Viridae Virus Viruses Viruses, General In medicine, a very simple microorganism that infects cells and may cause disease. Because viruses can multiply only inside infected cells, they are not considered to be alive. Virus MSOntology:Virus_model In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Multiple Sclerosis pp.570-588 (19) Authors: Baukje J. van der Star, Daphne Y.S. Vogel, Markus Kipp, Fabiola Puentes, David Baker, Sandra Amor Viral-induced demyelination model Virus model MSOntology:Viruses_trigger_inflammation Scientific Reference: doi: 10.3390/ijms130911718 The patches of inflammation (plaques) with demyelination of axons and oligodendrocyte loss, due to viral infections. Viruses trigger inflammation MSOntology:Vision_loss Visual loss The absence of vision where it existed before. (Source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/vision+loss ) Vision_loss MSOntology:Visual_evoked_potential VEP Evoked Potential, Visual Evoked Response, Visual Evoked Responses, Visual Potential, Visual Evoked Potentials, Visual Evoked Response, Visual Evoked Responses, Visual Evoked VER Visual Evoked Potentials Visual Evoked Responses The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=visual%20evoked%20potential ) Visual evoked potential MSOntology:Vitamin_B12 MESH :D014805 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Antipernicious anemia factor measurement C0042845 Cobalamin Cyanocobalamin VIT B12 VITAMIN B A 12 Cobalt-containing water soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids of odd-chain length and in methyl transfer. (DRI) Vitamin_B12 MSOntology:Vitamin_D https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Activated ergosterol preparation Calciferol Calciferol preparation D 2, Vitamin D2, Vitamin Deltalin Drisdol Ergocalciferol Ergocalciferol preparation Ergocalciferol product Oleovitamin D preparation VITAMIN D A 02 Viosterol preparation Vitamin D Vitamin D 2 Vitamin D preparation Vitamin D product Vitamin D2 Vitamin D2 preparation A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and dairy products. Skin exposed to sunshine can also make vitamin D. Not enough vitamin D can cause a bone disease called rickets. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. MSOntology:Vitamin_D_level (Scientific: DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00097) The levels of circulating vitamin D obtained by sunlight exposure or diet. Vitamin D level MSOntology:Vitamin_D_test http://www.greatplainslaboratory.com/home/eng/vitamind.asp 25-hydroxy Vitamin D2 and D3 test 250HD test Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level The Vitamin D Test is a serum analysis that quantitates 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites. Vitamin D test MSOntology:Vitamin_d-binding_protein MESH :D014809 25 HCC Binding Protein 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol Binding Protein 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Binding Protein 25-HCC-Binding Protein 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Binding Protein 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Binding Protein Calciferol Binding Protein Calciferol-Binding Protein Component Globulin, Group-Specific Gc Gc Globulin Globulin, Gc Globulin, Group-Specific Component Globulin, Vitamin D-Binding Group Specific Component Globulin Group-Specific Component Globulin Transcalciferin Vitamin D Binding Globulin Vitamin D Binding Protein Vitamin D-Binding Globulin group-specific component An alpha-globulin found in the plasma of man and other vertebrates. It is apparently synthesized in the liver and carries vitamin D and its metabolites through the circulation and mediates the response of tissue. (MeSH definition) Vitamin_d-binding_protein MSOntology:Vitemin_B12_test http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003705.htm cobalamin test cyanocobalamin test vitamin B12 level vitamin b-12 test vitamin test Test to check the amount of vitamin 12 in the blood. This is different from the Schilling test that is designed to measure the adsorption of B12. Vitamin B12 test MSOntology:Wait_disturbance Wait disturbance MSOntology:Walking_problem Gait ataxia Impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal ambulation (walking) which may result from impairments of motor function or sensory feedback. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=gait%20ataxia ) Walking_problem MSOntology:Wallerian_degeneration orthograde degeneration anterograde degeneration a process that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the neuron's cell body degenerates distal to the injury. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallerian_degeneration ) Wallerian degeneration MSOntology:Weakness_in_arm http://www.cvscaremarkspecialtyrx.com/patients/condition-resources-tools/multiple-sclerosis/living-multiple-sclerosis/weakness Arm weakness A loss of strength and control over movement in the arms. Weakness_in_arm MSOntology:Weakness_in_leg Leg Weakness The conditions that significantly interfere with an individual's ability to remain mobile throughout daily activities. (Source: http://www.livestrong.com/article/73288-leg-symptoms-ms/) Weakness_in_leg MSOntology:Western_style_of_life Industrilization The period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization ) Western style of life MSOntology:White_Matter http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/whitematter.html White Matter Region The parts of the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for communication between the various grey matter regions and between the grey matter and the rest of the body.It contains lots of nerve fibres (neurons) that are sheathed in a white fatty insulating protein called myelin. White_Matter MSOntology:White_matter_atrophy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy A decrease in size of white matter caused by poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to the target organ, excessive amount of apoptosis of cells, and disease intrinsic to the tissue itself. White matter atrophy MSOntology:White_matter_plaque http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter White matter lesion In MS lesions, the myelin shield around the axons has been destroyed by inflammation. White matter plaque MSOntology:Whole_spinal_cord MESH : D013116 A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord ) Whole spinal cord MSOntology:Word_list_generation http://lmt.projectsinknowledge.com/Activity/index.cfm?showfile=b&jn=2023&sj=2023.12&sc=2023.12.3 COWAT Controlled Oral Word Association Test WLG A standardised test that measures the cognitive functioning of expressive language. Word list generation MSOntology:XIAPAF1 Gene :HS066668 Uniprot ID:Q6GPH4 BIRC4-binding protein BIRC4BP gene XAF1 gene XIAP-associated factor 1 XIAPAF1 gene This gene encodes protein that mediates TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and is involved in apoptosis in trophoblast cells. XIAPAF1 MSOntology:ZFAT Gene :HS051284 GeneID :57623 ZNF406 AITD3 ZFAT zinc finger and AT hook domain containing ZFAT1 zinc finger and AT hook domain containing This gene encodes a protein that likely binds DNA and functions as a transcriptional regulator involved in apoptosis and cell survival. ZFAT MSOntology:ZFHX4 Gene :HS053950 Scientific Reference: Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Sep;29(9):1830-5. ZFH4 ZFHX4 zinc finger homeobox 4 ZHF4 zinc finger homeobox 4 The gene encodes a class of proteins that have both zinc finger and homeodomain motifs,which is involved in neural and muscle differentiation. ZFHX4 MSOntology:aerobic_conditioning Physical training A process whereby one trains the heart to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to get to muscles and organs. (Source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/aerobic+conditioning ) aerobic conditioning MSOntology:blood-brain_barrier_disruption http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier alterations in blood–brain barrier properties The disruption in BBB, a separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS) that may increase the penetration of various substances (including either toxins or antibiotics) into the brain. blood-brain barrier disruption MSOntology:clonazepam Drug :DBA001058 MESH :D002998 Antelepsin Rivotril Ro 5-4023 Ro 54023 An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:diazepam Drug :DBA000822 MESH :D003975 A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of Gamma-AminoButyric Acid activity. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:differential_diagnosis differential diagnoses Comparing and contrasting the signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of two or more diseases to determine which is causing the patient's condition. (Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/differential+diagnosis ) differential diagnosis MSOntology:excitotoxicity The pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity ) excitotoxicity MSOntology:incontinence MDC002732 Incontinence,Urinary Urinary incontinence Involuntary loss of urine, such as leaking of urine. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68014549 ) incontinence MSOntology:infection MESH: D007239 Infectious and parasitic diseases NOS Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. (MeSH definition) _infection MSOntology:laquinimod http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laquinimod ABR 215062 ABR-215062 ABR215062 An experimental immunomodulator developed by Active Biotech and Teva which is currently being investigated as an oral treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). MSOntology:mRNA_Biomarkers MSOntology:magnetic_resonance_imaging MRI Chemical Shift Imaging Chemical Shift Imagings Functional MRI Functional MRIs Imaging, Chemical Shift Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, NMR Imagings, Chemical Shift MR Tomography MRI Scan MRI Scans MRI, Functional MRIs, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Functional Magnetization Transfer Contrast Imaging NMR Imaging NMR Tomography Proton Spin Tomography Scan, MRI Scans, MRI Shift Imaging, Chemical Shift Imagings, Chemical Tomography, MR Tomography, NMR Tomography, Proton Spin Zeugmatography fMRI The non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68008279 ) magnetic resonance imaging biomarker MSOntology:mbp MESH: D004676 Myelin Basic Protein A protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the central nervous system. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_basic_protein ) MSOntology:meningeal_inflammation Meningitis The inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis ) meningeal inflammation MSOntology:mitochondria__dysfunction Scientific Reference: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034929 The homeostasis of mitochondria dynamics happens through a repetitive fission and fusion process. When there is a disruption of this dynamics, it results in mitochondrial dysfunction. mitochondria dysfunction MSOntology:mitochondrial_dysfunction http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration#Mitochondrial_dysfunction The degeneration of mitochondria through the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway which leads to the cell death in neurodegeneration. mitochondrial dysfunction MSOntology:modified_Ashworth_Scale http://www.rehabmeasures.org/lists/rehabmeasures/dispform.aspx?id=902 The scale that tests resistance to passive movement about a joint with varying degrees of velocity,Similar to Ashworth, but adds a 1+ scoring category to indicate resistance through less than half of the movement modified Ashworth Scale MSOntology:oxidative_stress MESH: D018384 A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products. (MeSH definition) _oxidative stress MSOntology:phenytoin Drug :DBA000246 MESH :D010672 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin Antisacer Difenin Dihydan Dilantin Diphenylhydantoin Diphenylhydantoinate, Sodium Epamin Epanutin Fenitoin Hydantol Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. (MeSH definition ) MSOntology:remyelination http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remyelination The term that refers to the re-generation of the nerve's myelin sheath, damaged in many diseases. remyelination MSOntology:retention MDC002993 Retention,Urinary Urinary Retention Inability to empty the urinary bladder with voiding (urination). (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=urinary%20retention ) retention MSOntology:sleep_disorder MeSH:MDC002436 sleep disorders Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. (Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68012893 ) sleep disorder MSOntology:vitamin_D MESH: D014807 A vitamin that includes both cholecalciferols and ergocalciferols, which have the common effect of preventing or curing rickets in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of UV rays upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol, and acts on vitamin D receptors to regulate calcium in opposition to parathyroid hormone. (MeSH definition) _vitamin D SPART http://lmt.projectsinknowledge.com/Activity/index.cfm?showfile=b&jn=2023&sj=2023.12&sc=2023.12.3 A standardised test that measures the cognitive functioning of spatial/visual episodic memory. 10/36 spatial recall test 24S-OHC (24S)-24-Hydroxycholesterol (24S)-cholest-5-ene-3b,24-diol (24S)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol (3b,24S)-Cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol (3beta,24S)-Cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol 24S-Cholest-5-ene-3b,24-diol 24S-hydroxycholesterol 474-73-7 AC1L3TPG AG-A-46280 AR-1I2146 C13550 CHEBI:34310 CHEMBL171804 CPD-7239 Cerebrosterin Cholest-5-en-3b,24S-diol Cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol, (3beta,24S)- Cholest-5-ene-3b,24b-diol HMDB01419 LMST01010019 cerebrosterol cholest-5-en-3beta,24S-diol cholest-5-ene-3,24-diol cholest-5-ene-3b,24a-diol An enzymatically oxidized product of cholesterol mainly synthesized in the brain. (Scientific Reference: http://www.jlr.org/content/41/2/195.full ) 24S_Hydroxycholesterol MESH :D015761 4 Aminopyridine 4-AMINOPIRIDIN 4-AP 4-Amino-pyridine 4-Aminopyridine 4-Pyridinamine 4-aminopirydyna 4-aminopyridin AMINOPYRIDIN 04 AMINOPYRIDINE 04 C0000477 One of the potassium channel blockers, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes. HS055591 MESH : D053330 4 1BBL Protein 4-1BB ligand 4-1BBL Protein CD137 Ligand Tumor Necrosis Factor (Ligand) Superfamily, Member 9 Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 9 A membrane bound member of the TNF superfamily that is expressed on activated B-lymphocytes,macrophages and dendritic cells. The ligand is specific for the 4-1BB receptor and may play a role in inducing the proliferation of activated peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. (MeSH definition ) 4-1BB 9-HPT Nine-hole peg test A brief, standardized, quantitative test of upper extremity function. (Source: http://www.nationalmssociety.org/for-professionals/researchers/clinical-study-measures/9-hpt/index.aspx ) 9 hole peg test Multiecho T(2) and T(2)* weighted sequence biomarker Relapsing MS This subtype of Progressive MS is more complex; although its overall course mirrors P/P MS in terms of Disability, it differs. It includes periods of acute exacerbations that look like Relapsing MS (having Gd-enhancing T1 lesions), either early on or after many years have elapsed, but lost functions never return. Progressive MS RRMS In this form or stage of MS there are sporadic attacks (exacerbations, relapses), during which new symptoms appear and/or existing ones become more severe. They can last for varying periods (days or months) and are followed by partial or total recovery and remission. Relapsing-Remitting MS MESH : D002549 Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder A rare central nervous system demyelinating condition affecting children and young adults. Pathologic findings include a large, sharply defined, asymmetric focus of myelin destruction that may involve an entire lobe or cerebral hemisphere. Schilder's disease NDDUO:Clinical_assesment Clinical assesments Health Assesment Health Assesments http://purl.org/cpr/0.85#clinical-examination A clinical assessment is a documented process that is used to evaluate, diagnose, and treat individuals. Clinical assesment NDDUO:Protective_factors Protective factors protective factor Protective factor NDDUO:Risk_factor http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/epidemiology.html Risk factors increased risk lifestyle factor lifestyle factors risk risk factor The factors that are associated with diseases. Risk factor NDDUO:Symptom http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-clinical#a0216 sign signs symptoms http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000020 "A perceived change in function, sensation or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease". Symptom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologist OntoGen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology OntoGen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemology OntoGen http://medical.yourdictionary.com/finger-nose-test OntoGen http://www.scribd.com/doc/20374363/Clinical-Assessment OntoGen http://www.tutorgigpedia.com/ed/Epidemiology OntoGen http://www.yourdictionary.com/diagnosis OntoGen en ----See Newly Generated Definition Below----- - Clinical diagnosis is the process through which a clinician arrives at a general “summary” classification of the patients symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases)published by the World Health Organization The Relationship between Assessment and Diagnosis It is important to have an adequate classification of the presenting problem for a number of reasons. en ----See Newly Generated Definition Below----- - diagnosis is the process of finding out what is causing symptoms, a disease or injury in a patient and the opinion reached based on the process. http://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Multiple_Sklerose Abdul mateen Rajput Luca Toldo Ashutosh Malhotra 20120927 en MS Ontology C1151646 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ALPHA-2-GLYCOPROTEIN, ZINC AZGP1 AZGP1 Gene Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1, Zinc-Binding Gene C1412706 ZA2G ZAG ZINC-ALPHA-2-GLYCOPROTEIN This gene plays a role in lipid catabolism. Acquired Immunity Adaptive Immunity Adoptive Immunity C0678209 Immunity, Acquired Immunity, Adaptive Immunity, Adoptive ADOPTIVE CELLULAR IMMUNOTHER ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHER Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapies Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy Adoptive Immunotherapies Adoptive Immunotherapy C0079613 CELLULAR IMMUNOTHER ADOPTIVE Cellular Immunotherapies, Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy, Adoptive IMMUNOTHER ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHER ADOPTIVE CELLULAR Immunotherapies, Adoptive Immunotherapies, Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy, Adoptive Immunotherapy, Adoptive Cellular Immuntherapie, adoptive adoptive cellular therapy cellular adoptive immunotherapy Adoptive Transfer Adoptive Transfers https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Anti-DNA Antibodies Anti-DNA Antibody Antibodies, Anti DNA Antibodies, Anti-DNA C0282056 DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid antibody Deoxyribonucleic acid antibody Anti_DNA_Antibodies Antibody Formation Antibody Production Antibody Response Antibody Responses Formation, Antibody Production, Antibody Response, Antibody Responses, Antibody immunoglobulin production https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Agents, Antidepressive Antidepressant Agent Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant drug Antidepressants Antidepressive Agents C0003289 Drugs, Antidepressant Other antidepressant drugs antidepressant Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, SECOND-GENERATION) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html APLA - Anti-phospholipid antibody Anti-phospholipid antibody Anti-phospholipid autoantibody Antibodies, Antiphospholipid Antibody, Antiphospholipid Antiphospholipid Antibodies Antiphospholipid Antibody C0162595 Phospholipid antibody Phospholipid autoantibody aPL - Anti-phospholipid antibody Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC,), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Apiterapi Apitherapie Apitherapies Apitherapy C2717877 The medical use of honey bee products such as BEE VENOM, HONEY, bee pollen, PROPOLIS, and royal jelly. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html AEP - Auditory evoked potentials AER - Auditory evoked responses Auditory Evoked Potential Auditory Evoked Potentials Auditory Evoked Response Auditory Evoked Responses C0015215 Evoked Potential, Auditory Evoked Potentials, Auditory Evoked Response, Auditory Evoked Responses, Auditory Potential, Auditory Evoked Potentials, Auditory Evoked Response, Auditory Evoked Responses, Auditory Evoked The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BDN F BDNF BDNF gene Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene C0107103 FNDC Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic MGC34632 Neurotrophic Factor, Brain-Derived A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BRCA GENE A 001 BRCA GENE PRODUCT 001 BRCA PROTEIN 001 BRCA1 BRCA1 Gene BRCA1 Gene Product BRCA1 Genes BRCA1 Protein BRCA1-protein BREAST CANCER 1 GENE Breast Cancer 1 Gene Product Breast Cancer 1 Protein Breast Cancer 1, Early Onset Gene Breast Cancer 1, Early Onset Protein Breast Cancer Type 1 Susceptibility Protein Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein Breast-Ovarian Cancer Protein C0259275 C0376571 EC6.3.2.- GENES BRCA 001 Gene, BRCA1 Genes, BRCA1 RING Finger Protein 53 protein BRCA1 A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human chromosome 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of familial breast and ovarian cancer. It encodes a large, nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Babinski Reflex Babinski Reflexes Babinski Sign Positive Babinski Signs Babinski sign Babinski's Phenomenon Babinski's Reflex Babinski's Sign Babinski's Signs Babinski-Reflex C0034935 Extensor Plantar Reflex Extensor plantar response Extensor plantar response finding Extensor plantar responses Great Toe Paradoxical Extensor Reflex Paradoxical Extensor Reflex, Great Toe Plantar Reflex, Extensor Plantar Response, Extensor Plantar Responses, Extensor Reflex, Babinski Reflex, Babinski's Reflex, Babinski- Reflex, Extensor Plantar Reflexes, Babinski Response, Extensor Plantar Responses, Extensor Plantar Signs, Babinski's An abnormal reflex consisting of dorsiflexion of the great toe and abduction of the other toes in response to cutaneous stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html B7 HOMOLOG 3 B7H3 C1540293 CD276 CD276 ANTIGEN CD276 Gene CD276 Molecule Gene This gene is involved in the regulation of T cell immune responses. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 044 Antigen, CD44 Antigens, CD44 C0243982 C1332712 CD 044 ANTIGENS CD44 CD44 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 44 CD44 ANTIGEN CD44 Adhesion Receptor CD44 Antigens CD44 gene Cluster of differentiation antigen 44 ECMR - Extracellular matrix receptor type III Extracellular matrix receptor type III HERMES ANTIGEN HUTCH-1 HYALURONAN RECEPT Hatch-1 Hyaluronan Binding Protein Hyaluronan Receptor Hyaluronan Receptors Hyaluronan-Binding Protein Hyaluronan-Binding-Protein Hyaluronic Acid Binding Protein INLU-RELATED p80 GLYCOPROTEIN Lymphocyte antigen CD44 Lymphocyte antigen CD44 MDU3 Pgp-1 - Phagocytic glycoprotein 1 Pgp1 Phagocytic glycoprotein 1 RECEPT HYALURONAN Receptor, Hyaluronan Receptors, Hyaluronan gp85 This gene plays a role in cellular matrix adhesion and in lymphocyte activation. CHGA gene SECRETORY PROTEIN I APOJ CLU CLU Gene Clusterin Gene SGP2 TRPM2 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0207071 CNTF Ciliary Neuronotrophic Factor Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor FNTC Factor, Ciliary Neuronotrophic Factor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Neuronotrophic Factor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, Ciliary A neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0387583 COX 2 Prostaglandin Synthase COX-2 COX-2 Prostaglandin Synthase COX-2-Prostaglandin-Synthase COX2 CYCLOOXYGENASE 002 Cyclo Oxygenase II Cyclo-Oxygenase II Cyclooxygenase 2 Cyclooxygenase-2 PGH-synthase COX-2 PGHS-2 PTGS2 Prostaglandin H Synthase 2 Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 Prostaglandin Synthase, COX-2 Prostaglandin synthase COX-2 Prostaglandin-H-Synthase-2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase isoform 2 Prostaglandine H synthase-2 Synthase, COX-2 Prostaglandin TSOG-2 An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C Reactive Protein C reactive protein C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, PENTRAXIN-RELATED C-Reactive Protein, Pentraxin-Related Gene C-reactive protein C0006560 C1413716 CRP CRP - C-reactive protein CRP Gene PENTRAXIN 1, SHORT PTX1 Protein, C-Reactive Proteins, specific or class, C-reactive This gene plays a role in immune and inflammatory processes. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1413772 CST3 CST3 Gene CYSTATIN 3 CYSTATIN C Cystatin C Gene GAMMA-TRACE This gene is involved in enzyme inhibition. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0020966 Cell Mediated Immunity Cell Mediated Immunology Cell-Mediated Immunities Cell-Mediated Immunity Cellular Immunities Cellular Immunity Immunities, Cell-Mediated Immunities, Cellular Immunity, Cell-Mediated Immunity, Cellular Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1622501 Cell Migration Cell Migration Alteration Cell Migration Process Cellular Migration Cellular Migration Process Migration, Cell The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0302189 CELL THER Cell Therapy Cellular Therapy THER CELL Therapy, Cell Utilization of specific cells, modified or not, for treatment of diseases. Donor lymphocyte infusion is a type of cellular therapy. C0007806 CSF Cerebral Spinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluids Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluids, Cerebrospinal Spinal fluid https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0055633 CHGA CgA Chromogranin A Parathyroid Secretory Protein 1 Pituitary Secretory Protein I A neuroendocrine product of certain prostate cells. Adds to the predictive value of prostate specific antigen in the evaluation of men with prostate disease. (from Medscape) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0393665 Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis MS CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive Multiple sclerose, chronisch progressieve A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BEHAVIOR THER COGNITIVE Behavior Therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognitive C0009244 CBT CBT - Cognitive - behavior therapy CBT - Cognitive - behaviour therapy COGNITION THER COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THER COGNITIVE PSYCHOTHER COGNITIVE THER CT Cognition Therapies Cognition Therapy Cognitive - behavior therapy Cognitive - behaviour therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapies Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Psychotherapies Cognitive Psychotherapy Cognitive Therapies Cognitive Therapy Cognitive and behavioral therapy Cognitive and behavioural therapy Cognitive approach Cognitive therapy approach Cognitive-behavioral therapy approach Cognitive-behaviour therapy Cognitive-behavioural therapy approach PSYCHOTHER COGNITIVE Psychotherapies, Cognitive Psychotherapy - cognitive Psychotherapy, Cognitive THER COGNITION THER COGNITIVE THER COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR Therapies, Cognition Therapies, Cognitive Therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Cognition Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Cognitive Behavior A type of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C.I. Natural Yellow 3 C0010467 Curcumin Curcumin stain Curcumine Diferuloylmethan Diferuloylmethane Tumeric Turmeric Yellow Yellow, Turmeric A phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties. Curcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species, possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation, and disrupts cell signal transduction by various mechanisms including inhibition of protein kinase C. These effects may play a role in the agent's observed antineoplastic properties, which include inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and suppression of chemically induced carcinogenesis and tumor growth in animal models of cancer. (NCI04) Basic Polypeptide, Neuroendocrine Cystatin-3 Cystatin-C Neuroendocrine Basic Polypeptide Post gamma Globulin Post-gamma-Globulin gamma Trace Dementia, Presenile Dementias, Presenile Pre-Senile Dementia Presenile Dementia Presenile Dementias Presenile dementia NOS Presenile psychosis NOS https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0392699 DYSESTHESIA Dysaesthesia Dysesthesias Distortion of a sense resulting in an abnormal and unpleasant sensation, usually described as burning, tingling, or numbness. Causes include lesions of the nervous system. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0430022 Diagnostic Method Diagnostic Test Diagnostic procedure NOS Diagnostic procedures diagnostic procedure diagnostic technique A specific test or series of steps done to help diagnose a disease or condition. Mammograms and colonscopies are examples of diagnostic procedures. C0011906 Diagnoses, Differential Diagnosis, Differential Differential Diagnoses Differential Diagnosis Differential dx 2,4-Imidazolidinedione, 5,5-diphenyl- 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin C0031507 Dilantin Phenytoin difenylhydantoin difenylthiohydantoin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013227 Drug Drug or medicament Drug preparation Drug product Drug, medicament or biological substance Drugs General drug type Medicinal product Medicine PHARM PREPARATIONS PREPARATIONS PHARM Pharmaceutic Preparations Pharmaceutical Preparations Preparations, Pharmaceutic Preparations, Pharmaceutical Type of drug preparation medication A legal drug that is used to prevent, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. SELE gene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0064419 EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE PROTEIN 002 EGR2 Transcription Factor Early Growth Response Protein 2 Early-Growth-Response-Protein 2 Egr2 Krox 20 Transcription Factor Krox-20 Transcription Factor Krox20 Protein Krox20-Protein Transcription Factor, EGR2 Transcription Factor, Krox-20 protein Krox20 An early growth response transcription factor that controls the formation of the MYELIN SHEATH around peripheral AXONS by SCHWANN CELLS. Mutations in EGR2 transcription factor have been associated with HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES such as CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013786 ES - Electrical stimulation Electric Stimulation Electric Stimulations Electric stimulation technique Electrical Stimulation Electrical Stimulations Stimulation, Electric Stimulation, Electrical Stimulations, Electric Stimulations, Electrical Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0013855 EP - Electrophoresis Electrophoreses Electrophoresis Electrophoresis measurement Fractionation, Electrophoretic Zone electrophoresis measurement The motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field, particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0011573 Depression, Endogenous Depression, endogene Depressions, Endogenous Endogene Depression Endogenous Depression Endogenous Depressions Depression which is considered strictly biological. Burkitt Herpesvirus Burkitt Lymphoma Virus C0014644 EBV HHV 4 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0242350 Dysfunction, Erectile Erectile Dysfunction Failure of erection Impotence Impotence NOS Impotence of organic origin Impotence, Male Impotence, Male Sexual Male Erectile Disorder Due to Specified Medical Condition Male Impotence Male Sexual Impotence Male erectile disorder Male erectile dysfunction Male erectile dysfunction, unspecified Sexual Impotence, Male Sexual impotence impotent A disorder characterized by the persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ALLERGIC ENCEPH ALLERGIC ENCEPH EXPER AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPH EXPER AUTOIMMUNE EXPER ENCEPH Allergic Encephalomyelitis Allergic Encephalomyelitis, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, Experimental Autoimmune Experimental Encephalomyelitis C0014072 EAE ENCEPH ALLERGIC ENCEPH AUTOIMMUNE EXPER ENCEPH EXPER AUTOIMMUNE EXPER ALLERGIC ENCEPH EXPER AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPH Encephalomyelitis, Allergic Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune Experimental Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental Encephalomyelitis, Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis, Experimental Autoimmune Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitides Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Experimental Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune An autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is produced experimentally in animals by the injection of homogenized brain or spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. Myelin basic protein appears to be the antigen that elicits the hypersensitivity immune response which is characterized by focal areas of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration into the brain, associated with demyelination and destruction of the blood-brain barrier. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model for demyelinating diseases of the human central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html APO1 APOPTOSIS ANTIGEN 1 APT1 Acid Synthase, Fatty C0015683 CD95 EC 2.3.1.85 FAS FAS (Fatty Acid Synthase) FAS ANTIGEN FAS Gene FASN FASN (Fatty Acid Synthase) Fatty Acid Synthase Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex Fatty-acid synthase Fatty-acid synthase SURFACE ANTIGEN APO1 Synthase, Fatty Acid TNFRSF6 TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR SUPERFAMILY, MEMBER 6 Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of long-chain saturated fatty acids. It plays a central role in the production of surfactant in fetal lungs, in the supply of fatty components of milk, and in the conversion and storage of energy in liver and adipose tissue. Remarkably high levels of FAS expression are found in the majority of human epithelial cancers. Experimental manipulation suggests a link between FAS overexpression and dysregulation of membrane composition and functioning in tumor cells. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0015467 Craniofacial Pain Syndrome Craniofacial Pain Syndromes Facial Neuralgia Facial Neuralgias Facial Pain Syndrome Facial Pain Syndromes Neuralgia, Facial Neuralgias, Facial Pain Syndrome, Craniofacial Pain Syndrome, Facial Pain Syndromes, Craniofacial Pain Syndromes, Facial Syndrome, Craniofacial Pain Syndrome, Facial Pain Syndromes, Craniofacial Pain Syndromes, Facial Pain Neuralgic syndromes and other conditions which feature chronic or recurrent FACIAL PAIN as the primary manifestation of disease. Disorders of the trigeminal and facial nerves are frequently associated with these conditions. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0015468 Face Pain Face ache Facial Pain Facial pain NOS Pain in face Pain of face Pain, Face Pain, Facial Painful sensation in the face. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0241889 Epidemiology, Family Medical History FH FH - Family history FH: NOS Family health history Family history of Family history with explicit context Family history: NOS family history family medical history A record of a patient's background regarding health and disease events of blood relatives. A patient's family medical history may be important in diagnosing existing conditions. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0344315 Depressed Depressed mood Depression Feeling low Feeling of Sadness Low mood Melancholic Miserable Morose mood Morosity Sad Sad mood Sadness Feelings of grief or unhappiness. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Astroprotein C0017626 C1325793 GFA Protein GFA-Protein GFAP GFAP Gene Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Gene Glial Intermediate Filament Protein PGFA glial fibrillary acidic protein glial fibrillary acidic protein location OBSOLETE. Glial fibrillary acidic protein forms filaments in the glial cells that surround neurons and in astrocytes. HP HP gene Haptoglobin Gene A type of white blood cell that helps stimulate immune system reactions. Helper T cells help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by secreting cytokines. They also stimulate B cells to make antibodies. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0019369 Family Herpesviridae Family: Herpes virus group Herpes Virus Herpes group virus Herpes virus group Herpesviridae Herpesviruses Herpetoviridae Virus-Herpes herpesvirus A member of the herpes family of viruses. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0019552 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html AIDS Viruses AIDS virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus C0019682 HIV HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus HIV, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS HTLV WIII HTLV-III HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUS HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUSES HUMAN LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE III A T Human Immunodeficiency Virus Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type III Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type III Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III IMMUNODEFIC VIRUS HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUSES HUMAN Immunodeficiency Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, Human LAV-HTLV-III Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus Lymphadenopathy-Associated Viruses VIRUS HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC VIRUSES HUMAN IMMUNODEFIC Virus, AIDS Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus-HIV Viruses, AIDS Viruses, Human Immunodeficiency Viruses, Lymphadenopathy-Associated A cytopathic retrovirus. It is the etiological agent of AIDS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0020967 Humoral Immune Response Humoral Immunity Immunity, Humoral Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 3, IGF-Binding Protein C0123707 IGF BINDING PROTEIN 03 IGF Binding Protein 3 IGF-BP 3 - Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 IGF-Binding Protein 3 IGFBP 03 IGFBP-3 IGFBP3 INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 03 BINDING PROTEIN Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 3 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 Protein 3, IGF-Binding Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (291 aa, 32 kD) is a cell fate protein that is encoded by the human IGFBP3 gene and has roles in regulation of myoblast differentiation and regulation of apoptosis. C1704264 Febrile Inhibitor, IL1 IL-1Ra IL1 Febrile Inhibitor IL1-Febrile-Inhibitor IL1RN INTERLEUKIN 001 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROTEIN Interleukin 1 Inhibitor, Urine Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Urine Derived IL1 Inhibitor Urine IL-1 Inhibitor Urine-Derived IL1 Inhibitor Urine-Derived-IL1-Inhibitor https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1417760 INOS NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE 2A NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE, INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE, MACROPHAGE NOS2 NOS2 gene NOS2A NOS2A Gene NOS2A, INDUCIBLE, HEPATOCYTE Nitric Oxide Synthase 2A (Inducible, Hepatocytes) Gene This gene is involved in vasodilation and regulation of the bactericidal/tumoricidal actions of macrophages. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0879590 IL-2 Gene IL2 gene Interleukin 2 Gene Interleukin-2 Gene The DNA sequence that encodes the protein cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). When introduced as the complementary DNA (cDNA) form into tumor cells by, for example, a genetically engineered adenovirus vector, the transfected IL-2 cDNA expresses IL-2 which may activate antitumoral natural killer cells and elicit an antitumoral cytotoxic T-cell response, resulting in an inhibition of tumor progression. (NCI04) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0020969 Immunity, Innate Immunity, Native Immunity, Natural Immunity, Non Specific Immunity, Non-Specific Innate Immunity Native Immunity Natural Immunity Non-Specific Immunity The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0015980 One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. C0079633 C0085295 CSIF-10 Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor IL - 10 C0214743 IL 13 C0384648 CTLA8 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 8 IL-17 C0021756 Epidermal Thymocyte Activating Factor IL - 2 Lymphocyte Mitogenic Factor T Cell Stimulating Factor T-Cell Growth Factor Burst Promoting Factor, Erythrocyte C0021757 Colony-Stimulating Factor, Multipotential IL-3 B Cell Growth Factor 1 B-Cell Differentiation Factor-1 BCDF-1 BCGF-1 C0021758 IL-4 C0021759 IL-5 B-Cell Differentiation Factor-2 B-Cell Stimulatory Factor-2 C0021760 IL-6 Capsule, Internal https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0022369 Human Polyomavirus JC Human polyomavirus type JC JC Polyomavirus JC Virus JC polyomavirus JCV JCV - JC virus Polyomavirus JC, Human Polyomavirus hominis 2 Polyomavirus, JC human polyomavirus JCV polyoma virus JC JCV polyomavirus JC A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus. Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes, TC1 and TC2. CD62 ANTIGEN LIGAND CD62L LAM1 LEU8 LYAM1 SELL gene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Borrelia Borrelia Burgdorferi Infection Borreliosis, Lyme C0024198 Disease, Lyme Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi LYME DIS Lyme Borreliosis Lyme Disease Lyme disease, unspecified Steere's disease An infectious disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Early manifestations of infection may include fever, headache, fatigue, depression, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Left untreated, late manifestations involving the joints, heart, and nervous system can occur. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Activation, Lymphocyte BLAST TRANSFORM Blast Transformation Blastogenesis C0024262 LYMPHOBLAST TRANSFORM LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORM Lymphoblast Transformation Lymphocyte Activation Lymphocyte Activation Process Lymphocyte Stimulation Lymphocyte Transformation Stimulation, Lymphocyte TRANSFORM BLAST TRANSFORM LYMPHOBLAST TRANSFORM LYMPHOCYTE Transformation, Blast Transformation, Lymphoblast Transformation, Lymphocyte Lymphocyte Activation involves stimulation of the production and activity of lymphocytes. Stimulation increases the immune response to invading substances. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 92 kDa Gelatinase 92 kDa Type IV Collagenase 92-Kd gelatinase 92-kDa Gelatinase 92-kDa Type IV Collagenase C0165519 Gelatinase B MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 009 MMP 9 Metalloproteinase MMP-9 Metalloproteinase MMP-9 Protein MMP9 MMP9 Metalloproteinase Macrophage Gelatinase Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Metalloproteinase 9, Matrix Metalloproteinase, MMP-9 Metalloproteinase, MMP9 Type V Collagenase Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. This enzyme degrades type IV and V collagens. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the enzyme is involved in IL-8-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow, and murine studies suggest a role in tumor-associated tissue remodeling. (from LocusLink) http://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases/modelling-multiple-sclerosis-in-vitro-and-the-influence-of-activated-macrophages MRI MRI Scan https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0024487 MR Spectroscopy MRS - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic Spectroscopy, MR Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING). A family of zinc-dependent metalloendopeptidases that are involved in the degradation of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components. EC 3.4.24.-. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1257975 Cell, Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mesenchymal cell Progenitor Cell, Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Cells that can develop into distinct mesenchymal tissue such as BONE, TENDONS, MUSCLES, ADIPOSE TISSUE, CARTILAGE, NERVE TISSUE, and BLOOD and BLOOD VESSELS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0025664 METHODS MT Methodology procedures techniques The system of methods followed in a particular discipline. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0242943 MIMICRY MOL MOL MIMICRY Mimicries, Molecular Mimicry, Molecular Molecular Mimicries Molecular Mimicry The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0282617 Evoked Potential, Motor Evoked Potentials, Motor Motor Evoked Potential Motor Evoked Potentials Potential, Motor Evoked Potentials, Motor Evoked The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0027752 FCN Factors, Nerve Growth Factors, Neuronotrophic Factors, Neurotrophic NERVE GROWTH FACTOR A 001 NGF NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) Nerve Growth Factor Nerve Growth Factor 1 Nerve Growth Factors Neuronotrophic Factors Neurotrophic Factors Neurotrophic Protein Neurotrophic Proteins Neurotrophins A protein made by the body that causes certain nerve cells to grow and helps keep them alive. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C2350466 Killer T-Cell, Natural Killer T-Cells, Natural NKT Cell NKT Cells Natural Killer T Cell Natural Killer T Cells Natural Killer T-Cell Natural Killer T-Cells T-Cell, Natural Killer T-Cells, Natural Killer A specialized subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES that exhibit features of INNATE IMMUNITY similar to that of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are reactive to glycolipids presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1D ANTIGEN. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0175860 History, Natural NATURAL HIST Natural History natural history study A study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information in order to understand how the medical condition or disease develops and how to treat it. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1113654 Cell, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Stem Neural Stem Cell Neural Stem Cells Stem Cell, Neural Stem Cells, Neural Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA. Assessing neurological performance Assessing neurological status C0027853 Neurological assessment Ranvier Nodes https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ASY protein, human C1309732 Foocen NEURITE GROWTH INHIBITOR 220 NI220 NSP Neuroendocrine-Specific Protein Neuroendocrine-Specific Protein C Homolog Nogo Protein Nogo protein, human Nogo-A RTN-x RTN-x protein, human RTN4 protein, human Reticulon-4 Reticulon-5 reticulon 4 protein, human Reticulon-4 (1192 aa, ~130 kDa) is encoded by the human RTN4 gene. This protein plays a role in both neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX PROTEIN, CLASS B, 1 BHLHB1 C1418915 OLIG2 OLIG2 Gene OLIGODENDROCYTE LINEAGE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2 Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factor 2 Gene PRKCBP2 PROTEIN KINASE C BINDING PROTEIN 2 This gene is involved in transcriptional regulation and oligodendrocyte and motor neuron differentiation. This gene may play a role in the development of brain tumors. BONE SIALOPROTEIN EARLY T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION 1 ETA1 OPN SPP1 SPP1 Gene Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Gene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bands, Oligoclonal C0069426 Multiple protein bands serving as markers of specific ANTIBODIES and detected by ELECTROPHORESIS of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID or serum. The bands are most often seen during inflammatory or immune processes and are found in most patients with MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1274040 OUT Outcomes Result Results outcome The result of an action. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0242606 Oxidative Stress Oxidative Stresses Stress, Oxidative Stresses, Oxidative A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0072480 FBCDP Gene, PDGFB Gene, c-sis Genes, PDGFB Genes, c-sis ONCOGENE SIS PDGF B-Chain PDGF, B Chain PDGF-2 PDGF2 PDGFB PDGFB Gene PDGFB Genes Platelet Derived Growth Factor B Platelet Derived Growth Factor Beta Chain Platelet-Derived Growth Factor B Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta Polypeptide Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, B Chain Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Beta Polypeptide Proto Oncogene Products c sis Proto Oncogene Protein sis Proto Oncogene Proteins c sis Proto Oncogene Proteins sis Proto-Oncogene Products c-sis Proto-Oncogene Protein sis Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis Proto-Oncogene Proteins sis Proto-Oncogene Proteins, sis Proto-Oncogene, c-sis Proto-Oncogenes, c-sis SIMIAN SARCOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG SIS Gene Product SSV V-SIS PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR, BETA POLYPEPTIDE c sis Genes c sis Proteins c sis Proto Oncogenes c-sis Gene c-sis Genes c-sis Proteins c-sis Proto-Oncogene c-sis Proto-Oncogenes sis Proto Oncogene Proteins sis Proto-Oncogene Proteins sis, Proto-Oncogene Protein sis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (GENES, SIS). c-sis proteins make up the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. Overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0657912 Lyrica A 3-isobutyl derivative of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, pregabalin selectively binds to alpha2delta (A2D) subunits of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) located in the central nervous system (CNS). Binding of pregabalin to VDCC A2D subunits prevents calcium influx and the subsequent calcium-dependent release of various neurotransmitters, including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and substance P, from the presynaptic nerve terminals of hyperexcited neurons, synaptic transmission is inhibited and neuronal excitability is diminished. Pregabalin does not bind directly to GABA-A or GABA-B receptors and does not alter GABA uptake or degradation. SERPIN PEPTIDASE INHIBITOR, CLADE A, MEMBER 5 SERPINA5 gene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bread Breads C0030193 Dolor Pain Pain NOS Pain finding Pain observations Pain, unspecified Painful Part hurts An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0206335 ECON PHARM Economics, Pharmaceutical PHARM ECON PHARMACOECON Pharmaceutical Economics Pharmacoeconomics Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-benefit values. (From J Res Pharm Econ 1989,1(1), PharmacoEcon 1992,1(1)) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1138555 PGx Pharmacogenomics The investigation of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drug response. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0032112 Cell, Plasma Cells, Plasma Plasma Cell Plasma Cells Plasmacyte Plasmacytes Plasmocyte plasmacytic A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody. Plasmacytes develop from B cells that have been activated. A plasmacyte is a type of white blood cell. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1449562 Cell Culture, Primary Cell Cultures, Primary Culturing, in vitro Vertebrate, Primary Primary Cell Culture Primary Cell Cultures The initial culturing of cells derived directly from fresh TISSUES. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ACTIVATED PROTEIN C INHIB Acrosomal Serine Protease Inhibitor Activated Protein C Inhibitor Alpha-1 Antiproteinase Antitrypsin C0072348 PAI 03 PAI-3 PCI PLANH3 PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIB 3 PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIB TYPE 3 PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 03 PROCI PROTEIN C INHIB PROTEIN C INHIB ACTIVATED Plasma Serine Protease Inhibitor Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 3 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor III Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor, Type 3 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-3 Protein C Inhibitor Protein C Inhibitor, Activated SERPINA5 Serine or Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor Clade A Member 5 Serpin A5 TYPE 3 PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIB Type 3 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and is able to inhibit activated PROTEIN C, THROMBIN, KALLIKREIN, and other SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0034380 Life Qualities Life Quality Quality of Life A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment, the overall condition of a human life. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0751967 MS RELAPSING REMITTING Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis, Remitting-Relapsing Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Remitting Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0035280 RETENTION PSYCHOL Retention The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0035648 Factor, Risk Factors, Risk Risk Factor Risk Factors Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes. CHGB gene SCG1 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Alpers Syndrome Balo concentric sclerosis Balo's Concentric Sclerosis Balo's disease C0007795 Cerebral Sclerosis, Diffuse Concentric Sclerosis, Balo Concentric Sclerosis, Balo's Concentric sclerosis Diffuse Cerebral Scleroses Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder Diffuse Scleroses, Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis, Myelinoclastic Diffuse sclerosis Disease, Schilder Disease, Schilder's ENCEPH PERIAXIALIS ENCEPH PERIAXIALIS CONCENTRICA ENCEPH PERIAXIALIS DIFFUSA Encephalitis Periaxialis Encephalitis Periaxialis Concentrica Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa Myelinoclastic Diffuse Scleroses Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis Poliodystrophia Cerebri SCHILDER DIS SCHILDERS DIS SUDANOPHILIC CEREBRAL SCLEROSIS Schilder Disease Schilder's Disease Schilders Disease Scleroses, Balo's Concentric Scleroses, Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis, Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis, Myelinoclastic Diffuse A rare congenital demyelinating disorder affecting the central nervous system. It is characterized by a demyelinating destructive lesion affecting an entire brain lobe or hemisphere. Signs and symptoms include dementia, cortical deafness and blindness, pseudobulbar palsy, and hemiplegia. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0055635 CHGB Chromogranin B Secretogranin B Secretogranin I Chromogranin B is a tyrosine-sulfated secretory protein found in a wide variety of peptidergic endocrine cells. Chromogranin functions as a neuroendocrine secretory granule protein which may be the precursor for other biologically active peptides. (LocusLink) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0020963 C0206119 Immune Tolerance Immunologic paralysis Immunologic tolerance Immunologic unresponsiveness Immunological Tolerance Self Tolerance Self Tolerances Tolerance Tolerance, Immune Tolerance, Self Tolerances, Self immune system tolerance The normal lack of the ability to produce an immunological response to autologous (self) antigens. A breakdown of self tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases. The ability to recognize the difference between self and non-self is the prime function of the immune system. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0851578 DISTURBANCES, SLEEP SLEEP DIS SLEEP DISTURBANCES Sleep Disorders Sleep disorder Sleep disorder NOS Sleep disorder, unspecified Sleep-wake disorder parasomnia A disturbance of normal sleep patterns. There are a number of sleep disorders that range from trouble falling asleep, to nightmares, sleepwalking, and sleep apnea (problems with breathing that cause loud snoring). Poor sleep may also be caused by diseases such as heart disease, lung disease, or nerve disorders. 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Sodium Salt C0037567 C0015216 Evoked Potential, Somatosensory https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGEN RECEPT T CELL Antigen Receptor, T-Cell Antigen Receptors, T Cell Antigen Receptors, T-Cell C0034790 C1158557 MHC Receptor Major Histocompatibility Complex Receptor RECEPT ANTIGEN T CELL RECEPT T CELL ANTIGEN Receptor, T-Cell Receptor, T-Cell Antigen Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell Receptors, T Cell Antigen Receptors, T-Cell Receptors, T-Cell Antigen T CELL ANTIGEN RECEPT T CELL RECEPT T Cell Antigen Receptor T Cell Receptor T Cell Receptors T cell receptor complex T cell receptor complex location T lymphocyte receptor complex T lymphocyte receptor complex location T-Cell Antigen Receptor T-Cell Antigen Receptors T-Cell Receptor T-Cell Receptors T-cell antigen receptor site T-cell receptor complex T-cell receptor complex location T-lymphocyte receptor complex T-lymphocyte receptor complex location TC-NER TCR Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair transcription-coupled NER transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair transcription-coupled repair The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Bone Derived Transforming Growth Factor Bone-Derived Transforming Growth Factor C0040690 Factor, Milk Growth Growth Factor, Milk Milk Growth Factor POLIERGIN Platelet Transforming Growth Factor TGF B TGF-b TGFbeta Transforming Growth Factor beta Transforming Growth Factor-Beta A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0210492 HUMANER TIMP 03 Humaner TIMP-3 Metalloproteinase-3 Tissue Inhibitor TIMP 03 TIMP 3 TIMP 3 Protein TIMP-3 TIMP-3 Protein TIMP-3 humain TIMP3 Protein TISSUE INHIB METALLOPROTEINASE 3 TISSUE INHIBITOR 03 OF METALLOPROTEINASE Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 A member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Mutations of the gene for TIMP3 PROTEIN causes Sorsby fundus dystrophy. F3 gene TF https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 12 Myristoyl 13 acetylphorbol 12 O Tetradecanoyl Phorbol 13 Acetate 12-Myristoyl-13-acetylphorbol 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol 13-Acetate 12-O-tetradecanoil-forbolo-13-acetato 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 13-Acetate, 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol Acetate, Phorbol Myristate Acetate, Tetradecanoylphorbol C0039654 Myristate Acetate, Phorbol PMA PMAS Phorbol 13-Acetate, 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol Myristate Acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol-Acetat A substance being studied in the treatment of leukemias and lymphomas. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate affects many cell actions and may cause tumor cells to die. It is a type of phorbol ester. TF gene TRANSFERRIN SERUM LEVEL QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS Transferrin Gene CD71 TFR TFR1 TFRC TFRC gene TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR 1 TRFR PALB PREALBUMIN, THYROXINE-BINDING TTR Gene Transthyretin Gene https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0950101 Curcuma domestica Curcuma domestica Valeton Curcuma longa Curcuma longa L. Curcuma longas Indian saffron TURMERIC jiang huang longa, Curcuma longas, Curcuma An East Indian plant that is a member of the ginger family and is used as a spice and food color. The underground stems are used in some cultures to treat certain stomach problems. The substance in turmeric that gives it a yellow color (curcumin) is being studied in the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer disease, cystic fibrosis, and psoriasis. The scientific name is Curcuma longa. A type of immune cell that can attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus. T lymphocytes can also help control immune responses. A T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0039194 LYMPHOCYTES J Lymphocyte T Lymphocyte, Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes, Thymus-Dependent T Cells T Lymphocytes T cell T lymphocyte T-Cell T-Cells T-Lymphocyte T-Lymphocytes Thymus Dependent Lymphocytes Thymus-Dependent Lymphocyte Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0206425 ENCEPH VIRUS MURINE THEILER Encephalomyelitis Virus, Murine, Theiler Mouse Poliovirus Mouse Polioviruses Murine Poliovirus Poliovirus, Mouse Poliovirus, Murine Polioviruses, Murine THEILER MURINE ENCEPH VIRUS THEILERS MURINE ENCEPH VIRUS TMEV Theiler Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Theiler Virus Theiler's Virus Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus Theilers Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Theilers Virus A strain of THEILOVIRUS that can be divided into two biological subgroups which both infect mice. One causes an acute and fatal polioencephalomyelitis and the other causes a chronic persistent demyelinating infection of the white matter. (7th ICTV Report, p668-9) https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html ANTIGENS CD 142 Activity, Glomerular Procoagulant Antigens, CD142 BLOOD COAG FACTOR III Blood Coagulation Factor III Blood-coagulation factor III C0040048 CD 142 ANTIGENS CD142 Antigen CD142 Antigens COAG FACTOR III Coagulation Factor III Coagulin F3 F3 Protein Factor III Factor III, Coagulation GLOMERULAR PROCOAG ACTIVITY Glomerular Procoagulant Activity Procoagulant Activity, Glomerular Procoagulant, Tissue Factor Prothrombinase TISSUE FACTOR PROCOAG Thrombokinase Thromboplastin Thromboplastin preparation Thromboplastin product Thromboplastin, Tissue Tissue Factor Tissue Factor Procoagulant Tissue Thromboplastin Urothromboplastin Tissue factor, the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for the plasma serine protease VII/VIIa https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0034845 CD71 - Cluster of differentiation antigen 71 Cluster of differentiation antigen 71 RECEPT TRANSFERRIN Receptor, Transferrin Receptors, Transferrin TRANSFERRIN RECEPT Transferrin Receptor Transferrin Receptors Transferrin receptor site Membrane glycoproteins found in high concentrations on iron-utilizing cells. They specifically bind iron-bearing transferrin, are endocytosed with its ligand and then returned to the cell surface where transferrin without its iron is released. C1456820 Cachectin Cachectin Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF alpha https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C1336930 OMP2, YEAST, HUMAN COMPLEMENT OF PORIN VDAC1 VDAC1 gene VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ANION CHANNEL 1 Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 Gene This gene is involved in the regulation of small molecule transport through the outer mitochondrial membrane. GC GC gene VDBG VDBP VITAMIN D-BINDING ALPHA-GLOBULIN https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0015217 Evoked Potential, Visual Evoked Potentials, Visual Evoked Response, Visual Evoked Responses, Visual Potential, Visual Evoked Potentials, Visual Evoked Response, Visual Evoked Responses, Visual Evoked Visual Evoked Potential Visual Evoked Potentials Visual Evoked Response Visual Evoked Responses Visual evoked cortical potential The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html 25 HCC Binding Protein 25 Hydroxycholecalciferol Binding Protein 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Binding Protein 25-HCC-Binding Protein 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Binding Protein 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-Binding Protein C0042872 Calciferol Binding Protein Calciferol-Binding Protein Component Globulin, Group-Specific DBP Gc Globulin Gc-globulin Globulin, Gc Globulin, Group-Specific Component Globulin, Vitamin D-Binding Group Specific Component Globulin Group-Specific Component Group-Specific Component Globulin Transcalciferin VDB Vitamin D Binding Globulin Vitamin D Binding Protein Vitamin D-Binding Globulin Vitamin D-Binding Protein Vitamin D-binding protein (474 aa, ~53 kDa) is encoded by the human GC gene. This protein plays a role in both vitamin transport and actin polymerization. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol preparation C0008318 Calciol Cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol preparation Colecalciferol Colecalciferol preparation D3 - Cholecalciferol Delsterol VITAMIN D A 03 VITD - Cholecalciferol Vitamin D 3 Vitamin D3 Vtitamin D3 Vitamin D synthesized from ergosterol in yeast and plants. https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0043020 Degeneration, Wallerian Secondary degeneration Wallerian Degeneration A condition caused by degeneration, atrophy, and destruction of the distal part of a nerve fiber's axon and myelin, when continuity with the neural cell nucleus has been severed due to injury. Signs and symptoms include muscle weakness, altered sensation, and limb numbness. C0383429 Campath AHSG Protein Alpha-2 HS-glycoprotein Fetuin A Fetuin-A alpha 2 HS Glycoprotein alpha 2HS Glycoprotein alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein alpha-2HS Glycoprotein alpha2 HS glycoprotein alpha2 Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein alpha2HS Glycoprotein NACP Non AB Component of AD Amyloid Protein Non-A Beta Component of AD Amyloid Non-A4 Component of Amyloid Precursor Non-AB Component of AD Amyloid Protein alpha Synuclein alpha-Synuclein Catecholamines Catecolamine SIMPATINY Simpatine Sympathine Sympathins catecholamine C0007807 CF Chemiochine Chemochine Chemokines Chemotactic Cytokines Cytokines, Chemotactic Homologous Chemotactic Cytokines Intercrine Intercrines chemokine https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0056257 Contactins contactin A family of immunoglobulin-related cell adhesion molecules that are involved in NERVOUS SYSTEM patterning. DI diagnosis aspect C0013819 EEG ELECTROENCEPHALOGR Electroencephalography 4 Aminobutanoic Acid C0016904 Piperidic Acid https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0018894 Helper Cell Helper Cells Helper Inducer T Lymphocytes Helper T Cells Helper T-Cell Helper T-Cells Helper T-Lymphocyte Helper T-Lymphocytes Helper-Inducer T-Cell Helper-Inducer T-Cells Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocyte Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocytes Inducer Cell Inducer Cells Inducer T-Lymphocyte Inducer T-Lymphocytes LYMPHOCYTES J HELPER LYMPHOCYTES J HELPER INDUCER LYMPHOCYTES J INDUCER T Cells, Helper Inducer T Lymphocytes, Helper T Lymphocytes, Helper Inducer T Lymphocytes, Inducer T helper cell T-Cell, Helper T-Cell, Helper-Inducer T-Cells, Helper T-Cells, Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocyte, Helper T-Lymphocyte, Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocyte, Inducer T-Lymphocytes, Helper T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer T-Lymphocytes, Inducer Th cell helper T cell C0039195 https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0039195 CTL CTL cell CYTOTOX T LYMPHOCYTES CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES J Cell Mediated Lympholytic Cells Cell, Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cell Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cells Cells, Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cytolytic T-Cell Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes LYMPHOCYTES J CYTOTOXIC Lympholytic Cell, Cell-Mediated Lympholytic Cells, Cell-Mediated T LYMPHOCYTES CYTOTOX T Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte, Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic Tc cell cytotoxic T cell killer T cell Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0623362 MMPs Matrix Metalloproteinases matrix metalloproteinase Provigil Myelin Sheath Sheath, Myelin https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/uts.html C0069751 Novartis brand of oxcarbazepine Trileptal oxcarbazepine Cell, Phagocytic Phagocytic Cell pharmacologic therapy pharmacotherapeutic Physical Therapeutics Physiotherapy Physiotherapy procedure C0036658 Feeling - sensation Function, Sensory viral